1738:
2434:
58:
1713:
312:
1515:
421:
70:
326:
365:
2170:
2261:
1933:. Military innovations included the use of mounted Turkish musketeers, slave musketeers, mailed cavalrymen, footmen and feats of military engineering as seen during the siege of the fortified town of Amsaka. This army was organized into an advance guard and a rear reserve while often using shield wall methods as well. The Bornu army was transported via camel or large boats and fed by free and slave women cooks, and often employed a
2111:
1529:
85:
2029:
2283:, became Shehu of Borno. As Vincent Hiribarren points out, "By becoming Shehu of the whole of Borno, Sanda Kyarimi reunited under his rule a territory which had been divided since 1902. For 35 years two Shehus had co-existed." In 1961, the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, effectively rejoining the territories of the kingdom of Bornu. The lands of the Bornu state were thus absorbed into the new
783:
2015:
1951:. Between 1574 and 1583, the Borno sultan had diplomatic relations with the Ottoman sultan Murad III, as well as with the Moroccan sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, in the context of political tensions in the Sahara. The Borno sultan allied with the Moroccan sultan against the Ottoman imperialism in the Sahara.
1970:
The Lake Chad to
Tripoli route became an active highway in the 17th century, with horses traded for slaves. An intense diplomatic activity has been reported between Borno and the Pachalik of Tripoli at that time. About two million slaves traveled this route to be traded in Tripoli, the largest slave
2069:
During the 17th century and 18th century, Bornu became a centre for
Islamic learning. Borno sultans developed a political legitimacy based on their religious charisma, in the context of the rise of Sufism in Sahel. Islam and the Kanuri language was widely adopted, while slave raiding propelled the
3021:في تأريخ السودان : كتاب غزوات السلطان ادريس ألوما في برنو (1564-1576) = A Sudanic chronicle : the Borno expeditions of Idrīs Alauma (1564-1576) according to the account of Aḥmad B. Furṭū: Arabic text, English translation, commentary and geographical gazetteer
2237:, Rabih's capital, in April 1902, after the British had occupied Borno in March. Yet, based on their 1893 treaty, most of Borno remained under British control, while the Germans occupied eastern Borno, including Dikwa, as 'Deutsch-Bornu'. The French did name
1917:, the former capital. The empire's leaders, however, remained at Ngazargamu because its lands were more productive agriculturally and better suited to the raising of cattle. Ali Gaji was the first ruler of the empire to assume the title of Caliph.
1929:(c. 1564–1596), reaching the limits of its greatest territorial expansion, gaining control over Hausaland, and the people of Ahir and Tuareg. Peace was made with Bulala, when a demarcation of boundaries was agreed upon with a
2041:
The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained the empire until the mid-17th century when its power began to fade. By the late 18th century, Bornu rule extended only westward, into the land of the
1245:. Slaves were imported from the south along this route. In the 16th-century, Turkish musketeers where imported to Bornu, and in the 17th-century, European slaves are noted to have been imported to Bornu from the
2291:, and eventually became part of the independent state of Nigeria. A remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist, in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the
1975:
states, "Wells along the way were surrounded by the skeletons of thousands of slaves, mostly young women and girls, making a last desperate effort to reach water before dying of exhaustion once there."
1226:
that increased the spread of the Sahara made some areas around Lake Chad unlivable, causing nomadic peoples from that area to navigate to the places where the empire would eventually be centralized.
1184:
One scholar, Dierk Lange, has proposed another theory based on a diffusionist ideology. This theory was criticized by the scientific community as it seriously lacks direct and clear evidence.
1013:. The Bornu Empire (1380s–1893) was a state in what is now northeastern Nigeria, in time becoming even larger than Kanem, incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad, Niger and Cameroon.
6104:
3804:
Dewière, Rémi (2019). "Peace Be upon Those Who Follow the Right Way": Diplomatic
Practices between Mamluk Cairo and the Borno Sultanate at the End of the Eighth/Fourteenth Century".
2058:. The members of his Nokena council included his sons and daughters and other royalty (the Maina) and non-royalty (the Kokenawa, "new men"). The Kokenawa included free men and slave
6109:
1890:
But even in Bornu, the
Sayfawa dynasty's troubles persisted. During the first three-quarters of the 15th century, for example, fifteen Mais occupied the throne. Then, around 1460
744:
502:
492:
1402:
began his reign in 1075, and formed alliances with the Kay, Toubou, Dabir, and Magumi. He became the first Muslim king of Kanem, having been converted by his Muslim tutor
3888:
2598:"Review of Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa-Africa-Centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives: A Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French"
864:
2650:
2245:, until the British convinced him to be the Shehu of the Borno Emirate. The French then named his brother, Sanda, Shehu of Dikwa. Shehu Garbai formed a new capital,
2471:
The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab conquest of the
Maghrib to the rise of the Almoravids, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 2, from c. 500 BC to AD 1050
1377:
in the Fezzan, where the slaves were traded for horses and weapons. The annual number of slaves traded increased from 1000 in the 7th century to 5000 in the 15th.
3838:
3796:
3756:
3733:
3710:
3687:
3630:
3584:
3488:
3465:
3407:
3384:
3314:
3291:
3268:
2763:
Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early
Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p126
6114:
3771:
Barkindo, Bawuro (1985). "The early states of the
Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.". In Ajayi, J.; Crowder, M. (eds.).
3253:
Barkindo, Bawuro (1985). "The early states of the
Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 AD.". In Ajayi, J.; Crowder, M. (eds.).
4344:
1484:
and delegated military command amongst his sons. As the
Sayfawa extended control beyond Kanuri tribal lands, fiefs were granted to military commanders, as
1176:, the Kanembu would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the two continued up to the late 16th century.
2133:(in present-day Nigeria). After the creation of his capital at Kukawa, Al-Kanemi quickly amassed a large following within Bornu and adopted the title of
2356:
6119:
945:
737:
467:
3090:"Le Discours historique de l'estat du royaume de Borno, genèse et construction d'une histoire du Borno par un captif de Tripoli au XVIIe siècle"
4217:
2102:(holy war) on the irreligious Muslims of the area. His campaign eventually affected Kanem–Bornu and inspired a trend toward Islamic orthodoxy.
6094:
5896:
5278:
3592:
Lavers, John (1993). "Adventures in the chronology of the states of the Chad basin". In
Barreteau, Daniel; de Graffenried, Charlotte (eds.).
3440:
3199:
3003:
2893:
2853:
2722:
2337:
3881:
730:
472:
1160:
Tebu-speaking Kanembu. The Kanembu were supposedly forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and
1156:
The origins of Kanem are unclear. The first historical sources tend to show that the kingdom of Kanem began forming around 700 under the
2226:
between 1893 and 1894. The British recognized Rabih as the 'Sultan of Borno', until the French killed Rabih on 22 April 1900 during the
5948:
4948:
6139:
6089:
3497:
914:
844:
6084:
4592:
4281:
3822:
3780:
3658:
3028:
2926:
2785:
2696:
The article has a map (page 6) of the ancient Central Sahara and proposes to identify Agisymba of 100 CE with the early Kanem state.
2528:
2478:
2202:). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant
2344:
The limits of the empire correspond approximately with the boundaries of the Chad Basin, an area of more than 300,000 square miles.
