455:, a student of Socrates. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes ignored him and reportedly "eventually beat him off with his staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you, so long as I think you've something to say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's pupil, despite the brutality with which he was initially received. Whether the two ever really met is still uncertain, but he surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity of his life. He considered his avoidance of earthly pleasures a contrast to and commentary on contemporary Athenian behaviors. This attitude was grounded in a disdain for what he regarded as the folly, pretence, vanity, self-deception, and artificiality of human conduct.
610:. Being asked his trade, he replied that he knew no trade but that of governing men, and that he wished to be sold to a man who needed a master. Xeniades liked his spirit and hired Diogenes to tutor his children. As tutor to Xeniades's two sons, it is said that he lived in Corinth for the rest of his life, which he devoted to preaching the doctrines of virtuous self-control. There are many stories about what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are stories stating he was set free after he became "a cherished member of the household", while one says he was set free almost immediately, and still another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth." He is even said to have lectured to large audiences at the
494:. This has been interpreted to mean that, in his view, the unreasoning behavior of the people around him meant that they did not qualify as men. Diogenes looked for a man but reputedly found nothing but rascals and scoundrels. Diogenes taught by living example. He tried to demonstrate that wisdom and happiness belong to the man who is independent of society and that civilization is regressive. He scorned not only family and socio-political organization, but also property rights and reputation. He even rejected traditional ideas about human decency. In addition to eating in the marketplace, Diogenes is said to have urinated on some people who insulted him, defecated in the
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843:'s essay, "Of Democritus and Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men ill and shuns them as dangerous, whereas Diogenes esteems them so little that contact with them could not disturb him. "Timonism" is in fact often contrasted with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they had become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring by nature and so saw no hope for change."
484:. He destroyed the single wooden bowl he possessed on seeing a peasant boy drink from the hollow of his hands. He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, to have been carrying superfluous baggage all this time!". It was contrary to Athenian customs to eat within the marketplace, and still he would eat there, for, as he explained when rebuked, it was during the time he was in the marketplace that he felt hungry. He used to stroll about in full daylight with a
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archaeology: large numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of the 4th century BC, and other coins of the time bear the name of
Hicesias as the official who minted them. During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating in Sinope. The coins were deliberately defaced in order to render them worthless as legal tender. Sinope was being disputed between pro-
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it. The third reason is that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies. So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, by barking at them.
350:, in the marketplace. He used his simple lifestyle and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt, confused society. He had a reputation for sleeping and eating wherever he chose in a highly non-traditional fashion and took to toughening himself against nature. He declared himself a
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characteristic humor, Diogenes dismissed his ill fortune by saying, "If Manes can live without
Diogenes, why not Diogenes without Manes?" Diogenes would mock such a relation of extreme dependency. He found the figure of a master who could do nothing for himself contemptibly helpless. He was attracted by the
701:, though he is reported to have authored over ten books and seven tragedies that do not survive. Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what is known about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources.
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At some point (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and
Diogenes became involved in a scandal involving the adulteration or debasement of the currency, and Diogenes was exiled from the city and lost his citizenship and all his material possessions. This aspect of the story seems to be corroborated by
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was better revealed in action than in theory. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts, such as carrying a lamp during the day, claiming to be looking for a "man" (often rendered in
English as "looking for an honest man", as Diogenes viewed the people around him as dishonest and irrational).
704:
Many anecdotes of
Diogenes refer to his dog-like behavior and his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not known whether Diogenes was insulted with the epithet "doggish" and made a virtue of it, or whether he first took up the dog theme himself. When asked why he was called a dog he replied, "I fawn on
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of their way of life, for they make a cult of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to
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animals could feast on his body. When asked if he minded this, he said, "Not at all, as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since he would lack awareness, he replied: "If I lack awareness, then why should I care what happens to me
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Diogenes stated that "other dogs bite their enemies, I bite my friends to save them." Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. So great was his austerity and simplicity that the
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Diogenes believed human beings live hypocritically and would do well to study the dog. Besides performing natural body functions in public with ease, a dog will eat anything and makes no fuss about where to sleep. Dogs live in the present and have no use for pretentious philosophy. They know
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recount that they exchanged only a few words: while
Diogenes was relaxing in the morning sunlight, Alexander, thrilled to meet the famous philosopher, asked if there was any favour he might do for him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, stand out of my sunlight." Alexander then declared, "If I were not
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and made it his life's goal to challenge established customs and values. He argued that instead of being troubled about the true nature of evil, people merely rely on customary interpretations. Diogenes arrived in Athens with a slave named Manes who escaped from him shortly thereafter. With
551:, together with a disdain for general opinion. Diogenes shared Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness. Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad." According to
777:)". This was a radical claim in a world where a man's identity was intimately tied to his citizenship of a particular city-state. As an exile and an outcast, a man with no social identity, Diogenes made a mark on his contemporaries.
