Rationing - Knowledge (XXG)

411: 687:, which had previously subsidised the island nation's economy. Rationing started being phased out in the year 2000 at the end of the "special period", as Cuba had shifted to a more diversified and self-sustaining economy. Rationing, however, was not fully abolished and instead turned into an alternative way to purchase goods, in addition to the markets. This makes a curious departure from classical rationing, as during the 2001–2019 period, the rationing system was used in addition to, instead of as a replacement for regular markets. Cubans would be able to buy a certain amount of items at 'liberated' prices using ration coupons at a significantly reduced rate, while still being able to purchase more at regular market prices. This 'liberated' system persisted even during Cuba's period of economic growth and relative prosperity during the early and mid 2010s and enjoyed considerable popularity among the island's citizens. Cuba later re-introduced a classical limiting rationing system in 2019, following the imposition of strict sanctions on the island by US President 137: 330: 984:

so-called uniform rationing, each ration is set to the minimum of the participant's ideal ration and a cap, the cap being determined so that the sum of the rations equals the amount available. So, loosely speaking, the participant asking least will be served first. This mechanism is strategy-proof, avoids unnecessary waste (Pareto optimality) and equally treats equals (anonymity.) In fact, it is the only such mechanism. (Anonymity in this statement can be replaced by envyfreeness). For the redistribution of scarce goods to demanders by suppliers, see

1028: 40: 583:. In some respects it was more strict after the war than during it—two major foodstuffs that were never rationed during the war, bread and potatoes, were rationed after it (bread from 1946 to 1948, and potatoes for a time from 1947). Tea was still rationed until 1952. In 1953 rationing of sugar and eggs ended and in 1954, all rationing was abolished when cheese and meats came off ration. Sugar was again rationed in 1974 after Caribbean producers began selling to the more lucrative United States market. 647: 918:. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to engage in emissions trading and purchase additional credits. Conversely, those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation have the opportunity to sell their surplus credits. Thus, individual trading under Personal Carbon Trading is similar to the trading of companies under 280: 168: 699: 1004: 384: 1012: 1047: 1036: 1020: 614: 318:. They worked on the chemical composition of the human body, and on the nutritional value of different flours used to make bread. Widdowson also studied the impact of infant diet on human growth. They studied the differing effects from deficiencies of salt and of water and produced the first tables to compare the nutritional contents of foods before and after cooking. They co-authored 556: 451: 939: 399:(OPA) warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the 348:

ended all imports. Using 1938 food-production data, they fed themselves and other volunteers a limited diet, while simulating the strenuous wartime physical work Britons would likely have to perform. The scientists found that the subjects' health and performance remained very good after three months.

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were distributed per household, not per person, wives had to share their household allowance with their husbands, and in fact thus got nothing at all. People often sought to circumvent the rationing by making frequent use of friends or even strangers' booklets, for example by rewarding a young woman

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The British public's wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because German U-boats failed to halt trans-Atlantic supply, but rationing improved the health of British people: infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose. This was because everyone had access to a varied diet

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is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help

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At other times, the ration can only be estimated by the beneficiary, such as a factory for which energy is to be rationed. In such cases, a mechanism is needed to discourage misreporting the needs or wants (i.e., to meet strategy-proofness). Suppose every participant reports an ideal ration. For

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A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them. However, economists point out that high

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Rationing was also introduced to a number of British dominions, and colonies, with rationing of clothing imposed in Australia, from 12 June 1942, and certain foodstuffs from 1943. Canada rationed tea, coffee, sugar, butter and mechanical spares, between 1942 and 1947. The Cochin, Travancore and

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in Estonia), where after each purchase of alcoholic beverages, a stamp was added, based on the amount of alcohol bought. If the buyer had reached their monthly ration, they would have to wait until next month to buy more. The rations were based on gender, income, wealth and social status, with

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The purpose of rationing is to guarantee a minimum of some resource or to impose a maximum limit on its use. (The latter is the case with carbon rationing, where the scarcity is artificial). Usually, the government determines a fair ration, for example, one proportional to the number of family

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observed in 1979, "whatever the expenditure on health care, demand is likely to rise to meet and exceed it". Rationing health care to control costs is regarded as an explosive issue in the US, but in reality health care is rationed everywhere. In places where a government provides healthcare,

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was rationed on 27 November 1942 to 1 pound (0.45 kg) every five weeks. By the end of 1942, ration coupons were used for nine other items. Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stoves, meat, lard, shortening and cooking oils, cheese, butter, margarine,

808:. Every registered refugee is given a ration card upon registration which is used for collecting the rations from food distribution centres. The 2,100 calories allocated per person per day is based on minimal standards and is frequently not achieved, as has been the case in Kenya. 929:

due to the similar notion of paying for emissions allowances, but is a quite different concept designed to be mandatory and to guarantee that nations achieve their domestic carbon emissions targets (rather than attempting to do so via international trading or offsetting).