3054:"A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn 'Alī's embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577–1583"
2137:
within Bornuan society and quickly supplanted the rule of the Mais who became figurehead monarchs. In the year of 1846, the last
57:
6079:
5574:
3874:
1140:
This desiccation of the Sahara resulted in two settlements, those speaking Teda-Daza northeast of Lake Chad, and those speaking
4337:
69:
1780:
1766:
1752:
507:
379:
340:
3549:
598:
578:
437:
583:
1303:. Their king was considered divine, believing he could "bring life and death, sickness and health". Wealth was measured in
6012:
2284:
938:
608:
603:
588:
573:
477:
400:
2145:, precipitated a civil war, resulting in the death of Mai Ibrahim, the last mai. It was at that point that Kanemi's son,
84:
6124:
6007:
5891:
593:
5054:
1514:
6017:
4736:
3424:
2125:
contested the Fulani incursions into Bornu. Al-Kanemi was a Muslim scholar who had put together an alliance of mostly
1476:
against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest with his cavalry of 41,000. He fought the
1299:
gave them military superiority. In the 10th century, al-Muhallabi mentions two towns in the kingdom, one of which was
568:
409:
854:
6129:
6099:
4330:
4286:
4276:
3852:
3650:
2280:
2118:
420:
4687:
1943:
were built on frontiers, and trade routes to the north were secure, allowing relations to be established with the
430:
6134:
5975:
5123:
2086:. By the early 19th century, Kanem–Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered
1230:
1848:
5933:
5908:
5758:
5417:
5412:
4271:
4252:
4171:
3565:
2635:
2238:
2066:. The latter "had come to play a very important part in Bornu politics, as eunuchs did in many Muslim courts".
1844:
1528:
931:
762:
512:
497:
482:
1323:
describes Mānān as the capital of the Kanem kings in the 13th century and Kanem as a powerful Muslim kingdom.
1320:
1998:, others for their piety. In the eighteenth century, Bornu was affected by several long-lasting famines. The
1860:
6000:
5881:
5422:
5375:
5318:
5017:
4961:
4709:
4291:
4242:
3567:
The Founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca. 600 BCE: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence
2304:
2223:
487:
5474:
1827:
By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. War with the
1287:
in 872. He describes the kingdom of "the Zaghāwa who live in a place called Kānim", which included several
874:
6022:
5923:
5918:
5606:
5554:
5407:
5311:
5296:
4956:
4910:
4751:
4638:
4409:
1836:
1480:
for seven years, seven months, and seven days. After dominating the Fezzan, he established a governor at
1001:. At its height, it encompassed an area covering not only most of Chad but also parts of southern Libya (
6074:
5953:
5913:
5726:
5601:
4665:
4655:
4614:
4585:
4227:
3061:
1840:
834:
5846:
5841:
4112:
3596:. presented at the Datation et chronologie dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Bondy: Orstom. pp. 255–67.
3168:"La légitimité des sultans face à l'essor de l'islam confrérique au Sahel Central (XVIe -XIXe siècles)"
2227:
1910:
1894:(1473–1507) defeated his rivals and began the consolidation of Bornu. He built a fortified capital at
6046:
5876:
5826:
5721:
5652:
5623:
5542:
5444:
4876:
4714:
4704:
4434:
4414:
4369:
4049:
4006:
3432:
2196:), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (
1868:
804:
1906:
had enjoyed in a century. So successful was the Sayfawa rejuvenation that by the early 16th century
1465:
5802:
5738:
5618:
5584:
5486:
5454:
5306:
5301:
5113:
4832:
4768:
4643:
4628:
4399:
4222:
4184:
4024:
1999:
1956:
1930:
1856:
1403:
1265:
1246:
1188:
1043:
5851:
2676:
2149:, became Shehu, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in international history. By then,
1984:
Most of the successors of Idris Alooma are only known from the meagre information provided by the
5831:
5814:
5765:
5630:
5439:
5390:
5323:
5241:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5128:
5098:
4990:
4888:
4756:
4731:
3832:
3790:
3750:
3727:
3704:
3681:
3624:
3578:
3482:
3459:
3401:
3378:
3308:
3285:
3262:
2959:
Smith, "Early states", 179; Lange, "Kingdoms and peoples", 238; Barkindo, "Early states", 245–46.
2617:
2578:
2254:
1899:
1316:
1253:
666:
2516:
2378:
1488:, or 'master of the frontier'. Civil discord was said to follow his opening of the sacred Mune.
1864:
5960:
5856:
5792:
5787:
5716:
5613:
5328:
5256:
5251:
5093:
5022:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4795:
4746:
4534:
4389:
4353:
4176:
3856:
3818:
3776:
3654:
3436:
3195:
3107:
3034:
3024:
2999:
2922:
2889:
2849:
2781:
2718:
2609:
2524:
2474:
2415:
2333:
2327:
2323:
1085:
5464:
2918:
2911:
1832:
1273:
5809:
5596:
5591:
5547:
5534:
5432:
5427:
5291:
5286:
5268:
5229:
5162:
5145:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5012:
4968:
4938:
4898:
4881:
4864:
4827:
4578:
4554:
4519:
4489:
4404:
4029:
4019:
3987:
3946:
3610:
3344:
3097:
2991:
2773:
2570:
2169:
2154:
1944:
1828:
1441:
1169:
1141:
1130:
1117:, meaning "south" in the Teda and Kanuri languages, and hence a geographic term. During the
452:
345:
5836:
2260:
1407:
1300:
1034:, were established around 1900 and still exist today as traditional states within Nigeria.
6027:
5995:
5868:
5819:
5775:
5770:
5748:
5743:
5701:
5694:
5669:
5529:
5524:
5365:
5246:
5140:
5135:
5103:
4928:
4918:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4785:
4741:
4623:
4609:
4559:
4514:
4509:
4311:
4232:
4148:
4054:
4014:
3998:
3956:
3074:
2268:
2215:
2207:
2091:
1972:
1745:
1598:
1579:
1552:
1381:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1261:
1223:
904:
884:
814:
771:
686:
626:
150:
119:
115:
5469:
5449:
2184:
Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem–Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title
997:
The Kanem Empire (c. 700–1380) was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and
2990:. Bibliothèque historique des pays d'Islam (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne.
5970:
5965:
5928:
5903:
5886:
5797:
5782:
5753:
5711:
5559:
5519:
5514:
5402:
5395:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5150:
5029:
4923:
4790:
4672:
4539:
4524:
4504:
4484:
4479:
4439:
4237:
4034:
3976:
3906:
3670:
2288:
2219:
2174:
2150:
2142:
2110:
2043:
1948:
1934:
1880:
1457:
1280:
1234:
1217:
1173:
1137:. Kanuri traditions state the Zaghawa dynasty led a group of nomads called the Magumi.
1118:
1089:
1047:
1023:
442:
331:
317:
3643:
1343:
gained control of Kanem from the Zaghawa nomads in the 9th century during a period of
6068:
6051:
5938:
5733:
5706:
5679:
5657:
5635:
5479:
5459:
5385:
5370:
5214:
5167:
5155:
5081:
4973:
4847:
4842:
4817:
4699:
4469:
4374:
4212:
3638:
3517:
2292:
2242:
2146:
2095:
1773:
1759:
1269:
1134:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1031:
1027:
716:
696:
671:
540:
209:
17:
3533:
1319:
described Mānān as "a small town without industry of any sort and little commerce".