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to ask for her advice and was told that he should "deface the currency". Following the debacle in Sinope, Diogenes decided that the oracle meant that he should deface the political currency rather than actual coins. He traveled to
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Alexander, then I should wish to be
Diogenes." In another account of the conversation, Alexander found the philosopher looking attentively at a pile of human bones. Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the bones of
488:; when asked what he was doing, he would answer, "I am looking for a man." Modern sources often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources he is simply "looking for a man" –
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when I am dead?" To the end, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead. The
Corinthians erected to his memory a pillar on which rested a dog of
1858:
839:
are references to the school of
Cynicism that could be interpreted as suggesting a parallel between the misanthropic hermit, Timon, and Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have had access to
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in public. When asked about his eating in public
Diogenes said, "If taking breakfast is nothing out of place, then it is nothing out of place in the marketplace." On the indecency of his
402:
Nothing is known about Diogenes's early life except that his father, Hicesias, was a banker. It seems likely that Diogenes was also enrolled into the banking business aiding his father.
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There are conflicting accounts of Diogenes's death. His contemporaries alleged that he held his breath until he died, although other accounts of his death say he became ill from eating
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900:. The disorder afflicts the elderly and is quite inappropriately named, as Diogenes deliberately rejected common standards of material comfort, and was anything but a hoarder.
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The stories told of Diogenes illustrate the logical consistency of his character. He inured himself to the weather by living in a clay wine jar belonging to the temple of
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of Sinope, and there is some debate as to whether it was he, his father, or both who had debased the Sinopian currency. After his hasty departure from Sinope he moved to
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those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals." One explanation offered in ancient times for why the Cynics were called
614:. Although most of the stories about his living in a jar are located in Athens, Lucian recounts a tale where he lived in a jar near the gymnasium in Corinth.
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Both in ancient and in modern times, Diogenes's personality has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Ancient busts exist in the museums of the
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697:. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. Fifty-one writings of Diogenes survive as part of the spurious
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378:, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting listeners by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for
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had previously identified himself as belonging to the world, rather than a city, Diogenes is credited with the first known use of the word "
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866:. It is called such as its members are educated, yet untalkative and have a dislike of socialising, much like the philosopher himself.
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2044:(1996). "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics". In Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile (eds.).
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would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans have complicated every simple gift of the gods." Although
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can be understood in various ways such as the defacement of currency or the counterfeiting of coins or the adulteration of money."
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was a banker/money-changer who could exchange currency, arrange loans, and was sometimes entrusted with the minting of currency.
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and some other sources. Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar, or
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that both Diogenes and Alexander died on the same day; however, the actual death date of neither man can be verified.
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where he proceeded to criticize many conventions of Athens of that day. There are many tales about him following
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Prince, Susan (2005). "Socrates, Antisthenes, and the Cynics". In Ahbel-Rappe, Sara; Kamtekar, Rachana (eds.).
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664:. When asked how he wished to be buried, he left instructions to be thrown outside the city wall so that wild
570:, saying, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), and so the academy added "with broad flat
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factions in the 4th century, and there may have been political rather than financial motives behind the act.
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816:. The interview between Diogenes and Alexander is represented in an ancient marble bas-relief found in the
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No authenticated writings of Diogenes survive, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes (
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773:". When he was asked from where he came, he replied, "I am a citizen of the world (
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Diogenes was a controversial figure. He was banished, or he fled, from Sinope over
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and becoming his "faithful hound". Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into
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he would say, "If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."
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Diogenes the Cynic: Sayings and Anecdotes, With Other Popular Moralists
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Hanon C, Pinquier C, Gaddour N, Saïd S, Mathis D, Pellerin J (2004).
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1994:. Translated by Guy Davenport. Bolinas, California: Grey Fox Press.
