29:
922:
488:"The British Government undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part, the Bhutanese Government agrees to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations. In the event of disputes with or causes of complaint against the
273:
The Treaty of
Punakha created a precedent for treaty modification and foreign suzerainty, and affirmed the practice of foreign subsidy to the Royal Government. The payments and lands subject to the Treaty of Punakha were accompanied by several contemporary and later agreements, some of which
416:
on the 11th day of
November, 1865, corresponding with the Bhutia year Sing Lang, 24th day of the 9th month, between the British Government and the Government of Bhutan, the undermentioned amendments are agreed to on the one part by Mr.
184:. Although this treaty began the practice of delegating Bhutanese foreign relations to another suzerain, the treaty also affirmed Bhutanese independence as one of the few Asian kingdoms never conquered by a regional or colonial power.
739:
here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence
500:, such matters will be referred for arbitration to the British Government which will settle them in such manner as justice may require, and insist upon the observance of its decision by the Maharajas named."
177:
of 1865, the prior working agreement between Bhutan and
British India. As such, the Treaty of Punakha is an amendment whose text incorporates all other aspects of the Treaty of Sinchula by reference.
508:, Bhutan, this eighth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ten, corresponding with the Bhutia date, the 27th day of the 11th month of the Earth-Bird (Sa-ja) year.
593:
426:
137:
210:, which Bhutan lost. As a result, Bhutan lost part of its sovereign territory, accompanied by forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the
1270:
1154:
993:
1250:
1161:
1000:
180:
Under the Treaty of
Punakha, Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government an increased stipend, and took control of
378:. Bilateral negotiations lasted through 8 August 1949, culminating in the Indo-Bhutan Treaty. Under this agreement, India returned the land around
235:
By the turn of the century, continuing geopolitical developments raised the question of a new treaty. Ugyen
Wangchuck had consolidated power as
970:
1265:
1245:
1216:
Chinese
Shadows on Bhutanese Independence after the Treaty of Punakha. The Tibetan Buddhist Connection and the British Diplomatic Action
430:
228:, as well as the eighty-three square kilometer territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000
1240:
1074:
1040:
898:
764:
732:
700:
442:
1122:
1260:
836:
480:
from fifty thousand rupees (Rs. 50,000) to one hundred thousand rupees (Rs. 100,000) with effect from the 10th
January, 1910."
393:
1165:
1004:
1235:
633:
181:
368:
458:
438:
434:
938:
450:
239:
and was unanimously elected monarch by government and religious cadres just two years earlier, in
December 1907.
277:
The Treaty of
Punakha accompanied other contemporary agreements that had the effect of sharing profits from
1255:
484:
Article VIII. of the
Sinchula Treaty of 1865 has been revised and the revised Article runs as follows: –
860:
361:
607:
477:
962:
516:
418:
251:
104:
643:
469:
413:
349:
322:
211:
174:
786:
Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government
1070:
1036:
966:
894:
760:
728:
696:
638:
553:
236:
166:
126:
610:, on the twenty-fourth day of March, A.D. one thousand nine hundred and ten (24 March 1910).
364:
286:
173:. The Treaty of Punakha is not a stand-alone document, but represents a modification of the
1190:
873:
454:
290:
262:
111:
811:
Bhutan, a kingdom in the Himalayas: a study of the land, its people and their government
338:
278:
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446:
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60:
33:
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This treaty was ratified by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India in Council at
752:
353:
348:
On 8 August 1949, Bhutan's independence was recognised by India. On 23 April 1948,
330:
306:
302:
78:
958:
Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives
1097:
1064:
1030:
956:
888:
840:
809:
784:
690:
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425:, in virtue of full powers to that effect vested in him by the Right Honourable
390:
326:
255:
108:
771:
peripheral to the great empire of power and faith , yet never subjugated to it.
383:
318:
662:
The term "Bhutia", which appears in this text, does not refer to the modern
537:
372:
334:
298:
282:
333:
settled the land and took advantage of the lucrative trade routes through
28:
932:
489:
379:
259:
207:
193:
337:, and by 1898 assumed the roles of Trade Agent and mediator between the
579:
573:
567:
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243:
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The Treaty of Punakha was enacted on 8 January 1910, at the signing at
309:. The land around the Kalimpong estate had previously been ceded from
663:
585:
559:
493:
422:
310:
247:
222:
199:
100:
1032:
Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation
689:
Fraser, Neil; Bhattacharya, Anima; Bhattacharya, Bimalendu (2001).