5943:
5684:
5674:
5640:
5569:
5564:
5491:
5281:
5263:
5224:
5219:
5199:
5194:
5066:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
4933:
4871:
4852:
4837:
4773:
4549:
4444:
4424:
4394:
4134:
2203:
2158:
1926:
1718:
1449:
1288:
1101:
1093:
706:
701:
656:
651:
631:
530:
462:
457:
358:
251:
3367:
2995:
2987:
Du lac Tchad à la Mecque: Le sultanat du Borno et son monde (xvie - xviie siècle)
2436:موسوعة سفير للتاريخ الاسلامي - المجلد الثالث ج3 المسلمون في إفريقيا جنوبي الصحراء
1406:. They remained nomadic until the 11th century, when they fixed their capital at
1191:
c. 600 BC to the northeast of Lake Chad. He also proposes that the lost state of
1187:
Lange connects the creation of Kanem–Bornu with the departure from the collapsed
5662:
5647:
5496:
5209:
5118:
5108:
5034:
4682:
4677:
4474:
4464:
3357:
3089:
2250:
2079:
1884:
1731:
1612:
1356:
1351:. The new dynasty controlled the Zaghawa trade links in the central Sahara with
1257:
1200:
1161:
1126:
1097:
1081:
824:
691:
681:
646:
641:
636:
545:
223:
133:
3358:
Du lac Tchad à La Mecque. Le sultanat du Borno et son monde (xvi - xvii siècle)
2985:
2523:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 168–172, 199–201.
1937:
policy if necessary for the conquest of fortified towns and other strongholds.
1133:
migrated to Kanem in the south. This group contributed to the formation of the
5689:
5506:
5380:
5340:
5273:
4419:
4266:
4129:
3806:
Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies: Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics
3153:
A Thousand Years of West African History: A Handbook for Teachers and Students
2276:
2264:
2087:
2083:
1964:
1895:
1542:
1284:
1165:
1106:
894:
782:
711:
676:
661:
3111:
3038:
2613:
2419:
2082:
invading from the west were able to make major inroads into Bornu during the
1291:. "Their dwellings are huts made of reeds and they have no towns." Living as
1016:
The early history of the empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle, or
5579:
5350:
5234:
5204:
4985:
4859:
4650:
4044:
2014:
1952:
1364:
1360:
1304:
1145:
1051:
447:
2050:. The empire was still ruled by the Mai who was advised by his councilors (
3417:
A History of Borno: Trans-Saharan African Empire to Failing Nigerian State
3192:
A History of Borno: Trans-Saharan African Empire to Failing Nigerian State
3102:
2279:
became Shehu of Borno. Upon his death in 1937, his cousin, Shehu of Dikwa
2129:, and Kanembu within the region. He eventually built in 1814 a capital at
2028:
4980:
4763:
4721:
4660:
4107:
4039:
3971:
3348:
1891:
1816:
1572:
1425:. At this time, the army included 100,000 horsemen and 120,000 soldiers.
1414:
1308:
1192:
1092:
to describe the Teda-Tubu group, in the earliest use of the ethnic name.
1010:
971:
372:
197:
143:
3866:
3557:
An Introduction to the History of Kanem-Borno: The Prologue of the Dīwān
2677:"The 'Mune'-Symbol as the Ark of the Covenant between Duguwa and Sefuwa"
2621:
2597:
986:
from the 8th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of
4893:
4822:
4778:
4694:
4633:
4256:
2717:. Rough Guides (2nd ed.). London: The Rough Guides. p. 1112.
2126:
2047:
1855:
resulted in the death of four Mai in succession between 1377 and 1387:
1801:
1481:
1461:
1453:
1384:, it was customary to have "the Mai sitting in a curtained cage called
1340:
1296:
1196:
1075:
963:
550:
129:
3861:
3475:
A Sudanic Chronicle: The Borno Expeditions of Idris Alauma (1564–1576)
3323:
2582:
2206:
Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893,
1164:
in their former range. The area already possessed independent, walled
4726:
4601:
4529:
4499:
4449:
4364:
3966:
2198:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2059:
1985:
1960:
1852:
1477:
1445:
1399:
1374:
1122:
1018:
1002:
535:
282:
185:
4322:
3335:
Dewière, Rémi (2013). "Regards croisés entre deux ports de désert".
3167:
3053:
1222:
Climate change ensured the rise of the early Kanem–Bornu Empire, as
4943:
3614:
2574:
2403:
5360:
4544:
4494:
4454:
4429:
4384:
2259:
2246:
2234:
2211:
2168:
2109:
2099:
2003:
1995:
1938:
1914:
1876:
1811:
1562:
1473:
1472:
to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. During his reign, he declared
1469:
1434:
1422:
1369:
1352:
1292:
1242:
1238:
1157:
1059:
1006:
998:
975:
967:
102:
2214:
and conquered Bornu. Rabih's invasion led to the deaths of Shehu
2173:
Kanembu warriors and their mounted chief in an illustration from
4379:
2473:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 667, 680–683.
1991:
1806:
1418:
1395:... a large cage for a wild animal, with vertical wooden bars."
979:
4574:
4326:
3870:
3720:
Contribution à l'histoire des populations du sud-est nigérien
1444:(1210–1259). Dabbalemi initiated diplomatic exchanges with
1347:. Kanuri legend states that Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan founded the
1311:
in the 11th century onwards, the kingdom is referred to as
4570:
3619:. Translated by Fisher, Humphrey (Reprint ed.). Graz.
2651:"Reviews of Dierk Lange – Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa"
250:• Invaded and forced to move, thus establishing new
3775:. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Harlow. pp. 225–254.
3155:. Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press. p. 296.
2848:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 71, 78–79, 159–160.
2006:
salt mines by 1750, having been a tributary since 1532.
1279:
Kanem is mentioned as one of three great empires in the
3603:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
3257:. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Harlow. pp. 225–254.
2602:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
2563:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
2121:, who was of mixed Kanuri and Shuwa Arab heritage from
1433:
Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic
1026:. Remnant successor regimes of the empire, in form of
1913:(1507–1529) was able to defeat the Bulala and retake
1256:
established dynastic rule over the nomads around the
2749:
Urvoy, Y. (1949). "Histoire de l'empire du Bornou".
2561:
Bjorkelo, Anders (1979). "Response to Dierk Lange".
6036:
5988:
5867:
5505:
4909:
4608:
4304:
4251:
4203:
4196:
3955:
3905:
1990:. Some of them are noted for having undertaken the
1794:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1632:
1622:
1608:
1592:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1498:
277:
270:
265:
248:
233:
219:
203:
191:
179:
163:
149:
139:
125:
111:
94:
34:
3669:
3642:
3527:. Vol. III. London: UNESCO. pp. 436–460.
3366:
3280:. Vol. II. New York. pp. 15–29, 581–602.
3278:Travel and Discoveries in North and Central Africa
2910:
1276:, Kangu, Kayi, Kuburi, Kaguwa, Tomagra, and Tubu.
3543:. Vol. IV. London: UNESCO. pp. 238–265.
3094:Afriques. Débats, Méthodes et Terrains d'Histoire
982:. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the
2519:. In Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (eds.).
2357:"Empire of Kanem-Bornu (ca. 9th century-1900) •"
3194:. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 19–20.
