Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

2333: 1209:, built during the 5th century. Though Pavia was no longer the seat of imperial administration in Italy since the Ottonian dynasty, the palace had been perceived as a symbol of imperial authority in Italy and its mere presence within the city walls had been deemed intolerable. Pavia had—thanks to its strategic location on the trade routes from Italy to Burgundy and France—become an important commercial centre. The local merchants and aristocrats demanded the greatest possible autonomy from imperial control. Schutz notes that Pavia disliked the financial burden they had to bear whenever the monarchs came to the citadel. The bishops protested the separatist movement though, as they fared better under imperial protection than under local princes. 1544: 2154: 574: 2145:. Oldřich himself was imprisoned in Bavaria, but in 1034 was pardoned and allowed to return to Bohemia. Oldřich deposed and blinded Jaromír, reclaimed the Bohemian throne, and exiled his son Bretislaus. While the reason for the conflict between father and son has been lost, it is assumed Bretislaus had supported Jaromír over his father. However, Oldřich died suddenly on 9 November 1034, allowing Bretislaus to return from exile. Though Jaromír was offered the throne, he declined in favour of his nephew. Bretislaus was then confirmed as the new Duke of Bohemia by Conrad II. 1312: 1614:, Germany's co-king and Conrad's designated successor, join the assembly before a decision was made. Henry refused to depose Adalbero, citing an earlier agreement with Adelbero to be his ally in negotiating a settlement between him and his father. Conrad resorted to exhortations, pleas and threats to convince Henry to support Adalbero's deposition. Henry's support was soon followed by that of the other dukes. Conrad then ordered Adalbero to be removed as Duke and sentenced him and his son to 2541: 1638:, centralizing the Emperor's authority over the Empire at the expense of the regional dukes. Conrad broke with Ottonian tradition, however, in favouring a more strict means of controlling rebellious vassals. Whereas the Ottonians followed a policy of informal public submission and subsequent reconciliation, Conrad used treason trials to declare rebels as "public enemies" to legitimize his subsequent harsh treatment, as he had done with 1675:(military service). Under royal service, the bishops and abbots were required to provide hospitality and accommodations to the Emperor and his court when he arrived. It also required the Church officials to act as quasi-bureaucracy for the Empire. Under military service, the Church was required to supply soldiers for the Emperor's army or to act as diplomats at his direction. Conrad energetically continued this tradition. 5111: 5758: 1744: 935: 58: 1599:. Under Emperor Henry II, who was the brother-in-law to Stephen, relations between the Empire and Hungary had been friendly. Upon Henry's death in 1024, Stephen I adopted a more aggressive policy, prompting border raids into the Empire from Hungary. The raids particularly affected Adalbero's domain of Carinthia, which shared a long, eastern border with Hungary. 512:. While the emperor was not anti-monastic, he immediately abandoned the favouritism that had been shown to men of the Church under Henry II. In Italy, he initially relied on the bishops (mostly of German origin) to maintain imperial power. Beginning with his second Italian expedition in 1036, he changed his strategy and managed to win the support of the 1123: 1223:("Edict on the Benefices of the Italian Kingdom") of 1038 he would determine his regulations of the feudal contracts in Italy. Conrad also declared that the Ostrogothic palace was property of the Empire and therefore the king had the right to punish those responsible for its destruction. The Pavian embassy returned to Italy in opposition to 1782:, that settled the permanent coexistence of the Empire and Poland as Bolesław recognized Henry II as his nominal feudal lord. In return, Henry II generously invested Bolesław with territories on the Empire's eastern border. In order to reinforce his dynastic bonds with the German nobility, Bolesław, a widower, married 2283:. Upon Mieszko's surrender, Conrad marched his army to Burgundy during the winter of 1032/1033. Conrad's rival to the Burgundian throne, Count Odo II of Blois had already invaded the kingdom to secure his rule and controlled large sections of the kingdom's western territories. On 2 February 1033, Conrad arrived at 1470:, rebelled against his stepfather when he was elected king of Germany. By 1026, Conrad had defeated the resistance and Ernest submitted to his reign. Due to the intervention of his mother Gisela, Ernest was allowed to accompany Conrad on his expedition to Italy in 1026. During the expedition, the rebellion led by 1454:(money and property she had inherited from her deceased husband Emperor Henry II) belonged to him. These dubious claims to property and the excessive promotion of imperial authority over ducal and clerical affairs throughout Bavaria caused, unsurprisingly, new tension between him and the German aristocracy. 957:, near his ancestral home of Worms. Construction began in 1030. Archbishop Aribo, as archbishop of Mainz, was already the chancellor of Germany. Conrad wanted to reward the archbishop for his electoral support, so he made Aribo chancellor of Italy as well, making Aribo the second most powerful man in the 1666:

and thus demanded loyalty from the Church officials. In return, the various bishoprics and abbeys of the Empire were granted extensive landholdings and secular authority, providing immunity from the jurisdiction of the secular nobles. As such, the Church officials reported exclusively to the Emperor,

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recorded that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common Imperial-Hungarian border in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries. In 1030, open conflict erupted. Conrad launched an invasion into Hungary but was forced to retreat when the Hungarians successfully

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The rebels sought the support of Mieszko, which the Polish king granted, promising to take military action against Conrad. Conrad returned to Germany in mid-1027, putting an end to the rebellion before Mieszko could deploy his forces. In preparation for his own invasion of Poland, Conrad developed a

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favoured the younger Conrad. A majority of the assembled princes favoured the elder Conrad, as the father of a seven-year-old son implied a more stable dynastic future for the kingdom. As president of the assembly, Archbishop Aribo cast the first vote and supported the elder Conrad. He was joined by

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The regulation was short-lived as in 1033 Otto was killed by one of his own men, and Mieszko II took over his domains. Shortly after, Mieszko expelled Detric and reunited the whole country. Though Mieszko regained his territory, he still was opposed by the nobility and his own subjects. Mieszko did

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Conrad considered the assumption of the title "king" by Mieszko an act of war and a disregard of his imperial authority, but had to address domestic issues before dealing with Mieszko. In 1026 Conrad II marched into Italy to consolidate imperial authority south of the Alps and to claim the imperial

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was crowned in Aachen as King of Germany, Gisela again intervened on Ernest's behalf. Conrad pardoned Ernest and released him from prison in 1028, but Gisela retained regency over Swabia. Ernest served as duke in name only. On Easter 1030, Conrad offered to restore to Ernest his full powers as Duke

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Aribo refused to crown Conrad's wife Gisela as queen as their marriage violated canon law. Conrad refused to accept Archbishop Aribo's position. Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne saw the situation as an opportunity to restore his relationship with the king, after refusing to support Conrad's election,

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and Herman. After the death of Ernest I in 1015, Emperor Henry II named Ernest II as Duke of Swabia. As Gisela's new husband, Conrad hoped to serve as regent for his minor stepson in the administration of the duchy, seeing it as an opportunity to increase his own rank and subsequently make a claim

2506:, he ordered Pandulf to restore stolen property to Monte Cassino. Pandulf sent his wife and son to ask for peace, offering 300 lb (140 kg) of gold and two of his children as hostages. The Emperor accepted Pandulf's offer, but the hostages escaped as Pandulf hid in his outlying castle of 1440:

The young prince assumed Bavarian rule on 24 June 1027. Following Henry's appointment, Conrad held court at Regensburg and decreed that all imperial property in the duchy must be documented. This required the various counts and bishops to report all imperial property in their domains, castles and

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on the Meuse. Both monarchs had Odo for an enemy, since he had supported the claims of Henry I's younger brother to the French crown. Conrad might therefore have been given a free hand by his ally to invade Odo's French fiefs. In two large-scale military summer campaigns in 1033 and 1034, Conrad

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to reintegrate them into the Empire, Otto III's death ended the friendly relationship between Poland and the Empire. Instead, Bolesław competed with Otto III's successor, Emperor Henry II, for dominion over the Lutici, causing Henry II to ally the Empire with the Lutici against Poland. Under the

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had been a loyal supporter of Emperor Henry II, who had appointed him patriarch in 1020. Conrad's action placed the patriarchate at Grado under Poppo's authority, securing Poppo's loyalty by making him the Emperor's top official in northern Italy. The synod also limited the political autonomy of

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travelled north to meet Conrad and asked for severance from the Empire. The emissaries justified the actions of their fellow citizens by claiming that Pavia had always been loyal to the Italian king, as long as the king was alive and present, and that the revolt had taken place when the Italian

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engaged in an argument, that, although not entirely clear, was related to the younger Conrad's demands of yet-unpaid compensation that Conrad II had promised him for withdrawing from the 1024 election. The lack of conflict between them after September 1027 suggests that they reconciled by then.

1927:. However, faced with a potential invasion by Hungary and the failure of the Lutici to provide their promised contingent of troops, Conrad retreated. In 1030, Poland secured an alliance with Hungary, with Stephen I invading Bavaria while Mieszko invaded Saxony. Conrad responded by allying with 693:

serving as regent. Theophanu sought to reconcile the imperial house with Henry I, restoring him as Duke of Carinthia in 985, with Otto of Worms allowed to regain his ancestral position as Count of Worms. However, Otto was allowed to style himself "Duke of Worms" and his original territory was

2043:, Conrad divided Poland among Mieszko, Otto and Detric, another half-brother. Mieszko was allowed to retain the title of Duke and nominal authority over all of Poland. Now that the Empire had a strong central leader, the treaty significantly increased the Empire's influence over Poland. 1217:

throne was vacant. Conrad rejected the argument, that just as a ship remains devoted to its captain after his death, the Empire remains imperial property after the death of an emperor. The kingdom of Italy, according to Conrad, belonged to the empire as a matter of legal right. In his

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claimed authority over the Abbey, including the right to invest and anoint the abbey's nuns. Though Otto III had once eased tensions among the warring parties by declaring that both bishops would be entitled to anoint the Abbess and her sisters, the conflict still lingered. Archbishop

2112:, who assumed the Bohemian throne for himself. Following the resumption of hostilities between the Empire and Poland in 1028, Oldřich went on the offensive against Poland, reconquering Moravia by 1029, which helped to stabilize his duchy. The war ended in 1031 when the Polish king 1587:

in September 1027, Conrad attempted to resolve the decades-long "Gandersheim Conflict". Adalbero accompanied the Emperor and acted as his sword-bearer during the proceeding, indicating Conrad's trust in him. From 1028 on, Adalbero governed his duchy as an independent state.

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as the new duke. With the appointment, the three southern German duchies of Swabia, Bavaria and Carinthia were all under the control of Emperor Conrad through his family members (his stepson Herman in Swabia, his son Henry in Bavaria, and his cousin Conrad in Carinthia).

