574:. According to the different proportions in which these four indestructible and unchangeable elements are combined with each other the difference of the structure is produced. It is in the aggregation and segregation of elements thus arising, that Empedocles, like the atomists, found the real process which corresponds to what is popularly termed growth, increase or decrease. One interpreter describes his philosophy as asserting that "Nothing new comes or can come into being; the only change that can occur is a change in the juxtaposition of element with element." This theory of the four elements became the standard
296:
766:
348:
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786:, but also theories on causation, perception, and thought, as well as explanations of terrestrial phenomena and biological processes. The other 100 lines were typically ascribed to his "Purifications", which was taken to be a poem about ritual purification, or the poem that contained all his religious and ethical thought, which early editors supposed that it was a poem that offered a mythical account of the world which may, nevertheless, have been part of Empedocles' philosophical system.
647:. But most of these products of natural forces disappeared as suddenly as they arose; only in those rare cases where the parts were found to be adapted to each other did the complex structures last. Thus the organic universe sprang from spontaneous aggregations that suited each other as if this had been intended. Soon various influences reduced creatures of double sex to a male and a female, and the world was replenished with organic life.
514:
618:) is the cause of their separation. If the four elements make up the universe, then Love and Strife explain their variation and harmony. Love and Strife are attractive and repulsive forces, respectively, which are plainly observable in human behavior, but also pervade the universe. The two forces wax and wane in their dominance, but neither force ever wholly escapes the imposition of the other.
1468:
2103:
676:. One's behavior during his lifetime would also determine his next incarnation. Wise people, who have learned the secret of life, are closer to the divine, while their souls similarly are closer to the freedom from the cycle of reincarnations, after which they are able to rest in happiness for eternity. This cycle of mortal incarnation seems to have been inspired by the god
688:
51:
629:
As the best and original state, there was a time when the pure elements and the two powers co-existed in a condition of rest and inertness in the form of a sphere. The elements existed together in their purity, without mixture and separation, and the uniting power of Love predominated in the sphere:
789:
A late 20th century discovery has changed this situation. The
Strasbourg papyrus contains a large section of "On Nature", including many lines formerly attributed to "On Purifications". This has raised considerable debate about whether the surviving fragments of his teaching should be attributed to
396:
in Sicily, so that the people would believe his body had vanished and he had turned into an immortal god; the volcano, however, threw back one of his bronze sandals, revealing the deceit. Another legend maintains that he threw himself into the volcano to prove to his disciples that he was immortal;
287:. He is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to have recorded his ideas in verse. Some of his work survives, more than is the case for any other pre-Socratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.
707:
noted that "Empedocles suggested that light takes time to pass from one point to another." He put forward the idea that we see objects because light streams out of our eyes and touches them. While flawed, this became the fundamental basis on which later Greek philosophers and mathematicians like
581:
The four elements, however, are simple, eternal, and unalterable, and as change is the consequence of their mixture and separation, it was also necessary to suppose the existence of moving powers that bring about mixture and separation. The four elements are both eternally brought into union and
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634:
was dissolved. The elements became the world of phenomena we see today, full of contrasts and oppositions, operated on by both Love and Strife. Empedocles assumed a cyclical universe whereby the elements return and prepare the formation of the sphere for the next period of the universe.
435:
Burnet states that
Empedocles likely did not die in Sicily, that both the positive story of Empedocles being taken up to heaven and the negative one about him throwing himself into a volcano could be easily accepted by ancient writers, as there was no local tradition to contradict them.
671:
who dwelt in a state of bliss until committing an unspecified crime, possibly bloodshed or perjury. As a consequence, they fell to Earth, where they would be forced to spend 30,000 cycles of metempsychosis through different bodies before being able to return to the sphere of
432:, Empedocles' final fate is re-evaluated. Rather than being incinerated in the fires of Mount Etna, he was carried up into the heavens by a volcanic eruption. Although singed by the ordeal, Empedocles survives and continues his life on the Moon, surviving by feeding on dew.
642:
of humans. As the elements entered into combinations, there appeared strange results—heads without necks, arms without shoulders. Then as these fragmentary structures met, there were seen horned heads on human bodies, bodies of oxen with human heads, and figures of
699:
and advocated vegetarianism, since the bodies of animals are also dwelling places of punished souls. For
Empedocles, all living things were on the same spiritual plane; plants and animals are links in a chain where humans are a link too.
777:
According to
Diogenes Laertius, Empedocles wrote two poems, "On Nature" and "On Purifications", which together comprised 5000 lines. However, only some 550 lines of his poetry survive, quoted in fragments by later ancient sources.
727:
occurs. In vision, certain particles go forth from the eye to meet similar particles given forth from the object, and the resultant contact constitutes vision. Perception is not merely a passive reflection of external objects.
781:
In old editions of
Empedocles, about 450 lines were ascribed to "On Nature" which outlined his philosophical system, and explains not only the nature and history of the universe, including his theory of the four
303:
The exact dates of
Empedocles' birth and death are unknown, and ancient accounts of his life conflict on the exact details. However, they agree that he was born in the early 5th century BC in the Greek city of
316:. Modern scholars believe the accuracy of the accounts that he came from a rich and noble family and that his grandfather, also named Empedocles, had won a victory in the horse race at Olympia in the 71st
2130:
638:
Empedocles attempted to explain the separation of elements, the formation of earth and sea, of Sun and Moon, of atmosphere. He also dealt with the first origin of plants and animals, and with the
327:, several centuries after his own death and long after any reliable evidence about his life would have perished. Modern scholarship generally believes that these biographical details, including
715:
Knowledge is explained by the principle that elements in the things outside us are perceived by the corresponding elements in ourselves. Like is known by like. The whole body is full of
4362:
630:
the separating power of Strife guarded the extreme edges of the sphere. Since that time, strife gained more sway and the bond which kept the pure elementary substances together in the
560:(e.g., "Now hear the fourfold roots of everything: enlivening Hera, Hades, shining Zeus. And Nestis, moistening mortal springs with tears"). Empedocles never used the term "element" (
339:, and his employment as a doctor and miracle worker, were fabricated from interpretations of Empedocles' poetry, as was common practice for the biographies written during this time.