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Roubineau, Jean-Manuel; DeBevoise, Malcolm; Mitsis, Philip (2023).
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599:
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457:
421:
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830:, a lone reclining figure in the foreground represents Diogenes.
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Fictionalized portrait of Diogenes from a 17th-century engraving
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Being and the Between: Political Theory in the American Academy
1401:
Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 80
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Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 78
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Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 76
1335:, §58, 69. Eating in public places was considered bad manners.
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Benjamin Lee Todd, 'Apuleios Florida:A commentary, 2012, p132
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243:
1978:
A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D.
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The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy
1914:"[Diogenes syndrome: a transnosographic approach]"
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Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress 1936
184:
181:
1265:
Examined lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller
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According to a story which seems to have originated with
187:
325:, one of the most enduring schools of Greek philosophy.
2161:. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press.
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is supposed to have taken place. These stories may be
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1050:
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196:
190:
2291:, directory of literary references to Ancient Cynics
2249:
The cynic enlightenment : Diogenes in the salon
846:
The philosopher's name was adopted by the fictional
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but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave."
172:
2459:
2363:
2065:
Diogenes the Cynic : the war against the world
1549:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-04-26.
358:rather than claiming allegiance to just one place.
178:
145:
135:
123:
113:
103:
81:
57:
35:
2230:The dangerous life and ideas of Diogenes the Cynic
2105:
1987:
1889:The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide
940:Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom,
630:a meeting between Alexander the Great and Diogenes
1891:(Updated ed.). Aurum Press. pp. 30–31.
1676:, §78; Greek Anthology, 1.285.; Pausanias, 2.2.4.
382:, both in public and to his face when he visited
2142:. Jefferson, Va.: McFarland & Company, Inc.
693:, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of
313:. There he passed his philosophy of Cynicism to
2623:Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great
2116:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2036:(Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.
1867:The Best Comics of the Decade 1980–1990 Vol. 1
1146:Diogenes of Sinope, Son of the Banker Hikesias
981:. University of California Press. p. 21.
622:Alexander the Great Visits Diogenes at Corinth
2341:
2251:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2112:. Translation by Michael Eldred; foreword by
1236:
1234:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1061:. Indiana University Press. pp. 187–88.
1031:
1029:
757:instinctively who is friend and who is foe.
535:and his abstract philosophy. Diogenes viewed
437:According to one story, Diogenes went to the
8:
2197:Diogenes of Sinope : the man in the tub
1738:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
833:The many allusions to dogs in Shakespeare's
562:as "featherless bipeds", Diogenes plucked a
1128:
1126:
2348:
2334:
2326:
2178:Classical cynicism : a critical study
1971:. Acumen / University of California Press.
1700:as his source. It is also reported by the
502:in public, and pointed at people with his
343:Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
43:
32:
1813:
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1767:Diogenes of Sinope, quoted by Stobaeus,
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892:characterised by apparently involuntary
393:
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398:Ancient Roman mosaic depicting Diogenes
2613:Metic philosophers in Classical Athens
1755:
1225:
1213:
944:, viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus,
888:Diogenes's name has been applied to a
321:, who fashioned it into the school of
23:4th-century BC Greek Cynic philosopher
2232:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1986:Laërtius, Diogenes; Plutarch (1979).
1059:Morality and Custom in Ancient Greece
531:Diogenes had nothing but disdain for
361:He modeled himself on the example of
233:
7:
1201:
2279:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1826:Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling
747:are so named. First because of the
709:was that Antisthenes taught in the
2288:Lives & Writings on the Cynics
2048:. University of California Press.
2007:(Contains 124 sayings of Diogenes)
14:
2588:Ancient Greek slaves and freedmen
2573:4th-century BC Greek philosophers
2321:, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
2199:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2180:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2140:Cynicism from Diogenes to Dilbert
2029:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
380:having mocked Alexander the Great
374:, disputed his interpretation of
2010:
168:
2067:. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books.
2032:. Vol. 2:6. Translated by
1553:from the original on 2011-11-03
995:from the original on 2017-04-29
743:There are four reasons why the
636:. The accounts of Plutarch and
282:, in 412 or 404 BC and died at
144:
1:
2159:The making of modern cynicism
1930:10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95443-7
470:
2023:"The Cynics: Diogenes"
566:and brought it into Plato's
463:Diogenes searching for a Man
330:
250:
229:
2527:Maximus I of Constantinople
2217:, Oxford University Press.