2917:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp.
2751:Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire
2713:Trillo, Richard; Hudgens, Jim (November 1995).
6105:States and territories established in the 700s
3419:. London: Hurst & Oxford University Press.
3330:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.
2824:. London: John Murray. pp. 166, 195, 223.
1492:Shift of the Sayfuwa court from Kanem to Bornu
1054:. Besides its urban elite, it also included a
6110:States and territories disestablished in 1893
4586:
4338:
3882:
2780:. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 3.
1042:Kanem was located at the southern end of the
1022:, discovered in 1851 by the German traveller
939:
738:
8:
6043:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3594:Dating and chronology in the lake Chad basin
3246:Studies in the History of Pre-Colonial Borno
2469:Levtzion, Nehemia (1978). Fage, J.D. (ed.).
2329:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
2157:, while the east and north were lost to the
27:Empire around Lake Chad, Africa, c. 700–1380
3498:"Ethnogenesis from within the Chadic state"
3151:Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Espie, Ian, eds. (1965).
1898:, to the west of Lake Chad (in present-day
5864:
4593:
4579:
4571:
4345:
4331:
4323:
4200:
3889:
3875:
3867:
3837:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3755:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3732:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3709:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3583:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3383:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3313:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3290:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3267:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3185:
3183:
3181:
1527:
1495:
1203:) was the antecedent of the Kanem Empire.
946:
932:
756:
745:
731:
394:
83:
31:
3601:Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John (1981).
3101:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
1871:. Finally, around 1387 the Bulala forced
1521:Flag of Bornu from Vallseca atlas of 1439
1307:, sheep, cattle, camels and horses. From
273:777,000 km (300,000 sq mi)
3743:Pages d'histoire du Kanem, pays tchadien
2888:. Palgrave Macnikkan. pp. 94, 189.
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2510:
2114:Young woman from Bornu, mid-19th century
1663:129,499 km (50,000 sq mi)
1460:and arranged for the establishment of a
1152:Founding by local Kanembu (Dugua) c. 700
89:Influence of Kanem Empire around 1200 AD
3244:Alkali, Nur; Usman, Bala, eds. (1983).
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2315:
1666:
1658:
1655:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
1645:
962:existed in areas which are now part of
770:
759:
408:
397:
269:
264:
3830:
3788:
3748:
3725:
3702:
3679:
3622:
3576:
3480:
3457:
3399:
3394:The life and Times of Rabih Fadl Allah
3376:
3306:
3283:
3260:
3248:. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Publishing.
3070:
3059:
1902:), the first permanent home a Sayfawa
3431:(Paperback ed.). Whitefish, MT:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2275:Upon Shehu Abubakar's death in 1922,
1925:Bornu peaked during the reign of Mai
1675:
1671:
1650:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1212:Duguwa or Dougouwa dynasty (700–1086)
247:
232:
228:
202:
190:
178:
162:
158:
148:
7:
6115:8th-century establishments in Africa
2973:. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
2913:Kanem-Borno: 1,000 Years of Splendor
2686:(66–67). Borno Museum Society: 15–25
2439:(in Arabic). شركة سفير. p. 613.
1009:, northeastern Nigeria and northern
3815:Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu
3452:Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu
2969:Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels.
2517:"The early states of Central Sudan"
2253:, Deutsch-Bornu became the British
1363:was slaves. Tribes to the south of
1062:peoples who spoke languages of the
3697:A History of the Ancient Near East
3534:"The kingdoms and peoples of Chad"
2210:led an invading army from eastern
1887:on the western edge of Lake Chad.
25:
3672:A History of Islam in West Africa
3550:"Borno Museum Society Newsletter"
3518:"The Chad region as a crossroads"
3361:. Paris: Editions de la Sorbonne.
2984:Dewière, Rémi (8 November 2019).
2753:(7). Paris: Librairie Larose: 21.
1096:also mentions the Zaghawa in the
6120:1893 disestablishments in Africa
3853:The Story of Africa: Kanem-Borno
3429:A Class-Book of Modern Geography
3172:Journal of the History of Sufism
2027:
2013:
2002:was independently operating the
1971:market in the Mediterranean. As
1778:
1764:
1750:
1736:
1711:
1513:
781:
569:Pacification of Northern Nigeria
419:
377:
363:
338:
324:
310:
68:
56:
3088:Dewière, Rémi (16 April 2013).
2596:Barrows, Leland conley (2006).
1831:brought the death of four Mai:
1421:three times before drowning at
1264:. For the next millennium, the
1038:Theories on the origin of Kanem
99:Manan (until the 12th-century)
3166:Dewière, Rémi (January 2018).
2971:The History of Islam in Africa
1172:. Under the leadership of the
1144:west of the lake in Bornu and
1:
3741:Zeltner, Jean-Claude (1980).
3695:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2007).
3649:(Fifth ed.). Cambridge:
3322:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1988).
2996:10.4000/books.psorbonne.30097
2285:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2153:in the west, was lost to the
239:
166:
42:
6095:Countries in medieval Africa
3668:Trimingham, Spencer (1962).
3415:Hiribarren, Vincent (2017).
3190:Hiribarren, Vincent (2017).
2715:West Africa: The Rough Guide
2404:"The Encyclopedia of empire"
2188:for the simpler designation
2884:Shillington, Kevin (2012).
2694:– via dierklange.com.
2249:, on 9 January 1907. After
1417:(1098–1151), performed the
1359:. Yet, the principal trade
6156:
3808:. Brill. pp. 658–684.
3718:Zakari, Maikorema (1985).
3651:Cambridge University Press
3641:; Atmore, Anthony (2005).
2822:The Bornu Sahara and Sudan
2332:. Routledge. p. 733.
2119:Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi
2054:) in the state council or
1533:Bornu Empire extent c.1750
1373:, and then transported to
1330:
1327:Saifawa dynasty (850–1846)
1229:Kanem was connected via a
1215:
6140:Medieval history of Libya
6090:Former Islamic monarchies
4360:
3541:General History of Africa
3539:. In Niane, D. T. (ed.).
3525:General History of Africa
3019:Ibn Furṭū, Aḥmad (1987).
2844:Meredith, Martin (2014).
2820:Palmer, Richmond (1936).
2515:Smith, Abdullahi (1972).
2233:The French then occupied
1875:Umar b. Idris to abandon
1690:
1686:
1672:
1642:
1618:
1604:
1588:
1526:
1510:
1505:
1231:trans-Saharan slave trade
289:
261:
229:
215:
159:
82:
52:
41:
6085:Former empires in Africa
3276:Barth, Heinrich (1858).
2098:thrust and proclaimed a
1963:, and relied upon large
1252:Kanuri tradition states
3699:(2nd ed.). Oxford.
3564:—— (2011).
3548:—— (2010).
3532:—— (1984).
3523:. In Elfasi, M. (ed.).
3516:—— (1988).
3496:—— (1993).
3473:—— (1987).
3299:Brenner, Louis (1973).
2909:Koslow, Philip (1995).
2383:Encyclopædia Britannica
2305:List of Sunni dynasties
2287:, in the sphere of the
2178:Travels and Discoveries
2020:Bornu territory by 1500
1959:, after he implemented
865:Transitional Government
3773:History of West Africa
3365:Cohen, Ronald (1967).
3355:Dewière, Rémi (2017).
