550:
463:"Traditional Chocó settlement consists of dispersed household units in a distinctive riverine pattern ... The extended family serv as the settlement unit. No villages or large agglomerations of dwellings exist. Thatched-roof, pile-dwellings are scattered along the river margin, usually constructed on levee tops and high alluvial terraces. Population density changes from one river to another, but houses are generally situated at least several hundred meters from one another, with intervening forests and river bends blocking the view of a neighbor's house. Settlement density is usually greatest where occupation periods have been longest."
570:
people were even buried in canoes. Anthropologists have written about how central rivers are to the worldview of both the Emberá and the
Wounaan, a closely related group of people who, while having a distinct history and belief system from the Emberá, share much with them linguistically, historically, and culturally. In addition to changes in settlement patterns, the form of typical Emberá housing is actively going through a period of change. A traditional Emberá house can be described as an open-air dwelling raised 6–12 feet off the ground on stilts with thatched roofing made from palm leaves (often, but not exclusively,
1985:
1955:
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1940:
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41:
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497:(FGM). The tradition was extremely secretive and taboo until a 2007 incident, in which a girl died as a result of FGM. The incident caused much controversy, raised awareness and stimulated debate about ending the practice altogether. In 2015, it was reported that of the approximately 250,000 members of the tribe, 25,000 (10%) had decided to discontinue FGM, with a community leader saying they hoped to eradicate it by 2030.
72:
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423:, who actively sought to integrate the indigenous population of Darién into Panamanian society by encouraging them to settle into communities for access to government-sponsored services such as schools and health centers. This initiated the transition of the Emberá people, who until that time had lived dispersed in small family units throughout the rainforest, into settled communities.
599:
fire. Some contemporary Emberá houses have both a larger structure of wooden floors and walls with metal roofing on a cement foundation, with an attached, more traditional thatched-roof structure for use as a kitchen. Many now live in cinder-block houses in the typical
Panamanian style, if they have the access to the resources and infrastructure to rent or build one.
506:
291:
crĩcha b̶ʌd̶e bajãnebema nezocada cãĩmocarad̶eba
Josemaa zeped̶a nãwã jarasia: –Jose, David̶eba zed̶a, Maria edaira wayarãdua, idjira Ãcõrẽ Jaured̶ebabʌrʌ b̶iogoa b̶ʌ bẽrã. 21 Mariaba warrada toya. Maʌ̃ warraba idji purura ãdji cadjiruad̶ebemada ẽdrʌ edaya. Maʌ̃ bẽrã idjira trʌ̃ b̶ʌdua Jesu. -Matthew 1:18-21
612:
Ethnographic accounts and oral history indicate that since colonial times, social structure has been egalitarian, with no formal tribal leaders, chiefs, councils, or a structure of elders. Certain religious beliefs and ceremonial activities center on the shaman who, with an intimate knowledge of the
480:
By the late 1960s, the government of Omar
Torrijos was promoting the settlement of the Darién Emberá into communities; the first formal establishment of an Emberá town was in 1963 along the Rio Balsas river. In 1985, it was estimated that 25 percent of Emberá people in Panamá still lived according to
468:
The Emberá began forming the first small villages in the 1950s, in what has been described as a "slow, almost evolutionary process." Economic considerations, Western influence, and the presence of religious missionaries were influential factors in the first settlements of Emberá communities. Accounts
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bark as flooring, and durable aluminum roofing in place of palm leaves. Due to living in settled communities with other unrelated people, walls have become more common for added privacy, whereas walls were historically very uncommon. Propane stoves often replace or complement the traditional cooking
484:
In addition to these settled communities, many Emberá now also live in urban areas. According to the 2010 Panamanian
National Census, over one third of Panamanian Emberá people live in the central province of Panamá, and over 25% of the total Panamanian Emberá population reside in urban districts of
474:
He instructed them that... through the formation of villages they could solicit government officials to provide teachers, schools, and medical supplies. He told them that through more effective occupation of their traditional lands, they could obtain a like the one of the Cuna
Indians of Panama's
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was historically a very significant skill for Emberá men, at times serving as a rite of passage or prerequisite for marriage according to oral history. Ethnographic records detail the ways in which boats take on an anthropomorphic character in the Emberá language and philosophy, and traditionally
418:
increased the access that the Emberá had to resources such as off-board motors, kerosene lamps, hunting rifles, and other modern commodities which would change their daily lives, major changes started taking place in the 1950s and 1960s. This period observed the influence of missionaries and the
434:
into the province as far as Yaviza. Before the creation of the highway, the dominant if not exclusive mode of trade and transportation between Panama City and the Darién was by boat. The construction of this highway through a previously untraversable terrain had a number of significant effects.
