127:
450:
828:: "The Treaty of Friendship of 8 August 1949 between Bhutan and India is an example of the creation of a protected State, Bhutan, with a quite loose relationship to the protecting State, India. By the terms of this Treaty of Friendship, Bhutan agreed to follow the guidance given by India in so far as external relations were concerned. India was not granted the power to exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of Bhutan and this way Bhutan remained in charge of its foreign policy."
321:
40:
437:.45 billion (about $ 635 million) for the 12th five-year plan in his first overseas visit to India in November 2018. During this meeting the tariff rate for the Mangdechhu Hydropower Project plant was also brought under discussion where Lotay Tshering tried to raise the rate to Nu.4.27 but it ended more towards the Indian Government's negotiation price of Nu.4.1. The revised tariff rate for the plant was then settled at Nu.4.12. The government of
592:: "Crawford (2006) distinguishes three different types of protectorates: protected states, international protectorates, and colonial protectorates. First, protected states are entities which still have substantial authority in their internal affairs, retain some control over their foreign policy, and establish their relation to the protecting state on a treaty or another legal instrument. Protected states still have qualifications of statehood."
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India re-negotiated the 1949 treaty with Bhutan and signed a new treaty of friendship in 2007. The new treaty replaced the provision requiring Bhutan to take India's guidance on foreign policy with broader sovereignty and not require Bhutan to obtain India's permission over arms imports. In 2008,
476:
building. While talking about the visit, Modi said that Bhutan was a "natural choice" for his first foreign destination because of the "unique and special relationship" the two countries shared. He added that he was looking forward to nurture and further strengthen India's special relations with
291:
The period saw a major increase in India's economic, military and development aid to Bhutan, which had also embarked on a programme of modernisation to bolster its security. While India repeatedly reiterated its military support to Bhutan, the latter expressed concerns about India's ability to
242:
On 9 August 1949, Bhutan and India signed the Treaty of
Friendship, calling for peace between the two nations and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. However, Bhutan agreed to let India "guide" its foreign policy and both countries would consult each other closely on foreign and
422:
in August 2013. Five-sixths of this amount (INR 45 billion) has been earmarked for Bhutan's 11th Five-Year plan. INR 4 billion was for the pending projects of the previous plan period. The remaining INR 5 billion was part of India's "Economic stimulus package" for Bhutan's slowing economy.
471:
and Tobgay. The visit was called by the media as a "charm offensive" that would also seek to check Bhutan-China relations that had recently been formalized. He also sought to build business ties, including a hydro-electric deal, and inaugurated the India-funded
361:
with India has been the subject of great political controversy and nationalist resentment because of Nepali immigrants in India, the nature of Bhutan's relationship with India has not been affected by concerns over the treaty provisions. From 2003 to 2004, the
126:
328:
Although relations remained close and friendly, the
Bhutanese government expressed a need to renegotiate parts of the treaty to enhance Bhutan's sovereignty. Bhutan began to slowly assert an independent attitude in foreign affairs by joining the
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and China's border claims on both Bhutan and India. India shares a 605 kilometres (376 mi) border with Bhutan and is its largest trading partner, accounting for 98 percent of its exports and 90 percent of its imports.
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Indian Prime
Minister Narendra Modi chose Bhutan as his first foreign destination. Modi inaugurated the Supreme Court Complex in Bhutan and also promised help to Bhutan on the IT and digital sectors.
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of their mutual border in the period between 1973 and 1984. Border demarcation talks with India generally resolved disagreements except for several small sectors, including the middle zone between
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in India to "guide" its foreign affairs and defence. Bhutan was one of the first to recognize India's independence in 1947 and both nations fostered close relations, signing a
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and signing a new trade agreement in 1972 that provided an exemption from export duties for goods from Bhutan to third countries. Bhutan exerted its independent stance at the
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30 billion). It steadily rose over the years to reach US$ 985 million (₹61.60 billion) in 2015–16 making Bhutan the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
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1970:
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177:, of India. India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce. Bhutan is the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
1990:
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In 2024, the King of Bhutan conferred Prime
Minister Modi with Bhutan's highest civilian award. It was the first such award to a non-Bhutanese.
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India operates three hydro power projects, of 1,416 MW in Bhutan and three more of 2,129 MW are under construction. The third Prime
Minister of
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worth INR 54 billion (US$ 819 million, as per the exchange rates at the time of signing the deal) for his nation during his visit to
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that the defence of the territorial uprightness and frontiers of Bhutan was the responsibility of the
Government of India.