3255:History of West Africa
3069:Cite journal requires
2846:The Fortunes of Africa
2778:Ancient Ghana and Mali
2521:History of West Africa
2272:
2181:
2115:
1634:• Disestablished
1315:. In the 12th century
825:French colonial period
6013:Medieval great powers
4074:Abdullah III Dakumuni
3813:Lange, Dierk (1977).
3450:Lange, Dierk (1977).
3435:. p. 390 Pages.
3328:Chad: A Country Study
3103:10.4000/afriques.1170
2675:Lange, Dierk (2006).
2408:Choice Reviews Online
2267:after the killing of
2263:
2172:
2141:, in league with the
2113:
1851:. Then, war with the
1549:Common languages
1321:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
1272:, which included the
1249:in Tripoli in Libya.
1199:in the middle of the
1180:Diffusionist theories
1110:in the 10th century.
915:Civil War (2005–2010)
845:Civil War (1965–1979)
835:Tombalbaye government
448:Kwararafa Confederacy
112:Common languages
18:Empire of Kanem-Bornu
6023:European colonialism
6008:Ancient great powers
4139:Muhammad Bukalmarami
4068:Uthman III Kalinwama
3433:Kessinger Publishing
3349:10.3917/hyp.121.0383
3301:The Shehus of Kukawa
2547:, 3–35; Trimingham,
1837:Kure Ghana es-Saghir
1429:Mai Dunama Dabbalemi
809:1480/1522–1897
805:Sultanate of Bagirmi
6125:History of Cameroon
6018:Modern great powers
4123:Dunama V Ngumaramma
4015:Kure Gana as-Saghir
3392:Hallam, W. (1977).
3369:The Kanuri of Bornu
2452:, Book I, pp. 35–36
2000:Sultanate of Agadez
1967:to ensure justice.
1931:non-aggression pact
1624:• Established
1413:Humai's successor,
1247:Barbary slave trade
1189:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1044:trans-Saharan trade
875:Conflict with Libya
478:Protectorate Period
6080:Kanem–Bornu Empire
4470:Mahdiyya caliphate
4117:Muhammad V Aminami
4020:Kure Kura al-Kabir
3862:Timeline of rulers
2359:. 29 December 2008
2324:Shillington, Kevin
2273:
2255:Northern Cameroons
2228:Battle of Kousséri
2182:
2116:
2106:Muhammad al-Kanemi
2078:Around this time,
1849:'Abdullāh b. Kadai
1841:Kure Kura al-Kabir
1317:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1254:Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan
1129:, people speaking
1050:and the region of
960:Kanem–Bornu Empire
909:1990–present
855:Malloum government
795:Kanem–Bornu Empire
6130:History of Fezzan
6100:Sahelian kingdoms
6062:
6061:
5984:
5983:
5949:Polish–Lithuanian
5124:Gurjara-Pratihara
4568:
4567:
4354:Sahelian kingdoms
4320:
4319:
4300:
4299:
4197:Al Kanemi dynasty
4177:Dunama IX Lefiami
4113:Idris Katakarmabe
3934:Yayoladh (Yiyoma)
3857:BBC World Service
3645:Africa Since 1800
3611:Nachtigal, Gustav
3442:978-1-4326-8180-7
3201:978-1-84904-474-5
3096:(in French) (4).
3005:979-10-351-0101-5
2895:978-0-230-30847-3
2886:History of Africa
2855:978-1-61039-635-6
2774:Levtzion, Nehemia
2724:978-1-85828-101-8
2637:Founding of Kanem
2339:978-1-135-45670-2
2192:(from the Arabic
1911:Idris Katakarmabe
1825:
1824:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1724:
1723:
1594:• 1381–1382
1168:belonging to the
1113:Kanem comes from
1086:Wahb ibn Munabbih
956:
955:
923:
922:
799:c. 700–1380
755:
754:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
351:
350:
205:• 1382–1387
193:• 1097-1150
181:• 1085-1097
16:(Redirected from
6147:
6135:History of Niger
5865:
5530:Austro-Hungarian
5230:Chagatai Khanate
4595:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4201:
4030:Idris I Nigalemi
3988:Dunama Dabbalemi
3891:
3884:
3877:
3868:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3664:
3648:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3616:Sahara und Sudan
3606:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3560:
3559:. 76–84: 79–103.
3554:
3544:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3446:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3352:
3331:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3258:
3249:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2950:Hughes, page 281
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2792:
2791:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2647:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2512:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2414:(12): 53. 2016.
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2320:
2265:Shehu Sanda Kura
2180:, Vol. III, 1857
2175:Heinrich Barth's
2155:Sokoto Caliphate
2031:
2017:
1957:Amir al-Mu'minin
1945:Pasha of Tripoli
1921:Mai Idris Alooma
1782:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1531:
1517:
1496:
1442:Dunama Dabbalemi
1170:Sao civilisation
1142:Chadic languages
1119:first millennium
948:
941:
934:
791:
790:
785:
775:
757:
747:
740:
733:
423:
413:
412:Northern Nigeria
395:
381:
380:
367:
366:
355:
354:
346:Sao civilisation
342:
341:
328:
327:
314:
313:
307:
306:
291:
290:
244:
241:
171:
168:
87:
72:
60:
47:
44:
32:
21:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6047:American Empire
6032:
6028:African empires
5980:
5863:
5555:Central African
5501:
5319:Romano-Germanic
4905:
4639:Middle Assyrian
4612:
4604:
4599:
4569:
4564:
4356:
4351:
4321:
4316:
4312:Rabih az-Zubayr
4296:
4272:Abubakar Garbai
4259:
4247:
4205:
4192:
4165:Dunama VII Gana
4083:Ahmad Dunama IV
4050:Abu Bakr Liyatu
3999:Biri II Ibrahim
3959:
3957:Sayfawa dynasty
3951:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3849:
3829:
3825:
3812:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3770:
3767:
3765:Further reading
3747:
3740:
3724:
3717:
3701:
3694:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3637:
3621:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3552:
3547:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3515:
3500:
3495:
3479:
3472:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3425:Hughes, William
3423:
3414:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3364:
3334:
3321:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3275:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3068:
3058:
3052:Dewière, Rémi.
3051:
3050:
3046:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:Oliver, page 12
2940:
2936:
2929:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2514:
2513:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2326:(4 July 2013).