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takes place over the whole frame. In the organs of sense these pores are specially adapted to receive the effluences which are continually rising from bodies around us; thus
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two separate poems, with different subject matter; whether they may all derive from one poem with two titles; or whether one title refers to part of the whole poem.
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Death by philosophy : the biographical tradition in the life and death of the archaic philosophers
Empedocles, Heraclitus, and Democritus
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on the basis of his doctrine of reincarnation, although he may have instead learned this from a local tradition rather than directly from the
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of air, but he says nothing whatever about the void, and there is no evidence that
Empedocles performed any experiment with clepsydras.
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Empedocles challenged the practice of animal sacrifice and killing animals for food. He developed a distinctive doctrine of
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Based on the surviving fragments of his work, modern scholars generally believe that
Empedocles was directly responding to
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Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic
Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker
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280:. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively.
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where Aristotle refers to people who twisted wineskins and captured air in clepsydras to demonstrate that
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Empedocles' theory four elements (fire, air, water and earth), woodcut from a 1472 edition of Lucretius'
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A display of two 5th century BCE clepsydras, or "water clocks" from the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens
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544:. Empedocles called these four elements "roots", which he also identified with the mythical names of
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1935:
Plotinus and the Presocratics: A Philosophical Study of Presocratic Influences in Plotinus' Enneads
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A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 2, The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus
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Introduction to Presocratics: A Thematic Approach to Early Greek Philosophy with Key Readings
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Empedocles is credited with the first comprehensive theory of light and vision. Historian
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The Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance
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1249:"Element and Compound. On the Scientific History of Two Fundamental Chemical Concepts"
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would construct some of the most important theories of light, vision, and optics.
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Rethinking early Greek philosophy : Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics
1477:
769:
The Strasbourg Empedocles papyrus contained over 50 lines from Empedocles' work
736:
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358:(1615–1673), depicting the legendary alleged suicide of Empedocles jumping into
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does not exist. The fragment certainly implies that Empedocles knew about the
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Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition
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370:
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126:
1264:
608:) is responsible for the attraction of different forms of what we now call
625:
Empedocles' cosmic cycle is based on the conflict between love and strife.
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he believed he would come back as a god after being consumed by the fire.
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497:. Many later accounts of his life claim that Empedocles studied with the
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Primary sources of information on the life of Empedocles come from the
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speaks of him with enthusiasm, and evidently viewed him as his model.
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Die Entstehung der Welt. Studien zum Straßburger Empedokles-Papyrus
1539:
The Poem of Empedocles: A Text and Translation with an Introduction
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records the legend that Empedocles died by throwing himself into
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by Jean-Claude Picot with an extended and updated bibliography
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428:, a comedic dialogue written by the second-century satirist
489:, although it is unlikely he was aware of either the later
320:(496–495 BC). Little else can be determined with accuracy.
272:. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the
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L'Empédocle de Strasbourg: (P. Strasb. gr. Inv. 1665-1666)
1300:
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Apollonius, ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 52, comp. 74, 73
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An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty
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1857:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Empedocles also attempted to explain the phenomenon of
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Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
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405:also refers to the death of Empedocles in his work
198:
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120:
110:
100:
83:
60:
41:
1873:
1253:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1897:The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy
1748:(new ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press.
1542:(Revised ed.). University of Toronto Press.
837:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 67, 69, 70, 71; Horace,
335:", his chronologically impossible tutelage under
1855:The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History
1739:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 344–345.
1685:Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom
1880:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
1876:Empedocles : a philosophical investigation
1644:. In Curd, Patricia; Graham, Daniel W. (eds.).
1398:
473:Classical element § Hellenistic philosophy
1916:Soleil et connaissance. Empédocle avant Platon
1578:Kingsley, K. Scarlett; Parry, Richard (2020).
1492:(Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.
1343:(New York; Simon & Schuster) 1939, p. 339.
582:parted from one another by two divine powers,
4121:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
3458:
2124:
1646:The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy
1410:
1137:
8:
1642:"Empedocles: Physical and Mythical Divinity"
1776:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
528:which make all the structures in the world—
485:and was likely acquainted with the work of
4962:
4078:
3688:
3488:
3465:
3451:
3443:
3002:
2851:
2689:
2567:
2477:
2311:
2302:
2234:
2225:
2164:
2131:
2117:
2109:
985:, xii. 7); Frag. B117 (Hippolytus, i. 3.2)
735:by means of an elaborate analogy with the
570:), which seems to have been first used by
49:
38:
4659:Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows
4483:Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian
1899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1619:Martin, Alain; Primavesi, Oliver (1999).
1434:
1321:
4309:World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
1285:
331:'s assertion that he was the "father of
4896:You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
2074:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2037:, translated by Arthur Fairbanks, 1898.
1446:
1234:
1127:
799:
4334:List of vegetarian and vegan companies
1504:Barnes, Jonathan (11 September 2002).
1422:
1383:
1304:
1191:
1176:
1164:
1152:
859:See especially Lucretius, i. 716, etc.