1489:. SUNY Press. p. 106.
689:Along with Antisthenes and
586:, Diogenes was captured by
427:Diogenes Sitting in His Tub
262:and one of the founders of
2644:
2108:Critique of Cynical Reason
1990:Herakleitos & Diogenes
1975:Dudley, Donald R. (1937).
1967:Desmond, William D. 2008.
873:
490:
244:
218:
73:(modern-day Sinop, Turkey)
25:
15:
2618:People from Sinop, Turkey
1483:Desmond, William (1995).
858:belongs to in the story "
543:, and shared his love of
309:, eventually settling in
157:
99:
42:
28:Diogenes (disambiguation)
2086:. Blackwell Publishing.
1750:Scholium on Aristotle's
1639:, §76; Athenaeus, 8.341.
293:. He was the son of the
108:Ancient Greek philosophy
16:Not to be confused with
2583:Ancient Greek ethicists
2401:Anaximenes of Lampsacus
2305:from Millions of Mouths
2195:Navia, Luis E. (1998).
2176:Navia, Luis E. (1996).
2157:Mazella, David (2007).
2084:A Companion to Socrates
2063:Navia, Luis E. (2005).
1887:Smith, Daniel (2014) .
1856:page B at official site
1166:De Tranquillitate Animi
1057:John M. Dillon (2004).
850:, an organization that
799:John William Waterhouse
721:means the place of the
628:It was in Corinth that
1794:Tusculanae Quaestiones
1741:, 2nd edition, p. 165.
1662:Tusculanae Quaestiones
1624:, 15; Dio Chrysostom,
1610:Tusculanae Quaestiones
885:
864:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
801:
754:
739:
625:
555:, when Plato gave the
528:
512:masturbating in public
477:
434:
399:
291:debasement of currency
85:323 BC (aged 81 or 89)
49:Statue of Diogenes in
2593:Ancient Pontic Greeks
2578:Ancient Greek bankers
2247:Shea, Louisa (2010).
1698:Demetrius of Magnesia
1469:, §54 ; Aelian,
1376:, §34–35; Epictetus,
1308:"Diogenis Laertius 6"
1252:, §23 ; Jerome,
883:
860:The Greek Interpreter
793:
741:
731:
624:by W. Matthews (1914)
620:
574:" to the definition.
520:
473:1645 - 1655), in the
461:
425:
397:
2274:"Diogenes of Sinope"
2213:Hard, Robin (2012).
2138:Cutler, Ian (2005).
1593:How to Write History
1547:"Diogenes of Sinope"
1102:, p. 226: "The word
890:behavioural disorder
827:The School of Athens
737:Jules Bastien-Lepage
673:. It was alleged by
660:or from an infected
547:and indifference to
539:as the true heir to
356:citizen of the world
235:[di.oɡénɛːs]
26:For other uses, see
2296:A day with Diogenes
1796:, 5.37.; Plutarch,
1283:Adversus Jovinianum
1254:Adversus Jovinianum
1190:Adversus Jovinianum
841:Michel de Montaigne
590:while on voyage to
336:), especially from
317:, who taught it to
251:Diogénēs ho Kynikós
18:Diogenes of Babylon
2608:Cynic philosophers
2492:Peregrinus Proteus
2396:Hegesias of Sinope
2357:Cynic philosophers
2319:Diogenes the Cynic
2311:Diogenes of Sinope
2034:Hicks, Robert Drew
2018:Laërtius, Diogenes
1952:Diogenes the Cynic
1861:2012-03-22 at the
1453:2009-09-24 at the
1431:2009-09-24 at the
1281:, 90.14.; Jerome,
1188:, 10.16.; Jerome,
1100:Diogenes the Cynic
929:Diogenes of Sinope
886:
802:
740:
626:
584:Menippus of Gadara
529:
524:(17th century) by
522:Plato and Diogenes
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435:
400:
256:Diogenes of Sinope
245:Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός
240:Diogenes the Cynic
118:Western philosophy
37:Diogenes of Sinope
2545:
2544:
2258:978-0-8018-9385-8
2223:978-0-19-958924-1
2206:978-0-313-30672-3
2187:978-0-313-30015-8
2168:978-0-8139-2615-5
2149:978-0-7864-2093-3
2123:978-0-8166-1586-5
2102:Sloterdijk, Peter
2093:978-1-4051-0863-8
2055:978-0-520-21645-7
2001:978-0-912516-36-3
1898:978-1-78131-404-3
1869:, Seattle, 1990,
1800:, 5.; Epictetus,
1694:Diogenes Laërtius
1068:978-0-253-34526-4
1015:, §32; Plutarch,
876:Diogenes syndrome
786:Depictions in art
679:Diogenes Laërtius
638:Diogenes Laërtius
560:definition of man
553:Diogenes Laërtius
467:G. B. Castiglione
365:, believing that
338:Diogenes Laërtius
266:. He was born in
260:Greek philosopher
238:), also known as
227:
161:
160:
93:Macedonian Empire
2635:
2628:Proto-anarchists
2350:
2343:
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2303:Diogenes The Dog
2283:
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1356:Dio Chrysostom,
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973:Desmond, William
969:
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691:Crates of Thebes
667:
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439:Oracle at Delphi