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as the kingdom's future ruler. Crucially, the conquest of Burgundy augmented the influence and dignity of the Emperor to the benefit of the Empire. With Burgundy secured, Conrad controlled the western Alpine passes into Italy and could easily block foreign invasions.

706:. When Emperor Otto III died in 1002, both Otto of Worms, Conrad's grandfather, and Henry IV became eligible for Kingship of Germany. In a compromise, Otto withdrew and in return received the Duchy of Carinthia from the newly elected king Henry IV, who ruled as 2136:

with punishing the recalcitrant Bohemian. At age 17, Henry's march on Bohemia was his first independent military command. The expedition was a complete success, as Henry deposed Oldřich and restored his brother Jaromír to the Bohemian throne. Oldřich's son

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which was converted from a fortress to a monastery in 1025. The Ottonians established at least eight in their hundred-year reign. Additionally, the Ottonians were active in the establishment of Church affairs, but Conrad was uninterested, only calling five

2276:, mediated between the two parties. An agreement was reached that allowed Conrad II to succeed to the Burgundian throne upon Rudolph's death under the same conditions as Henry II. In return, Rudolph was allowed to retain independent rule over his kingdom. 1514:

of Swabia if he would crack down on the Emperor's enemies there. Ernest's refusal, especially against his friend Count Werner of Kyburg, resulted in his final downfall. Conrad stripped his stepson of his title, declared him a public enemy, and had him

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threats to be obsolete. The Italian throne was now viewed as vacant and not Conrad's as a matter of right. The Lombard cities wanted to elect a king from the ranks of their own magnates, and when this motion failed, they tried to invite a prince from

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which restored Mieszko to the Polish throne. Conrad summoned Oldřich to appear at the assembly, but Oldřich refused. His absence raised the ire of the Emperor; Conrad, busy with securing his succession to the Burgundian throne, charged his son Duke

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tribes had settled and represented the majority of the population since the 10th century after centuries of steady immigration. Slavs had long been the targets of imperial military campaigns, particularly for the punishment and subjugation of

1790:. The Empire and Poland enjoyed peace for the remainder of Henry's reign. However, Bolesław then seized the opportunity presented by Henry's death in 1024 and the subsequent interregnum to consolidate his own power, crowning himself King on 1506:. Gisela supported Conrad against her son but did not want Ernest to be entirely humiliated. As a result of his mother's intervention, Conrad allowed Ernest to retain his title while imprisoned, with Gisela serving as regent over the duchy. 2418:. (Most of the former Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles was incorporated into France piecemeal over the next centuries, but "King of Burgundy" remained one of the Holy Roman Emperor's subsidiary titles until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.) 1534:

as a new Swabian prince. As Herman was still an infant, the Bishop of Constance was assigned his regent. Eight years later in 1038, Herman died and Conrad installed his own son Henry as duke, securing imperial control over the duchy.

1494:, the counts refused, stating that while they had sworn loyalty to Ernest, they would not rebel against their Emperor. Without the support of the Swabian counts, Ernest, Conrad of Carinthia and Count Welf surrendered to Conrad at 630:, one of Otto's daughters, in 947 and rose to become one of the king's closest allies. The relationship, however, deteriorated, when Otto refused to honour a peace treaty that Conrad, as Otto's representative, had negotiated with 2264:, was his nephew and closest living male relative. However, Henry predeceased Rudolph in 1024. Soon, Henry's successor Conrad II claimed to have acquired Henry's rights to the Burgundian succession, which Rudolph disputed. Count 2318:

Though Burgundy had been brought under full imperial control, the kingdom was allowed a remarkable degree of autonomy. Conrad rarely intervened in its affairs following his coronation, returning only in 1038 to announce his son

516:(lesser nobles) and the military elite, who challenged the power of the bishops. His reign marked a high point of medieval imperial rule during a relatively peaceful period for the empire. Upon the death of the childless King 1658:—a policy of using the German Church as a vehicle for imperial control. Beginning in the 950s, the Ottonians had favoured Church officials over secular nobles for appointment to the Empire's most important offices. Claiming " 3365: 2177:, furthering the friendly relationship between the Empire and Hungary. Under Conrad II, however, relations quickly turned hostile as Conrad pursued a more aggressive policy regarding eastern Europe. Conrad II expelled the 1282:, but quartering his soldiers among the Ravennese population caused tensions in the city. Conrad then marched north to mitigate the risk the summer heat might pose to his army. In autumn Conrad left his summer camp in the 973:

Conrad inherited a kingdom troubled by problems. The dukes of Saxony and Lorraine and his cousin Conrad of Carinthia opposed his rule. In order to strengthen his position, Conrad and Gisela embarked on a royal tour. At

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and around 70 senior clerics, including the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, Trier, Magdeburg, Salzburg, Milan and Ravenna. Rudolph of Burgundy's attendance suggested surprisingly good relations between Burgundy and the

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regent of Germany while he marched south to Italy. When Bruno was defeated by the rebels, Conrad sent Ernest back to Germany in September 1026 to end the revolt. When Ernest returned, however, he joined the rebels.

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On the return to Germany, a severe epidemic decimated the ranks of Conrad's troops; Conrad's daughter-in-law and stepson also died. Conrad himself returned home safely and held court on important occasions in

826:, marriage was forbidden among relatives from the first to the seventh generation. Though Conrad's marriage differed little from the usual practice of the time, strict canonists frowned upon the marriage and 1030:, officially recognized him as sovereign. He in turn had vowed to respect and honour the ancient Saxon customs and laws. Conrad and Gisela would remain in Saxony until March 1025, when they moved on to the 2011:

to Conrad, officially renouncing the title "king" in favour of the traditional title "duke" and accepting the overlordship of the Empire over Poland. The royal regalia were delivered by Mieszko II's wife,

1490:, calling upon the rebels to surrender. Ernest, trusting in the number and fidelity of his vassals, rejected the peace offer and appealed to his Swabian counts to join him in the rebellion. According to 2116:

surrendered to Conrad. During the following civil war, Mieszko was forced to flee Poland for Bohemia, where Oldřich had him imprisoned and castrated in revenge for the torture Mieszko's father,

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for his actions regarding Hungary. In the presence of the German dukes, Conrad demanded that Adalbero be stripped of all his titles and lands. The dukes demurred and demanded that Conrad's son

1360:. During the festivities, a power struggle between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna ensued and was settled in favour of Milan. Subsequently, Conrad left Rome and toured south to receive 642:

in rebellion against Otto. The rebellion was crushed and Conrad was stripped of his ducal title. Conrad and Otto eventually reconciled. Conrad fought alongside Otto and fell in the decisive

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from the 12th century, corresponded to most of the southeastern quarter of modern France and included western Switzerland, the Franche-Comté and Dauphiné. It did not include the smaller

524:, conquered it with German and Italian troops, and incorporated it into the empire. The three kingdoms (Germany, Italy and Burgundy) formed the basis of the empire as the "royal triad" ( 1058:, where after ten months they ended their tour. Conrad then entered Burgundy in order to renew the royal claim, that, in 1016, Emperor Henry II had forced the childless Burgundian King 2215:. The bishop presented himself as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter the country in the autumn of 1027. Conrad's biographer 1838:

of England and Denmark (whose kingdom lay beyond the Empire's northern border). Cnut accompanied Conrad at his imperial coronation in 1027, and Conrad granted Cnut authority over the

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to end the dispute, but a conclusion could not be reached. He called another synod in September 1028, which also failed. Only a third synod in 1030 solved the conflict when Bishop

1916:. Mieszko's 1028 invasion ended the peace. The Lutici sent ambassadors to seek Conrad's protection against Mieszko, which Conrad granted and renewed the German-Lutician alliance. 1947:

to Hungarian control. Freed from the threat of Hungarian attack, the Emperor was able to focus his attention on Poland. Marching on Mieszko in autumn 1031, Conrad again besieged

2619: 1154:. However, the situation in Italy had become increasingly unstable after the death of Henry II. Amidst occasional riots, many Italian aristocrats demanded the secession of the 894:, attended the meeting and documented the event. Archbishop Aribo presided over the assembly. Conrad presented himself as a candidate for election, as did his younger cousin 5720: 2599:. During a major excavation in 1900 his sarcophagus was relocated from his original resting place in front of the altar to the crypt, where it is still visible today. 2458:"), thus effectively elevating the traditional Frankish kingship to Imperial authority. This was the exclusive method for claiming the office of Holy Roman Emperor. 1294:. By the end of winter, the Italian aristocrats voluntarily ended their opposition to Conrad's reign. Pavia, however, remained in revolt until early 1027 when Abbot 818:

through both her mother and father. The marriage was opposed by many because of the familial relationship shared by Gisela and Conrad. Both were descendants of King

2387:. This was an arrangement that Conrad had made many years prior when he gave Canute parts of northern Germany to administer. Henry, who would later become Emperor 2332: 4611: 2820: 5147: 4856: 2092:

and guaranteed protection against Polish aggression. Jaromír ruled only a small territory, however, as Poland had occupied the traditional Czech territories of

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had been appointed as duke in 1012 under Emperor Henry II and remained loyal to imperial authority, supporting Conrad's election as German king in 1024. At a

1238:. Conrad's army moved south and a contingent besieged Pavia and blocked all trade in the area, as he continued his campaign. By March 1026, Conrad arrived in 1642:

and Adalbero. The nobles saw the use of these treason trials not as mere power shifts in favour of the Emperor, but as a cruel breach of German tradition.

1518:. Even his mother Gisela did not come to his rescue. Within a few months, both Ernest and Werner, who had retreated to Falkenstein Castle, south of modern 2398:

died on 2 February 1032, Conrad claimed the kingship on the basis of an inheritance that Henry II had extorted from Rudolph in 1006, after Henry invaded

2039:, interceded on Mieszko's behalf and requested he be freed from imprisonment in Bohemia and allowed to regain the Polish throne. Under the terms of the 1887:, the Lutici rebelled against the Empire. In the ensuing war (983–995), the Lutici succeeded in reclaiming their independence and gained control of the 2047:

not adopt Bezprym's renunciation of the Polish crown and continued to style himself as King. Mieszko II died soon after in 1034, and upon his death, a

6520: 4486:. Europa im Mittelalter. Abhandlungen und Beiträge zur historischen Komparatistik (in German). Vol. 5. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 91–110. 990:. Both men were brothers of former emperor Henry II and Conrad appointed them to high office at his court. After visiting Cologne Conrad stopped at 910:, son of Liutgarde, one of Otto's daughters. Although further members of the Ottonian dynasty existed, none were seriously considered eligible. The 477:

during childhood after his father had died around the year 990. He extended his influence beyond his inherited lands, as he came into favour of the

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relied on this violation of canon law when he forced Conrad into temporary exile. During this exile, Gisela bore Conrad a son, the future emperor

1626:, where he remained until his death in 1039. The ducal seat of Carinthia remained unoccupied until 2 February 1035, when Conrad named his cousin 678: 2077: 1230:

In February 1026, Conrad assembled a large army of armoured knights for an expedition into Italy, including troops commanded by both Archbishop

6490: 1543: 552: 4683: 4641: 4429: 4403: 4289: 4226: 4163: 3914: 3887: 3807: 3448: 3421: 3261: 3148: 2889: 2853: 2232:, leaving matters in Hungary to his son Henry. Henry settled the conflict by 1031 by bestowing titles to eastern Bavarian lands between the 2153: 1379:

After his coronation, Conrad issued decrees reorganising the monasteries and dioceses of Italy, with the explicit objective of bringing the

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and he crowned Gisela queen on 21 September 1024. The political reorientation of Pilgrim also weakened the opposition towards the new king.