4451:Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses
4111:Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
1640:Primavesi, Oliver (27 October 2008).
819:, 1, ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 57.
524:Empedocles established four ultimate
7:
6052:Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
5639:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1955:. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
439:Empedocles' death is the subject of
373:, Empedocles died at the age of 60 (
2140:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1798:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1589:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
773:that were not published until 1999.
4387:Reasons for not Eating Animal Food
299:Empedocles, 17th-century engraving
25:
6289:5th-century BC Greek philosophers
4355:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
4249:North American Vegetarian Society
1914:Saetta Cottone, Rossella (2023).
1485:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
578:for the next two thousand years.
6067:Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
4202:Christian Vegetarian Association
2101:
1746:Empedocles: The Extant Fragments
1625:(in French). Walter de Gruyter.
1479:"Pythagoreans: Empedocles"
1466:
188:
27:5th century BC Greek philosopher
4611:Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone
1648:. Oxford University Press, US.
1488:. Vol. 2:8. Translated by
1070:On the Senses and their Objects
135:
6199:Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
4555:Moosewood Collective Cookbooks
4294:Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
4279:Toronto Vegetarian Association
4222:International Vegetarian Union
1688:. Cambridge University Press.
1563:. Cambridge University Press.
1247:Ströker, E. (September 1968).
1033:, ix. 127; Hippolytus, vii. 21
680:'s punishment as a servant to
1:
6319:Philosophers of Magna Graecia
6214:Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
6138:Food for Thought (restaurant)
4736:Diet for a New America (film)
4515:The Benefits of Vegetarianism
4379:A Vindication of Natural Diet
4146:Vegan Prisoners Support Group
1942:Stamatellos, Giannis (2012).
1933:Stamatellos, Giannis (2007).
1918:. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
1706:Empedocles: An Interpretation
659:, Empedocles believed in the
374:
243:
87:
64:
4563:The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook
3783:Seventh-day Adventist Church
2085:Works by or about Empedocles
2025:Resources in other libraries
2001:Resources in other libraries
1507:The Presocratic Philosophers
1357:7 August 2006 01:50 BBC Four
1112:Not to be confused with The
1081:Aristotle, On Respiration 13
925:Frag. B35, B26 (Simplicius,
899:Frag. B6 (Sextus Empiricus,
6183:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel
4603:The Sexual Politics of Meat
3721:Environmental vegetarianism
3576:Environmental vegetarianism
2100:(public domain audiobooks)
1663:Osborne, Catherine (1987).
1604:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1399:Martin & Primavesi 1999
1368:"Empedocles – Encyclopedia"
1103:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 77
850:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 69
806:Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 51
413:right to destroy themselves
173:as opposing physical forces
32:Empedocles (disambiguation)
6375:
4699:Making a Stand for Animals
4475:Fifty Years of Food Reform
4217:Hare Krishna Food for Life
4131:Vegan Awareness Foundation
1827:Gottlieb, Anthony (2000).
1806:Freeman, Kathleen (1948).
1557:Guthrie, W. K. C. (1962).
1031:Against the Mathematicians
901:Against the Mathematicians
661:transmigration of the soul
614:
604:
562:
470:
236:
29:
5354:Maximilian Bircher-Benner
4792:Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
4683:The End of Animal Farming
4667:The Vegan Studies Project
4212:French Vegetarian Society
4207:European Vegetarian Union
4197:Boston Vegetarian Society
3543:Vegan organic agriculture
2020:Resources in your library
1996:Resources in your library
1872:Lambridis, Helle (1976).
1703:Trépanier, Simon (2004).
1531:. Adam and Charles Black.
1411:Kingsley & Parry 2020
1336:The Story of Civilization
1138:Kingsley & Parry 2020
177:
96:
48:
6334:Presocratic philosophers
6314:Ancient Greek physicists
6107:The Sound Lounge, London
6082:Little Pine (restaurant)
5966:Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
5469:Narasinh Narayan Godbole
4643:The Bloodless Revolution
4284:Vegetarian Federal Union
4099:Food Empowerment Project
3942:List of meat substitutes
2979:Alexander of Aphrodisias
2079:University of St Andrews
2046:9 September 2020 at the
1853:; Schofield, M. (1983).
493:or the doctrines of the
264:and a native citizen of
262:pre-Socratic philosopher
55:Empedocles of Agrigentum
18:Empedocles of Agrigentum
6329:Philosophers of science
6229:Plant-based action plan
5976:Satchidananda Saraswati
5821:Tabitha Brown (actress)
4635:Livestock's Long Shadow
4539:Diet for a Small Planet
4443:Shelley's Vegetarianism
4254:Order of the Golden Age
3741:Replaceability argument
3611:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
3596:Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
3501:Animal-free agriculture
3088:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
2821:Thrasymachus of Corinth
2499:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
1736:Encyclopædia Britannica
1055:Frag. B100 (Aristotle,
1042:Frag. B109 (Aristotle,
1007:Clement of Alexandria,
994:Clement of Alexandria,
955:Frag. B57 (Simplicius,
938:Frag. B35 (Simplicius,
450:The Death of Empedocles
352:The Death of Empedocles
143:Classical four elements
105:Pre-Socratic philosophy
6309:Pluralist philosophers
5614:Francis William Newman
5514:Martin Luther Holbrook
4595:Diet for a New America
4547:The Vegetarian Epicure
4435:What is Vegetarianism?
4192:Bible Christian Church
4094:Beauty Without Cruelty
4089:American Vegan Society
3571:Economic vegetarianism
2745:Aristippus the Younger
1951:Wellmann, Tom (2020).
1831:. London: Allen Lane.