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also in 1979, by voting with China and some
Southeast Asian countries rather than with India on the issue of allowing
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to maintain the existing relations and a treaty of friendship in 1949. Their importance was augmented by the 1950
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982:"Narendra Modi to address Bhutanese parliament in first foreign visit India and Bhutan have good relations"
387:. India allows 16 entry and exit points for Bhutanese trade with other countries (the only exception being
391:) and has agreed to develop and import a minimum of 10,000 megawatts of electricity from Bhutan by 2021.
1346:
370:(ULFA) that were operating bases in Bhutan and using its territory to carry out attacks on Indian soil.
1012:
2865:
2693:
951:
712:
399:
In 2012–13 fiscal, India's budgetary support to the
Kingdom country stood at US$ 600 million (around
338:
2728:
755:
604:"The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"
270:
457:
being conferred with the 'Order of the Druk Gyalpo' - Bhutan's highest civilian decoration by the
320:
269:
visited Bhutan and reiterated India's support for Bhutan's independence and later declared in the
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1451:
791:
637:
434:
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The annexation of Tibet by
Communist China brought both countries even closer. In 1958, the then-
2686:
1266:
1137:
818:
769:
759:
582:
578:
Peacebuilding and
International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo
363:
309:
231:
198:
812:
654:
576:
2938:
2933:
2703:
2682:
2678:
266:
17:
1259:
Political Changes in Nepal and Bhutan Emerging Trends in Foreign Policy in Post 2008 Period
915:
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885:
867:
849:
684:
560:
542:
411:
139:
135:
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842:
878:
458:
430:
380:
330:
1228:"Why PM Modi became the first foreign head of govt to get Bhutan's top civilian award"
3031:
783:
478:
454:
131:
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501:
400:
276:
In August 1959, there reports in Indian media that China was seeking to "liberate"
256:
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190:
174:
170:
297:
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also received Nu.4Billion for trade facilitation and boosting economic linkages.
354:
259:, because Bhutan continues to have the power to conduct its own foreign policy.
248:
202:
194:
2718:
482:
334:
305:
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that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India.
244:
952:"India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"
251:
protocols. Scholars regard the effect of the treaty is to make Bhutan into a
1200:
1043:
773:
699:
419:
384:
285:
155:
143:
91:
1101:"India, Bhutan to enhance economic ties as PM Modi pitches for 'B2B' links"
350:
293:
641:
485:
and Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh. He was further set to discuss the
301:
97:
860:
628:
Levi, Werner (December 1959), "Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States",
383:
visited Bhutan and expressed strong support for Bhutan's move towards
292:
protect Bhutan against China while fighting a two-front war involving
1312:
745:
438:
427:
342:
281:
277:
158:
117:
74:
234:, while other units regularly cooperate with the Royal Bhutan Army.
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1520:
1165:"Bhutan Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Prime Minister Narendra Modi"
448:
415:
388:
319:
214:
162:
125:
110:
63:
782:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1168:
554:
Narendra Modi leaves for Bhutan on his first foreign visit as PM
346:
2802:
2632:
1536:
1491:
1283:
1265:. Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
2723:
678:
Singh Visits Bhutan to Show India Backs Its Democratic Changes
655:"India-China Competition: Perspectives from the Neighbourhood"
230:(IMTRAT) is permanently based in western Bhutan to train the
1345:
1196:"NE terror, China: What's on PM Modi's Bhutan trip agenda?"
357:
to be seated at the conference. Unlike in Nepal, where its
366:
conducted operations against anti-India insurgents of the
165:
have been traditionally close and both countries share a "
3005:
2599:
2506:
2272:
2014:
1823:
1547:
1460:
1444:
1408:
1357:
1324:
108:
103:
89:
84:
46:
1133:"Modi inaugurates Bhutan's Supreme Court building"
308:and the eastern frontier with the Indian state of
1071:"India's Modi heads to Bhutan to woo neighbours"
517:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
477:Bhutan. His entourage included Foreign Minister
1039:"In Bhutan Narendra Modi vows to nurture ties"
1503:
1295:
817:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 51–,
814:International Law: Achievements and Prospects
243:defence affairs. The treaty also established
8:
32:
2714:Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
414:, requested an additional aid package from
2799:
2629:
1544:
1533:
1510:
1496:
1488:
1302:
1288:
1280:
570:
568:
467:This visit followed an invitation by King
1013:"India-Bhutan relations strengthened: PM"
2964:State visits by prime ministers of India
296:. India and Bhutan completed a detailed
3012:
897:Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies
528:
789:
134:meeting the Prime Minister of Bhutan,
31:
838:
836:
834:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
7:
673:
671:
536:Handle with care, Bhutan is a friend
2850:Ambassadors and High Commissioners
1011:Palden, Tshering (1 January 2019).