290:
18 Jesucrito tod̶ara nãwã b̶asia: dji papa
Mariara Jose ume dji edad̶i carea bed̶ea bia panasid̶aa. Baribʌrʌ dji edad̶i naẽna Mariara Ãcõrẽ Jaured̶eba b̶iogoa b̶esia. 19 Dji quima Josera ẽberã jipa b̶asia. Maʌ̃ bẽrã Mariara jũmarã quĩrãpita biẽ́ jara amaaba chupea igara quĩrĩã b̶asia. 20 Mãwã
590:) were used as ladders to enter/exit the house, and could be turned with the notches facing inwards to signal that people were busy, not home, or to keep animals from climbing into the house. The space under the house would be used as a dry space to carry out domestic chores or keep animals.
439:
began to migrate into the Darién in large numbers, effecting demographic shifts and an unprecedented scale of logging and deforestation for the purpose of establishing cattle ranches. It also shifted the economic and political centers of the province from the coastal
457:
Historically, the Emberá lived in a dispersed settlement pattern along the river systems of Panamá and
Colombia. Since the 1960s, the majority of Emberá have transitioned to settled communities and urban areas. Herlihy describes the pre-1950s settlement pattern:
517:
people, historically building their houses along the banks of rivers. Although now most all Emberá people live in villages, towns, or urban centers, many established Emberá communities are still found along riverbanks. The designated autonomous region, the
613:
medicinal, toxicologic and hallucinogenic properties of the surrounding plant and animal world, cures through exorcising malignant spirits. Yet, in terms of political, economic, or interpersonal relationships, no individual holds special leadership status.
631:
had done, and a Guna chief was even appointed to aid them in the process. Throughout the 1970s, more and more Emberá families continued settling into communities and towns. By 1980, discussions were taking place about the establishment of a
627:'s efforts to organize the indigenous people of the Darién was through the establishment of the first National Indian Congress in 1968. The Emberá were encouraged to self-organize and form political leadership in the same way the
593:
Contemporary Emberá housing style often employs many of the traditional materials and styles. However, they may often be smaller due to a comparatively smaller number of family members per house. Wooden boards often replace the
549:
345:
at the time of
European contact. This migration was prompted by the Spanish, and took the form of a conflict between the Emberá and the Kuna, moving the latter into the lands along the Caribbean coast which now form the
565:, and rivers play a central role in daily life for fishing, bathing, transport, and many domestic chores. Boats have also played important roles in Emberá tradition and cosmology. The craft of constructing dugout canoes
391:
settled in port towns at the mouths of rivers while the Emberá would live along the rivers downstream. This historical trend is still reflected in the current regional demographics; many port towns have retained their
173:
209:
can be used to mean person, man, or indigenous person, depending on the context in which it is used. There are approximately 33,000 people living in Panama and 50,000 in
Colombia who identify as Emberá.
373:
During the 19th century, during which it was part of the Gran Republica de Colombia, the Darién was inhabited almost exclusively by the indigenous Emberá and Guna peoples along with the descendants of
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2037:
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813:"Por el cual se oficializan los idiomas alfabetos de los pueblos indígenas de Panamá, se establecen bases lingüisticas de la educación bilingüe intercultural y se adoptan otras disposiciones"
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and its river systems remain their ancestral homelands, and the different dialects of the Emberá language still mostly correspond to different parts of that area and its river systems.
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534:, noticeable in the names of many of the rivers and towns in the Chocó department of Colombia, such as the Baudó river, as well as the capital of the department itself,
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San Blas Islands, guaranteeing them legal rights to land and resources. As a result, among the Darién Chocó Perú is a larger-than-life romantic folk figure.