1770:Chitwood, Ava (2004).
1744:Wright, M. R. (1995).
1682:Sedley, D. N. (2003).
1528:Early Greek Philosophy
1449:, pp. 24–31, 108.
1265:10.1002/anie.196807181
1068:Frag. B84 (Aristotle,
774:
692:
626:
521:
366:
300:
6304:Ancient Greek shamans
5951:Isa Chandra Moskowitz
5704:Russell Thacher Trall
5669:Johan Lindström Saxon
5369:Lucius Duncan Bulkley
4675:Animal (De)liberation
4459:Why I Am a Vegetarian
3726:Ethics of eating meat
3222:Eudorus of Alexandria
2793:Asclepiades of Phlius
2750:Theodorus the Atheist
2054:Empedocles: Fragments
2035:Empedokles: Fragments
1937:. Albany: SUNY Press.
1667:. London: Duckworth.
1536:Inwood, Brad (2001).
1525:Burnet, John (1892).
768:
690:
624:
516:
411:and admits poets the
350:
298:
6339:Philosophers of love
6324:Natural philosophers
6299:Ancient Acragantines
6294:5th-century BC poets
6087:Moosewood Restaurant
5941:Moosewood Collective
5856:Crescent Dragonwagon
5764:Kathleen Keen Zolber
5429:James Elmslie Duncan
5289:Bertrand P. Allinson
4523:Living the Good Life
4411:Fruits and Farinacea
4314:World Vegetarian Day
4264:ProVeg International
3652:Fictional characters
3156:Diogenes of Oenoanda
2065:Robertson, Edmund F.
1895:Long, A. A. (1999).
981:Frag. B127 (Aelian,
30:For other uses, see
6204:List of vegan media
6133:Cranks (restaurant)
5936:Joanne Lee Molinaro
5906:Frances Moore Lappé
5694:William O. Stephens
5689:Ernest Lester Smith
5679:Richard H. Schwartz
5664:Henry Stephens Salt
5654:Ulma Doyle Register
5589:Harry Willis Miller
5569:Alice Garrett Marsh
5524:John Harvey Kellogg
5178:James E. McWilliams
4943:The Animals' Agenda
3925:Microbial cellulose
3900:Gelatin substitutes
3863:Chicken fillet roll
3591:Lacto vegetarianism
3280:Apollonius of Tyana
3227:Philo of Alexandria
3030:Agrippa the Skeptic
2969:Strato of Lampsacus
2094:Works by Empedocles
2063:O'Connor, John J.;
1812:. Forgotten Books.
1324:, pp. 261–268.
1179:, pp. 202–203.
968:Frag. B61 (Aelian,
441:Friedrich Hölderlin
382:Heraclides Ponticus
276:theory of the four
6158:New Riverside Cafe
6148:Lentil as Anything
6126:Former restaurants
6062:Crossroads Kitchen
5991:Alicia Silverstone
5926:Hetty Lui McKinnon
5876:Carol Lee Flinders
5734:Severin Wielobycki
5444:Charles W. Forward
5299:Charles R. Attwood
5073:Caldwell Esselstyn
4579:Moosewood Cookbook
4427:The Ethics of Diet
4289:Vegetarian Society
4259:ProVeg Deutschland
3355:Plutarch of Athens
3295:Numenius of Apamea
3285:Moderatus of Gades
2755:Hegesias of Cyrene
1946:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1791:Campbell, Gordon.
1730:"Empedocles"
1490:Hicks, Robert Drew
1474:Laërtius, Diogenes
1354:Let There be Light
1341:The Life of Greece
1114:Strasbourg papyrus
1029:Sextus Empiricus,
784:classical elements
775:
693:
627:
522:
460:Empedocles on Etna
445:Tod des Empedokles
430:Lucian of Samosata
378: 430 BC
367:
325:Hellenistic period
301:
278:classical elements
268:, a Greek city in
257:444–443 BC) was a
251: 434 BC
115:Western philosophy
6271:
6270:
6072:Greens Restaurant
5956:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
5826:Suzy Amis Cameron
5816:Edward Espe Brown
5811:Martha Brotherton
5772:
5771:
5709:Frederick Towgood
5674:James Scholefield
5619:R. E. O'Callaghan
5449:Michael Allen Fox
5424:Daniel Dombrowski
5329:George Bedborough
5314:Horace A. Barrows
5279:Phyllis B. Acosta
5173:John A. McDougall
5128:Avery Yale Kamila
5078:Gary L. Francione
5033:T. Colin Campbell
4983:Suzanne M. Babich
4880:The Game Changers
4824:Live and Let Live
4808:Forks Over Knives
4768:Peaceable Kingdom
4760:Post Punk Kitchen
4744:A Cow at My Table
4691:Vegetable Kingdom
4419:The Pleasure Boat
4403:Nature's Own Book
4371:Vegetable Cookery
4322:
4321:
4151:The Vegan Society
3964:Nutritional yeast
3844:
3843:
3680:
3679:
3601:Ovo vegetarianism
3548:Vegan school meal
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3403:Nicetes of Smyrna
2992:
2991:
2907:
2906:
2869:Apollonius Cronus
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2534:
2533:
2458:
2457:
2379:Metrodorus of Cos
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2215:
2214:
1977:Library resources
1962:978-3-11-063372-6
1819:978-1-60680-256-4
1716:978-0-415-96700-6
1695:978-0-521-54214-2
1655:978-0-19-514687-5
1632:978-3-11-015129-9
1570:978-0-521-29421-8
1549:978-0-8020-8353-1
1517:978-1-134-96512-0
1461:Ancient Testimony
1307:, pp. 55–68.