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2301:
2269:Rabih az-Zubayr
2241:, the Shehu of
2208:Rabih az-Zubayr
2167:
2108:
2092:Usman dan Fodio
2076:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
1982:
1973:Martin Meredith
1923:
1869:Abu Bakr Liyatu
1865:Uthmān b. Idris
1861:Uthmān b. Dawūd
1821:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1746:Rabih az-Zubayr
1737:
1712:
1679:
1635:
1625:
1595:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1431:
1382:Richmond Palmer
1367:were raided as
1349:Sayfawa dynasty
1345:ethnic conflict
1338:Kanuri-speaking
1335:
1333:Sayfawa dynasty
1329:
1262:divine kingship
1224:desertification
1220:
1214:
1209:
1182:
1154:
1040:
952:
919:2005–2010
899:1986–1987
889:1982–1990
879:1978–1987
869:1979–1982
859:1975–1979
849:1965–1979
839:1960–1975
829:1900–1960
819:1501–1912
815:Wadai Sultanate
773:
766:
751:
722:
721:
622:
614:
613:
564:
556:
555:
526:
518:
517:
473:Colonial Period
433:
411:
404:
378:
364:
339:
325:
311:
254:
242:
236:
206:
194:
182:
172:
169:
107:
90:
78:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
61:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6153:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4911:Post-classical
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4710:Middle Kingdom
4707:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4666:Neo-Babylonian
4663:
4658:
4656:Old Babylonian
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Mossi kingdoms
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Hausa kingdoms
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4243:Sanda Wuduroma
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:'Abd ar-Rahman
4215:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:Ali II Zainami
4118:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:Umar ibn Idris
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3907:Duguwa dynasty
3903:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3848:
3847:External links
3845:
3844:
3843:
3823:
3810:
3801:
3781:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3738:
3715:
3692:
3665:
3659:
3639:Oliver, Roland
3635:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3561:
3545:
3529:
3513:
3493:
3470:
3447:
3441:
3421:
3412:
3389:
3362:
3353:
3332:
3319:
3296:
3273:
3250:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3200:
3177:
3158:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3080:
3071:|journal=
3044:
3029:
3023:. F. Steiner.
3011:
3004:
2976:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2927:
2901:
2894:
2861:
2854:
2827:
2793:
2786:
2765:
2756:
2730:
2723:
2698:
2667:
2655:dierklange.com
2642:
2627:
2608:(1): 171–173.
2588:
2575:10.2307/218839
2569:(2): 286–289.
2553:
2536:
2529:
2486:
2479:
2454:
2442:
2425:
2395:
2370:
2348:
2338:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2289:British Empire
2224:Sanda Wuduroma
2166:
2165:Shehu of Borno
2163:
2143:Ouaddai Empire
2107:
2104:
2075:
2072:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1981:
1978:
1955:called Alooma
1949:Turkish empire
1935:scorched earth
1922:
1919:
1881:Kanembu people
1847:, all sons of
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:Historical era
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1458:Hafsid monarch
1430:
1427:
1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1218:Duguwa dynasty
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1195:(mentioned by
1181:
1178:
1174:Duguwa dynasty
1153:
1150:
1046:route between
1039:
1036:
1024:Heinrich Barth
1005:) and eastern
994:) until 1900.
954:
953:
951:
950:
943:
936:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
787:
786:
778:
777:
768:
767:
760:
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Historiography
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
551:Igbirra People
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
416:
415:
406:
405:
398:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
361:
352:
349:
348:
343:
335:
334:
332:Kanuri culture
329:
321:
320:
318:Toubou culture
315:
303:
302:
297:
287:
286:
285:shells, copper
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
249:
246:
245:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
220:Historical era
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
204:
201:
200:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
106:
105:
98:
96:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
62:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6152:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6053:
6052:Soviet empire
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:Miscellaneous
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:German Empire
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:Turco-Persian
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Sanda Kyarimi
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:Post-colonial
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Umar of Borno
4211:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:Muhammad VIII
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Daud Nigalemi
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3824:3-515-02392-5
3820:
3817:. Wiesbaden.
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3784:
3782:0-582-64683-9
3778:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3660:0-521-83615-8
3656:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:"Kanem-Borno"
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:3-515-04926-6
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2928:0-7910-3129-2
2924:
2920:
2919:14, 20–21, 23
2915:
2914:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:0-8419-0431-6
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2530:0-231-03628-0
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:0-521-21592-7
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2379:"Kanem-Bornu"
2374:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:Borno Emirate
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Sanda Kyarimi
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:Dikwa Emirate
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:Fulani people
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2034:Borno in 1810
2030:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:and move the
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Daud Nigalemi
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:Today part of
1793:
1777:
1775:
1774:Dikwa Emirate
1772:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1760:Borno Emirate
1758:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1662:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:Said of Bornu
1597:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:Muhammad Mānī
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:According to
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:vassal states
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:Berber people
1073:
1072:Toubou people
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:confederation
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:Dikwa Emirate
1029:
1028:Borno Emirate
1025:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
780:
779:
776:
769:
764:
758:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:Kanuri People
539:
537:
536:Fulani People
534:
532:
529:
528:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Sokoto Period
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
426:
422:
418:
417:
414:
407:
402:
396:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
330:
323:
322:
319:
316:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
260:
256:
253:
238:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
199:
196:
187:
184:
174:
154:
152:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
93:
86:
81:
71:
59:
51:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6075:Kanem Empire
5803:Contemporary
5653:Indo-Persian
5641:Nazi Germany
5585:Contemporary
5487:Vijayanagara
5386:Great Seljuk
5297:Thessalonica
5225:Golden Horde
5189:
4865:Carthaginian
4644:Neo-Assyrian
4629:Neo-Sumerian
4459:
4228:Ibrahim Kura
4204:Pre–colonial
4189:Ali Delatumi
4162:Muhammad VII
4135:Idris Alooma
4092:Muhammad III
3947:Abd al-Jalil
3898:
3814:
3805:
3772:
3742:
3719:
3696:
3671:
3644:
3615:
3605:. Cambridge.
3602:
3593:
3566:
3556:
3540:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3477:. Stuttgart.
3474:
3454:. Wiesbaden.
3451:
3428:
3416:
3393:
3368:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3327:
3300:
3277:
3254:
3245:
3238:Bibliography
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3191:
3171:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3141:, 46, 104–7.
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3093:
3083:
3062:cite journal
3047:
3020:
3014:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2912:
2904:
2885:
2845:
2821:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2714:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2520:
2470:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2428:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2388:24 September
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2351:
2343:
2328:
2318:
2274:
2232:
2222:, and Shehu
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2159:Wadai Empire
2138:
2117:
2077:
2074:Fulani Jihad
2068:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2040:
1986:
1983:
1969:
1939:
1927:Idris Alooma
1924:
1907:
1903:
1889:
1872:
1826:
1719:Kanem Empire
1701:Succeeded by
1700:
1695:
1678:• 1892
1500:Bornu Empire
1485:
1452:, sending a
1450:North Africa
1438:
1432:
1412:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1336:
1312:
1281:Sudan region
1278:
1251:
1228:
1221:
1186:
1183:
1155:
1139:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1102:ibn al-Nadim
1094:Al-Khwarizmi
1079:
1041:
1017:
1015:
996:
992:Bornu Empire
991:
987:
984:Kanem Empire
983:
959:
957:
794:
579:Demographics
531:Hausa People
525:By ethnicity
513:1999–present
468:Pre-colonial
443:Hausa States
359:Bornu Empire
300:Succeeded by
299:
294:
252:Bornu Empire
75:Coat of arms
36:Kanem Empire
29:
5391:Khwarezmian
5324:Carolingian
5129:Rashtrakuta
4833:Shaishunaga
4732:Hellenistic
4715:New Kingdom
4705:Old Kingdom
4460:Kanem–Bornu
4410:Futa Jallon
4142:Ibrahim III
4104:Muhammad IV
4086:Muhammad II
4007:Abdullah II
4003:Haj Ibrahim
3995:Kashim Biri
3984:Abdul Jalil
3899:Kanem–Bornu
3373:. New York.