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1233:
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A Cultural Geography of the Embera and Wounaan (Choco) Indians of Darien, Panama: With Emphasis on Recent Village Formation and Economic Diversification
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1857:
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as their representatives at the annual General Congress of the Comarcá. The establishment of the Comarca conferred on the indigenous population legal
1877:
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also exist of a foreigner known by his nickname "Perú," a mysterious and legendary figure who tried to convince the Emberá to settle into colonies.
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224:
The Emberá language is not a single language but a group of mutually-intelligible languages spoken throughout Panamá and Colombia. Along with
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1577:
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the traditional dispersed settlement pattern. However, life in settled communities is now considered the norm, or "typical" of most Emberá.
414:, achieving its independence in 1903. However, Eastern Panama still remained isolated and undeveloped during this time. While trade with the
1816:
1811:
863:
586:. These houses were typically round in shape and large enough to hold members of an extended family group. Logs with notches cut in them (
2846:
1989:
1836:
1691:
1515:
983:
Herlihy, Peter (1985). "Settlement and Subsistence Change Among the Chocó Indians of the Darién Province, Eastern Panama: An Overview".
931:"Nosotros no solamente podemos vivir de cultura": Identity, Nature, and Power in the Comarca Emberá of Eastern Panama (PhD Dissertation)
1959:
1676:
1616:
1608:
1505:
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780:
411:
354:. The Darién has subsequently become recognized as the homelands of the Emberá in Panama, though they had also settled as far west as
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2544:
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To date, there have been very few books published in the Emberá language. These are mostly educational materials produced by
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Historically, the Emberá people were described as having a fundamentally egalitarian social and political organization:
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642:
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In the late 1700s, the Emberá began migrating from the Choco region to modern-day Colombia to what is currently the
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2005:
1944:
1744:
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1333:
650:
519:
494:
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1969:
1939:
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949:"Settlement and subsistence change among the Choco Indians of the Darien Province, eastern Panama: An overview"
374:
110:
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1826:
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Words from the Emberá language are marked in this article in parentheses and italicized. For example, woman
2621:
756:
682:
273:
or by Christian missionaries. The most significant of these to date is a Bible translation containing the
255:
An established Emberá alphabet has been officially recognized by the government of Panama, consisting of:
1831:
1510:
1417:
654:
1305:
1133:"Social and River Networks for the Trees: Wounaan's Riverine Rhizomic Cosmos and Arboreal Conservation"
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431:
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709:
397:
321:
313:
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40:
902:
Herlihy, Peter H. (2003). "Participatory Research Mapping of Indigenous Lands in Darién, Panama".
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from the encroachment of Latino cattle-ranchers, as well as a certain degree of self-governance.
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249:
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2067:
1641:
1525:
1275:
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24:
1004:"Emberá Indigenous Tourism and the Trap of Authenticity: Beyond Inauthenticity and Invention"
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2424:
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1799:
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1018:
911:
704:
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527:
522:, is split up into two territories surrounding two of the Darién's major river systems, the
379:
351:
225:
130:
126:
2793:
2432:
2202:
1478:
365:
241:
233:
229:
219:
20:
2939:
2147:
2112:
933:. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University.
915:
541:
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2312:
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2132:
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2015:
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1384:
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1225:
1208:- Short film on how indigenous culture needed to protect forests -If Not Us Then Who?
1149:
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of the Emberá and Wounaan peoples. The leadership structure, officially known as the
624:
420:
355:
278:
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237:
1030:
847:
493:
The Emberá like some other indigenous tribes in Latin America are known to practice
2909:
2367:
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2317:
2287:
2267:
2212:
2192:
2177:
2152:
1636:
1374:
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21 consonants (b, b̶, ch, d, d̶, dy, g, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, rr, s, t, v, w, y, z).
405:
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2207:
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2187:
2182:
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2082:
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Transition from dispersed settlement to villages, towns, and urban neighborhoods
342:
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cities to the new towns being established along the highway by these settlers.
2953:
2046:
1379:
1349:
408:, while many contemporary Emberá towns are found downstream along the rivers.
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ea, "the word of God." The following is an excerpt from the book of Matthew:
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46:
1022:
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America, although in the past relationships have been proposed with the
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2307:
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https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P0289562520231009163041CUADRO%2020.pdf
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638:, or autonomous territory, for the Emberá within the Darién province.