962:from the original on 15 August 2017
744:Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1993).
316:Indo-Bhutanese relations since 1972
1256:Nayak, Nihar R. (September 2021).
750:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
696:"Power games at the tri-junction."
25:
2781:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1208:from the original on 15 June 2014
1175:from the original on 15 June 2014
1145:from the original on 19 June 2014
1051:from the original on 20 June 2014
992:from the original on 17 June 2014
747:Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies
3015:
1981:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1610:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1519:
1311:
916:"INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY"
861:Visit of Nehru and Indira Gandhi
777:
433:secured an aid package of about
379:India's then Prime Minister Dr.
368:United Liberation Front of Assam
68:
57:
38:
2766:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
932:from the original on 9 May 2016
469:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
324:Bhutanese embassy in New Delhi
1:
3043:Bilateral relations of Bhutan
2894:Pan-African e-Network project
1473:Diplomatic missions of Bhutan
1077:. 4 June 2014. Archived from
487:insurgency in Northeast India
228:Indian Military Training Team
3048:Bilateral relations of India
2819:Ministry of External Affairs
2739:Indian Ocean Rim Association
2734:Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
575:Willigen, Niels van (2013),
481:, National Security Adviser
18:Embassy of Bhutan, New Delhi
1468:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1318:Foreign relations of Bhutan
811:Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1991),
602:Onley, James (March 2009),
581:, Routledge, pp. 16–,
507:Foreign relations of Bhutan
341:(NAM) summit conference in
187:Chinese expedition to Tibet
3064:
1526:Foreign relations of India
796:: CS1 maint: postscript (
512:Foreign relations of India
215:People's Republic of China
2809:
2798:
2639:
2628:
1543:
1532:
1343:
752:Federal Research Division
189:in 1910, Bhutan became a
90:Royal Bhutanese Embassy,
80:
67:
56:
37:
2904:Narendra Modi government
2899:Indira Gandhi government
2749:Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
2644:2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
1590:Central African Republic
988:. news.biharprabha.com.
559:15 February 2017 at the
541:15 February 2017 at the
109:Bhutanese Ambassador to
2944:Conflicts with Pakistan
2699:Commonwealth of Nations
474:Supreme Court of Bhutan
3038:Bhutan–India relations
2634:Multilateral relations
2305:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1351:
866:26 August 2011 at the
711:Sudha Ramachandran, ,
461:
325:
284:. Nehru stated in the
147:
33:Bhutan-India relations
2959:State visits to India
1971:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1750:São Tomé and Príncipe
1605:Republic of the Congo
1349:
884:20 April 2017 at the
715:, Volume 17, Issue: 6
452:
333:in 1971, recognizing
323:
264:Indian Prime Minister
129:
116:Indian Ambassador to
2979:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2835:Diplomatic missions
2754:Non-Aligned Movement
2249:United Arab Emirates
848:15 June 2014 at the
758:. pp. 330–331.
713:Jamestown Foundation
683:15 June 2014 at the
339:Non-Aligned Movement
222:Military cooperation
207:standstill agreement
167:special relationship
130:The Prime Minister,
2954:Disputes with Nepal
2949:Disputes with China
1991:Trinidad and Tobago
1831:Antigua and Barbuda
1538:Bilateral relations
902:29 May 2008 at the
756:Library of Congress
211:annexation of Tibet
169:", making Bhutan a
152:bilateral relations
136:Mr. Tshering Tobgay
34:
29:Bilateral relations
1901:Dominican Republic
1452:Bhutanese refugees
1352:
1019:. Kuensel. Kuensel
462:
326:
148:
132:Shri Narendra Modi
96:Embassy of India,
85:Diplomatic mission
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2876:Overseas citizens
2829:Foreign Secretary
2794:
2793:
2762:
2690:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
1640:Equatorial Guinea
1485:
1484:
1272:978-81-953957-1-2
1138:Business Standard
843:Asia Times Online
588:978-1-134-11718-5
364:Royal Bhutan Army
310:Arunachal Pradesh
271:Indian Parliament
232:Royal Bhutan Army
163:Republic of India
159:Kingdom of Bhutan
146:on July 06, 2018
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
3055:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3011:
2969:Jawaharlal Nehru
2939:Siachen conflict
2934:Kashmir conflict
2889:Look East policy
2800:
2756:
2704:East Asia Summit
2676:
2630:
2566:Papua New Guinea
2529:Marshall Islands
1545:
1534:
1524:
1523:
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1505:
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1350:Emblem of Bhutan
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1155:
1154:
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1150:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1109:. Archived from
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1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1075:Channel NewsAsia
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1035:
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1024:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
978:
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969:
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948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
931:
925:. 2 March 2007.
