365:. The temple then takes the difference between the price paid by the Tokyo Electric Power Company and the price paid for natural energy in Germany and sells Green Power Certificates as a fund raiser for the temple. Purchasers of the Green Power Certificates are given 30 Edogawatt bills per certificate. "These are currently being used among people ... as a certificate of debt or obligation in exchange for baby-sitting, carrying loads, translating and other small jobs. They have provided an incentive for creation of a mutual aid society within the community and we would like to make them a tool for deepening interpersonal relationships and trust."
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292:, an allocation scheme is classed as an emissions reduction currency system because the trading of the currency between individuals as parity is sought can create a secondary market of trading where the currency can act as a medium of exchange, and this trading creates an additional positive economic value associated with emissions reductions.
223:
is one such scheme where participants weigh recycled materials in specially designed disposal bins that identify themselves to scales embedded in garbage collection vehicles. Recyclebank is also funded by municipal governments that purchase and operate the required equipment, allowing
RecycleBank to
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An emissions currency reduction system based on allocation is one where all individual participants are awarded an equal allotment of emissions currency. Participants then trade goods and services with one another to obtain enough of the currency to cover their actual emissions. The objective of an
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where a payment is made, typically to fund alternative energy or reforestation, the emissions reduction or sequestration resulting from which is used to reduce or cancel the payers responsibility for emissions produced by themselves. The value of an offset is in its being held by the purchaser and
378:
Kyoto4All was a 2006 report written by Peter van
Luttervelt, David Beatty, Edgar Kampers and Hugo Schönbeck for the Dutch Ministry of Environment (then named VROM). The study described a series of monetary models to connect citizens-consumers to the climate change targets of the post-Kyoto period.
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An emissions reduction currency, by contrast, is purely an incentive for behaviour change by individuals or groups. As such the currency creates an additional economic benefit for emissions reductions separate from the cost imposed by national emissions caps or the voluntary cost assumed by the
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issues are backed by the emissions reductions of the schemes members. The local currency, when accepted for trade by other members or local businesses, thereby rewards participants for their efforts at global warming prevention. These currencies may have various degrees of convertibility into
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While no emissions reduction currency system has achieved the scale of emissions crediting systems, there are a number of small scale schemes in operation or being set up. In addition there are a number of approaches that are currently hypothetical being promoted by a number of organisations,
318:
Carbon
Rationing Action Groups (CRAGs), started in the United Kingdom, has a global network of groups. CRAG participants use a standard average for the country as a basis for the rationed amount. Participants emitting at above rationed levels must pay those below it in national currency.
161:
Land purchased and managed for these purposes can be used to create an independently tradeable carbon right, which may or may not be recognised within an emissions credit scheme. For example, aboveground biomass resulting from land use changes can currently be converted to recognised
466:
social media network. The value of Ven is determined on the financial markets from a basket of currencies and commodities. The Ven may be categorised as an emissions reduction currency because carbon futures are included as one of the commodities used to value the currency.
62:. The value of an emissions credit is determined by a national cap in emissions and the degree to which the credit confers a right to pollute. The ultimate value of an emissions credit is realised when it is surrendered to avoid punitive fines for emitting.
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Participants using less than the rationed amount receive a currency that can be traded with those emitting more than the allowed amount. All participants pledge to in total remain below the average with a net positive value in the scheme.
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An emissions reduction currency system based on promotional discount is one where participants are rewarded for reducing their emissions by gaining points which can be redeemed for discounts from businesses advertising in the system.
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A monetised emissions reduction currency is backed by the financial value of emissions credits or certified under a regulatory scheme or other financial products derived from them. These credits can be converted into
264:
and
Oceanopolis, and both have spurred my thinking in this area." Eventually, Recyclebank and Greenopolis would merge following an investment in Recyclebank by Waste Management. In 2019, RecycleBank was purchased by
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Carbon Manna is a proposed scheme that will use proceeds from pre-selling credits from bundled emissions reduction projects to reimburse users directly or to enroll them in the successful mobile phone currency
192:
These certificates of legal title can be traded as a form of currency independently of their use as an offset, yielding additional economic benefits. This use is suggested by The Carbon
Currency Foundation.