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2347:
2322:
2242:
2227:
2217:
2087:
1118:
The phantom gringo boat: shamanic discourse and development in Panama
888:. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College.
401:
194:
95:
1164:
Herlihy, Peter (1985). "Chocó Indian Relocation in Darién, Panama".
2357:
2237:
1904:
771:
Aguirre Licht, D (2008). "Choco Languages". In Keith Brown (ed.).
548:
540:
504:
364:
530:. The word for river in both the Emberá and Wounaan languages is
1103:
Transformations of Eternity: On Man and Cosmos in Emberá Thought
561:
are an important staple of the Emberá diet along with plantains
2850:
2019:
1873:
1229:
1216:
956:
Proceedings of the Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers
800:. SIL International and The University of Texas at Arlington.
232:
and not known to be related to any other language family of
657:
districts, Sambú and Cemaco, whose capital is the town of
1186:
1072:"Colombia's Embera tribe hopes to eradicate FGM by 2030"
897:
895:
673:
as its head. In addition, each district has a regional
435:
Farmers from the interior of the country, often called
341:
province of Panama, which had been home to the Tule or
985:
Yearbook, Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers
978:
976:
735:
Resultados del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda
1190:- Organization of Emberá and Wounaan Youth of Panama
1045:"Instituto Nacionál de Estadistica y Censo - Panamá"
798:
A Reference Grammar of the Northern Embera Languages
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1188:Organización de Jovenes Emberá y Wounaan de Panamá
430:changed dramatically with the construction of the
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764:
653:, a territory of 4383.5 km encompassing two
181:, also known in the historical literature as the
358:and the riverine areas of what would become the
619:Political organization of the Panamanian Emberá
419:involvement of the revolutionary government of
1199:- National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
773:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
733:DANE (2019) “Población Indígena de Colombia”;
667:Congreso General Emberá Wounaan de la Comarca,
320:and in Panama. For the Panamanian Emberá, the
2862:
2031:
1885:
1241:
8:
677:and individual communities also elect local
661:. The law established the territory under a
412:Panama seceded from the Republic of Colombia
33:
489:Female genital mutilation in Emberá culture
2869:
2855:
2847:
2385:
2038:
2024:
2016:
1917:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1604:
1521:
1397:
1339:
1248:
1234:
1226:
1213:
1197:Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia
942:
940:
228:, they are the only extant members of the
39:
32:
1148:
576:) and flooring made from the bark of the
2006:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
16:Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia
842:
840:
726:
1070:Moloney, Anastasia (6 February 2015).
775:. Elsevier Science. pp. 224–238.
3081:Indigenous peoples of Central America
312:The Emberá people mostly live in the
7:
271:Panama's education ministry (MEDUCA)
64:Regions with significant populations
1105:. Göteborg: University of Göteborg.
1002:Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios (2013).
916:10.17730/humo.62.4.fu05tgkbvn2yvk8p
545:An Emberá woman with a tray of food
23:. For the administrative area, see
3066:Indigenous culture of the Americas
2047:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
1257:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
369:A map of the Darién isthmus, 1699.
262:6 nasal vowels (ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ʌ̃)
14:
2956:
2878:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1304:
1150:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01155.x
1120:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian.
259:6 oral vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ʌ)
88:
70:
864:"The Bible in Emberá, Northern"
333:History of the Emberá in Panama
3076:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2836:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
1131:Velasquez Runk, Julie (2009).
796:Mortensen, Charles A. (1999).
700:Indigenous peoples of Colombia
501:Riverine lifestyle and housing
1:
811:Asemblea Nacional de Panamá.
3071:Indigenous peoples in Panama
1101:Isacsson, Sven-Erik (1993).
695:Indigenous peoples of Panama
1166:Cultural Survival Quarterly
929:Colin, France-Lise (2010).
643:National Assembly of Panama
3102:
884:Herlihy, Peter H. (1986).
217:
18:
3031:
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2821:
2002:
1915:
1845:
1302:
1223:
1218:Links to related articles
1011:Anthropological Quarterly
495:female genital mutilation
157:
141:
109:
58:
45:An Emberá parade held in
38:
1116:Kane, Stephanie (1994).