476:"The British Government has increased the annual allowance to the
397:
375:
357:
342:
229:
225:
218:
215:
931:
Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
925:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
783:
Singh, Nagendra (1978). "Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula".
789:(2nd ed.). Thomson Press Publication Division. p. 243
412:
Whereas it is desirable to amend Articles IV. and VIII. of the
214:, signed on 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the
1102:. Vol. 17. Arts of Asia Publications. 1987. p. 107
511:
757:
The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan
468:
The following addition has been made to Article IV. of the
961:. Routledge contemporary South Asia series. Vol. 13.
356:, headed the Bhutanese delegation to recently independent
281:
hunting inequitably in Britain's favor; assigning land in
1066:
Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu
453:
in council, and on the other part by His Highness Sir
297:to the British; and assigning a portion of British
148:
132:
118:
96:
88:
74:
66:
56:
41:
1222:, Vajra Publications, Kathmandu, 2018, pp. 215-239
950:
948:
408:Below is the full text of the Treaty of Punakha.
727:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 24.
847:. Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling
410:
1123:"A Brief History of Bhutan House in Kalimpong"
841:"East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet"
759:. Chicago: Serindia Publications. p. 15.
371:, prompted by a growing security concern over
161:was an agreement signed on 8 January 1910, at
598:Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
8:
21:
16:1910 treaty between Bhutan and British India
1162:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1001:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
695:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 17.
20:
427:Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound
274:ultimately undid the Punakha amendments.
138:Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound
36:, where the Treaty of Punakha was enacted
831:
829:
692:Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan
522:Eighth January, nineteen hundred and ten
198:For five months, between 1864 and 1865,
1220:Buddhism, Culture and Society in Bhutan
678:
655:
396:signed a new treaty of friendship with
869:
858:
890:Bhutan: mountain fortress of the gods
684:
682:
615:Secretary to the Government of India,
531:Seal of Political officer in Sikkim.
451:Viceroy and Governor-General of India
7:
814:(3rd ed.). S. Chand. p. 52
1251:Treaties entered into force in 1910
1063:Hilker, Deb Shova Kansakar (2005).
837:Great Britain Foreign Office, India
1191:"Bhutan and India sign new treaty"
165:between the recently consolidated
14:
887:Schicklgruber, Christian (1998).
920:
400:, replacing the treaty of 1949.
27:
1271:Bhutan–United Kingdom relations
1164:. 8 August 1949. Archived from
1155:"Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty"
1029:Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001).
1003:. 8 August 1949. Archived from
994:"Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty"
367:. Topgay and Nehru established
519:, Political officer in Sikkim.
394:Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck
382:, subject of part of the 1865
301:to Bhutan, which later became
1:
564:Seal of Zhung Dronyer. (seal)
550:Seal of Tatsang Lamas. (seal)
289:) and a hill station between
136:Viceroy and Governor-General
941:. Foreign Relations – India.
414:Treaty concluded at Sinchula
634:Foreign relations of Bhutan
182:Bhutanese foreign relations
1287:
1246:Treaties concluded in 1910
1218:, in Seiji Kumagai (ed.),
590:Seal of Deb Zimpon. (seal)
321:and as a condition of the
191:
1241:Treaties of British India
1121:Dorji, Khandu-Om (2002).
939:Federal Research Division
543:Seal of His Highness the
504:Done in quadruplicate at
26:
808:Singh, Nagendra (1985).
269:Aftermath and abrogation
188:Background and enactment
45:8 January 1910
934:Bhutan: A Country Study
666:, but to the Bhutanese.
421:, Political Officer in
1266:Bhutan–India relations
1261:1910s in British India
1193:. BBC. 8 February 2007
1069:. Vajra Publications.
868:Cite journal requires
725:The Politics of Bhutan
625:
578:Seal of Wangdu Potang
389:In February 2007, the
369:Bhutan–India relations
317:at the conclusion the
723:Rose, Leo E. (1977).
159:The Treaty of Punakha
1035:. Indus Publishing.
963:Taylor & Francis
955:Warikoo, K. (2009).
478:Government of Bhutan
1171:on 31 December 2020
1010:on 31 December 2020
617:Foreign Department.