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operate as a private for profit company. Another similar scheme was GreenOps LLC, a community-based recycling rewards program founded by eco-entrepreneur
Anthony Zolezzi, which he later sold to
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272:
EarthAid uses specialised software that publishes utility bills from companies in an online format that participants can share with family and friends. Reduced energy consumption earns
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people's word for rock trading tokens used by them. Each boya is based on 10 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent global warming prevention which is equates to a $ 100 tonne CO
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is proposing to introduce a community run emissions reduction currency in the County of
Kilkenny in Ireland. The proposal is currently before council for consideration.
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The Maia Maia
Emissions Reduction Currency System, is a scheme developed in Western Australia. The system currency is known as a "boya", named after the indigenous
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in their first year of use. Oceanopolis, a
Facebook game created by Greenopolis to make the recycling habit fun and engaging, was recognized by
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Another emissions reduction currency system proposed on this basis is the ECO, a project of The Next Nature Lab which is an initiative of
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systems but also include schemes that reduce emissions in incidental ways such as through waste reduction and community education.
1217:"The Place for Local Currency in a World Economy: Toward an Economy of Permanence, Robert Swann, The E.F. Schumacher Society 1981"
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394:, which approximates a middle estimate from peer reviewed studies. The first issue of boya occurred on 30 January 2011 in
1220:
126:. Edgar Kempers and Rob Van Hilton launched the Kiwah (kilowatt hour) currency at the Copenhagen Climate Summit in 2009.
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Whitman, Thea; Lehmann, Johannes (2009), "Biochar—One way forward for soil carbon in offset mechanisms in Africa?",
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325:, Australia is in the process of implementing an island-wide voluntary personal carbon trading scheme designed by
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being used in developing countries to reduce monetary transaction costs and hedge against currency fluctuations.
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Jukou-in temple. In this scheme, the temple and devotees purchase solar panels and sell the excess power to the
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presumes a standard ration of emissions allowable for an average citizen that incrementally decreases over time.
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1154:"Living with a carbon allowance: The experiences of Carbon Rationing Action Groups and implications for policy"
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228:, becoming Greenopolis Recycling Rewards. Greenopolis gave rewards points to users from 2008 to 2012 through
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is proposing to introduce initially on a
European base a climate currency ECO (Earth Carbon Obligation) as
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allocation scheme is to obtain social parity between participants with regards to emissions reductions.
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Emission reduction currency systems can be designated as belonging to one or more of five categories:
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34:, either through distribution or redistribution of national currency or through the publishing of
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The idea of a global wealth system based on alternative energy production was first suggested by
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899:"Kent State Receives a PepsiCo Dream Machine; E-Inside; July 20, 2015 | Kent State University"
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and in Australia, primary schools, non-profit organisations, and a neighbourhood association.
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A community based emissions reduction currency scheme is a C4 type local currency in which
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The Global Resource Bank is one organisation advocating such a global allocation scheme.
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Service and the Gaia Foundation of Western Australia. Other issuers of Boya include the
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of emissions from land clearing that might have otherwise occurred or from additional
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are schemes that provide a positive economic and or social reward for reductions in
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874:"Pepsi, Greenopolis, D.C. Launch Recycling Kiosks With Rewards [Updated]"
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that can be redeemed for prizes at businesses in the EarthAid rewards network.
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705:"Twinlab Consolidated Holdings Appoints Anthony Zolezzi to Board of Directors"
503:
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either through changes to land management practices or through the burial of
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through transferring ownership of the underlying assets such as selling the
308:
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Sydney Morning Herald – Islanders lead world on personal carbon test scheme
575:
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applies only for the period and purpose against which the offset applies.
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The Washington Post – Eureka! Get Paid For Paring Down Home Energy Costs
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Dream Machines. The Dream Machines were placed on college campuses,
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Emissions reduction currencies are not exchangeable within national
92:
Emissions reduction currency systems conceptually are inclusive of
1757:
1371:
821:"Sustainable packaging: Greenopolis rewards consumers who recycle"
211:
2979:
1405:
1002:"Recyclebank + Greenopolis = bright future for package recycling"
353:
The Edogawatt is a form of emissions reduction currency used in
65:
Emissions reduction currency is also different from a voluntary
2983:
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2406:
2142:
1702:
1614:
1495:
1447:
1409:
795:"Waste Management touts real-life recycling with Facebook game"
633:
601:
1382:
2664:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
951:"Greenopolis, PepsiCo Recycle 4 Million Beverage Containers"
1272:
1082:
260:, saying "I've been encouraged by recent developments like
1321:"Green.tv interview with founder of the Maia Maia Project"
761:
2840:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
924:"Dream Machine kiosks reward recycling on Fort Huachuca"
848:"PepsiCo unveils smart 'Dream Machine' recycling kiosks"
81:
systems and as such do not confer any right to pollute.