695:Empedocles was a
390:Diogenes Laërtius
181:
180:
16:(Redirected from
6366:
6284:Deaths from fire
6244:Planetary health
6234:Sustainable diet
6224:Plant-based diet
6163:Nix (restaurant)
6077:Hiltl Restaurant
6026:Umberto Veronesi
5996:Hannah Sunderani
5971:Mathew Pritchard
5931:Tracye McQuirter
5841:Chloe Coscarelli
5779:cookbook authors
5724:Emil Weilshäuser
5599:Reuben D. Mussey
5579:William Metcalfe
5504:Philippe Hecquet
5419:Daniël de Clercq
5319:Geoffrey Barstow
5263:Sophie Zaïkowska
5153:Thomas Lepeltier
5108:A. Breeze Harper
5063:George Dornbusch
5028:Jodey Castricano
4963:
4929:Vegetarian Times
4872:Eating You Alive
4840:PlantPure Nation
4728:The Animals Film
4571:Laurel's Kitchen
4507:A Fleshless Diet
4269:ProVeg Nederland
4079:
4024:Vegetarian bacon
3937:Meat alternative
3689:
3489:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3395:Second Sophistic
3370:Ammonius Hermiae
3275:Nigidius Figulus
3189:Philo of Larissa
3171:Academic Skeptic
3035:Sextus Empiricus
3003:
2852:
2811:Euclid of Megara
2690:
2568:
2478:
2312:
2303:
2235:
2226:
2165:
2147:Proto-philosophy
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2089:Internet Archive
2081:
1966:
1947:
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1910:
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1842:
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1787:
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1725:Wallace, William
1720:
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1678:
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1636:
1615:
1593:
1584:Zalta, Edward N.
1574:
1553:
1532:
1521:
1493:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1425:, pp. 8–21.
1420:
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6344:Sicilian Greeks
6274:
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6187:
6178:The Hollow Reed
6168:Penny Cafeteria
6143:InSpiral Lounge
6121:
6040:
5986:Miyoko Schinner
5916:Linda McCartney
5911:Deborah Madison
5881:Alexis Gauthier
5796:Carleigh Bodrug
5778:
5768:
5754:Jon Wynne-Tyson
5739:Howard Williams
5624:Josiah Oldfield
5594:J. Howard Moore
5584:Eli Peck Miller
5544:W. R. C. Latson
5534:Daniel H. Kress
5474:Jeremiah Hacker
5434:Eknath Easwaran
5414:Lenna F. Cooper
5364:Ernest Bonnejoy
5324:Sidney H. Beard
5294:Thomas Allinson
5267:
5253:Corey Lee Wrenn
5248:Kim A. Williams
5018:Will Bulsiewicz
4993:Neal D. Barnard
4958:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4902:
4848:What the Health
4719:Films and shows
4713:
4619:The China Study
4491:The Meat Fetish
4346:
4344:
4338:
4318:
4237:Meatless Monday
4175:
4171:World Vegan Day
4071:
4063:
4034:Vegetarian mark
3850:
3840:
3760:
3676:
3630:
3557:
3480:
3471:
3441:
3432:
3389:
3318:Ammonius Saccas
3304:
3261:
3209:Middle Platonic
3203:
3165:
3117:
3108:Marcus Aurelius
3044:
3020:Timon of Phlius
2988:
2958:Aristotelianism
2940:
2903:
2884:Diodorus Cronus
2850:
2797:
2769:
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6256:Pescetarianism
6251:Flexitarianism
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5946:Charity Morgan
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Mary McCartney
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5896:Madhur Jaffrey
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5729:Ellen G. White
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Elmer McCollum
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Susan M. Levin
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Isaac Jennings
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:William Harvey
5496:
5491:
5489:Alexander Haig
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Mahatma Gandhi
5461:
5456:
5454:Peter Foxcroft
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:Antonio Cocchi
5401:
5399:Henry S. Clubb
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Eduard Baltzer
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:William Alcott
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Sunaura Taylor
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5183:Vesanto Melina
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:Maxwell G. Lee
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Michael Klaper
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:Michael Greger
5100:
5098:Lewis Gompertz
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Georges Butaud
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Yves Bonnardel
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Martin Balluch
4985:
4980:
4978:Carol J. Adams
4975:
4969:
4967:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4752:Meet Your Meat
4748:
4740:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4651:Eating Animals
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4499:The New Ethics
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4232:Meat-free days
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Vegan Outreach
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Coconut burger
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Pythagoreanism
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Animal welfare
3703:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Black veganism
3503:
3497:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Dio Chrysostom
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3267:Neopythagorean
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Musonius Rufus
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Zeno of Citium
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Phaedo of Elis
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
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2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
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2381:
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2371:
2366:
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2277:
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2260:
2259:
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2249:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2082:
2060:
2051:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:External links
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1869:
1863:
1843:
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1516:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1435:Trépanier 2004
1427:
1415:
1403:
1388:
1386:, p. 313.
1373:
1359:
1345:
1333:Durant, Will.
1326:
1322:Primavesi 2008
1309:
1290:
1278:
1259:(9): 718–724.
1239:
1196:
1194:, p. 6-8.