159:(FEMA) has established guidelines for rationing food and water when replacements are not available. According to FEMA standards, every person should have a minimum of 1 US quart (0.95 L) per day of water, and more for children, nursing mothers, and the ill. 1169:

are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used in war time rationing is limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps.

133:" which allow them to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and fuel. 632:, during which rationing was enforced. At first, only staple foods such as cooking oil, sugar, and margarine were rationed, but it was later expanded, and eventually included furniture and footwear. Every month, each citizen would get food coupons worth six 121:. Despite the fact that rationing systems are sometimes necessary as the only viable option for societies facing severe consumer goods shortages, they are usually extremely unpopular with the general public, as they enforce limits on individual consumption. 458:, a girl of 11, her notes about starvation and deaths of her sister, then grandmother, then brother, then uncle, then another uncle, then mother. The last three notes say "Savichevs died", "Everyone died" and "Only Tanya is left." She died of intestinal 643:, and the subsequent influx of foreign capital, Israel's economy was bolstered, and in 1953, most restrictions were cancelled. In 1958, the list of rationed goods was narrowed to just eleven, and in 1959, it was narrowed to only jam, sugar, and coffee. 380:" of wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety, to the distaste of most housewives who found it mushy, grey, and easy to blame for digestive problems. Fish was not rationed, but fish prices increased considerably as the war progressed. 2697:

there is also cultural rationing, with strict official control over what is published and performed in China, so that, particularly in recent years, there is a very narrow range of cultural entertainment from which all strata of society have to

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The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5,500 local ration boards of mostly volunteers. As a result of the gasoline rationing, all forms of automobile racing, including the

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enacted rationing in 1981 to cope with economic crisis. The rationing system initially encompassed most of the population's daily necessities, but was gradually phased out over time, with the last ration being abolished in 1989.

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Civilian peacetime rationing of food has been employed after natural disasters, during contingencies, or after failed governmental economic policies regarding production or distribution, as well as due to extensive

414:"An eager school boy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two. With many parents engaged in war work, children are being taught the facts of point rationing for helping out in family marketing.", 1943 372:, cheese, eggs, lard, milk, and canned and dried fruit. Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed, but supplies were limited. Many people grew their own vegetables, greatly encouraged by the highly successful " 1184:

Rationing was widespread in the United Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950.

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refined the rationing process in the early 1940s to ensure the population did not starve when food imports were severely restricted and local production limited due to the large number of men fighting the war.

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have often resulted in shortages of food and other essentials. In such circumstances, the rations allocated to an individual have often been determined based on age, sex, race or social standing. During the

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Similarly rationing was introduced across the Japanese empire, as commodities such as rice became scarce in territories, after the destruction of the transport infrastructure that once served colonies.

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were often used. These were redeemable stamps or coupons, and every family was issued a set number of each kind of stamp based on the size of the family, ages of children, and income. The British

57:, which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. There are many forms of rationing, although rationing by price is most prevalent. 1952: 976:

with a dinner out in return for the other party consuming most or all of the alcohol incurring the stamps. Alcohol rationing was eventually abolished in Sweden with the opening of state-owned

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government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, usually practiced during times of war, famine or some other national emergency.

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The first commodity to be controlled was petrol. On 8 January 1940, bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This was followed by successive rationing schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits,

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members. If participants possess different rights to a portion (even when they have the same need) and there is not enough for everyone, then one of the many algorithms for solving the

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elected to ration grain between the fall of 1943 and spring 1944. Egypt introduced a ration card-based subsidy of essential foodstuffs in 1945 that has persisted into the 21st century.

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the supplies may be rationed, which is sometimes referred to as the rationing game. The references mentioned here are a small sample of the literature about rationing inventories.