3869:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
369:
http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/
1114:
2681:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1396:
Transforming the African Brand Through Sustainability
646:"10 questions for 'eco-entrepreneur' Anthony Zolezzi"
118:
who distributed these "kilowatt dollars" at the 1992
1295:"International database of complementary currencies"
733:"Sustainable Brands 2011 conference in Monterey, CA"
3858:
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3567:
3494:
3403:
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3238:
3205:
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2062:
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1872:
1715:
1539:
1508:
307:, an emissions reduction currency system based on
130:Categories of emissions reduction currency systems
58:Emissions reduction currency is different from an
54:Compared to other emissions reductions instruments
1127:"Official Carbon rationing Action Groups Website"
2881:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1347:"Community Currency Magazine April 2011 edition"
1028:"Waste Management Joins Forces with Recyclebank"
515:Garry Davis Blog 'Isn't it time for world money'
248:across the US and collected more than 4 million
504:YouTube interview with Garry Davis by Kiwah.org
150:and other high carbon environments can lead to
3893:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
977:"Greenopolis Launches Oceanopolis on Facebook"
411:Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability
2995:
1626:History of climate change policy and politics
1421:
1194:The Ecologist – A rational approach to carbon
572:"Official Carbon Currency Foundation Website"
8:
1054:"Recycle Track Systems acquires Recyclebank"
526:Western Australian Carbon Rights Act of 2003
409:The Liquidity Network, an initiative of the
1743:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
28:Emissions reduction currency systems (ERCS)
3964:
3002:
2988:
2980:
2962:
2950:
2709:
2698:
2417:
2403:
2152:
2139:
1712:
1699:
1611:
1505:
1492:
1444:
1428:
1414:
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416:The German climate protection association
3904:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2508:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1651:United Nations Climate Change conferences
672:"Trash Talk: Garbage has its own rewards"
256:at the 2011 Games for Change Festival at
3932:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
2212:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1243:"Official website of the Juko-in Temple"
398:at an event hosted by the International
2568:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2357:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
783:GoodCleanTech.Com review of Greenopolis
496:
3502:Corporate environmental responsibility
2217:Economics of climate change mitigation
2180:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1531:Scientific consensus on climate change
2876:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
1115:Global Resource Bank Official Website
7:
3875:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2898:Representative Concentration Pathway
1849:Tipping points in the climate system
1525:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1269:"Official Maia Maia Project website"
670:Moorhouse, Ellen (29 October 2010).
111:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
2669:Nationally determined contributions
2379:Individual action on climate change
1594:World energy supply and consumption
357:that is an initiative of the local
18:Emissions Reduction Currency System
3517:Environmental full-cost accounting
2808:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
975:I. G. N. Staff (12 October 2010).
598:"The official ECO project website"
539:Environmental Science & Policy
216:Greenopolis Recycling Rewards logo
198:Eindhoven University of Technology
25:
3451:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2735:Satellite temperature measurement
2340:forestry for carbon sequestration
1631:History of climate change science
236:and bottle and can recycling via
74:purchaser of a voluntary offset.
3963:
3952:
3951:
3921:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
2961:
2949:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2586:Climate Change Performance Index
949:Roos, Gina (24 September 2010).
872:Schwartz, Ariel (2 March 2011).
731:Greenopolis (17 November 2011).
337:Community based currency schemes
4033:Environmental issues in Ireland
3507:Corporate social responsibility
3436:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3375:Community-supported agriculture
3060:Human impact on the environment
2725:Instrumental temperature record
2676:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1383:Official Carbon Manna home page
3747:Socially responsible marketing
2793:Climate variability and change
1834:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
758:"Official Greenopolis website"
185:are currently not included in
1:
3938:Sustainable Development Goals
3742:Socially responsible business
2903:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2438:Climate emergency declaration
4028:Economics and climate change
2886:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2112:Middle East and North Africa
634:Official Recyclebank Website
559:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.07.013
396:Fremantle, Western Australia
363:Tokyo Electric Power Company
204:Promotional discount schemes
114:. This idea was piloted by
3767:Sustainability organization
3552:Standards and certification
3143:Social return on investment
1372:Liquidity Network Home Page
1181:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.10.044
1079:"Official EarthAid Website"
955:Environment + Energy Leader
623:The Next Nature Lab website
299:Emissions rationing schemes
171:Clean Development Mechanism
144:sustainable land management
4049:
3192:Systemic change resistance
2720:Global surface temperature
2611:Popular culture depictions
2523:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2253:Carbon capture and storage
2175:Carbon offsets and credits
1152:Howell, Rachel A. (2012).