1181:
1169:
1157:
1142:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1096:
1083:
1074:
1061:
1059:, 473b1–474a6)
1057:On Respiration
1048:
1035:
1022:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
957:On the Heavens
948:
944:On the Heavens
931:
918:
905:
892:
875:
861:
852:
843:
830:
821:
808:
798:
797:
795:
792:
762:
759:
665:metempsychosis
652:
649:
612:, and Strife (
510:
507:
481:' doctrine of
468:
465:
455:Matthew Arnold
418:Icaro-Menippus
344:
341:
312:, present-day
292:
289:
179:
178:
175:
174:
140:
137:
134:
133:
124:
122:Main interests
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
85:
81:
80:
71:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
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42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6371:
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6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6209:Juice fasting
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
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6144:
6141:
6139:
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6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Veggie Galaxy
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
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6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Lauren Toyota
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Mollie Katzen
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Rip Esselstyn
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Sue Donaldson
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5699:Alan Stoddard
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:James Simpson
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Rollo Russell
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:James Rachels
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:Cyril V. Pink
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Scott Nearing
5607:
5605:
5604:Helen Nearing
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Andrew Linzey
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:William Lambe
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5484:Walter Hadwen
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Edwin Collier
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5394:George Cheyne
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:J. L. Buttner
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Richard Twine
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:David Sztybel
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:David Olivier
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
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5119:
5116:
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5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:Valéry Giroux
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:David Benatar
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Elisa Aaltola
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:A Sacred Duty
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:Figs or Pigs?
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:(3rd century)
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Our Hen House
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4059:Veggie burger
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Animal rights
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Organizations
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:Vegetarianism
3560:
3554:
3553:Vegan studies
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:Straight edge
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Fruitarianism
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:vegetarianism
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Zeno of Sidon
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Lyco of Troas
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2856:Dialecticians
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:By Empedocles
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1925:9782350882031
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:0-521-44122-6
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1887:0-8173-6615-6
1883:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1864:0-521-25444-2
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:0-7139-9143-7
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1783:9780472113880
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1755:1-85399-482-0
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:. Routledge.
1708:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1674:0-7156-1975-6
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1611:0-19-814988-3
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:. Routledge.
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Kingsley 1995
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
945:
941:
935:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
896:
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
873:
872:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
793:
791:
787:
785:
779:
772:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
706:
701:
698:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
641:
636:
633:
623:
619:
611:
601:
600:
595:
594:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
466:
464:
462:
461:
456:
453:) as well as
452:
451:
446:
442:
437:
433:
431:
427:
424:
419:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
372:
369:According to
365:
361:
357:
356:Salvator Rosa
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:Magna Graecia
307:
297:
290:
288:
286:
285:reincarnation
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
239:
233:
227:
185:
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:Notable ideas
132:
128:
125:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91: 434 BC
86:
82:
78:
74:
68: 494 BC
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6173:Pink Peacock
6153:Minerva Café
6117:Veggie Grill
6102:Souley Vegan
6097:Slutty Vegan
6036:Alan Wakeman
6011:Haile Thomas
6001:Bryant Terry
5891:Richa Hingle
5886:Dick Gregory
5791:Mayim Bialik
5759:Tzachi Zamir
5714:Sidney Trist
5564:Clair Linzey
5384:Job Caudwell
5359:George Black
5304:William Axon
5258:Laura Wright
5228:Peter Singer
5223:Jérôme Segal
5213:Emelia Quinn
5208:David Pearce
5193:David Nibert
5188:Gemma Newman
5168:Reed Mangels
5158:Howard Lyman
5083:Joel Fuhrman
5058:Alan Desmond
5043:Brenda Davis
5013:Will Bonsall
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4894:
4888:Maa Ka Doodh
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4627:Skinny Bitch
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4587:Fit for Life
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4304:Viva! Health
4299:Veggie Pride
4187:Alcott House
4126:Plamil Foods
4103:
4044:Sausage roll
3920:Konjac jelly
3873:Coconut milk
3779:Christianity
3731:Meat paradox
3716:Deep ecology
3521:Raw veganism
3485:Perspectives
3423:Philostratus
3310:Neoplatonist
2964:Theophrastus
2638:Dionysodorus
2595:Thrasymachus
2515:
2221:Pre-Socratic
2072:
2069:"Empedocles"
2058:demonax.info
2015:Online books
2008:
1991:Online books
1981:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1915:
1896:
1875:
1854:
1828:
1808:
1796:
1793:"Empedocles"
1772:
1745:
1734:
1705:
1684:
1664:
1645:
1621:
1601:
1587:
1580:"Empedocles"
1559:
1538:
1527:
1506:
1483:
1456:Bibliography
1447:Osborne 1987
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1339:, Volume 2:
1334:
1329:
1281:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1235:Wallace 1911
1172:
1160:
1108:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1046:, 404b11–15)
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1009:Miscellanies
1008:
1003:
998:, iv. 23.150
996:Miscellanies
995:
990:
982:
977:
969:
964:
956:
951:
943:
939:
934:
926:
921:
913:
908:
900:
895:
887:
878:
869:
864:
855:
846:
838:
833:
824:
816:
811:
802:
788:
780:
776:
770:
755:corporeality
744:
730:
714:
702:
694:
654:
637:
628:
597:
591:
580:
567:
523:
503:Pythagoreans
499:Pythagoreans
476:
458:
448:
444:
438:
434:
416:
406:
368:
351:
322:
302:
282:
183:
182:
168:
162:
36:
6045:Restaurants
6006:Anna Thomas
5981:Derek Sarno
5861:Rose Elliot
5846:Yamuna Devi
5801:Gypsy Boots
5749:W. A. Sibly
5744:Frank Wokes
5629:Dean Ornish
5529:Norman Kerr
5509:Brian Hines
5494:Edward Hare
5479:John Haddon
5459:Greta Gaard
5389:James Clark
5379:Paul Carton
5344:Ragnar Berg
5339:Robert Bell
5334:Ernest Bell
5198:Jack Norris
5143:Renan Larue
5118:Melanie Joy
5113:Oscar Horta
5088:Kristi Funk
5068:Mylan Engel
5053:Jan Deckers
5048:Garth Davis
5038:Robert Cook
5003:Steven Best
4955:activists,
4953:Academics,
4763:(2003–2005)
4531:Ten Talents
4242:Friday Fast
3969:Plant cream
3910:Carrageenan
3858:Agave syrup
3746:Sentientism
3736:Nonviolence
3672:Vegan media
3667:Restaurants
3642:Vegetarians
3616:Ecofeminism
3025:Aenesidemus
2998:Hellenistic
2946:Peripatetic
2864:Clinomachus
2702:Antisthenes
2316:Pythagorean
2267:Heraclitean
2252:Anaximander
2169:Seven Sages
1851:Raven, J.E.