920:
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267:Jawaharlal Nehru
72:
71:
61:
60:
42:
35:
21:
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3054:
3053:
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3028:
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3026:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2880:Foreign policy
2871:Indian diaspora
2805:
2790:
2635:
2616:
2595:
2576:Solomon Islands
2502:
2433:North Macedonia
2268:
2010:
1819:
1539:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1486:
1481:
1456:
1440:
1404:
1353:
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1255:
1252:
1250:Further reading
1247:
1237:
1235:
1234:. 22 March 2024
1226:
1225:
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1211:
1209:
1194:Rajeev Sharma.
1193:
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1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1131:
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1126:
1116:
1114:
1113:on 15 June 2014
1106:Hindustan Times
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1081:on 16 June 2014
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904:Wayback Machine
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886:Wayback Machine
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868:Wayback Machine
859:
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850:Wayback Machine
841:
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778:
766:
743:
742:
719:
710:
706:
702:, 10 July 2017.
694:
690:
685:Wayback Machine
676:
669:
659:
657:
653:
652:
648:
636:(12): 492–500,
630:The World Today
627:
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574:
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566:
561:Wayback Machine
552:
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543:Wayback Machine
534:
530:
526:
498:
453:Prime Minister
447:
445:In 21st century
412:Tshering Tobgay
397:
376:
318:
253:protected state
240:
226:A 2,000 strong
224:
191:protected state
183:
171:protected state
140:Hyderabad House
120:Sudhakar Dalela
73:
69:
62:
58:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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2860:Foreign aid
2694:Central Asia
2607:Soviet Union
2549:Cook Islands
2244:Turkmenistan
2199:Saudi Arabia
2046:
1775:South Africa
1765:Sierra Leone
1575:Burkina Faso
1374:
1258:
1236:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1199:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1104:
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1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1074:
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1053:. Retrieved
1042:
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1021:. Retrieved
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502:Bhutan House
491:
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327:
290:
275:
261:
257:protectorate
255:, but not a
241:
225:
197:, signing a
184:
175:protectorate
173:, but not a
154:between the
151:
149:
26:
2919:South Asian
2687:13th summit
2544:New Zealand
2488:Switzerland
2428:Netherlands
2209:South Korea
2189:Philippines
2169:North Korea
2022:Afghanistan
1976:Saint Lucia
1911:El Salvador
1780:South Sudan
1670:Ivory Coast
1023:12 February
374:2007 treaty
359:1950 treaty
355:Khmer Rouge
298:demarcation
249:extradition
238:1949 treaty
203:British Raj
3032:Categories
2845:in Chennai
2759:7th Summit
2612:Yugoslavia
2534:Micronesia
2424:Montenegro
2405:Luxembourg
2254:Uzbekistan
2229:Tajikistan
2129:Kyrgyzstan
2119:Kazakhstan
2079:East Timor
2042:Bangladesh
2032:Azerbaijan
1886:Costa Rica
1760:Seychelles
1725:Mozambique
1710:Mauritania
1695:Madagascar
1365:Bangladesh
1017:Journalism
923:mea.gov.in