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for his own duchy. Emperor Henry II blocked this attempt by placing the guardianship of Ernest II, and regency over Swabia, in the hands of

6530: 6282: 5713: 1775: 1155: 89: 1794:, 25 April 1025. Bolesław was thus the first Polish king, as his predecessors only held the ducal title of the political entity, called 1596: 2576: 6458: 5510: 5490: 5470: 5140: 5056: 5036: 5016: 4849: 4662: 4578: 4554: 4535: 4513: 4491: 4472: 4448: 4381: 4346: 3671: 3637: 3599: 3231: 2804: 1007: 1274:

in Italy. With Conrad's assistance, Aribert rose to the highest-ranking religious office in Italy and oversaw the expansion of the

573: 1730:. Though Conrad favoured Wazo to lead the German Church as Archbishop and Primate, Gisela convinced him to appoint Bardo instead. 1667:

acting as his personal vassals. As the Emperor's vassals, the Church officials were subject to the provision of two services: the

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due to Conrad the Younger's infancy. Conrad the Younger was taken care of by his cousin Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor the Elder.

490: 478: 6378: 6029: 5706: 5535: 5485: 5327: 5076: 5031: 4971: 3074: 2208: 1235: 1094:, counted on Conrad, who was indebted to Aribo for his support during the royal election. In January 1027, the king summoned a 1011: 987: 3697:

Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert

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rivers to the Hungarian nobility. Hungary and the Empire remained at peace from 1031 to Henry's own reign as Emperor in 1040.

1806:, succeeded him as King, crowned on Christmas, 1025. Upon assuming the Polish throne, Mieszko expelled his older half-brother 6442: 5949: 5593: 5555: 5550: 5530: 5431: 5096: 5091: 5071: 5006: 4396:

Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neiße vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert

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In Bavaria, Conrad came into contact with members of the Italian ruling elite for the first time. In June 1025, bishops from

928: 899: 5608: 1939:, on Poland's eastern border. In 1031, Conrad concluded a peace treaty with Hungary by ceding the lands between the rivers 6466: 6450: 6426: 6346: 5682: 5545: 5540: 5520: 5495: 5480: 5460: 5416: 5293: 5086: 5081: 5061: 5041: 5026: 5011: 4996: 4956: 4823: 4786: 4762: 4751: 2639: 2388: 2320: 2189: 2133: 1686:

had little interest in the founding of new monasteries. Through their hundred-year dynasty, the Salians only founded one:

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Poland did not stabilize in the wake of Mieszko's exile, forcing Conrad to convene an assembly in July 1033 to issue the

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Venice. In so doing, Conrad broke with the policies of his predecessors and revoked Venice's privileged trading status.

1385: 1275: 1110: 895: 753: 749: 722: 686: 180: 110: 4326: 3550: 6525: 6510: 6410: 6370: 6306: 5357: 5322: 5273: 4986: 4966: 4936: 2479: 2268:, who had strong family ties with Rudolph, also claimed the succession. Conrad II met Rudolph III in August 1027 near 1700: 1576: 1548: 1231: 1087: 924: 919:

the other clerics in support of him. The secular dukes then cast their votes for the elder Conrad as well. Archbishop

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to enforce his claim in 1016. Despite some opposition, the Burgundian and Provençal nobles paid homage to Conrad in

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during his reign and usually only to restore peace. Conrad's decisions on Church policy were often left to his wife

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in order to pay homage to Conrad. In exchange for certain administrative privileges, Aribert agreed to crown Conrad

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Lübke, Christian (2002). "Zwischen Polen und dem Reich. Elbslawen und Gentilreligion". In Borgolte, Michael (ed.).

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ruled as regent while the German dukes gathered to elect a new king. Cunigunde was assisted by her brothers Bishop

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On 4 September 1024, the German princes gathered at Kamba, a historical name for an area on the east banks of the

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was born, of whom only very little is known. He died at the age of 20 between 985 and 990. Conrad II's mother was

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The Birth of a Stereotype – Appearance Of The Piast State Within Eyeshot Of The Elites In The Liudolfings' Empire

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The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

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On 14 January 1040, Conrad II's heir Henry issued a charter, in which he announced his official designation as

2048: 1475: 1402: 761: 654:, who was also the grandson of Otto I. In between 965 and 970, Otto of Worms' first son and Conrad II's father 611: 4597: 796:

Conrad II's hopes to obtain his own duchy failed, but the marriage to Gisela brought him wealth. Her mother,

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Conrad married Gisela of Swabia in 1016, the daughter of Duke Herman II of Swabia. They had three children:

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The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post-Carolingian Frankish Realm, 900–1300

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stated the promotion of the Church was of little value to the Emperor. Conrad and the other members of the

1530:. The fall of Ernest greatly weakened the sovereignty of Swabia. Conrad appointed Ernest's younger brother 1498:

on 9 September 1027, ending the rebellion. Conrad stripped Ernest of his ducal title and imprisoned him at

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had conspired to rescind rights from the burghers. Conrad restored order with skilful diplomacy and luck.

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seized the opportunity and forced Rudolph to name him as successor. Henry II, the son of Rudolph's sister

2052: 2013: 1960: 1924: 1909: 1655: 1380: 1192: 1151: 1127: 1103: 726: 505: 374: 1851:

Fearing the possibility of a joint German-Danish attack, in 1028 Mieszko took the initiative and invaded

6386: 5384: 5332: 5304: 2790: 2467: 1663: 1499: 1406: 1365: 1219: 1311: 681:. Upon receiving the ducal title, however, Otto lost his countship at Worms, which was given to Bishop 662:. After Henry's death, Adelaide married a Frankish nobleman and the relationship with Conrad declined. 6505: 6394: 6261: 5630: 5584: 5465: 5395: 5372: 5342: 4976: 4501: 4332: 2652: 2478:, whom Conrad had released from imprisonment in 1024, immediately after his coronation. Hearing that 2337: 2312: 2280: 2020: 1932: 1884: 1811: 1659: 1592: 1251: 1131: 1082: 1066: 804: 797: 631: 352: 2540: 1802:

in Rome. Bolesław died within two months of his coronation, most likely due to an illness. His son,

953:

on 8 September 1024 at the age of 34. To mark his election, Conrad commissioned the construction of

834:, on 28 October 1017. Conrad and Emperor Henry II eventually reconciled and he returned to Germany. 6500: 6495: 6247: 6212: 6181: 6146: 6130: 6074: 5774: 5766: 5411: 5401: 5389: 5227: 5198: 5183: 5169: 4926: 4916: 2475: 2399: 2364: 2185: 2128: 2056: 2040: 1984: 1956: 1819: 1787: 1527: 1463: 1206: 1203: 1184: 1078: 757: 745: 699: 443: 6362: 6195: 5426: 5317: 5254: 5218: 4906: 4865: 4771: 3778: 3770: 3497: 3385: 2455: 2261: 2113: 1839: 1803: 1795: 1756: 1704: 1568: 1552: 1422: 1373: 1332: 1091: 920: 868: 860: 856: 811: 808: 765: 725:

the Younger, was named Count of Worms by Emperor Henry II while the Duchy of Carinthia passed to

643: 635: 619: 603: 435: 423: 295: 271: 267: 74: 48: 3488:

Krystyna Łukasiewicz (2009). ""dagome Iudex" and the First Conflict over Succession in Poland".

851:

that had ruled Germany since 919. Without a clear successor to the German throne, Henry's widow

2433:

against Archbishop Aribert of Milan and the local nobles. The nobles, as vassal lords, and the

2023:

to conspire against him. Bezprym's own men murdered him in the spring of 1032, which created a

1919:

Conrad, seeking to relieve pressure on the Lutici, counter-invaded Poland in 1029 and besieged

6288: 6269: 6114: 5867: 5259: 5188: 4891: 4807: 4679: 4658: 4637: 4631: 4574: 4550: 4531: 4509: 4487: 4468: 4444: 4425: 4421: 4399: 4377: 4342: 4285: 4222: 4159: 3910: 3883: 3877: 3803: 3797: 3667: 3633: 3595: 3589: 3444: 3417: 3257: 3227: 3204: 3144: 2885: 2849: 2800: 2411: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2174: 1928: 1748: 1723: 1564: 1479: 1357: 1159: 1070: 1003: 979: 958: 915: 711: 694:

expanded according to his rank. Otto of Worms loyally served the new Emperor and received the

670: 595: 466: 427: 343: 299: 275: 4673: 4652: 3253:

The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach

3251: 3138: 2794: 6203: 6122: 6098: 5454: 5352: 5232: 5178: 4911: 4896: 4814: 3904: 3762: 3438: 3377: 2879: 2843: 2607: 2592: 2545: 2483: 2407: 2384: 2216: 2204: 2197: 2170: 2081: 2073: 2036: 1988: 1964: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1852: 1846: 1779: 1771: 1719: 1696: 1679: 1651: 1635: 1623: 1491: 1467: 1430: 1414: 1410: 1394: 1267: 1074: 1043: 954: 938: 891: 848: 827: 819: 801: 786: 741: 659: 623: 580: 501: 486: 482: 458: 384: 323: 310: 127: 1069:", as he had assumed the German throne. The decade-old unsettled dispute on who controlled 685:, emperor Otto II's imperial chancellor. When Otto II died suddenly in 983, his infant son 6322: 6231: 6154: 6138: 5311: 5203: 5193: 4921: 4901: 4881: 4742: 4735: 3726: 2596: 2515: 2265: 2162: 2089: 1572: 1556: 1503: 1442: 1361: 1263: 1031: 1015: 950: 946: 911: 785:

in 1016. This action further strained the already rough relationship between the imperial

769: 695: 666: 655: 558: 454: 396: 227: 207: 4564: 4372:

Makk, Ferenc (2001). "On the Foreign Policy of Saint Stephen". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.).