1847:Kirk, G. S.
1423:Inwood 2001
1384:Barnes 2002
1305:Inwood 2001
1192:Inwood 2001
1177:Burnet 1892
1165:Sedley 2003
1153:Inwood 2001
1090:Aristotle,
1044:On the Soul
1020:Plato, Meno
1011:, v. 14.122
882:Frag. B17 (
871:Ars Poetica
841:. 464, etc.
815:Aristotle,
733:respiration
721:respiration
705:Will Durant
421: [
408:Ars Poetica
6359:Mount Etna
6278:Categories
6239:Low-carbon
6219:Vegaphobia
6057:Cinnaholic
6031:Nisha Vora
5961:Gaz Oakley
5871:Toni Fiore
5836:Pinky Cole
5831:Hannah Che
5786:Nava Atlas
5644:Rod Preece
5439:T. Forster
5349:Rynn Berry
5272:Vegetarian
5163:Al-Ma'arri
4959:physicians
4915:Naked Food
4832:Cowspiracy
4776:Earthlings
4707:Meat Atlas
4227:Jewish Veg
4180:Vegetarian
4156:Veganmania
4136:Vegan flag
4019:Vegetables
3994:Soy yogurt
3974:Plant milk
3756:Tirukkuṟaḷ
3751:Speciesism
3626:By country
3586:Orthopathy
3380:Simplicius
3345:Iamblichus
3290:Nicomachus
3179:Arcesilaus
3146:Philodemus
3136:Metrodorus
3078:Posidonius
3068:Chrysippus
3007:Pyrrhonist
2931:Xenocrates
2926:Speusippus
2899:Panthoides
2740:Aristippus
2643:Euthydemus
2580:Protagoras
2553:Democritus
2516:Empedocles
2489:Anaxagoras
2440:Parmenides
2417:Xenophanes
2374:Hermotimus
2324:Pythagoras
2275:Heraclitus
2257:Anaximenes
2159:Pherecydes
2154:Epimenides
2041:Empedocles
1982:Empedocles
1498:References
1123:References
1094:, 213a24–7
983:On Animals
970:On Animals
946:, 528–530)
890:, 157–159)
884:Simplicius
725:perception
719:and hence
697:vegetarian
657:Pythagoras
651:Psychology
645:double sex
640:physiology
568:stoicheion
487:Anaxagoras
479:Parmenides
471:See also:
467:Philosophy
394:Mount Etna
386:Mount Etna
360:Mount Etna
337:Pythagoras
274:cosmogonic
249: – c.
247: 494
238:Ἐμπεδοκλῆς
184:Empedocles
43:Empedocles
5777:Chefs and
5549:Elmer Lee
5218:Tom Regan
5123:Joel Kahn
4957:authors,
4907:Magazines
4816:Vegucated
4327:Companies
4161:Veganuary
3959:Mock duck
3851:and drink
3826:Rastafari
3766:Religious
3657:Festivals
3621:Nutrition
3538:Nutrition
3413:Favorinus
3375:Damascius
3217:Antiochus
3184:Carneades
3151:Lucretius
3123:Epicurean
3098:Epictetus
3073:Panaetius
3063:Cleanthes
2954:Aristotle
2879:Dionysius
2874:Euphantus
2826:Eubulides
2788:Menedemus
2760:Anniceris
2666:Classical
2633:Lycophron
2628:Callicles
2548:Leucippus
2526:Pausanias
2494:Archelaus
2473:Pluralist
2369:Calliphon
2354:Brontinus
2334:Philolaus
2202:Cleobulus
2197:Periander
1273:0570-0833
972:, xvi 29)
942:, 31–34;
903:, x, 315)
771:On Nature
741:Aristotle
737:clepsydra
602:). Love (
563:στοιχεῖον
509:Cosmogony
399:Lucretius
371:Aristotle
329:Aristotle
127:Cosmogony
6021:Jeeca Uy
5719:Valluvar
4864:Dominion
4710:(annual)
4347:journals
4345:reports,
4274:Swissveg
4105:Go Vegan
4009:Tofurkey
3789:Hinduism
3774:Buddhism
3531:Hardline
3493:Veganism
3474:Veganism
3360:Syrianus
3340:Porphyry
3328:students
3323:Plotinus
3247:Alcinous
3242:Apuleius
3232:Plutarch
3131:Epicurus
2913:Platonic
2894:Alexinus
2841:Pasicles
2836:Nicarete
2816:Ichthyas
2803:Megarian
2775:Eretrian
2732:Cyrenaic
2717:Menippus
2707:Diogenes
2684:Xenophon
2678:students
2674:Socrates
2585:Prodicus
2450:Melissus
2422:Xeniades
2384:Arignote
2349:Alcmaeon
2344:Lamiskos
2339:Archytas
2329:Hippasus
2293:Diogenes
2280:Cratylus
2239:Milesian
2187:Pittacus
2098:LibriVox
2044:Archived
1727:(1911).