747:Eperara Siapidara 7.947.
683:protection of their land
3061:Ethnic groups in Panama
1137:American Anthropologist
947:Herlihy, Peter (1985).
2885:Ancestry and ethnicity
651:Comarca Emberá-Wounaan
641:in November 1983, the
603:Political organization
554:
546:
520:Comarca Emberá-Wounaan
510:
375:escaped African slaves
370:
19:For the language, see
1578:European colonization
1023:10.1353/anq.2013.0023
663:collective land title
552:
544:
508:
368:
230:Chocó language family
153:Related ethnic groups
1296:Solutrean hypothesis
1051:on 18 September 2013
573:Sabal mauritiiformis
432:Pan-American highway
2831:Lists of Colombians
1677:Trinidad and Tobago
825:on 13 December 2013
743:Emberá Katio 48.117
741:Emberá Chamí 77.714
649:, establishing the
448:Social organization
252:language families.
35:
1901:Indigenous peoples
1837:In popular culture
1588:Columbian exchange
1583:Population history
1314:Mythology/Religion
904:Human Organization
745:Emberá Dobidá 4233
555:
547:
511:
396:identity, such as
371:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
2844:
2843:
2817:
2816:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1867:
1866:
1768:
1767:
1564:
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1487:
1486:
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1276:Pre-Columbian era
852:. Wycliffe. 2011.
614:
513:The Emberá are a
476:
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348:Comarca Guna Yala
292:
277:and parts of the
191:Indigenous people
164:
163:
3093:
2966:
2961:
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2883:
2882:
2881:
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2864:
2857:
2848:
2827:
2779:
2767:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
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2678:
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2649:
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2596:
2584:
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2560:
2548:
2523:
2511:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2416:
2404:
2386:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
1987:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1918:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1605:
1522:
1398:
1340:
1308:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1214:
1174:
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1152:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:. Archived from
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1041:
1035:
1034:
1008:
999:
993:
992:
980:
971:
970:
968:
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953:
944:
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834:
832:
830:
824:
818:. Archived from
817:
808:
802:
801:
793:
787:
786:
768:
759:
754:
748:
731:
710:Chocó department
705:Embera languages
635:comarca indigena
611:
473:
462:
352:San Blas Islands
314:Chocó department
289:
203:Emberá languages
180:
179:
178:
176:
94:
92:
91:
76:
74:
73:
54:Total population
43:
36:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3027:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2891:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2845:
2840:
2825:
2813:
2782:
2773:
2761:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2672:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2526:
2517:
2505:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2419:
2410:
2398:
2377:
2049:
2044:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1911:
1898:
1868:
1863:
1841:
1764:
1686:
1600:
1594:
1570:
1560:
1520:
1483:
1453:
1427:
1389:
1338:
1327:List of deities
1309:
1300:
1259:
1254:
1219:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1082:on 14 July 2015
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
982:
981:
974:
964:
962:
951:
946:
945:
938:
928:
927:
923:
901:
900:
893:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
862:
861:
857:
846:
845:
838:
828:
826:
822:
815:
810:
809:
805:
795:
794:
790:
783:
770:
769:
762:
755:
751:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
732:
728:
723:
715:Darién Province
691:
671:cacique general
621:
605:
553:An Emberá canoe
503:
491:
455:
450:
428:Darién province
335:
330:
310:
281:titled Ãcõrẽ Be
222:
220:Embera language
216:
189:Indians are an
174:
172:
171:
170:
111:Northern Emberá
89:
87:
71:
69:
49:
31:
28:
21:Embera language
17:
12:
11:
5:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3086:Embera-Wounaan
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2974:Non-Indigenous
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Embera-Wounaan
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2679:
2667:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2382:Non-indigenous
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Embera-Wounaan
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1773:Related topics
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Medicine wheel
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Classification
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1143:(4): 456–457.
1123:
1108:
1093:
1062:
1036:
1017:(2): 397–426.
994:
972:
936:
921:
910:(4): 315–331.