1618:. After attacking Conrad's allies in Carinthia, Adalbero fled to his mother's estates in 2007:, Oldřich's brother, thirty years earlier. Shortly after taking power, Bezprym sent the 6298: 6090: 5337: 5268: 5244: 4931: 4701: 4627: 4523: 4356: 2974: 2588: 2523: 2487: 2415: 2288: 2229: 2221: 2212: 2188:

from Venice in 1026. Conrad also persuaded the Bavarians to accept his own infant son,

2178: 2008: 1980: 1908:

in 1018, all three parties remained in uneasy peace, with Poland allowed to retain the

1892: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1783: 1712: 1708: 1683: 1634:

Control of the southern duchies allowed Conrad to continue the process begun under the

1515: 1495: 1348: 1295: 1271: 1270:. When Leo died a few days later, Archbishop Aribert became the chief supporter of the 1224: 1180: 1163: 1139: 903: 864: 790: 703: 591: 474: 431: 364: 291: 5698: 2796:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

6484: 6239: 5729: 5668: 4795: 4216: 3782: 3389: 2503: 2499: 2166: 2101: 1888: 1767: 1687: 1398: 1328: 1320: 1018:. They supported Conrad, which helped to rally the Saxon nobility behind him. During 907: 651: 160: 4601: 4484:

Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren. Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen"

4361: 638:, whom he regarded as a threat to his position. In 953 Conrad joined the king's son 5213: 5164: 3366:"The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration" 2181: 2024: 1983:

since 1025. Bezprym, with Conrad's approval, had persuaded the Kievan Grand Prince

1951:. Mieszko was crushed by the Holy Roman and Kievan invaders and his exiled brother 1936: 1523: 1486:

In 1027 Conrad returned to Germany after his imperial coronation and held court at

1162:. The local aristocrats and merchants increasingly considered the idea of Frankish 999: 886:

is marked with a small equestrian statue of Conrad II. The chronicler and Conrad's

5757: 3554: 1798:

at the time, that had only a few decades ago revealed itself to the world and the

1126:

Following his expedition into Italy in early 1026, Conrad II was crowned with the

4153: 3695: 3411: 3221: 3140:

The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium

2939: 2307:

defeated Odo. On 1 August 1034, Conrad officially incorporated Burgundy into the

2019:

Bezprym's reign, however, was short. His extreme cruelty caused his half-brother

1006:

rejected his claim, though. Conrad then moved north to Saxony, visiting abbesses

17: 6176: 6082: 5378: 4876: 4413: 2528: 2138: 1743: 1188: 995: 815: 509: 3440:

Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075

508:

as well as general rulership practices, which in turn had been associated with

434:

emperors, who reigned for one century until 1125, Conrad ruled the kingdoms of

6061: 6037: 6013: 5687: 3381: 2557: 2510:. Conrad besieged and conquered Capua and bestowed the place and the title of 1860: 1716: 1519: 1426: 1421:

In May 1027 Conrad returned to Germany in order to attend the funeral of Duke

1051: 983: 551: 57: 4242: 3753:

Henry Joseph Lang (1974). "The Fall of the Monarchy of Mieszko II, Lambert".

2964:, Volume 2, ed. Clifford J. Rogers, (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 171. 2595:, a cathedral which he himself founded and contains the resting place of all 2161:

With emperor Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian

6256: 6106: 6005: 5965: 5941: 5925: 5790: 5782: 4886: 4374:

Saint Stephen and His Country: A Newborn Kingdom in Central Europe – Hungary

2553: 2279:

Rudolph died on 6 September 1032, while Conrad was on campaign against Duke

2032: 1992: 1619: 1584: 1287: 1283: 1176: 1171: 1099: 1047: 1019: 879: 823: 690: 682: 450: 4310:

Itinerant Kingship & Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075

2403: 2295: 1055: 934: 3591:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876

2845:

Shaping Church Law Around the Year 1000: The Decretum of Burchard of Worms

2294:

Initially, Conrad made little progress against Odo and had to withdraw to

1975:

Soon after Mieszko had concluded peace with the Empire, he was deposed by

1437:, ignoring several suitable candidates who held valid claims to the fief. 6226: 6190: 6021: 5997: 5989: 5973: 5957: 5933: 5893: 5574: 2591:, where the funeral procession made several stops. His body is buried at 2532:

firmly in Guaimar's hands and loyal, for once, to the Holy Roman Empire.

2352: 1868: 1799: 1487: 1255: 1039: 975: 887: 4301:

The Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. III. Germany and the Western Empire

3501: 1343:. The event lasted seven days and was attended by Conrad's son and heir 6053: 6045: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5885: 5877: 5806: 5798: 5744: 3774: 3627: 2580: 2572: 2564:. His son Henry was invested with the duchies of Swabia and Carinthia. 2519: 2491: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2173:, was Stephen's brother-in-law by Stephen's marriage to Henry's sister 2142: 2105: 2097: 2093: 1976: 1952: 1948: 1920: 1807: 1607: 1603: 1279: 1167: 1122: 822:—Conrad in the fifth generation and Gisela in the fourth. According to 738: 359: 287: 5125: 4834: 3906:

Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands

1662:" to rule the Empire, the Ottonians increasingly viewed themselves as 5981: 5851: 5822: 5814: 2610:, and presented to Henry III in 1046, not long after he was crowned. 2561: 2495: 2434: 2380: 2356: 2348: 2237: 2028: 1944: 1856: 1791: 1778:

of 1002 to 1018. In January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed the

1551:'s increasingly indiscreet and quasi-independent rule of his estates 1450: 1433:. He made the unprecedented decision of choosing his 10-year-old son 1259: 1035: 1023: 991: 615: 599: 470: 430:

from 1027 until his death in 1039. The first of a succession of four

263: 3991: 3989: 3766: 2760: 1591:

In particular, he attempted to conduct peaceful relations with King

1448:

was required to report to Conrad, who even claimed that Cunegonde's

1212:

In the wake of the ecclesiastical mission, a party of noblemen from

710:. As a result, Otto of Worms renounced his fiefs at Worms to Bishop 2962:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

2514:

on Guaimar. He also recognized Aversa as a county of Salerno under

2302:, which was completed at the end of May in a personal interview at 1987:

to invade Poland and install Bezprym as sovereign. Mieszko fled to

760:

the same year. Following Bruno's death around 1010, Gisela married

5859: 2584: 2471: 2430: 2344: 2331: 2269: 2233: 2152: 1940: 1742: 1692: 1615: 1580: 1542: 1390: 1310: 1291: 1239: 1213: 1199: 1095: 933: 875: 607: 231: 184: 4123: 4121: 2224:

tactics. Conrad departed to address the problem with his stepson

1883:, harassed Slavic settlers beginning in the 940s. As part of the 1109:

During his royal tour at Augsburg, Conrad and his younger cousin

5830: 4282:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

2568: 2368: 2298:

in March. In April 1033 he negotiated a treaty of alliance with

2284: 1955:'s rebellion. He surrendered to Conrad in the fall of 1031. The 1880: 1835: 1559:, that compromised the stability at the crossroads of the empire 1340: 1147: 847:

Emperor Henry II died childless in 1024, bringing an end to the

748:

who, in 1002, had unsuccessfully claimed the German throne upon

100: 5702: 5129: 4838: 4588:

North, William L. (2001). "Conrad II". In Jeep, John M. (ed.).

2076:

was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1004 during the

634:. Conrad also resented the growing influence of Otto's brother 4096: 4094: 4069: 4067: 3799:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900 – c. 1024

1195:, who, initially intrigued by the offer, rejected it as well. 1179:

or other French realms. They offered the Italian crown to the

4006: 4004: 3876:

Cosmas (of Prague); Cosmas of Prague; Côme de Prague (2009).

1286:

and marched to the Burgundian border. Conrad then celebrated

998:, announced that he would continue the tradition of claiming 3844: 3842: 3287: 3285: 469:

from 959 until 972, Conrad inherited the titles of count of

2996: 2994: 2992: 650:. Conrad was succeeded as Count of Worms in 956 by his son 3120: 3118: 2697: 2695: 2693: 1855:

in the eastern Empire and occupied the territories of the

4654:

The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition

3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2035:

in 1033 to address the situation. Conrad's wife, Empress

4367:. Translated by Sondheimer, Janet. Frederick A. Praeger. 3186: 3184: 2272:

to settle the dispute. Henry II's widowed wife, Empress

1202:

revolted and destroyed the local imperial palace of the

702:. In 996, Otto III invested Otto of Worms' son Bruno as 583:(b,l), 1037 foundation of the Öhringen Convent of canons 4547:

Butler's Lives of the Saints (New Full Edition): August

4443:. UTB M (in German). Vol. 2105 (2 ed.). UTB. 3952: 3950: 3859: 3857: 3709: 3707: 1198:

When the news of Henry's death spread, the citizens of

4243:"Gesta Chuonradi imperatoris - (Taten Kaiser Konrads)" 2414:

to the north, ruled by a cadet branch of the Capetian

2406:

in 1034. This Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the

1526:, were killed in a battle against a contingent of the 698:

in 955, as the actual Duchy of Carinthia was given to

3032: 3030: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 1319:. Conrad was crowned as Emperor on 26 March 1027, by 1191:. After the offer was rejected, they approached Duke 2620:

Cultural depictions of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

2359:, he had his son Henry elected and anointed king of 2203:

Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the

1401:, the emperor addressed the matter by declaring the 489:'s death in 1024, on 4 September an assembly of the 6281: 6166: 6073: 5842: 5765: 5737: 5667: 5648: 5629: 5607: 5583: 5564: 5253: 5212: 5163: 2470:requested that Conrad adjudicate in a dispute over 1912:. Of the eastern marches, the Empire only kept the 1298:brokered a peace deal between the city and Conrad. 994:, where he, as a successor of the empire's founder 380: 370: 358: 342: 317: 305: 281: 257: 253: 245: 237: 221: 213: 206: 198: 190: 174: 166: 159: 151: 141: 133: 126: 116: 106: 88: 80: 73: 41: 4545:Butler, Alban; Cumming, John; Burns, Paul (1998). 4360: 3995: 2799:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 45–. 2502:, as abbot Theobald was imprisoned by Pandulf. At 3909:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6–. 2567:A year later in 1039 Conrad fell ill and died of 2498:. He appointed Richer, from Germany, as abbot of 2192:, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son, 1814:. Otto went west to seek Conrad II's protection. 2761:"Boniface of Canossa and the Emperor Conrad III" 768:. Through this marriage, Ernest I inherited the 30:"Conrad II" redirects here. For other uses, see 4467:(in Hungarian). Kossuth Kiadó. pp. 5–118. 1842:, the land bridge between Denmark and Germany. 1429:. Conrad asserted his right to appoint the new 1278:in Milan. In June 1026, Conrad led his army to 4675:Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms 4528:Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms 3245: 3243: 2486:had received the same request, Conrad went to 2336:Conrad II, 12th-century stained glass window, 2108:. In 1012, Jaromír was deposed by his brother 5714: 5141: 4850: 4139: 4127: 4112: 4100: 4085: 4073: 4058: 3802:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–. 3629:Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen 3475: 3413:Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200 1707:, died in 1031, Conrad considered both Abbot 8: 3143:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–. 2602:A biography of Conrad II in chronicle form, 1364:from the Southern Italian principalities of 504:predecessor Henry II regarding the role and 4530:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 3594:. Cornell University Press. pp. 121–. 3443:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–. 3226:. Princeton University Press. p. 156. 2207:and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop 1678:In his biography of Conrad, the chronicler 1606:on 18 May 1035, to answer an indictment of 1266:, who had been a chief advisor to the late 1073:and its estates dated back to the reign of 1065:Conrad needed to address the longstanding " 6536:Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht 5721: 5707: 5699: 5148: 5134: 5126: 4857: 4843: 4835: 4692: 3848: 3553:. Neue deutsche Biographie. Archived from 3463: 3291: 3060: 2737: 2713: 2701: 2157:Stephen as depicted on the coronation pall 2124:, Oldřich's brother, thirty years before. 1818:crown from the Pope. In his absence, Duke 520:in 1032, Conrad claimed dominion over the 56: 38: 4612:"Conrad II, Diplomata [Urkunden]" 4569:Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában 3000: 2579:. His body was transferred to Speyer via 2575:. His heart and bowels are buried at the 2027:in Poland. Conrad responded by holding a 1106:renounced his claims in favour of Aribo. 776:in 1012. The marriage produced two sons: 756:. Gisela had first been married to Count 737:In 1016 Conrad married the twice-widowed 2878:Lenelotte Möller; Hans Ammerich (2015). 2539: 2522:adventurer. Pandulf, meanwhile, fled to 1466:, Conrad's stepson from his marriage to 1121: 4603:The Early History of the House of Savoy 4202: 4190: 4046: 4022: 4010: 3980: 3968: 3929: 3575: 3514: 3351: 3339: 3315: 3303: 3276: 3163: 3124: 3048: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2904: 2725: 2684: 2672: 2665: 2391:, became his father's chief counselor. 2256:, was left without a male heir, and so 1351:, King of England, Denmark and Norway; 1317:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 752:'s death, and had lost the election to 493:appointed the 34-year-old Conrad king ( 4614:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (dMGH) 4508:. Atlantic Research and Publications. 4158:. Yale University Press. p. 162. 4034: 3956: 3863: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3713: 3190: 3021: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2343:Conrad formally confirmed the popular 1331:crowned Conrad and his wife Gisela as 978:Conrad received the support of Bishop 669:appointed his nephew Otto of Worms as 614:, succeeded him as Count in 941. King 500:Conrad II adopted many aspects of his 4458:Lenkey, Zoltán (2003). "Szent István 4341:(in Hungarian). Gondolat Könyvkiadó. 4221:. London: Phoenix Giant. p. 52. 4178: 3941: 3614: 3370:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 2848:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 4–. 1602:Conrad summoned Adalbero to court at 914:adopted a neutral strategy while the 7: 4657:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4573:(in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó. 4263: 3327: 3175: 3036: 1999:in retribution for Mieszko's father 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1027 to 1039 3727:"Mieszko II Lambert King of Poland" 2291:and was crowned King of Burgundy. 2287:, where he held an assembly at the 1547:Emperor Conrad disapproved of Duke 1478:continued. Conrad had named Bishop 1054:. The royal couple finally visited 878:opposite the modern German town of 814:. Gisela also claimed descent from 772:upon the death of Gisela's brother 717:After the early death of his uncle 673:. He succeeded the rebellious Duke 485:was left without a successor after 3528:"Herzog Mieszko II. Lambert Piast" 2977:. Catholic-Hierarchy. 24 July 2017 2577:Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht 2184:, the husband of Stephen's sister 1722:, then serving as the dean of the 1254:. From Milan, Conrad travelled to 986:he acquired the support of Bishop 481:of the kingdom. When the imperial 25: 4636:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4590:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia 4461:". In Szentpéteri, József (ed.). 4376:. Lucidus Kiadó. pp. 37–48. 2351:and issued new constitutions for 2080:, that lasted from 1002 to 1018. 1959:provided that Mieszko return the 1786:, daughter of the Saxon margrave 677:, who had been deposed after the 6521:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors 5756: 5110: 5109: 4299:Bury, John Bagnell, ed. (1922). 3996:Butler, Cumming & Burns 1998 3364:Timothy Reuter (25 March 2011). 2759:Robert Houghton (24 July 2017). 2614:Cultural depictions of Conrad II 2446:Securing the imperial succession 2421:Conrad upheld the rights of the 2196:, had a legitimate claim to the 2051:erupted. Subsequently, his wife 1830:rebelled against his authority. 1383:under imperial control (see the 1026:, the Saxon nobles, led by Duke 626:in 944. He subsequently married 572: 550: 4322:Annals of the House of Hannover 3823:Janet Martin (1 October 1997). 2823:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1979:, who had been in exile in the 800:, was the daughter of reigning 714:, a long-time political rival. 689:succeeded him, with his mother 648:Hungarian invasions into Europe 332: 4697:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 3416:. Cambridge University Press. 3203:Sydney Morgan-Owenson (1821). 3099:Otto zu Stolberg-Wernigerode. 2940:"Conrad II Holy Roman emperor" 2631:Family tree of German monarchs 2606:, was written by his chaplain 2604:Gesta Chuonradi II imperatoris 2169:, 1000. Otto III's successor, 1834:closer relationship with King 1828:Frederick II of Upper Lorraine 1335:and empress, respectively, in 929:Frederick II of Upper Lorraine 807:and granddaughter of the late 646:in 955 that put an end to the 410:– 4 June 1039), also known as 217:8 September 1024 – 4 June 1039 137:6 September 1032 – 4 June 1039 1: 6491:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 4606:. Cambridge University Press. 4506:King Saint Stephen of Hungary 4312:. Cambridge University Press. 3588:Eric Joseph Goldberg (2006). 3376:(3). Cambridge Org: 347–374. 2975:"Archbishop Aribo di Magonza" 2646: 2063:Relations with Eastern Europe 1751:at its greatest extent under 1042:and then proceeded on to the 562: 404: 349:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 63: 4463:Szent István és III. András 3882:. CUA Press. pp. 105–. 3632:. GRIN Verlag. 25 May 2002. 3209:. H. Colburn. pp. 200–. 3075:"Heinrich V. in seiner Zeit" 2884:. marixverlag. pp. 3–. 1991:where he was imprisoned and 1509:In 1028, after Conrad's son 1386:Schism of the Three Chapters 961:as the imperial chancellor. 906:by their common grandfather 723:Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia 594:can be traced back to Count 6531:Burials at Speyer Cathedral 4651:Weinfurter, Stefan (1999). 4439:Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002). 4398:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 4308:Bernhardt, John W. (2002). 3879:The Chronicle of the Czechs 3256:. Routledge. pp. 69–. 3250:Gregory I. Halfond (2016). 2480:Michael IV the Paphlagonian 925:Gothelo I of Lower Lorraine 871:, also assisted Cunigunde. 719:Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia 285:4 June 1039 (aged 48 or 49) 170:25 March 1026 – 4 June 1039 84:26 March 1027 – 4 June 1039 6554: 5650:North German Confederation 5566:Confederation of the Rhine 4420:(in German) (5 ed.). 4284:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 3825:"Medieval Russia 980–1584" 3437:John W. Bernhardt (2002). 3103:. Neue deutsche Biographie 2628: 2617: 2311:at a ceremony held in the 2141:was appointed as Count of 1844: 1563:Conrad had to enforce his 1337:Old Saint Peter's Basilica 1244:Iron Crown of the Lombards 506:organisation of the Church 457:(also Henry of Worms) and 32:Conrad II (disambiguation) 29: 5754: 5105: 4872: 4812: 4804: 4793: 4778: 4769: 4759: 4740: 4727: 4722: 4695: 4592:. Garland Publishing Inc. 3827:. Oxford University Press 3729:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3694:Joachim Herrmann (1985). 