384:Anglo-Bhutanese War
252:Charles Alfred Bell
105:Charles Alfred Bell
23:
1236:Treaties of Bhutan
644:Treaty of Sinchula
545:Maharaja of Bhutan
524:(8 January 1910).
463:Maharaja of Bhutan
404:Text of the treaty
350:Sonam Topgay Dorji
323:Treaty of Sinchula
250:Political Officer
212:Treaty of Sinchula
175:Treaty of Sinchula
103:Political Officer
1135:on 5 January 2012
972:978-0-415-46839-8
965:US. p. 139.
639:History of Bhutan
622:Treaty of Punakha
603:
602:
258:(King of Bhutan)
237:Penlop of Trongsa
167:Kingdom of Bhutan
156:
155:
127:Kingdom of Bhutan
114:and his ministers
22:Treaty of Punakha
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1128:. Archived from
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572:Seal of Punaka
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470:Sinchula Treaty
455:Ugyen Wangchuck
406:
271:
263:Ugyen Wangchuck
206:engaged in the
196:
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112:Ugyen Wangchuck
70:10 January 1910
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566:Seal of Timbu
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362:Prime Minister
352:, also of the
339:British Empire
325:in 1865. Kazi
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192:Main article:
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109:Bhutanese King
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584:Seal of Taka
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558:Seal of Paro
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554:Tongsa Penlop
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34:Punakha Dzong
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1195:. Retrieved
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1099:Arts of Asia
1098:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1065:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1031:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1005:the original
988:
976:. Retrieved
957:
933:
916:
904:. Retrieved
889:
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861:cite journal
849:. Retrieved
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816:. Retrieved
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791:. Retrieved
785:
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706:. Retrieved
691:
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608:Fort William
605:
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354:Dorji family
347:
331:Dorji family
307:Dorji family
303:Bhutan House
276:
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179:
158:
157:
79:Ratification
18:
538:Dharma Raja
498:Cooch Behar
327:Ugyen Dorji
256:Druk Gyalpo
97:Signatories
1230:Categories
1197:6 November
674:References
517:C. A. Bell
419:C. A. Bell
391:Fifth King
360:, meeting
319:Bhutan War
89:Expiration
49:1910-01-08
1175:12 August
1139:12 August
1106:12 August
1082:12 August
1048:12 August
1014:12 August
978:12 August
906:21 August
851:24 August
818:24 August
793:25 August
708:25 August
490:Maharajas
472:of 1865.
373:Communist
335:Kalimpong
299:Kalimpong
283:Motithang
133:Ratifiers
75:Condition
67:Effective
839:(1904).
755:(2005).
628:See also
620:—
588:. (seal)
582:. (seal)
576:. (seal)
570:. (seal)
562:. (seal)
556:. (seal)
552:Seal of
547:. (seal)
536:Seal of
459:K.C.I.E.
443:G.C.M.G.
439:G.M.I.E.
435:G.M.S.I.
380:Deothang
279:elephant
260:Maharaja
208:Duar War
194:Duar War
149:Language
57:Location
580:Jongpen
574:Jongpen
568:Jongpen
506:Punakha
329:of the
295:Thimphu
244:Punakha
152:English
119:Parties
47: (
1073:
1039:
969:
929:.
897:
763:
740:there.
731:
699:
664:Bhutia
586:Penlop
560:Penlop
529:(seal)
494:Sikkim
423:Sikkim
311:Bhutan
291:Chukha
248:Sikkim
230:rupees
223:Bengal
200:Bhutan
101:Sikkim
42:Signed
1169:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
650:Notes
594:MINTO
398:India
376:China
358:India
343:Tibet
226:Duars
219:Duars
216:Assam
1199:2008
1177:2011
1141:2011
1108:2011
1084:2011
1071:ISBN
1050:2011
1037:ISBN
1016:2011
980:2011
967:ISBN
908:2011
895:ISBN
874:help
853:2011
820:2011
795:2011
761:ISBN
729:ISBN
710:2011
697:ISBN
496:and
431:P.C.
341:and
293:and
221:and
202:and
169:and
92:1947
845:2–4
492:of
313:to
246:by
81:by
1232::
1160:.
999:.
947:^
937:.
865::
863:}}
859:{{
843:.
828:^
769:.
737:.
681:^
540:.
465:.
461:,
457:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
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