1600:(1995).
1476:(1925).
929:, 31–34)
839:ad Pison
761:Writings
674:divinity
593:Philotes
558:Aidoneus
526:elements
495:Atomists
491:Eleatics
457:'s poem
443:'s play
333:rhetoric
318:Olympiad
6192:Related
6092:Purezza
4936:VegNews
4856:Carnage
4800:Planeat
4039:Sausage
4029:Hot dog
3915:Gulaman
3893:legumes
3888:cereals
3831:Sikhism
3816:Judaism
3811:Jainism
3794:Sattvic
3711:Carnism
3693:Secular
3606:Cuisine
3581:History
3516:History
3428:more...
3385:more...
3365:Proclus
3300:more...
3257:more...
3199:more...
3161:more...
3113:more...
3040:more...
2984:more...
2936:more...
2765:more...
2722:more...
2648:more...
2623:Gorgias
2615:Italian
2605:more...
2590:Hippias
2563:Sophist
2540:Atomist
2508:Italian
2432:Eleatic
2409:Skeptic
2399:more...
2394:Eurytus
2307:Italian
2087:at the
1586:(ed.).
1092:Physics
940:Physics
927:Physics
916:, 48b–c
914:Timaeus
912:Plato,
888:Physics
868:Horace
817:Poetics
746:Physics
682:Admetus
669:daimons
605:φιλότης
306:Akragas
266:Akragas
131:Biology
73:Akragas
5138:Aph Ko
4899:(2024)
4891:(2023)
4883:(2018)
4875:(2018)
4867:(2018)
4859:(2017)
4851:(2017)
4843:(2015)
4835:(2014)
4827:(2013)
4819:(2011)
4811:(2011)
4803:(2010)
4795:(2010)
4787:(2007)
4779:(2005)
4771:(2004)
4755:(2002)
4747:(1998)
4739:(1991)
4731:(1981)
4702:(2022)
4694:(2020)
4686:(2018)
4678:(2016)
4670:(2015)
4662:(2009)
4654:(2009)
4646:(2006)
4638:(2006)
4630:(2005)
4622:(2005)
4614:(1997)
4606:(1990)
4598:(1987)
4590:(1985)
4582:(1977)
4574:(1976)
4566:(1975)
4558:(1973)
4550:(1972)
4542:(1971)
4534:(1968)
4526:(1954)
4518:(1927)
4510:(1910)
4502:(1907)
4494:(1904)
4486:(1903)
4478:(1898)
4470:(1896)
4462:(1895)
4454:(1892)
4446:(1891)
4438:(1886)
4430:(1883)
4422:(1845)
4414:(1845)
4406:(1835)
4398:(1824)
4390:(1814)
4382:(1813)
4374:(1812)
4366:(1802)
4343:Books,
4166:Veganz
4074:events
4069:Groups
4014:Cheese
3999:Tempeh
3989:Seitan
3979:Quinoa
3932:Jambon
3883:Grains
3878:Fruits
3836:Taoism
3799:Ahimsa
3685:Ethics
3647:Vegans
3418:Lucian
3350:Julian
3335:Origen
3194:Cicero
3103:Arrian
3083:Seneca
3015:Pyrrho
2846:Bryson
2831:Stilpo
2712:Crates
2572:Ionian
2482:Ionian
2359:Theano
2247:Thales
2230:Ionian
2207:Chilon
2177:Thales
1979:about
1959:
1922:
1903:
1884:
1861:
1835:
1816:
1780:
1752:
1713:
1692:
1671:
1652:
1629:
1608:
1567:
1546:
1514:
1471:
1271:
959:, 586)
710:Euclid
678:Apollo
632:sphere
615:νεῖκος
610:matter
599:Neikos
588:Strife
556:, and
554:Nestis
483:monism
403:Horace
364:Sicily
314:Sicily
270:Sicily
170:Strife
111:Region
77:Sicily
5806:BOSH!
4966:Vegan
4922:Satya
4082:Vegan
3984:Quorn
3954:Mochi
3806:Islam
3635:Lists
3252:Galen
3237:Gaius
3050:Stoic
2921:Plato
2889:Philo
2694:Cynic
2600:Damon
2521:Acron
2463:Hippo
2182:Solon
1582:. In
1140:, §1.
794:Notes
717:pores
655:Like
576:dogma
572:Plato
542:earth
538:water
425:]
415:. In
259:Greek
232:Greek
159:water
155:earth
4072:and
4054:Wine
4049:Beer
4004:Tofu
3949:Miso
3905:Agar
3849:Food
3476:and
2445:Zeno
2389:Myia
2364:Damo
2192:Bias
1957:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1269:ISSN
751:void
596:and
586:and
584:Love
550:Hera
546:Zeus
530:fire
291:Life
167:and
164:Love
157:and
147:fire
84:Died
61:Born
2096:at
2056:at
1261:doi
743:'s
663:or
534:air
362:in
354:by
308:in
255:fl.
151:air
101:Era
6280::
2077:,
2071:,
2067:,
1849:;
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1733:.
1482:.
1391:^
1376:^
1312:^
1293:^
1267:.
1255:.
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1199:^
1184:^
1145:^
1130:^
886:,
684:.
566:,
552:,
548:,
540:,
536:,
532:,
505:.
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375:c.
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244:c.
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230:;
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2960:)
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2132:e
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1965:.
1928:.
1909:.
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1867:.
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1677:.
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1614:.
1592:.
1573:.
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