891:
876:
855:
836:
803:
788:
782:978-0080877747
781:
760:
749:
725:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
690:
687:
655:non-contiguous
620:
617:
616:
615:
604:
601:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
477:
466:
465:
454:
451:
449:
446:
334:
331:
329:
326:
309:
306:
294:
293:
267:
266:
263:
260:
218:Main article:
215:
212:
162:
161:
155:
154:
150:
149:
139:
138:
134:
133:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
84:
83:
82:196,115 (2018)
80:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
29:
25:Comarca Emberá
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3098:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2964:Panama portal
2954:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1990:South America
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:North America
1956:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:South America
1689:
1683:
1682:United States
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1609:North America
1606:
1603:
1599:Modern groups
1597:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:South America
1460:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1385:Turtle Island
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:North America
1341:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Paleo-Indians
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
979:
977:
973:
961:
957:
950:
943:
941:
937:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
892:
887:
880:
877:
865:
859:
856:
851:
850:
843:
841:
837:
821:
814:
807:
804:
799:
792:
789:
784:
778:
774:
767:
765:
761:
758:
753:
750:
739:Emberá 58.504
736:
730:
727:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:ratified the
644:
639:
637:
636:
630:
626:
625:Omar Torrijos
618:
610:
609:
608:
602:
600:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
574:
568:
564:
560:
551:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
507:
500:
498:
496:
488:
486:
485:Panama City.
482:
472:
471:
470:
461:
460:
459:
452:
447:
445:
443:
438:
437:interioranos,
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:Omar Torrijos
417:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
387:. Typically,
386:
382:
381:
376:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
332:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
288:
287:
286:
284:
280:
279:Old Testament
276:
275:New Testament
272:
264:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
221:
213:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
177:
169:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
100:51,657 (2023)
99:
97:
85:
81:
79:
67:
62:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
26:
22:
3033:
2914:
2723:Scandinavian
2157:
2004:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1922:
1856:
1849:
1571:colonization
1375:The red road
1365:Medicine man
1360:Great Spirit
1206:Being Embera
1205:
1196:
1187:
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1080:the original
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147:Evangelicism
142:
123:Emberá-Baudó
119:Emberá-Chamí
115:Emberá-Catío
30:Ethnic group
2945:Ngöbe–Buglé
2774: [
2762: [
2738: [
2726: [
2714: [
2702: [
2690: [
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2411: [
2399: [
2273:Pira-tapuya
2083:Awa-Kwaiker
1780:Ethnobotany
1637:El Salvador
1539:Visual arts
1408:Cosmovision
1394:Mesoamerica
1355:Fifth World
1321:Mythologies
1286:Archaeology
1264:Pre-history
869:17 November
849:Ãcõrẽ Bedea
659:Unión Chocó
629:Guna people
377:, known as
343:Kuna people
316:of western
205:, the word
3055:Categories
2897:Indigenous
2687:Portuguese
2670:Lithuanian
2408:Venezuelan
2055:Indigenous
1822:Philosophy
1627:Costa Rica
1601:by country
1432:Variations
1423:World tree
1380:Totem pole
1350:Arborglyph
721:References
528:Chucunaque
416:darienitas
389:darienitas
380:darienitas
360:Canal Zone
356:Lake Gatún
300:or shaman
2771:Ukrainian
2641:Hungarian
2622:Mennonite
2396:Argentine
2258:Patángoro
2173:Guambiano
2143:Cocamilla
2138:Chitarero
1909:continent
1817:Movements
1812:Languages
1760:Venezuela
1705:Argentina
1667:Nicaragua
1647:Guatemala
1642:Greenland
1334:Religions
442:darienita
406:Garachine
394:darienita
308:Geography
302:(jaibaná)
201:. In the
105:Languages
2986:Cimarron
2826:See also
2699:Romanian
2576:Croatian
2540:Austrian
2498:Japanese
2450:Armenian
2438:Lebanese
2389:Americas
2283:Quimbaya
2203:Kankuamo
2128:Carijona
2123:Carabayo
2093:Barasana
1851:Category
1807:Identity
1790:Iroquois
1785:Cherokee
1750:Suriname
1740:Paraguay
1725:Colombia
1652:Honduras
1632:Dominica
1569:European
1544:Painting
1506:Colombia
1418:Religion
1413:Creation
1291:Genetics
1086:6 August
1031:53453280
991:: 11–16.