431:Jean-Léon Gérôme
335:
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140:Crates of Thebes
136:Notable students
47:
33:
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2603:Cosmopolitanism
2548:
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2132:Further reading
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2114:Andreas Huyssen
2100:
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2016:
2011:
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1608:, §38; Cicero,
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1277:, §37; Seneca,
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1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1184:, §21; Aelian,
1180:
1176:
1170:Varia Historia,
1164:, §55; Seneca,
1160:
1156:
1144:C. T. Seltman,
1143:
1139:
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1124:
1119:
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852:Sherlock Holmes
836:Timon of Athens
788:
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687:
665:
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580:
557:tongue-in-cheek
491:"ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ"
420:
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152:Cosmopolitanism
148:
95:
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2615:
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2570:
2565:
2563:410s BC births
2560:
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2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
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2477:Dio Chrysostom
2474:
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2267:External links
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1773:
1771:, iii. 13. 44.
1760:
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612:Isthmian Games
594:and sold as a
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370:He criticized
319:Zeno of Citium
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2568:323 BC deaths
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2239:9780197666357
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1924:(4): 315–22.
1923:
1920:(in French).
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1872:
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1848:
1845:, pp. 443–44.
1844:
1843:0-631-22632-X
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1814:Laërtius 1925
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147:Notable ideas
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90:
84:
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72:
70:
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61:412 or 404 BC
60:
56:
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51:Sinop, Turkey
46:
41:
34:
29:
19:
2375:
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1555:. Retrieved
1541:
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1470:
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1446:
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1340:
1328:
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1290:
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1245:
1228:, p. 77
1221:
1209:
1204:, p. 45
1197:
1189:
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1169:
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1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1104:paracharaxis
1103:
1099:
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1058:
1040:
1020:
1016:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
977:
953:
945:
941:
936:
924:
912:
894:self-neglect
887:
845:
834:
832:
825:
818:Villa Albani
803:
794:
775:cosmopolites
774:
771:cosmopolitan
759:
755:
749:indifference
748:
744:
742:
732:
722:
718:
706:
703:
688:
652:
627:
621:
581:
530:
526:Mattia Preti
479:
475:Prado Museum
462:
451:teaching of
436:
426:
404:
401:
360:
352:cosmopolitan
341:
327:
288:
255:
239:
163:
162:
2522:Asclepiades
2482:Agathobulus
2381:Onesicritus
2371:Antisthenes
2042:Long, A. A.
1865:; repr. in
1769:Florilegium
1758:, p. 5
1756:Dudley 1937
1735:, §13. Cf.
1380:, iii.2.11.
1226:Prince 2005
1216:, p. 2
1214:Dudley 1937
946:Florilegium
717:. The word
643:your father
537:Antisthenes
500:masturbated
453:Antisthenes
386:in 336 BC.
303:Antisthenes
286:in 323 BC.
69:Paphlagonia
2552:Categories
2537:Sallustius
2411:Hipparchia
1981:Cambridge.