640: 1812:"Woolton Asks Sacrifices by U.S. To Build Food Surplus for Britain; Minister Urges Reduction in Use of Milk, Sugar, Cheese, Meat and Canned Salmon -Calls Situation Now 'Secure'" 395:

In May 1941, Woolton appealed to Americans to reduce consumption of certain foods (dairy, sugar canned salmon and meat) so more of those could go to the United Kingdom. The

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A man at a service station reads about the U.S. gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available, 1974.

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programs implemented to cut or restrict public spending in countries where the rationed goods previously relied on government procurement or subsidies, as was the case

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Sweden from 1919 to 1955 and Finland from 1944 to 1970, also Estonia from 1 July 1920 to 31 December 1925 sought to limit the consumption of alcohol by rationing with

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Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local

636:, and every family would be allotted food. The average Israeli diet was 2,800 calories a day, with additional calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women. 418:

American civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One, or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942, through more than 100,000 school teachers,

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rationing is explicit. In other places people are denied treatment because of personal lack of funds, or because of decisions made by insurance companies. The

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1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar. During the war, average caloric intake decreased by only three percent, but protein intake by six percent.

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approved paying doctors to ration care, stating that there must be "some incentive connecting physician reward with treatment rationing". Shortages of

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Fisheries in war time: report on the sea fisheries of England and Wales by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the Years 1939–1944 inclusive

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was the first consumer commodity rationed. Bakeries, ice cream makers, and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage.

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is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the

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rationing that determined how much gasoline could be filled in a fuel tank, depending on whether the driver was essential to the war effort.

76:. An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the 2045: 815:

refugees shall be treated as national citizens in rationing schemes when there is a rationing system in place for the general population.

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was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain.

223: 3188: 1280: 329: 156: 3136: 1609: 1540: 1513: 1235: 1122: 915: 840: 3012: 2683: 1757: 299: 2290: 736: 326:. Their book, "McCance and Widdowson", became known as the dietician's bible and formed the basis for modern nutritional thinking. 226:, a rationing system was introduced in 1914 and was steadily expanded over the following years as the situation worsened. Although 174:

German government propaganda poster describing rationing with personifications of meat, bread, sugar, butter, milk, and flour, 1916

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Weymark, John A. (1999). "Sprumont's characterization of the uniform rule when all single-peaked preferences are admissible".

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maintain the amount of food one could hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than another.

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Rationing for civilians has most often been instituted during wartime. For example, each person may be given "ration

99:, where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides. Similarly, in the absence of 4209: 3785: 3475: 3465: 889:

of prospective borrowers. Changing the price of the loans (interest rate) does not balance loan demand and supply.

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ounces) for workers and 200 grams (7 ounces) for everyone else. One of the documents of the period is the diary of

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unemployed people and welfare recipients not being allowed to buy any alcohol at all. In addition, since the

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As of 2024, peacetime rationing for basic foodstuffs and similar goods is in effect in Cuba and North Korea.

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were initially set at 800 grams (28 ounces). By the end of 1941 the bread rations were reduced to 250 grams (

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Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the

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They also headed the first ever mandated addition of vitamins and minerals to food, beginning with adding

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adults received the same food rations as soldiers while children received half that. Food rations for

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Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Weiss, Andrew (1981). "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information".

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Beckett attributes this quotation (page 382) to Margaret Barnett, but does not give further details.

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of loans, even when it has enough funds to loan, and the provision of loans has not yet equaled the

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In 1939, they tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if

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prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource, while also providing incentive to produce more.

698: 376:" campaign. Most controversial was bread; it was not rationed until after the war ended, but the " 167: 4274: 4229: 4200: 4158: 3963: 3672: 3652: 3620: 3534: 3529: 3509: 3460: 3400: 3390: 3335: 3330: 3174: 3087: 2864: 2727: 2646: 2019: 1816: 1137: 948: 882: 760:

has called in the army to manage the crisis by rationing the supply of various essential goods."

757: 471: 192: 111: 77: 3156: 2883: 435:(canned, bottled, and frozen), dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal, jams, jellies, and 191:) women received three-quarters of a man's food ration. Children received only half. During the 1200:

If one were to buy more food than specified on the stamp, they had to pay 2.5 times the price.

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schemes under which emissions credits are allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal

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in began in 1942 and was abolished on most foods in 1948, but continued on butter until 1950.