2251:World War I
2127:Shuwa Arabs
1965:fiefholders
1732:French Chad
1696:Preceded by
1613:Middle Ages
1258:9th century
1233:route with
1201:2nd century
1166:city-states
1162:desiccation
1127:desiccation
1098:9th century
1082:8th century
1070:group, the
772:History of
546:Nupe People
410:History of
295:Preceded by
235:• 700
224:Middle Ages
134:Sunni Islam
6069:Categories
5961:Portuguese
5842:Revival Le
5832:Vietnamese
5475:Later Tran
5445:Vietnamese
5341:Singhasari
5329:Holy Roman
4953:Bulgarian
4889:Satavahana
4860:Phoenician
4796:Achaemenid
4757:Indo-Greek
4737:Macedonian
4651:Babylonian
4535:Toucouleur
4435:Great Fulo
4267:Sanda Kura
4223:Bukar Kura
4185:Ibrahim IV
4130:Aissa Koli
4077:Ibrahim II
4071:Dunama III
4062:Kade Afunu
4025:Muhammad I
3943:Shahin-bey
3897:Rulers of
3511:: 261–277.
3343:: 383–93.
3337:Hypothèses
3231:, 257–275.
2684:Newsletter
2551:, 104–111.
2450:Al-Fiḥrist
2311:References
2277:Sanda Kura
2088:Ngazargamu
2084:Fulani War
2046:of modern
1992:pilgrimage
1980:Successors
1896:Ngazargamu
1845:Muhammad I
1668:Population
1580:King (Mai)
1569:Government
1543:Ngazargamu
1506:1380s–1893
1357:salt mines
1355:and other
1268:ruled the
1125:underwent
1107:Al-Fihrist
895:Toyota War
438:Prehistory
243: 700
170: 700
151:King (Mai)
140:Government
46: 700
5954:Couronian
5592:Ethiopian
5580:Manchukuo
5535:Brazilian
5381:Ghaznavid
5351:Srivijaya
5302:Trebizond
5287:Byzantine
5269:North Sea
5264:Norwegian
5252:Almoravid
5235:Ilkhanate
5205:Majapahit
5178:Muromachi
5087:Solomonic
5072:Ethiopian
4986:Caliphate
4919:Aragonese
4747:Ptolemaic
4555:Wassoulou
4415:Futa Toro
4305:1894–1900
4206:1846–1894
4156:Dunama VI
4126:Abd Allah
4108:Ali Ghaji
4098:Uthman IV
4045:Uthman II
3960:1085–1846
3833:cite book
3791:cite book
3751:cite book
3728:cite book
3722:. Niamey.
3705:cite book
3682:cite book
3676:. Oxford.
3625:cite book
3579:cite book
3573:. Boston.
3483:cite book
3460:cite book
3402:cite book
3379:cite book
3309:cite book
3303:. Oxford.
3286:cite book
3263:cite book
3214:Brenner,
3137:Brenner,
3112:2108-6796
3039:496104059
2614:0361-7882
2420:0009-4978
2151:Hausaland
2070:economy.
2062:known as
1953:Ibn Furtu
1682:5,000,000
1559:Religion
1466:al-Rashid
1365:Lake Chad
1361:commodity
1305:livestock
1146:Hausaland
1121:, as the
1100:, as did
1052:Lake Chad
885:Habré Era
687:Nassarawa
589:Economics
584:Diplomacy
508:1993–1999
503:1983–1993
498:1979–1983
493:1966–1979
488:1963–1966
483:1953–1960
126:Religion
5934:Japanese
5897:Scottish
5877:American
5869:Colonial
5798:Imperial
5766:Moroccan
5702:Japanese
5680:Afsharid
5539:Burmese
5525:Austrian
5480:Later Le
5455:Early Le
5440:Venetian
5366:Tiwanaku
5279:Hellenic
5242:Moroccan
5173:Kamakura
5163:Japanese
5146:Saffarid
5099:Georgian
5013:Chalukya
4991:Rashidun
4981:Calakmul
4949:Bruneian
4828:Haryanka
4806:Sasanian
4801:Parthian
4752:Bactrian
4742:Seleucid
4722:Goguryeo
4700:Egyptian
4634:Assyrian
4624:Akkadian
4615:Colonies
4292:Abubakar
4253:Colonial
4153:Idris IV
4145:Umar III
4065:Biri III
4040:Uthman I
3972:Dunama I
3910:692–1085
3745:. Paris.
3613:(1967).
3505:Paideuma
3427:(2007).
3396:. Devon.
3227:Hallam,
3218:, 64–66.
3128:, 81–82.
2776:(1973).
2640:, 31–38.
2622:40034020
2299:See also
2239:Abubakar
2218:, Shehu
2094:led the
2052:kokenawa
1947:and the
1892:Ali Gazi
1817:Cameroon
1573:Monarchy
1415:Dunama I
1393:tatatuna
1386:fanadir,
1309:al-Bakri
1295:, their
1260:through
1193:Agisymba
1011:Cameroon
972:Cameroon
905:Déby Era
763:a series
761:Part of
621:By state
604:Military
599:Medicine
563:By topic
431:Timeline
401:a series
399:Part of
373:Khormans
278:Currency
198:Dunama I
144:Monarchy
132:, later
6001:largest
5996:Empires
5976:Swedish
5971:Spanish
5966:Russian
5929:Italian
5904:Chinese
5892:English
5887:British
5882:Belgian
5857:Vietnam
5847:Tay son
5793:Tsarist
5788:Russian
5783:Ottoman
5749:Dzungar
5744:Khoshut
5717:Mexican
5712:Maratha
5695:Pahlavi
5675:Safavid
5670:Iranian
5597:Haitian
5560:Chinese
5520:Ashanti
5492:Wagadou
5418:Eastern
5413:Western
5396:Timurid
5356:Tibetan
5346:Songhai
5336:Serbian
5257:Almohad
5247:Idrisid
5151:Samanid
5141:Tahirid
5136:Iranian
5114:Kannauj
5094:Genoese
5030:Chinese
5023:Eastern
5018:Western
5006:Fatimid
5001:Abbasid
4996:Umayyad
4969:Burmese
4929:Ayyubid
4924:Angevin
4894:Xianbei
4882:Eastern
4877:Western
4823:Magadha
4786:Iranian
4779:Xiongnu
4764:Hittite
4673:Chinese
4661:Kassite
4610:Ancient
4602:Empires
4525:Songhai
4510:Shilluk
4480:Massina
4370:Bagirmi
4287:Mustafa
4149:Ali III
4101:Umar II
3981:Bikorom
3940:Bozaxhi
3937:Dalabou
3124:Lange,
2634:Lange,
2549:History
2543:Urvoy,
2363:23 July
2064:kachela
2060:eunuchs
2048:Nigeria
1900:Nigeria
1833:Selemma
1802:Nigeria
1539:Capital
1482:Traghan
1462:madrasa
1456:to the
1454:giraffe
1446:sultans
1370:kafirun
1341:Muslims
1297:cavalry
1285:Ya'qubi
1274:Ngalaga
1241:in the
1235:Tripoli
1207:History
1197:Ptolemy
1158:nomadic
1131:Kanembu
1104:in his
1090:Zaghawa
1080:In the
1060:nomadic
1048:Tripoli
964:Nigeria
717:Zamfara
697:Plateau
667:Katsina
627:Adamawa
574:Culture
281:cloth,
165:•
130:Animism
95:Capital
5939:Mongol
5924:German
5919:French
5909:Danish
5852:Dainam
5827:Tongan
5815:Somali
5810:Sokoto
5776:'Alawi
5754:Kalmyk
5734:Mongol
5727:Second
5707:Korean
5658:Mughal
5648:Indian
5631:German
5624:Second
5614:French
5607:Second
5543:Second
5515:Afghan
5507:Modern
5433:Kyrgyz
5428:Uighur
5423:Second
5403:Turkic
5371:Toltec
5307:Epirus
5292:Nicaea
5215:Mongol
5168:Yamato
5104:Huetar
4962:Second
4899:Rouran
4848:Shunga
4843:Maurya
4818:Kushan
4791:Median
4769:Hunnic
4727:Harsha
4540:Tunjur
4530:Takrur
4520:Sokoto
4505:Sennar
4500:Saloum
4450:Kaarta
4400:Darfur
4390:Dagbon
4375:Bamana
4365:Alodia
4233:Ashimi
4159:Hamdan
3977:Biri I
3922:Duganj
3919:Jashar
3821:
3779:
3657:
3439:
3216:Shehus
3198:
3139:Shehus
3110:
3037:
3027:
3002:
2925:
2892:
2852:
2784:
2721:
2690:16 May
2660:16 May
2620:
2612:
2583:218839
2581:
2545:Empire
2527:
2477:
2433:سفير.