426:to pay for the individual
290:emissions crediting scheme
85:academic institutions and
3947:
3370:Climate-smart agriculture
3017:
2932:Climate change portal
2919:
2825:Extreme event attribution
2708:
2697:
2448:School Strike for Climate
2416:
2402:
2327:Climate-smart agriculture
2151:
2138:
1711:
1698:
1621:
1610:
1504:
1491:
1474:Climate change adaptation
1469:Climate change mitigation
1464:Effects of climate change
1454:
1443:
327:Southern Cross University
189:systems such as the CDM.
3512:Environmental accounting
3261:Sustainable architecture
3251:Environmental technology
2835:Global warming potential
2642:International agreements
2289:Preserving and enhancing
1733:Arctic methane emissions
1655:Years in climate change
1562:Greenhouse gas emissions
1459:Causes of climate change
428:greenhouse gas emissions
350:, or national currency.
32:greenhouse gas emissions
3385:Sustainable agriculture
2866:Climate change scenario
2518:Disaster risk reduction
2170:Carbon emission trading
1980:U.S. insurance industry
1960:Civilizational collapse
1807:sea surface temperature
305:personal carbon trading
177:for reasons other than
3928:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
3797:Sustainable management
3782:Urban drainage systems
3522:Environmental planning
3486:Water recycling shower
3476:Tidal stream generator
3271:Sustainable industries
3230:Sustainable population
3215:Demographic transition
3197:Tragedy of the commons
2859:Research and modelling
2543:Nature-based solutions
2363:Nature-based solutions
2305:Carbon dioxide removal
2222:Fossil fuel divestment
2207:Climate risk insurance
2117:Small island countries
1738:Arctic sea ice decline
424:complementary currency
217:
48:complementary currency
3820:Humanistic capitalism
3635:Environmental finance
3276:Sustainable packaging
2820:Earth's energy budget
2703:Background and theory
2591:Climate crisis (term)
2263:Fossil fuel phase-out
2157:Economics and finance
2122:by individual country
2064:By country and region
2039:Security and conflict
2034:Psychological impacts
1723:Abrupt climate change
1646:Charles David Keeling
1479:By country and region
404:University of Vermont
392:social cost of carbon
267:Recycle Track Systems
215:
173:(CDM). Increases in
3787:Urban infrastructure
3481:Water heat recycling
3304:Conservation biology
3148:Steady-state economy
3123:Micro-sustainability
3108:Ecological footprint
3065:Planetary boundaries
2649:Glasgow Climate Pact
2310:Carbon sequestration
1885:Mass mortality event
200:in the Netherlands.