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State Intervention in Great Britain: Study of Economic Control and Social Response, 1914–1919

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Ration Coupons on the Home Front, 1942–1945 – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections

2856: 2761: 2178: 2167:"Things Became Scarce: Food Availability and Accessibility in Santiago de Cuba Then and Now" 1245: 1003: 898: 878: 718: 580: 444: 354: 284: 184: 145: 73: 31: 20: 2821: 1727: 383: 4254: 4148: 4113: 4078: 4013: 3938: 3923: 3817: 3773: 3610: 3544: 3519: 3514: 3490: 3233: 3218: 3146: 3099: 1629: 750:, facing a major economic crisis, is considering introducing food rationing. According to 722: 703: 655: 587: 521: 455: 307: 196: 171: 61: 2447:"How Sri Lanka's overnight flip to total organic farming has led to an economic disaster" 3143:

Links to 1940s newspaper clippings on rationing, primarily World War II War Ration Books

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caused by starvation. Starting in 1942 daily bread rations were increased to 350 grams (

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A (Soviet) voucher for the purchase of one pair of men's shoes, valid from 1990 to 1993

844: 576: 432: 337:" campaign, encouraging Britons to supplement their rations by cultivating gardens and 334: 311: 96: 2428:"Drought-Stricken California Hasn't Mandated Statewide Water Restrictions. Here's Why" 1505: 1046: 1035: 1007:

German ration stamp for a person on holiday/vacation during World War II (5-day-stamp)

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did not suffer from food shortages, as the sea lanes were kept open for food imports,

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Rationing of food and water may also become necessary during an emergency, such as a

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introduced peacetime rationing systems due to food shortages in the postwar period.

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to bread. Their work became the basis of the wartime austerity diet promoted by the

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announced a 30-day electricity rationing regime in the face of power shortages.

667: 591: 388: 215: 69: 24: 3070: 2678:(2 ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. pp. 223–224. 613: 140:

A 1918 advertisement urges civilians to preserve their food during World War I.

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forces the rationing of organs for transplant even when funding is available.

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California's drought is over, but water conservation remains a 'way of life'

2377:"California Imposes First Mandatory Water Restrictions to Deal With Drought" 1706:"Wartime Rationing helped the British get healthier than they had ever been" 1220: 1095: 1055: 752: 747: 729: 692: 666:

for fuels during the crisis, which allowed only vehicles with even-numbered

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food was rationed from 1941 to 1947. In particular, daily bread rations in

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in two periods: April 1952 to January 1953 and August 1976 to July 1989.

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liquor stores, where people could buy alcoholic beverages without limit.

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For the duration...: the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor – 1942

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United States gasoline ration stamps printed, but not used, during the

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products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at

2324:"Venezuela's Maduro announces electricity rationing amid power cuts" 1361:"Life on the Home Front; Rationing: A Necessary But Hated Sacrifice" 938: 1094:

issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other

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Short-term rationing for gas and other fuels was introduced in the

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Rong, Ying; Snyder, Lawrence V.; Shen, Zuo-Jun Max (25 May 2017).

2528:"Sri Lanka walks back fertiliser ban over political fallout fears" 2166: 1387:"How the Ministry of Food managed food rationing in World War Two" 1067: 1051: 1045: 1034: 1026: 1023:

Nanjing 1962 daily industrial products ration stamp/coupon, China.

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for basic goods was enacted in 1991 following the collapse of the

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Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the

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Antyodaya (AAY) ration cards, issued to the "poorest of the poor"

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Petroleum products were rationed in many countries following the

447:, were banned. All rationing in the United States ended in 1946. 3061: 3031:, Report of New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, 2007. 2910:"Bullwhip and Reverse Bullwhip Effects under the Rationing Game" 1326:

Any Way You Slice It: The Past, Present, and Future of Rationing

1063: 239: 3170: 2257:"Cuba Rations Staple Foods and Soap in Face of Economic Crisis" 16:

Controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services

2291:"New York City Decides to Extend Gas Rationing Through Friday" 1099: 2675:

Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies

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Rationing was used in the United States during World War II.

30:"Ration" redirects here. For Field and garrison rations, see 3166: 2590:"FAQs | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme" 670:

to fill up on gas one day and odd-numbered ones on another.