1802:Discourses
1557:2011-11-13
1444:Xenophon,
1378:Discourses
1360:; Julian,
1087:trapezites
1085:, §20). A
999:2016-02-23
904:References
870:Psychology
854:' brother
824:'s fresco
812:, and the
797:(1882) by
735:(1873) by
719:Cynosarges
711:Cynosarges
685:Philosophy
634:apocryphal
604:Corinthian
295:mintmaster
2517:Heraclius
2507:Pancrates
2497:Theagenes
2472:Demetrius
2460:Roman era
2436:Menedemus
2421:Cleomenes
2416:Metrocles
2391:Philiscus
2364:Greek era
1918:Encephale
1618:Alexander
1612:, 5.32.;
1364:, 6.202c.
1202:Long 1996
1041:Alexander
1017:Alexander
723:white dog
278:coast of
276:Black Sea
224:romanized
2598:Ascetics
2558:Diogenes
2512:Crescens
2502:Oenomaus
2467:Favonius
2451:Meleager
2441:Cercidas
2431:Menippus
2376:Diogenes
2104:(1987).
2020:(1925).
1938:15538307
1877:, p. 23.
1859:Archived
1804:, i.9.1.
1798:On Exile
1792:Cicero,
1752:Rhetoric
1707:Diogenes
1692:, 717c;
1686:Plutarch
1660:Cicero,
1622:On Exile
1614:Plutarch
1586:(1905),
1551:Archived
1536:, §30–31
1473:, 14.33.
1451:Archived
1429:Archived
1362:Orations
1279:Epistles
1135:, §20–21
1036:Plutarch
1021:On Exile
993:Archived
975:(2008).
942:Orations
898:hoarding
795:Diogenes
767:Socrates
733:Diogenes
695:Cynicism
675:Plutarch
662:dog bite
608:Xeniades
541:Socrates
410:and pro-
376:Socrates
363:Heracles
323:Stoicism
280:Anatolia
264:Cynicism
258:, was a
230:Diogénēs
219:Διογένης
164:Diogenes
130:Cynicism
67:Sinope,
2487:Demonax
2386:Monimus
1962:Sources
1954:, p. 31
1950:Navia,
1690:Moralia
1664:, 1.43.
1447:Apology
1425:Apology
1422:Plato,
1285:, 2.14.
1256:, 2.14.
1192:, 2.14.
1098:Navia,
948:, 13.19
822:Raphael
814:Capitol
806:Vatican
658:octopus
588:pirates
578:Corinth
568:Academy
564:chicken
496:theatre
449:ascetic
408:Persian
384:Corinth
340:' book
311:Corinth
307:slavery
284:Corinth
226::
210:-in-eez
89:Corinth
2406:Crates
2255:
2236:
2221:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2120:
2090:
2071:
2052:
2015:
1998:
1969:Cynics
1936:
1895:
1873:
1841:
1620:, 14,
1584:Lucian
1493:
1435:, 41e.
1172:13.28.
1065:
1019:, 14,
985:
978:Cynics
810:Louvre
808:, the
781:Legacy
763:Stoics
745:Cynics
715:Athens
666:
606:named
592:Aegina
549:wealth
545:virtue
482:Cybele
444:Athens
433:(1860)
418:Athens
367:virtue
354:and a
348:pithos
332:chreia
315:Crates
299:Athens
272:Ionian
268:Sinope
125:School
114:Region
2532:Horus
2446:Teles
1816:, §63
1783:, §44
1723:, §80
1709:δ1143
1651:, §77
1524:, §29
1512:, §40
1413:, §24
1347:, §46
1323:, §32
1297:, §41
1148:, in
1023:, 15.
919:, §79
862:" by
820:. In
649:Death
602:to a
600:Crete
596:slave
572:nails
533:Plato
465:, to
412:Greek
372:Plato
270:, an
254:) or
2426:Bion
2253:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1934:PMID
1893:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1702:Suda
1491:ISBN
1457:, 1.
1063:ISBN
983:ISBN
896:and
707:dogs
677:and
508:fart
486:lamp
390:Life
82:Died
58:Born
1926:doi
1588:"3"
957:IEP
655:raw
598:in
429:by
206:dy-
104:Era
2554::
2276:.
2026:.
1932:.
1922:30
1916:.
1704:,
1688:,
1616:,
1590:,
1394:^
1233:^
1125:^
1111:^
1049:^
1043:14
1038:,
1028:^
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962:^
498:,
471:c.
248:,
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213:;
208:OJ
194:iː
185:dʒ
176:aɪ
91:,
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