524:References
483:Ajit Doval
335:Bangladesh
306:Geylegphug
245:free trade
181:Background
2804:Diplomacy
2771:Sanctions
2514:Australia
2400:Lithuania
2214:Sri Lanka
2204:Singapore
2184:Palestine
2089:Indonesia
2067:Hong Kong
2006:Venezuela
1951:Nicaragua
1921:Guatemala
1836:Argentina
1715:Mauritius
1477:in Bhutan
1232:Firstpost
1201:Firstpost
1055:10 August
1044:The Hindu
966:15 August
936:13 August
792:cite book
700:The Hindu
420:New Delhi
406:Bhutan's
385:democracy
286:Lok Sabha
156:Himalayan
144:New Delhi
92:New Delhi
2924:Act East
2866:to India
2862:by India
2856:to India
2852:of India
2841:in India
2837:of India
2824:Minister
2524:Kiribati
2473:Slovenia
2468:Slovakia
2448:Portugal
2365:Holy See
2300:Bulgaria
2234:Thailand
2179:Pakistan
2154:Mongolia
2149:Maldives
2144:Malaysia
2057:Cambodia
1986:Suriname
1961:Paraguay
1936:Honduras
1896:Dominica
1881:Colombia
1846:Barbados
1824:Americas
1815:Zimbabwe
1790:Tanzania
1635:Ethiopia
1630:Eswatini
1615:Djibouti
1585:Cameroon
1570:Botswana
1445:Disputes
1400:Thailand
1395:Pakistan
1325:Americas
1238:24 March
1206:Archived
1173:Archived
1143:Archived
1049:Archived
990:Archived
960:Archived
927:Archived
900:Archived
882:Archived
864:Archived
846:Archived
774:27429416
681:Archived
660:23 March
642:40393115
557:Archived
539:Archived
496:See also
351:Cambodia
294:Pakistan
161:and the
2814:History
2664:BIMSTEC
2591:Vanuatu
2507:Oceania
2493:Ukraine
2453:Romania
2415:Moldova
2375:Ireland
2370:Iceland
2360:Hungary
2350:Germany
2345:Georgia
2335:Finland
2330:Estonia
2325:Denmark
2310:Croatia
2295:Belgium
2290:Belarus
2285:Austria
2280:Albania
2259:Vietnam
2159:Myanmar
2139:Lebanon
2084:Georgia
2037:Bahrain
2027:Armenia
2001:Uruguay
1941:Jamaica
1916:Grenada
1906:Ecuador
1856:Bolivia
1841:Bahamas
1800:Tunisia
1770:Somalia
1755:Senegal
1740:Nigeria
1730:Namibia
1720:Morocco
1685:Liberia
1680:Lesotho
1625:Eritrea
1600:Comoros
1580:Burundi
1555:Algeria
1461:Related
1426:Germany
1421:Denmark
1416:Austria
1212:15 June
1179:15 June
1149:15 June
1117:15 June
1085:15 June
996:13 June
956:idsa.in
519:(SAARC)
395:Support
302:Sarpang
213:by the
98:Thimphu
3008:Portal
2658:Summit
2654:Africa
2600:Former
2586:Tuvalu
2483:Sweden
2463:Serbia
2458:Russia
2443:Poland
2438:Norway
2420:Monaco
2390:Latvia
2385:Kosovo
2355:Greece
2340:France
2315:Cyprus
2273:Europe
2239:Turkey
2224:Taiwan
2124:Kuwait
2114:Jordan
2104:Israel
2052:Brunei
2047:Bhutan
1956:Panama
1946:Mexico
1926:Guyana
1866:Canada
1861:Brazil
1851:Belize
1810:Zambia
1805:Uganda
1745:Rwanda
1700:Malawi
1660:Guinea
1650:Gambia
1560:Angola
1548:Africa
1431:Russia
1409:Europe
1380:Israel
1332:Canada
1269:
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439:Bhutan
428:Bhutan
343:Havana
282:Sikkim
278:Bhutan
199:treaty
118:Bhutan
75:Bhutan
3022:India
2909:Asian
2776:SAARC
2674:BRICS
2649:ASEAN
2581:Tonga
2571:Samoa
2561:Palau
2539:Nauru
2478:Spain
2410:Malta
2380:Italy
2264:Yemen
2219:Syria
2194:Qatar
2164:Nepal
2109:Japan
2072:Tibet
2062:China
1931:Haiti
1876:Chile
1785:Sudan
1735:Niger
1690:Libya
1675:Kenya
1655:Ghana
1645:Gabon
1620:Egypt
1565:Benin
1436:Spain
1390:Nepal
1385:Japan
1375:India
1370:China
1263:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
638:JSTOR
607:(PDF)
416:India
389:China
142:, in
138:, at
111:India
104:Envoy
64:India
2729:IBSA
2669:BBIN
2554:Niue
2519:Fiji
2174:Oman
2134:Laos
2099:Iraq
2094:Iran
2015:Asia
1966:Peru
1891:Cuba
1795:Togo
1705:Mali
1595:Chad
1358:Asia
1267:ISBN
1240:2024
1214:2014
1181:2014
1169:NDTV
1151:2014
1119:2014
1087:2014
1057:2014
1025:2019
998:2014
986:IANS
968:2017
938:2017
819:ISBN
798:link
770:OCLC
760:ISBN
662:2024
583:ISBN
455:Modi
347:Cuba
304:and
280:and
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