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towards the end of the war prompted the rationing of first

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The first modern rationing systems were imposed during the

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World War II Rationing on the U.S. homefront, illustrated

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Are You Ready?: An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness

2476:"Explained - What caused the Sri Lankan economic crisis?" 2616:"WFP Forced To Reduce Food Rations To Refugees In Kenya" 2747:"Priority Rules and Other Asymmetric Rationing Methods" 2086:"FE482/FE482: Overview of Cuba's Food Rationing System" 1935:"Rationed Goods in the USA During the Second World War" 1883:"Sugar: U.S. consumers register for first ration books" 866:

can function to limit, moderate and share out approved

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Canada rationing, 1942-1947 : a numismatic record

1413:"Could rationing hold the key to today's food crises?" 691:, as well as the collapse of petroleum shipments from 91:

is only one kind of non-price rationing. For example,

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Matt Gouras. "Frist Defends Flu Shots for Congress."

2502:"Sri Lanka organic revolution threatens tea disaster" 2231:"Cuba to widen food rationing as supply crisis bites" 641:

Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany

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residents standing in line to buy food rations, 1954

579:, rationing remained for years after the end of the 4184: 3826: 3560: 3309: 3274: 3204: 2351:"Electricity rationing plan announced in Venezuela" 925:Personal carbon trading is sometimes confused with 870:, experiences and exposures to the general public. 3029:Allocation of Ventilators in an Influenza Pandemic 3000: 1774: 1728:"History in Focus: War – Rationing in London WWII" 1497: 2020:"Availability of Butter Coupons. Gisborne Herald" 306:Rationing on a scientific basis was pioneered by 2554:"وزارت کار خبر داد: گسترش اقتصاد کوپنی در ایران" 2100:"Shortages: Gas Fever: Happiness Is a Full Tank" 881:describes a situation wherein a bank limits the 283:Child's ration book, used in Britain during the 60:Rationing is often done to keep price below the 2469: 2467: 1877: 1875: 836:Royal Commission on the National Health Service 788:, provide food rations and other essentials to 502:ounces) for everyone else, which resulted in a 3157:Recipe for Victory:Food and Cooking in Wartime 1995:"Rationing of New Zealand-Grown Foods | NZETC" 1865: 1863: 1861: 1796:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (1946). 1593: 1591: 1468:. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. 1132:Priority ration cards (replaced the erstwhile 741:California State Water Resources Control Board 3182: 3126:a short description of World War II rationing 2133:"Poland to End Rations And Food-Price Freeze" 813:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 8: 2979:"1950: UK drivers cheer end of fuel rations" 2070:"Rationing starts as sugar shortage looms". 958:, where each household was given a booklet ( 314:at the Department of Experimental Medicine, 3120:short descriptions of World War I rationing 23:. For the human activity of reasoning, see 3189: 3175: 3167: 1554: 1552: 602:during Ceausescu's rule in the 1980s, the 559:Polish milk ration stamp from 1981 to 1983 72:. Thus, rationing can be complementary to 1937:. Ames Historical Society. Archived from 1565:(2 ed.). Longman. pp. 380–382. 1167:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 387:Lining up at the Rationing Board Office, 1140:ration cards after the enactment of the 2474:Perumal, Prashanth (6 September 2021). 1752:. Guinness Publishing. pp. 19–20. 1750:The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes 1297: 606:in 1990–1991, and from 1962–present in 3095: 3085: 2882:Richard, Gilbert J.; Klemperer, Paul. 1655: 1653: 1504:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1102:or in other emergency situations when 743:had mandatory water-use restrictions. 598:did so in the 1970s and 1980s, as did 3046:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2500:Jayasinghe, Amal (1 September 2021). 2206:"Cuba cuts back on rationed products" 1781:. New York, Pantheon Books. pp. 1128:There are two types of ration cards: 7: 2884:"An equilibrium theory of rationing" 1981:"New Zealand Official Yearbook 1946" 1031:Romanian 1989 ration card for bread. 