689:See also
679:caciques
675:cacique,
623:Part of
515:riverine
398:La Palma
318:Colombia
250:Chibchan
214:Language
199:Colombia
137:Religion
78:Colombia
59:~240,000
3018:Mexican
3013:Mestizo
3003:Italian
2993:Chinese
2981:African
2804:Mestizo
2794:African
2747:Spanish
2735:Slovene
2711:Russian
2665:Italian
2564:British
2552:Belgian
2515:Turkish
2486:Iranian
2462:Chinese
2363:Yarigui
2328:Tinigua
2313:Tariana
2308:Tairona
2298:Sutagao
2293:Siriano
2278:Quechua
2168:Guahibo
2133:Chimila
2078:Arhuaco
2073:Andoque
2068:Andaquí
2063:Achagua
1975:Oceania
1945:Eurasia
1903:of the
1827:Studies
1755:Uruguay
1730:Ecuador
1710:Bolivia
1657:Jamaica
1556:Writers
1551:Artists
1511:Ecuador
1493:Culture
1474:Mapuche
1195:ONIC -
1076:Reuters
567:(hampá)
328:History
234:Central
226:Wounmeu
159:Wounaan
131:Spanish
127:Eperara
3035:Portal
3008:Jewish
2998:Indian
2930:Movere
2915:Embera
2905:Bokota
2889:Panama
2809:Romani
2799:Jewish
2787:Others
2752:Basque
2682:Polish
2617:German
2612:French
2532:Europe
2503:Korean
2474:Indian
2443:Syrian
2348:Witoto
2333:Tucano
2323:Ticuna
2303:Tahamí
2263:Piaroa
2253:Panche
2243:Nutabe
2228:Muisca
2223:Mokaná
2218:Macuna
2158:Emberá
2108:Calima
2088:Baniwa
1930:Africa
1858:Portal
1795:Navajo
1735:Guyana
1715:Brazil
1672:Panama
1662:Mexico
1622:Canada
1617:Belize
1479:Muisca
1401:Common
1029:
779:
669:has a
647:ley 22
563:(patá)
559:(bedá)
536:Quibdó
402:Yaviza
385:libres
339:Darién
298:(wẽra)
248:, and
246:Arawak
195:Panama
175:listen
168:Emberá
96:Panama
93:
75:
47:Chitré
34:Emberá
3023:White
2940:Ngäbe
2910:Cueva
2778:]
2766:]
2759:Swiss
2742:]
2730:]
2718:]
2706:]
2694:]
2677:]
2660:]
2653:Irish
2648:]
2636:]
2629:Greek
2607:]
2600:Dutch
2595:]
2588:Czech
2583:]
2571:]
2559:]
2547:]
2522:]
2510:]
2493:]
2481:]
2469:]
2457:]
2415:]
2403:]
2368:Yukpa
2358:Yagua
2343:Wayuu
2318:Tegua
2288:Siona
2268:Pijao
2238:Nukak
2213:Lache
2193:Hupda
2178:Guane
2153:Cubeo
2148:Cofán
2118:Cauca
2113:Camsá
1905:world
1832:Trade
1720:Chile
1534:Music
1501:Andes
1449:Olmec
1439:Aztec
1027:S2CID
1007:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
584:(épa)
582:palm
557:Fish
524:Sambú
322:Chocó
242:Carib
238:South
207:ẽberá
187:Katío
183:Chocó
2935:Naso
2925:Guna
2433:Arab
2425:Asia
2373:Zenú
2353:Wiwa
2338:U'wa
2248:Paez
2233:Muzo
2208:Kogi
2198:Inga
2188:Hiwi
2183:Guna
2103:Barí
2098:Bora
1800:Zuni
1745:Peru
1696:list
1516:Peru
1469:Inca
1444:Maya
1172:(2).
1088:2018
1057:2013
967:2013
871:2013
831:2013
777:ISBN
596:jira
588:domé
579:jira
526:and
426:The
404:and
350:and
197:and
166:The
2887:in
1907:by
1526:Art
1145:doi
1141:111
1019:doi
912:doi
383:or
236:or
193:of
185:or
143:jaí
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