3382:10.1017/S0022046900026245 2960:"Germany", Martin Volkl, 2942:. Encyclopædia Britannica 2462:Second Italian expedition 1646:Policy towards the Church 1389:). On 6 April 1027, at a 1276:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio 1242:and was crowned with the 1062:to name him as his heir. 1008:Adelaide I of Quedlinburg 783:Archbishop Poppo of Trier 774:Duke Herman III of Swabia 181:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio 55: 46: 6169:(title disputed 887–933) 5618:Archduke John of Austria 4672:Wolfram, Herwig (2010). 4280:Engel, Pál, ed. (2001). 4215:Heer, Friedrich (1995). 3660:A. Pleszczynski (2011). 3137:Adelbert Davids (2002). 2544:Conrad II's tomb in the 2049:Pagan reaction in Poland 1895:from the Empire. Though 1810:and his younger brother 1770:repeatedly clashed with 1739:War with Mieszko Lambert 1664:protectors of the church 1403:Patriarchate of Aquileia 1046:, spending the feast of 679:War of the Three Henries 97:Old St. Peter's Basilica 4152:Timothy Bolton (2017). 3903:Lisa Wolverton (2012). 3551:"Mathilde von Schwaben" 3410:Horst Fuhrmann (1986). 2526:. Conrad thus left the 2396:Rudolph III of Burgundy 2274:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 2250:Rudolph III of Burgundy 1780:peace treaty of Bautzen 1446:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 1353:Rudolph III of Burgundy 1012:Sophia I of Gandersheim 949:by Archbishop Aribo in 853:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 721:, Conrad's infant son, 518:Rudolph III of Burgundy 4337:István király és műve 2791:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate 2548: 2340: 2158: 2120:, inflicted upon Duke 2014:Richeza of Lotharingia 1961:Margraviate of Meissen 1925:Margraviate of Meissen 1910:Margraviate of Meissen 1759: 1656:imperial church system 1560: 1539:Conflict with Adalbero 1381:Patriarchate of Venice 1324: 1264:Bishop Leo of Vercelli 1258:, where he celebrated 1193:William V of Aquitaine 1135: 1128:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1104:Gotthard of Hildesheim 942: 882:. Now the location of 727:Adalbero of Eppenstein 400: 375:Henry, Count of Speyer 4549:. Burns & Oates. 4363:The Holy Roman Empire 4218:The Holy Roman Empire 3761:(4). Jstor: 623–639. 2881:Die Salier: 1024–1125 2842:Greta Austin (2017). 2543: 2468:Guaimar IV of Salerno 2335: 2156: 1746: 1734:Relations with Poland 1650:Conrad continued the 1577:Adalbero of Carinthia 1546: 1500:Giebichenstein Castle 1407:Patriarchate of Grado 1314: 1220:Constitutio de feudis 1125: 1002:. The princes of the 941:, consecrated in 1061 937: 931:did not support him. 465:, that had ruled the 62:Miniature depiction, 49:Emperor of the Romans 6379:Lothair III (or II) 5732:between 476 and 1556 5631:German Confederation 5585:German Confederation 4678:. Penn State Press. 3220:Brian Stock (1983). 2338:Strasbourg Cathedral 2281:Mieszko II of Poland 2244:Conquest of Burgundy 2209:Werner of Strasbourg 2200:through his mother. 2118:Bolesław I of Poland 2059:fled to the Empire. 2003:'s blinding of Duke 1933:Grand Prince of Kiev 1901:Bolesław I of Poland 1885:Slavic revolt of 983 1764:Bolesław I of Poland 1671:(royal service) and 1252:King of the Lombards 1142:, led by Archbishop 1132:King of the Lombards 1083:Bishop of Hildesheim 1067:Gandersheim Conflict 798:Gerberga of Burgundy 758:Bruno I of Brunswick 675:Henry I of Carinthia 632:Berengar II of Italy 353:Matilda of Franconia 5170:Carolingian dynasty 5157:Monarchs of Germany 4866:Holy Roman emperors 4598:Previté-Orton, C.W. 4245:. Geschichtsquellen 4205:, pp. 345–346. 4049:, pp. 149–150. 4013:, pp. 197–198. 2625:Family and children 2508:Sant'Agata de' Goti 2367:, daughter of King 2365:Gunhilda of Denmark 2313:Cathedral of Geneva 2254:Kingdom of Burgundy 2186:Grimelda of Hungary 2129:Treaty of Merseburg 2041:Treaty of Merseburg 1985:Yaroslav I the Wise 1971:Treaty of Merseburg 1957:Treaty of Merseburg 1820:Ernest II of Swabia 1788:Eckard I of Meissen 1640:Ernest II of Swabia 1528:Bishop of Constance 1472:Conrad of Carinthia 1464:Ernest II of Swabia 1307:Imperial coronation 1207:Theodoric the Great 1185:Robert II of France 1166:protection against 1079:Archbishop of Mainz 945:Conrad was crowned 746:Herman II of Swabia 744:, daughter of Duke 708:Henry II of Germany 700:Henry IV of Bavaria 606:to the east of the 590:The origins of the 522:Kingdom of Burgundy 6526:Dukes of Carinthia 6511:People from Speyer 5255:Kingdom of Germany 5219:Kingdom of Germany 4783:Title next held by 4772:Holy Roman Emperor 4732:Title last held by 4140:Previté-Orton 1912 4128:Previté-Orton 1912 4113:Previté-Orton 1912 4101:Previté-Orton 1912 4086:Previté-Orton 1912 4074:Previté-Orton 1912 4059:Previté-Orton 1912 3796:Cambridge (1995). 3700:. Akademie-Verlag. 3476:Previté-Orton 1912 2549: 2456:King of the Romans 2429:of the cities) of 2341: 2262:Gisela of Burgundy 2159: 2078:German–Polish Wars 1859:Federation, where 1840:March of Schleswig 1824:Conrad the Younger 1804:Mieszko II Lambert 1796:Civitas Schinesghe 1776:German–Polish Wars 1760: 1757:Mieszko II Lambert 1705:Primate of Germany 1699:. When Archbishop 1628:Conrad the Younger 1569:Duchy of Carinthia 1565:royal prerogatives 1561: 1458:Uprising in Swabia 1423:Henry V of Bavaria 1374:Duchy of Benevento 1327:On 26 March 1027, 1325: 1236:Pilgrim of Cologne 1136: 1111:Conrad the Younger 1092:Primate of Germany 943: 921:Pilgrim of Cologne 869:primate of Germany 861:Henry V of Bavaria 857:Dietrich I of Metz 766:House of Babenberg 644:Battle of Lechfeld 636:Henry I of Bavaria 622:) elevated him to 620:Holy Roman Emperor 604:Duchy of Franconia 602:nobleman from the 463:Matfriding dynasty 296:Kingdom of Germany 272:Kingdom of Germany 268:Duchy of Franconia 75:Holy Roman Emperor 6478: 6477: 6289:Holy Roman Empire 5696: 5695: 5622: 5621:(Imperial Regent) 5260:Holy Roman Empire 5189:Louis the Younger 5123: 5122: 4833: 4832: 4808:Rudolph the Pious 4760:Succeeded by 4685:978-0-271-04818-5 4643:978-1-4438-2035-6 4431:978-3-17-020183-5 4422:Kohlhammer Verlag 4405:978-0-376-08338-8 4392:Herrmann, Joachim 4291:978-1-86064-061-2 4228:978-1-85799-367-7 4165:978-0-300-20833-7 3916:978-0-8122-0422-3 3889:978-0-8132-1570-9 3809:978-0-521-36447-8 3490:The Polish Review 3450:978-0-521-52183-3 3423:978-0-521-31980-5 3263:978-1-317-02419-4 3150:978-0-521-52467-4 2891:978-3-8438-0474-5 2855:978-1-351-90055-3 2740:, pp. 45–47. 2412:Duchy of Burgundy 2309:Holy Roman Empire 2300:Henry I of France 2194:Emeric of Hungary 2021:Otto Bolesławowic 1929:Yaroslav the Wise 1899:allied with Duke 1812:Otto Bolesławowic 1724:cathedral chapter 1715:and the renowned 1673:servitium militum 1480:Bruno of Augsburg 1476:Welf II of Swabia 1441:abbeys. Even the 1409:, an ally of the 1358:Holy Roman Empire 1160:Holy Roman Empire 1071:Gandersheim Abbey 1004:Duchy of Lorraine 959:Holy Roman Empire 916:Duchy of Lorraine 712:Burchard of Worms 671:Duke of Carinthia 596:Werner V of Worms 537:Family background 467:Duchy of Lorraine 428:Holy Roman Empire 390: 389: 300:Holy Roman Empire 276:Holy Roman Empire 18:Emperor Conrad II 16:(Redirected from 6543: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6283:Kingdom of Italy 6273: 6265: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6221: 6207: 6199: 6185: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5863: 5855: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5760: 5748: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5700: 5620: 5179:Louis the German 5150: 5143: 5136: 5127: 5113: 5112: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4815:King of Burgundy 4805:Preceded by 4718: 4711: 4693: 4689: 4668: 4647: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4607: 4593: 4584: 4560: 4541: 4519: 4497: 4478: 4454: 4435: 4409: 4387: 4368: 4366: 4352: 4325: 4318:Halliday, Andrew 4313: 4304: 4295: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130:, p. 33–36. 4125: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3750: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3549:Eckhard Freise. 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3073:Gerhard Lubich. 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3024:, pp. 115–. 3019: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2935: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2648: 2608:Wipo of Burgundy 2593:Speyer Cathedral 2546:Speyer Cathedral 2484:Byzantine Empire 2474:with its Prince 2466:In 1038, Prince 2408:Kingdom of Arles 2385:Emma of Normandy 2363:. Henry married 2289:Abbey of Payerne 2217:Wipo of Burgundy 2205:Byzantine Empire 2198:Duchy of Bavaria 2171:Emperor Henry II 2134:Henry of Bavaria 2082:Emperor Henry II 2074:Duchy of Bohemia 2037:Gisela of Swabia 1965:March of Lusatia 1914:March of Lusatia 1906:Peace of Bautzen 1897:Emperor Otto III 1875:'s lieutenants, 1847:Germania Slavica 1772:Emperor Henry II 1697:Gisela of Swabia 1680:Wipo of Burgundy 1652:Ottonian dynasty 1636:Ottonian dynasty 1624:Duchy of Bavaria 1492:Wipo of Burgundy 1468:Gisela of Swabia 1413:. The Aquileian 1411:Byzantine Empire 1405:superior to the 1395:Lateran Basilica 1302:Reign as emperor 1268:Emperor Otto III 1248:Aribert of Milan 1204:Ostrogothic king 1156:Kingdom of Italy 1144:Aribert of Milan 1075:Emperor Otto III 1044:Duchy of Bavaria 955:Speyer Cathedral 939:Speyer Cathedral 892:Wipo of Burgundy 849:Ottonian dynasty 828:Emperor Henry II 754:Emperor Henry II 750:Emperor Otto III 742:Gisela of Swabia 660:Adelaide of Metz 624:Duke of Lorraine 581:Adelaide of Metz 576: 564: 554: 544:Conrad's parents 491:imperial princes 487:Emperor Henry II 459:Adelaide of Metz 442:(from 1026) and 421: 419:Conrad the Salic 415: 413:Conrad the Elder 409: 406: 385:Adelaide of Metz 336: 334: 324:Gisela of Swabia 311:Speyer Cathedral 225:8 September 1024 128:King of Burgundy 68: 65: 60: 39: 21: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6308: 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Mittelalter 4438: 4432: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4357:Heer, Friedrich 4355: 4349: 4333:Györffy, György 4331: 4327:at Google Books 4316: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3855: 3849:Knefelkamp 2002 3847: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3767:10.2307/2852030 3752: 3751: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3705: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3464:Knefelkamp 2002 3462: 3458: 3451: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3292:Weinfurter 1999 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3127:, p. 443–. 3123: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3061:Weinfurter 1999 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2877: 2876: 2863: 2856: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2758: 2757: 2744: 2738:Weinfurter 1999 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2714:Weinfurter 1999 2712: 2708: 2702:Weinfurter 1999 2700: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2597:Salian emperors 2538: 2516:Rainulf Drengot 2464: 2448: 2443: 2330: 2266:Odo II of Blois 2252:, ruler of the 2246: 2163:king of Hungary 2151: 2090:Duke of Bohemia 2070: 2065: 1973: 1967:to the Empire. 