222:, suffering from the effects of the 2962:"National Food Security Act (2013)" 2445:Pandey, Samyak (5 September 2021). 2426:Romero, Ezra David (16 July 2021), 1662:"Elsie – mother of the modern loaf" 1281:Juntas de Abastecimientos y Precios 488:ounces) for workers and 125 grams ( 290:Rationing became common during the 157:Federal Emergency Management Agency 103:, access to roads is rationed in a 64:price determined by the process of 2940:Eindhoven University of Technology 1679:Dawes, Laura (24 September 2013). 1411:Williams, Zoe (24 December 2013). 14: 2263:. Associated Press. 11 May 2019. 1953:"Historic Pittsburgh: Chronology" 1777:The People's War: Britain 1939–45 1635:The Chemical Composition of Foods 322:, first published in 1940 by the 320:The Chemical Composition of Foods 257:were in use until the end of the 3712:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 2794:Bjorkman, Jenny (15 June 2018). 2375:Nagourney, Adam (1 April 2015). 2183:10.1111/j.1556-4797.2009.01034.x 1446:"Food and Water in an Emergency" 1385:Charman, Terry (22 March 2018). 1307:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica 1098:that are in short supply during 780:Refugee camp § Food rations 737:series of droughts in California 439:were rationed by November 1943. 2289:Hu, Winnie (18 November 2012). 2204:Haven, Paul (7 November 2009). 1840:""Creamless Days?" / The Pinch" 1660:Elliott, Jane (25 March 2007). 1482:Ladysmith: The Diary of a Siege 1261:Rationing in the United Kingdom 1241:2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran 1180:Rationing in the United Kingdom 811:According to Article 20 of the 271:Rationing in the United Kingdom 253:after the First World War, and 2855:(4). (January 2000): 389–393. 2828:(in Estonian). 8 November 2008 1915:. 30 November 1942. p. 64 1266:Rationing in the United States 1193:Ration cards were used in the 1158:Rationing in the United States 397:Office of Price Administration 275:Rationing in the United States 1: 3648:Critique of political economy 3017:– via Internet Archive. 1535:. Routledge. pp. 12–29. 1479:Nevinson, Henry Wood (1900). 1465:The Siege of Lucknow: A Diary 1462:Inglis, Julia Selina (1892). 1256:Rationing in the Soviet Union 600:Socialist Republic of Romania 2745:Moulin, Hervé (1 May 2000). 2712:The American Economic Review 1869:Kennett, 1985 p 133, 137-138 1042:ration stamps for milk. 1950 796:who are registered with the 794:internally displaced persons 211:were significantly smaller. 2822:"Alkoholikeeldudest Eestis" 2796:"Motboken – hatad av många" 2560:(in Persian). 27 June 2023. 1955:. University of Pittsburgh. 1529:Hurwitz, Samuel J. (1949). 1015:French ration stamps, 1944. 986:non-monetary microeconomies 630:under a regime of austerity 420:Parent-Teacher Associations 249:Food rationing appeared in 195:in the early stages of the 4306: 3786:Real business-cycle theory 1559:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2007). 1177: 1155: 1142:National Food Security Act 1123:Public distribution system 1114: 896: 827: 784:Aid agencies, such as the 777: 268: 29: 18: 4226: 3139:– Ames Historical Society 3042:Elster, Jon, ed. (1995). 2891:RAND Journal of Economics 2849:Review of Economic Design 2074:. 9 July 1974. p. 3. 2024:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 1889:. 11 May 1942. p. 19 1846:. 9 June 1941. p. 38 1800:. H.M. Stationery Office. 1626:McCance, Robert Alexander 1365:Oregon Secretary of State 800:and are either living in 739:(from 2015 to 2019), the 735:For a few years during a 3162:war time rationing in UK 3044:Local justice in America 2328:South China Morning Post 1967:"World War II Rationing" 1820:. 31 May 1941. p. 4 1748:Regan, Geoffrey (1992). 1598:Nicol, Patricia (2010). 1496:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 1485:. New Amsterdam Book Co. 1323:Cox, Stan (7 May 2013). 1231:Grain rationing in China 1195:Polish People's Republic 763:In 2023, Iran began the 462:shortly after the siege. 422:, and other volunteers. 324:Medical Research Council 189:Indian Rebellion of 1857 105:first come, first served 3426:Industrial organization 3256:Computational economics 3128:– Memories of the 1940s 3122:– Spartacus Educational 2766:10.1111/1468-0262.00126 2620:UN World Food Programme 2355:Business Standard India 1332:. New York: New Press. 1309:(15th ed.). 1994. 993:supply chain management 914:basis, within national 904:Personal carbon trading 765:National Credit Network 365:with enough nutrients. 