138:Carbon title schemes
4018:Emissions reduction
3888:Earth Summit (1992)
3542:Metrics and indices
3395:Sustainable fishery
3314:Holocene extinction
3133:Product stewardship
3103:Earth Overshoot Day
2788:Climate sensitivity
2563:The Adaptation Fund
2019:Infectious diseases
1926:Social and economic
1173:2012EnPol..41..250H
1006:packagingdigest.com
825:packagingdigest.com
604:on 29 December 2010
551:2009ESPol..12.1024W
374:15 May 2015 at the
303:Otherwise known as
258:New York University
148:tropical rainforest
3347:Sustainable energy
3309:Endangered species
3266:Sustainable design
3180:Consumer behaviour
2359:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2331:Forest management
2315:Direct air capture
2280:Sustainable energy
2237:Net zero emissions
2232:Low-carbon economy
2227:Green Climate Fund
2014:Indigenous peoples
1917:Plant biodiversity
1705:Effects and issues
1398:– Huffington Post
1327:on 10 January 2010
1301:on 16 January 2013
1008:. 10 November 2011
764:on 21 January 2010
434:Monetizing schemes
280:Allocation schemes
218:
106:Buckminster Fuller
4000:
3999:
3926:Earth Summit 2002
3909:Lisbon Principles
3881:Our Common Future
3559:Sustainable yield
3365:Civic agriculture
3118:Green consumption
3055:Global governance
2977:
2976:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2850:Radiative forcing
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2513:Adaptive capacity
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2258:Energy transition
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
1854:Tropical cyclones
1780:Urban heat island
1694:
1693:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1567:Carbon accounting
1521:Greenhouse effect
1487:
1486:
1394:Richard Seireeni
1353:on 13 August 2011
1085:on 28 August 2009
1034:. 14 October 2011
930:. 24 October 2011
801:. 12 October 2010
578:on 31 August 2018
419:SaveClimate.Earth
164:emissions credits
156:CO2 sequestration
108:in his 1969 book
16:(Redirected from
4040:
4013:Local currencies
3967:
3966:
3955:
3954:
3899:Agenda 21 (1992)
3870:
3835:Natural resource
3722:Organic movement
3697:Impact investing
3416:Hydroelectricity
3390:Sustainable diet
3342:Renewable energy
3337:Carbon footprint
3319:Invasive species
3256:Natural building
3207:World population
3168:Marketing myopia
3128:Over-consumption
3098:Circular economy
3093:Anti-consumerism
3050:Environmentalism
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2893:Paleoclimatology
2710:
2699:
2460:Ecological grief
2443:Climate movement
2418:
2404:
2384:Plant-based diet
2275:Renewable energy
2153:
2140:
1975:Economic impacts
1907:Invasive species
1763:Coastal flooding
1713:
1700:
1636:Svante Arrhenius
1612:
1582:from agriculture
1572:Carbon footprint
1557:Greenhouse gases
1506:
1493:
1445:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:. Archived from
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:on 24 March 2010
1129:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
791:
785:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
760:. Archived from
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
737:www.3blmedia.com
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
676:The Toronto Star
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
642:
636:
631:
625:
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
600:. Archived from
594:
588:
587:
585:
583:
574:. Archived from
568:
562:
561:
545:(7): 1024–1027,
534:
528:
523:
517:
512:
506:
501:
460:virtual currency
445:emission credits
348:renewable energy
226:Waste Management
187:emissions credit
142:Introduction of
60:emissions credit
21:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3943:
3868:
3860:
3859:Agreements and
3854:
3791:
3595:Climate finance
3563:
3490:
3446:Reclaimed water
3399:
3351:
3323:
3280:
3234:
3220:Family planning
3201:
3074:
3031:
3013:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2926:
2924:
2907:
2854:
2845:Orbital forcing
2739:
2704:
2685:
2659:Paris Agreement
2637:
2633:Warming stripes
2572:
2538:Managed retreat
2533:Loss and damage
2494:
2428:Business action
2412:
2390:
2367:
2290:
2284:
2241:
2202:Climate finance
2147:
2126:
2058:
1921:
1897:Extinction risk
1873:Flora and fauna
1868:
1829:Permafrost thaw
1824:Ozone depletion
1753:Extreme weather
1707:
1690:
1617:
1598:
1535:
1500:
1483:
1450:
1439:
1434:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1275:on 27 July 2011
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1249:on 22 July 2011
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:on 10 July 2010
1215:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1058:Recycling Today
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
846:Nusca, Andrew.