1935:, who captured 1849: 1749:Duchy of Poland 1741: 1736: 1728:Bishop of Liege 1669:servitium regis 1648: 1573:Duchy of Swabia 1541: 1460: 1443:dowager empress 1431:Duke of Bavaria 1309: 1304: 1234:and Archbishop 1120: 1118:Unrest in Italy 1032:Duchy of Swabia 1016:Emperor Otto II 1014:, daughters of 971: 951:Mainz Cathedral 947:king of Germany 912:Duchy of Saxony 845: 840: 802:Burgundian king 770:Duchy of Swabia 735: 696:March of Verona 667:Emperor Otto II 656:Henry of Speyer 588: 587: 586: 585: 584: 577: 568: 567: 566: 559:Henry of Speyer 555: 546: 545: 539: 534: 455:Henry of Speyer 417: 411: 407: 351: 338: 335: 1016) 330: 326: 313: 286: 262: 228:Mainz Cathedral 226: 208:King of Germany 179: 95: 69: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6516:Salian dynasty 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6459:Frederick III 6456: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6253: 6245: 6237: 6223: 6209: 6201: 6187: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5865: 5857: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5730:Kings of Italy 5728: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5640:Franz Joseph I 5636: 5634: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:Lothair II/III 5325: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4723:Regnal titles 4720: 4719: 4702:Salian dynasty 4699: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4624: 4608: 4594: 4585: 4579: 4561: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4520: 4514: 4498: 4492: 4479: 4473: 4455: 4449: 4436: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4388: 4382: 4369: 4353: 4347: 4329: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4256: 4234: 4227: 4207: 4195: 4193:, p. 345. 4183: 4181:, p. 143. 4171: 4164: 4155:Cnut the Great 4144: 4132: 4117: 4105: 4090: 4078: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4025:, p. 149. 4015: 4000: 3998:, p. 159. 3985: 3983:, p. 187. 3973: 3971:, p. 148. 3961: 3946: 3934: 3932:, p. 227. 3922: 3915: 3895: 3888: 3868: 3853: 3851:, p. 137. 3838: 3815: 3808: 3788: 3740: 3718: 3703: 3686: 3672: 3652: 3638: 3619: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3578:, p. 215. 3568: 3557:on 1 July 2013 3541: 3519: 3517:, p. 209. 3507: 3496:(4): 407–429. 3480: 3478:, p. 451. 3468: 3466:, p. 125. 3456: 3449: 3429: 3422: 3402: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3318:, p. 140. 3308: 3306:, p. 114. 3296: 3294:, p. 28–. 3281: 3279:, p. 102. 3269: 3262: 3239: 3232: 3212: 3195: 3193:, p. 117. 3180: 3178:, p. 264. 3168: 3156: 3149: 3129: 3114: 3091: 3065: 3063:, p. 22–. 3053: 3041: 3026: 3005: 3003:, p. 311. 3001:Bernhardt 2002 2988: 2966: 2953: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2890: 2861: 2854: 2834: 2812: 2805: 2782: 2742: 2730: 2728:, p. 322. 2718: 2716:, pp. 26. 2706: 2689: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2626: 2623: 2618:Main article: 2615: 2612: 2537: 2534: 2524:Constantinople 2488:Southern Italy 2463: 2460: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2416:King of France 2347:traditions of 2329: 2326: 2245: 2242: 2230:Duke of Swabia 2228:, the deposed 2222:scorched earth 2213:Constantinople 2150: 2147: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2009:Polish regalia 1972: 1969: 1893:Northern March 1877:Herman Billung 1873:Emperor Otto I 1845:Main article: 1784:Oda of Meissen 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1713:Hersfeld Abbey 1701:Aribo of Mainz 1684:Salian dynasty 1647: 1644: 1540: 1537: 1516:excommunicated 1462:In 1025, Duke 1459: 1456: 1349:Cnut the Great 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1296:Odilo of Cluny 1272:Salian dynasty 1262:with the aged 1246:by Archbishop 1232:Aribo of Mainz 1146:, crossed the 1140:Northern Italy 1119: 1116: 1088:Aribo of Mainz 1034:, celebrating 970: 967: 904:Emperor Otto I 865:Aribo of Mainz 844: 843:Royal election 841: 839: 836: 734: 731: 704:Pope Gregory V 612:Conrad the Red 592:Salian dynasty 578: 571: 570: 569: 556: 549: 548: 547: 543: 542: 541: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 408: 989/990 388: 387: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 362: 356: 355: 346: 340: 339: 328: 322: 321: 319: 315: 314: 309: 307: 303: 302: 292:Lower Lorraine 283: 279: 278: 259: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 92: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 71: 70: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6549: 6548: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6419:Frederick II 6417: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5683:Frederick III 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669:German Empire 5666: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609:German Empire 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Ferdinand III 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Maximilian II 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Frederick III 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5116: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Ferdinand III 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Maximilian II 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Frederick III 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796:King of Italy 4792: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4664:0-8122-3508-8 4660: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4580:963-9441-87-2 4576: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565:Kristó, Gyula 4562: 4558: 4556:0-86012-257-3 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4537:0-271-02738-X 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4515:0-88033-300-6 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4493:3-05-003749-0 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4474:963-09-4461-8 4470: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4450:3-8252-2105-9 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4383:963-86163-9-3 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4348:963-9441-87-2 4344: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266:, p. 52. 4265: 4260: 4257: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4145: 4142:, p. 40. 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4115:, p. 33. 4114: 4109: 4106: 4103:, p. 32. 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4088:, p. 30. 4087: 4082: 4079: 4076:, p. 27. 4075: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4061:, p. 16. 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4037:, p. 74. 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3959:, p. 90. 3958: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3944:, p. 28. 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3866:, p. 72. 3865: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3716:, p. 71. 3715: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3687: 3675: 3673:9789004205642 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3653: 3641: 3639:9783640048069 3635: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3617:, p. 99. 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601:0-8014-3890-X 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3354:, p. 88. 3353: 3348: 3345: 3342:, p. 84. 3341: 3336: 3333: 3330:, p. 45. 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233:0-691-10227-9 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3166:, p. 75. 3165: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051:, p. 97. 3050: 3045: 3042: 3039:, p. 51. 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2919:, p. 35. 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907:, p. 32. 2906: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2806:0-8122-1386-6 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2704:, p. 49. 2703: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687:, p. 18. 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675:, p. 97. 2674: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2655:(c.1027–1034) 2654: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:Monte Cassino 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452:Rex romanorum 2445: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425:(knights and 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371:the Great of 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:. In 1028 at 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248:In 1016 King 2243: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2179:Venetian doge 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Christmas Day 2164: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2122:Boleslaus III 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Lesser Poland 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2005:Boleslaus III 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Billung March 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768:Piast dynasty 1765: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Wazo of Liège 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1688:Limburg Abbey 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Pope John XIX 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Pope John XIX 1322: 1321:Pope John XIX 1318: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 968: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 940: 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 908:Otto of Worms 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 863:. Archbishop 862: 858: 854: 850: 842: 838:Reign as king 837: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 809:Frankish king 806: 803: 799: 794: 792: 791:Salian family 788: 787:House of Otto 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 732: 730: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 652:Otto of Worms 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 582: 575: 560: 553: 536: 531: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 495:Rex romanorum 492: 488: 484: 483:dynastic line 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 446:(from 1033). 