316:University of Cambridge 19:For the 1944 film, see 3631:Modern monetary theory 3296:Experimental economics 3266:Pluralism in economics 3251:Mathematical economics 3007:. New York: Scribner. 2936:"Find Research Output" 1773:Calder, Angus (1969). 1251:Rationing in Nicaragua 1216:Colorado River Compact 1075: 1043: 1032: 1024: 1016: 1008: 943: 841:American Supreme Court 706: 651: 621: 560: 463: 415: 401:attack on Pearl Harbor 392: 341: 287: 175: 141: 47: 4290:Disaster preparedness 2999:Kennett, Lee (1985). 2960:Government of India. 2861:10.1007/s100580050044 2349:IANS (1 April 2019). 2165:Garth, Hanna (2009). 1049: 1038: 1030: 1022: 1014: 1006: 941: 824:Health-care rationing 701: 649: 616: 558: 534:New Zealand rationing 453: 413: 386: 332: 282: 170: 139: 42: 3505:Social choice theory 3261:Behavioral economics 2775:on 18 September 2020 2578:. 17 September 2024. 2106:. 18 February 1974. 1999:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 1630:Widdowson, Elsie May 1271:Road space rationing 934:Rationing mechanisms 830:Healthcare rationing 804:or are supported in 786:World Food Programme 110:process, leading to 3589:American (National) 3289:Economic statistics 3069:Allen, Harold Don. 3038:. October 21, 2004. 1941:on 10 October 2014. 1285:Chile under Allende 1117:Ration card (India) 906:refers to proposed 845:organs for donation 774:Refugee aid rations 639:Following the 1952 624:From 1949 to 1959, 551:Peacetime rationing 543:Many countries had 405:Combined Food Board 403:. In June 1942 the 374:Digging for Victory 4285:Military logistics 2981:. BBC. 26 May 1950 2670:Goldstone, Jack A. 2647:The New York Times 2622:. 14 November 2014 2381:The New York Times 2295:The New York Times 2261:The New York Times 2137:The New York Times 2026:. 16 December 1949 1969:. Online Highways. 1909:"Coffee Rationing" 1817:The New York Times 1236:Rationing in India 1138:below poverty line 1134:above poverty line 1076: 1072:Artsakh government 1070:, provided by the 1050:Ration stamps for 1044: 1033: 1025: 1017: 1009: 949:bankruptcy problem 944: 851:Cultural rationing 758:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 707: 664:odd–even rationing 652: 622: 561: 528:Madras states, of 472:besieged Leningrad 464: 416: 393: 342: 288: 193:Siege of Ladysmith 176: 142: 125:Civilian rationing 78:1973 energy crisis 48: 4262: 4261: 3793:New institutional 3053:978-0-87154-233-5 2596:on 18 August 2016 2508:. Omicron Limited 2408:Stephanie Koons, 1604:. Vintage Books. 1572:978-1-4058-1252-8 1339:978-1-59558-884-5 927:carbon offsetting 908:emissions trading 681:Rationing in Cuba 588:planned economies 586:Some centralized 370:breakfast cereals 259:Polish–Soviet War 155:In the U.S., the 70:unfettered market 66:supply and demand 46:ration card, 1989 4297: 4280:Civilians in war 3466:Natural resource 3301:Economic history 3239:Mechanism design 3191: 3184: 3177: 3168: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3065: 3036:Associated Press 3018: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2800:Slakthistoria.se 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2768:. Archived from 2751: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2592:. Archived from 2586: 2580: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558:Voice of America 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2416:(July 10, 2019). 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2139:. 31 July 1989. 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1503: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1331: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1302: 1246:Military rations 1074:in January 2023. 899:Carbon rationing 893:Carbon rationing 879:Credit rationing 874:Credit rationing 519: 518: 514: 511: 501: 500: 496: 493: 487: 486: 482: 479: 445:Indianapolis 500 355:Minister of Food 333:Poster for the " 300:Ministry of Food 292:Second World War 285:Second World War 265:Second World War 245: 224:British blockade 185:Siege of Lucknow 146:natural disaster 87:Rationing using 32:Military rations 21:Rationing (film) 4305: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4255:Business portal 4222: 4221: 4220: 4180: 3944:von Böhm-Bawerk 3832: 3831: 3822: 3594:Ancient thought 3572: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3305: 3270: 3234:Contract theory 3219:Decision theory 3200: 3195: 3147:Genealogy Today 3110: 3094: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3054: 3041: 3025: 3023:Further reading 3015: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2672:, ed. 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