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
781:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
669:
668:
664:
654:
652:
644:
643:
639:
632:
628:
621:
617:
607:
605:
596:
595:
591:
581:
579:
570:
569:
565:
536:
535:
531:
524:
520:
513:
509:
502:
498:
493:
481:
436:
389:
376:Wayback Machine
339:
301:
288:Technically an
282:
250:plastic bottles
206:
140:
132:
102:
94:carbon currency
56:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Carbon finance
4020:
4015:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3961:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3934:(Rio+20, 2012)
3929:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3680:Infrastructure
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:Eco-capitalism
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3527:Sustainability
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3495:Accountability
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3153:Sustainability
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Anthropization
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:Sustainability
3009:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2798:Cloud feedback
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2654:Kyoto Protocol
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2606:Media coverage
2603:
2598:
2596:Climate spiral
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:Public opinion
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2433:Climate action
2430:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:REDD and REDD+
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2322:Carbon farming
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Water security
2051:
2049:Water scarcity
2046:
2044:Urban flooding
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Forest dieback
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Sea level rise
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:stratification
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Carbon leakage
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1516:Climate system
1512:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1437:Climate change
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1375:
1364:
1338:
1312:
1286:
1260:
1234:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1144:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1070:
1045:
1019:
993:
967:
941:
915:
890:
864:
838:
827:. 9 April 2010
812:
786:
775:
749:
723:
710:Bloomberg News
696:
662:
637:
626:
615:
589:
563:
529:
518:
507:
495:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
477:
462:issued by the
435:
432:
387:
355:Edogawa, Tokyo
346:carbon saved,
343:local currency
338:
335:
323:Norfolk Island
300:
297:
281:
278:
246:military bases
242:grocery stores
234:Facebook Games
205:
202:
168:Kyoto Protocol
139:
136:
131:
128:
124:Rio de Janeiro
101:
98:
55:
52:
44:local currency
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4045:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:Earth Charter
3913:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Environmental
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Refurbishment
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Organizations
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Green economy
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Eco-socialism
3623:
3621:
3620:Eco-investing
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Disinvestment
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Marine energy
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Cultured meat
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
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3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Simple living
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
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3000:
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2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Climate model
2869:
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2857:
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2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:Cloud forcing
2801:
2799:
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2784:
2781:
2777:
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2769:
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2602:
2599:
2597:
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2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2578:Communication
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Vulnerability
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Flood control
2526:
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2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
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2350:reforestation
2348:
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2336:
2335:afforestation
2333:
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2301:
2298:
2297:
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2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Nuclear power
2268:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
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2250:
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2190:
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2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Carbon budget
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
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2100:
2098:
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2090:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:Mental health
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:United States
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
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1913:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:deoxygenation
1795:
1793:
1792:acidification
1790:
1789:
1788:
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1632:
1629:
1627:
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1623:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:from wetlands
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Deforestation
1545:
1544:
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1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
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1513:
1511:
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1201:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:Energy Policy
1155:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
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1020:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
982:
978:
971:
968:
956:
952:
945:
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929:
925:
919:
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894:
891:
879:
875:
868:
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849:
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839:
826:
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816:
813:
800:
796:
790:
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779:
776:
763:
759:
753:
750:
738:
734:
727:
724:
712:
711:
706:
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697:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
663:
651:
647:
641:
638:
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624:
619:
616:
603:
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577:
573:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
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522:
519:
516:
511:
508:
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500:
497:
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
474:
468:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:cap and trade
446:
442:
441:fiat currency
433:
431:
430:consumption.
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
364:
360:
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351:
349:
344:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
298:
296:
293:
291:
286:
279:
277:
275:
274:reward points
270:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
214:
210:
203:
201:
199:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:reforestation
176:
172:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
146:practices in
145:
137:
135:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
99:
97:
95:
90:
88:
82:
80:
79:cap and trade
75:
71:
68:
67:carbon offset
63:
61:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:reward points
37:
33:
29:
19:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3956:
3880:
3645:Construction
3568:Applications
3286:Biodiversity
3045:Anthropocene
2966:
2954:
2942:
2923:
2756:Carbon cycle
2713:Measurements
2408:Society and
2292:carbon sinks
2197:Climate debt
2187:Carbon price
2009:Human rights
1844:Season creep
1802:heat content
1728:Anoxic event
1641:James Hansen
1395:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1315:
1305:28 September
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1289:
1279:28 September
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1211:
1200:
1189:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1137:28 September
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1121:
1110:
1099:
1089:28 September
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
980:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:www.army.mil
927:
918:
906:. Retrieved
903:www.kent.edu
902:
893:
881:. Retrieved
878:Fast Company
877:
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:
841:
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
798:
789:
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
752:
740:. Retrieved
736:
726:
714:. Retrieved
708:
699:
687:. Retrieved
675:
665:
653:. Retrieved
649:
640:
629:
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:the original
592:
582:28 September
580:. Retrieved
576:the original
566:
542:
538:
532:
521:
510:
499:
469:
453:
437:
417:
415:
408:
400:Permaculture
381:
367:
359:Jōdo Shinshū
352:
340:
321:
317:
313:
302:
294:
287:
283:
271:
262:Trash Tycoon
230:social media
219:
207:
195:
191:
160:
141:
133:
120:Earth Summit
109:
103:
91:
83:
76:
72:
64:
57:
27:
26:
3861:conferences
3732:Procurement
3675:Development
3575:Advertising
3537:Measurement
3471:Tidal power
3466:Small hydro
3431:Micro hydro
3294:Biosecurity
3246:Appropriate
3175:Sustainable
3158:Advertising
3080:Consumption
3070:Development
2783:Carbon sink
2761:atmospheric
2626:video games
2300:Blue carbon
1933:Agriculture
1912:Marine life
1859:Water cycle
1817:temperature
1552:Fossil fuel
1167:: 250–258.