445: 441: 438:(from 1024), 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 414: 402: 398: 394: 386: 383: 379: 376: 373: 369: 366: 363: 361: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 341: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178:25 March 1026 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 161:King of Italy 158: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94:26 March 1027 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6395:Frederick I 6338: 6262:Berengar II 6255: 6225: 6211: 6189: 6175: 6167:Non-dynastic 6139:Charles III 6083:Charlemagne 6075:Carolingians 5868: 5738:Non-dynastic 5516:Ferdinand IV 5506:Ferdinand II 5476:Maximilian I 5453: 5436: 5394: 5379:Henry (VIII) 5377: 5363:Frederick II 5318:Conrad (III) 5310: 5303: 5288: 5237: 5214:East Francia 5165:East Francia 5052:Ferdinand II 5022:Maximilian I 4992:Frederick II 4951: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4674: 4653: 4632: 4616:. 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Academiaa 2642:(1017–1056) 2529:Mezzogiorno 2423:valvassores 1981:Kievan Rus' 1861:West Slavic 1774:during the 1189:Hugh Magnus 1164:ultramontan 1077:. Both the 1060:Rudolph III 996:Charlemagne 969:Early reign 900:descendants 816:Charlemagne 610:. His son, 514:valvassores 510:Charlemagne 449:The son of 238:Predecessor 191:Predecessor 146:Rudolph III 142:Predecessor 107:Predecessor 67: 1130 6501:990 births 6496:989 births 6485:Categories 6467:Charles V 6451:Sigismund 6427:Henry VII 6363:Conrad II 6347:Henry III 6339:Conrad II 6317:(996–1002) 6292:(962–1556) 6107:Lothair I 6030:Liutprand 6006:Raginpert 5966:Perctarit 5942:Perctarit 5926:Aripert I 5791:Theodahad 5783:Athalaric 5775:Theodoric 5767:Ostrogoths 5688:William II 5575:Napoleon I 5556:Francis II 5551:Leopold II 5531:Charles VI 5444:Wenceslaus 5432:Charles IV 5338:Henry (VI) 5333:Conrad III 5262:(962–1806) 5257:within the 5167:during the 5097:Francis II 5092:Leopold II 5072:Charles VI 5042:Rudolph II 5007:Charles IV 4897:Charles II 4800:1027–1039 4776:1027–1039 4618:29 January 4418:Die Salier 4179:North 2001 3942:Engel 2001 3615:Lübke 2002 3395:27 January 3084:3 February 2981:30 January 2827:29 January 2775:30 January 2660:References 2649:1020–1036) 2629:See also: 2558:Strasbourg 2394:When King 2114:Mieszko II 2084:installed 1753:Bolesław I 1717:theologian 1520:Schramberg 1474:and Count 1427:Regensburg 1090:, the new 1052:Regensburg 1028:Bernard II 984:Strasbourg 532:Early life 526:regna tria 451:Franconian 422:, was the 261:c. 989/990 222:Coronation 175:Coronation 90:Coronation 6435:Louis IV 6403:Henry VI 6355:Henry IV 6331:Henry II 6323:Arduin I 6315:Otto III 6309:(980–983) 6301:(962–973) 6272:(950–963) 6270:Adalbert 6264:(950–963) 6257:Anscarids 6250:(945–950) 6242:(926–947) 6234:(900–905) 6232:Louis II 6220:(922–933) 6206:(891–897) 6198:(889–894) 6191:Guideschi 6184:(887–924) 6149:(896–899) 6141:(879–887) 6133:(877–879) 6131:Carloman 6125:(875–877) 6117:(855–875) 6109:(818–855) 6101:(810–818) 6093:(781–810) 6085:(774–814) 6064:(756–774) 6056:(749–756) 6048:(744–749) 6032:(712–744) 6022:Ansprand 6016:(702–712) 6000:(700–702) 5998:Liutpert 5992:(689–700) 5990:Cunipert 5976:(688–689) 5974:Cunipert 5968:(671–688) 5958:Garibald 5952:(662–671) 5950:Grimoald 5944:(661–662) 5936:(661–662) 5934:Godepert 5928:(653–661) 5920:(652–653) 5912:(636-652) 5904:(626–636) 5896:(616–626) 5894:Adaloald 5888:(590–616) 5880:(584–590) 5872:(574–584) 5862:(572–574) 5854:(568–572) 5833:(552–553) 5825:(541–552) 5809:(540–541) 5801:(536–540) 5793:(534–536) 5785:(526–534) 5777:(493–526) 5747:(476–493) 5678:William I 5659:William I 5594:Francis I 5546:Joseph II 5541:Francis I 5521:Leopold I 5496:Rudolf II 5481:Charles V 5466:Albert II 5461:Sigismund 5417:Henry VII 5373:Conrad IV 5294:Henry III 5289:Conrad II 5221:(919–962) 5216:(911–919) 5172:(843–911) 5087:Joseph II 5082:Francis I 5062:Leopold I 5027:Charles V 5012:Sigismund 4997:Henry VII 4957:Henry III 4952:Conrad II 4922:Louis III 4887:Lothair I 4819:1032–1039 4752:Henry III 4747:1024–1039 4324:. London. 4264:Heer 1968 3783:159636093 3666:. Jstor. 3390:159994750 3328:Makk 2001 3176:Bury 1922 3080:. Regesta 3037:Heer 1968 2645:Beatrix ( 2640:Henry III 2554:Solothurn 2441:Late life 2389:Henry III 2226:Ernest II 2057:Casimir I 2033:Merseburg 1993:castrated 1826:and Duke 1620:Ebersberg 1593:Stephen I 1585:Frankfurt 1553:Carinthia 1288:Christmas 1284:Po Valley 1177:Aquitaine 1172:Byzantine 1158:from the 1100:Frankfurt 1048:Pentecost 1020:Christmas 927:and Duke 880:Oppenheim 859:and Duke 832:Henry III 824:canon law 778:Ernest II 733:Adulthood 691:Theophanu 683:Hildebald 628:Liutgarde 401:Konrad II 393:Conrad II 249:Henry III 246:Successor 202:Henry III 199:Successor 155:Henry III 152:Successor 121:Henry III 117:Successor 42:Conrad II 6411:Otto IV 6371:Henry V 6307:Otto II 6227:Bosonids 6218:Rudolph 6204:Lambert 6115:Louis I 6099:Bernard 6054:Aistulf 6046:Ratchis 5918:Rodoald 5910:Rothari 5902:Arioald 5886:Agilulf 5878:Authari 5844:Lombards 5807:Ildibad 5799:Vitiges 5745:Odoacer 5526:Joseph I 5501:Matthias 5422:Louis IV 5412:Albert I 5402:Rudolf I 5348:Henry VI 5299:Henry IV 5284:Henry II 5279:Otto III 5228:Conrad I 5184:Carloman 5115:Category 5067:Joseph I 5047:Matthias 5002:Louis IV 4982:Henry VI 4962:Henry IV 4947:Henry II 4942:Otto III 4927:Berengar 4892:Louis II 4630:(2010). 4600:(1912). 4567:(2003). 4526:(2006). 4504:(1994). 4416:(2008). 4394:(1985). 4359:(1968). 4335:(1983). 4320:(1826). 3755:Speculum 3502:25779841 3101:"Gisela" 2793:(1988). 2427:burghers 2400:Burgundy 2353:Lombardy 2328:Politics 2258:Henry II 2055:and son 2001:Bolesław 1995:by Duke 1963:and the 1871:tribes. 1864:Polabian 1857:Lutician 1800:Holy See 1726:for the 1571:and the 1549:Adalbero 1488:Augsburg 1372:and the 1256:Vercelli 1181:Capetian 1081:and the 1040:Augsburg 976:Augsburg 888:chaplain 812:Louis IV 789:and the 762:Ernest I 687:Otto III 600:Frankish 502:Ottonian 444:Burgundy 241:Henry II 194:Henry II 111:Henry II 6299:Otto I 6285:within 6155:Ratold 6147:Arnulf 5982:Alahis 5852:Alboin 5823:Totila 5815:Eraric 5438:Günther 5396:Alfonso 5390:Richard 5385:William 5358:Otto IV 5323:Henry V 5312:Hermann 5274:Otto II 5233:Henry I 4987:Otto IV 4967:Henry V 4937:Otto II 4912:Lambert 4882:Louis I 4274:Sources 4249:4 April 3831:4 April 3775:2852030 3733:3 April 3679:3 April 3645:3 April 3561:1 April 3534:3 April 3107:1 April 2946:2 April 2653:Matilda 2581:Cologne 2573:Utrecht 2492:Salerno 2482:of the 2476:Pandulf 2377:Denmark 2373:England 2361:Germany 2304:Deville 2149:Hungary 2143:Moravia 2110:Oldřich 2106:Lusatia 2098:Silesia 2094:Moravia 2086:Jaromír 2068:Bohemia 2053:Richeza 1997:Oldřich 1989:Bohemia 1977:Bezprym 1953:Bezprym 1949:Bautzen 1923:in the 1921:Bautzen 1853:Lusatia 1808:Bezprym 1766:of the 1622:in the 1608:treason 1604:Bamberg 1597:Hungary 1595:of the 1575:. Duke 1567:in the 1522:in the 1370:Salerno 1333:emperor 1280:Ravenna 1168:Saracen 1130:as the 982:and at 923:, Duke 820:Henry I 764:of the 739:duchess 665:In 978 640:Liudolf 579:Mother 557:Father 479:princes 461:of the 436:Germany 426:of the 424:emperor 337: 329: 288:Utrecht 6091:Pepin 5860:Cleph 5449:Rupert 5353:Philip 5305:Rudolf 5269:Otto I 5245:Otto I 5239:Arnulf 5199:Arnulf 4932:Otto I 4917:Arnulf 4780:Vacant 4729:Vacant 4713: 4682: 4661: 4640: 4577: 4553: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4471: 4447: 4428: 4402: 4380: 4345: 4288: 4225: 4162: 3913: 3886: 3806: 3781: 3773: 3670: 3636: 3598: 3530:. Geni 3500: 3447: 3420: 3388: 3260: 3230: 3147: 2888: 2852: 2803: 2562:Goslar 2520:Norman 2518:, the 2512:Prince 2496:Aversa 2435:bishop 2404:Zürich 2381:Norway 2357:Aachen 2349:Saxony 2296:Zürich 2238:Fischa 2175:Gisela 1945:Fischa 1792:Easter 1693:synods 1557:Verona 1532:Herman 1504:Saxony 1451:wittum 1362:homage 1260:Easter 1227:rule. 1225:Salian 1056:Zürich 1036:Easter 1024:Minden 992:Aachen 988:Werner 896:Conrad 867:, the 805:Conrad 616:Otto I 471:Speyer 453:count 432:Salian 397:German 381:Mother 371:Father 365:Salian 318:Spouse 306:Burial 264:Speyer 6240:Hugh 6213:Welfs 6157:(896) 6040:(744) 6024:(712) 6008:(701) 5984:(689) 5960:(671) 5831:Teia 5817:(541) 5455:Jobst 5407:Adolf 4822:with 4750:with 4715:Died: 4710:c 990 4708:Born: 3779:S2CID 3771:JSTOR 3498:JSTOR 3386:S2CID 3206:Italy 3078:(PDF) 2589:Worms 2585:Mainz 2536:Death 2504:Troia 2490:, to 2472:Capua 2431:Italy 2345:legal 2321:Henry 2270:Basel 2234:Lajta 2220:used 2211:, to 2190:Henry 1941:Lajta 1869:pagan 1762:Duke 1709:Bardo 1616:exile 1612:Henry 1581:synod 1511:Henry 1496:Worms 1435:Henry 1415:Poppo 1397:with 1391:synod 1366:Capua 1345:Henry 1292:Ivrea 1240:Milan 1214:Pavia 1200:Pavia 1183:king 1096:synod 980:Bruno 884:Kamba 876:Rhine 608:Rhine 475:Worms 440:Italy 360:House 344:Issue 331:( 327: 232:Mainz 214:Reign 185:Milan 167:Reign 134:Reign 81:Reign 6287:the 6196:Guy 4717:1039 4680:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4638:ISBN 4620:2020 4575:ISBN 4551:ISBN 4532:ISBN 4510:ISBN 4488:ISBN 4469:ISBN 4445:ISBN 4426:ISBN 4400:ISBN 4378:ISBN 4343:ISBN 4286:ISBN 4251:2020 4223:ISBN 4160:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3833:2020 3804:ISBN 3735:2020 3681:2020 3668:ISBN 3647:2020 3634:ISBN 3596:ISBN 3563:2020 3536:2020 3445:ISBN 3418:ISBN 3397:2020 3258:ISBN 3228:ISBN 3145:ISBN 3109:2020 3086:2020 2983:2020 2948:2020 2886:ISBN 2850:ISBN 2829:2020 2801:ISBN 2777:2020 2587:and 2569:gout 2560:and 2494:and 2379:and 2369:Cnut 2285:Vaud 2236:and 2104:and 2072:The 2029:diet 1943:and 1891:and 1881:Gero 1879:and 1836:Cnut 1747:The 1555:and 1368:and 1341:Rome 1315:The 1170:and 1152:King 1148:Alps 1010:and 598:, a 565:1237 473:and 416:and 282:Died 258:Born 101:Rome 4907:Guy 3763:doi 3378:doi 2571:in 2383:by 2165:on 2088:as 2031:at 1711:of 1654:'s 1583:in 1502:in 1425:at 1339:in 1290:at 1250:as 1098:at 1050:at 1038:at 1022:at 902:of 528:). 497:). 6487:: 6260:: 6230:: 6216:: 6194:: 6180:: 4424:. 4120:^ 4093:^ 4066:^ 4003:^ 3988:^ 3949:^ 3856:^ 3841:^ 3777:. 3769:. 3759:49 3757:. 3743:^ 3706:^ 3494:54 3492:. 3384:. 3374:33 3372:. 3368:. 3284:^ 3242:^ 3183:^ 3117:^ 3029:^ 3008:^ 2991:^ 2924:^ 2864:^ 2769:13 2767:. 2763:. 2745:^ 2692:^ 2647:c. 2583:, 2556:, 2454:(" 2375:, 2315:. 2100:, 2096:, 2016:. 1931:, 1822:, 1703:, 1376:. 1347:; 890:, 793:. 563:c. 561:, 405:c. 403:, 399:: 333:m. 298:, 294:, 290:, 274:, 270:, 266:, 230:, 183:, 99:, 64:c. 5722:e 5715:t 5708:v 5149:e 5142:t 5135:v 4858:e 4851:t 4844:v 4688:. 4667:. 4646:. 4622:. 4583:. 4559:. 4540:. 4518:. 4496:. 4477:. 4453:. 4434:. 4408:. 4386:. 4351:. 4303:. 4294:. 4253:. 4231:. 4168:. 3919:. 3892:. 3835:. 3812:. 3785:. 3765:: 3737:. 3683:. 3649:. 3604:. 3565:. 3538:. 3504:. 3453:. 3426:. 3399:. 3380:: 3266:. 3236:. 3153:. 3111:. 3088:. 2985:. 2950:. 2894:. 2858:. 2831:. 2809:. 2779:. 1323:. 1134:. 395:( 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Index