464:Hub Culture
331:Garry Egger
221:RecycleBank
175:soil carbon
116:Garry Davis
87:think tanks
4007:Categories
3752:Sanitation
3707:Livelihood
3630:Ecovillage
3615:Eco-cities
3532:Accounting
3441:Pico hydro
3421:Hydropower
3239:Technology
3037:Principles
2815:Cryosphere
2776:permafrost
2548:Resilience
2500:Adaptation
2475:Litigation
2465:Governance
2410:adaptation
2192:Carbon tax
2145:Mitigation
2082:Antarctica
1970:Disability
1063:26 January
1038:10 January
1012:10 January
986:26 January
960:26 January
934:26 January
908:26 January
883:10 January
857:10 January
831:10 January
805:10 January
768:21 January
742:26 January
716:26 January
689:26 January
655:26 January
485:NORI token
329:Professor
232:websites,
166:under the
3845:Recycling
3840:Planetary
3830:Materials
3825:Landscape
3810:Fisheries
3777:Transport
3702:Landscape
3685:Marketing
3660:Gardening
3600:Community
3547:Reporting
3411:Footprint
3299:Biosphere
2830:Feedbacks
2601:Education
2102:Caribbean
2097:Australia
2024:Migration
1987:Fisheries
1938:Livestock
1864:Wildfires
1770:Heat wave
684:0319-0781
451:markets.
309:rationing
152:abatement
3958:Category
3757:Sourcing
3692:Greening
3585:Business
3461:Security
3456:Scarcity
2956:Glossary
2944:Category
2766:biologic
2480:Politics
2372:Personal
2077:Americas
1950:Children
1716:Physical
1509:Overview
1449:Overview
1331:12 April
1227:12 April
1032:Waste360
479:See also
372:Archived
122:held in
3991:Degrees
3984:Studies
3977:Science
3772:Tourism
3665:Geopark
3655:Finance
3650:Fashion
3225:Control
3113:Ethical
3022:Outline
2771:oceanic
2621:fiction
2470:Justice
2421:Society
2029:Poverty
1748:Drought
1616:History
1540:Sources
1253:17 July
1169:Bibcode
799:Reuters
650:Fortune
608:17 July
547:Bibcode
384:Nyungar
269:(RTS).
254:Al Gore
238:PepsiCo
183:biochar
100:History
36:coupons
3940:(2015)
3917:(2000)
3911:(1997)
3895:(1992)
3883:(1987)
3815:Forest
3717:Market
3712:Living
3329:Energy
3185:Market
2751:Albedo
2744:Theory
2455:Denial
2246:Energy
2107:Europe
2087:Arctic
2072:Africa
1997:Health
1992:Gender
1955:Cities
1880:Biomes
1787:Oceans
1775:Marine
1498:Causes
1357:19 May
682:
473:M-PESA
3970:Lists
3850:Waste
3762:Space
3670:Green
3404:Water
3163:Brand
3027:Index
2968:Index
2730:Proxy
2490:Women
1965:Crime
1892:Birds
1758:Flood
1157:(PDF)
852:ZDNet
491:Notes
458:is a
447:into
46:, or
3590:City
3357:Food
2553:Risk
2092:Asia
1684:2024
1679:2023
1674:2022
1669:2021
1664:2020
1659:2019
1359:2011
1333:2010
1307:2009
1281:2009
1255:2010
1229:2010
1139:2009
1091:2009
1065:2022
1040:2022
1014:2022
988:2022
962:2022
936:2022
910:2022
885:2022
859:2022
833:2022
807:2022
770:2010
744:2022
718:2022
691:2022
680:ISSN
657:2022
610:2010
584:2009
454:The
244:and
3580:Art
2616:art
1177:doi
981:IGN
555:doi
456:Ven
4009::
1175:.
1165:41
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1056:.
1030:.
1004:.
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887:.
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549::
388:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