2418:
2336:
2271:(1900)
2216:Ashimi
2204:Waddai
2199:wazirs
2194:shaykh
2131:Kukawa
2123:Fezzan
2096:Fulani
2056:nokena
1961:Sharia
1940:Ribāts
1867:, and
1853:Bulala
1843:, and
1584:
1553:Kanuri
1478:Bulala
1400:Hummay
1389:dagil,
1375:Zawila
1293:nomads
1270:Kanuri
1135:Kanuri
1123:Sahara
1019:Girgam
1003:Fezzan
765:on the
707:Taraba
702:Sokoto
657:Kaduna
652:Jigawa
632:Bauchi
403:on the
283:cowrie
210:Omar I
186:Hummay
155:
116:Kanuri
5989:Lists
5944:Omani
5914:Dutch
5820:Isaaq
5771:Saadi
5739:Oirat
5722:First
5690:Qajar
5619:First
5602:First
5575:China
5548:Third
5408:First
5361:Tikal
5312:Morea
5282:Roman
5200:Latin
5195:Khmer
5190:Kanem
5156:Buyid
5082:Zagwe
5077:Aksum
5067:Chola
4974:First
4957:First
4944:Bornu
4939:Benin
4934:Aztec
4872:Roman
4853:Gupta
4838:Nanda
4774:White
4550:Wadai
4545:Waalo
4495:Niumi
4490:Niani
4455:Kaabu
4445:Jolof
4430:Gobir
4425:Ghana
4405:Dendi
4385:Cayor
4260:1900–
4238:Kyari
4172:Ahmad
4168:Ali I
4095:Ghaji
4080:Kadai
4059:Sa'id
4011:Selma
3931:Kâtun
3916:Susam
3571:(PDF)
3553:(PDF)
3537:(PDF)
3521:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3126:Diwan
2680:(PDF)
2618:JSTOR
2579:JSTOR
2247:Yerwa
2235:Dikwa
2220:Kyari
2212:Sudan
2190:shehu
2135:Shehu
2100:jihad
2044:Hausa
2004:Bilma
1996:Mecca
1987:Diwan
1915:Njimi
1885:Bornu
1877:Njimi
1812:Niger
1628:1380s
1563:Islam
1474:jihad
1470:Cairo
1435:reign
1423:Aidab
1408:Nijmi
1353:Bilma
1313:Kanem
1301:Mānān
1283:, by
1243:Kawar
1239:Bilma
1088:used
1007:Niger
999:Libya
990:(the
988:Bornu
976:Libya
968:Niger
692:Niger
682:Kwara
672:Kebbi
647:Gombe
642:Borno
637:Benue
609:Women
463:Bornu
458:Kanem
103:Njimi
48:–1380
5759:Bogd
5685:Zand
5663:Sikh
5570:Qing
5565:Ming
5497:Wari
5465:Tran
5450:Dinh
5220:Yuan
5210:Mali
5119:Pala
5109:Inca
5060:Yuan
5050:Song
5045:Liao
5040:Tang
4813:Kush
4695:Dʿmt
4560:Wuli
4515:Sine
4475:Mali
4465:Kong
4395:Daju
4380:Baol
4282:Umar
4255:and
3992:Kade
3967:Hume
3928:Arso
3925:Mune
3839:link
3819:ISBN
3797:link
3777:ISBN
3757:link
3734:link
3711:link
3688:link
3655:ISBN
3631:link
3585:link
3489:link
3466:link
3437:ISBN
3408:link
3385:link
3315:link
3292:link
3269:link
3229:Life
3196:ISBN
3108:ISSN
3075:help
3035:OCLC
3025:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2692:2019
2662:2019
2610:ISSN
2525:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2416:ISSN
2390:2014
2365:2022
2334:ISBN
2147:Umar
1807:Chad
1660:1892
1652:1800
1647:Area
1638:1893
1486:cima
1419:Hajj
1398:Mai
1266:Mais
1237:via
1115:anem
1068:Daza
1064:Teda
1030:and
980:Chad
978:and
958:The
774:Chad
712:Yobe
677:Kogi
662:Kano
266:Area
257:1380
120:Teda
63:Flag
5837:Mac
5274:Oyo
5183:Edo
5055:Jīn
5035:Sui
4688:Jin
4683:Han
4678:Qin
4420:Gao
4089:Amr
3345:doi
3098:doi
2992:doi
2571:doi
2186:mai
2139:mai
1994:to
1908:Mai
1904:mai
1883:to
1873:Mai
1829:Sao
1468:in
1464:of
1448:in
1439:Mai
1437:of
1391:or
1074:or
1058:of
175:Sef
6071::
5470:Ho
5460:Ly
3855:—
3835:}}
3831:{{
3793:}}
3789:{{
3753:}}
3749:{{
3730:}}
3726:{{
3707:}}
3703:{{
3684:}}
3680:{{
3653:.
3627:}}
3623:{{
3581:}}
3577:{{
3555:.
3509:39
3507:.
3503:.
3485:}}
3481:{{
3462:}}
3458:{{
3404:}}
3400:{{
3381:}}
3377:{{
3341:16
3339:.
3326:.
3311:}}
3307:{{
3288:}}
3284:{{
3265:}}
3261:{{
3180:^
3170:.
3106:.
3092:.
3066::
3064:}}
3060:{{
3033:.
2998:.
2921:.
2864:^
2830:^
2796:^
2733:^
2701:^
2682:.
2653:.
2616:.
2606:39
2604:.
2600:.
2577:.
2567:12
2565:.
2489:^
2457:^
2412:53
2410:.
2406:.
2381:.
2342:.
2295:.
2257:.
2230:.
2161:.
2090:.
1863:,
1859:,
1839:,
1835:,
1410:.
1148:.
1084:,
974:,
970:,
966:,
240:c.
167:c.
118:,
43:c.
4617:)
4613:(
4594:e
4587:t
4580:v
4346:e
4339:t
4332:v
3890:e
3883:t
3876:v
3841:)
3827:.
3799:)
3785:.
3759:)
3736:)
3713:)
3690:)
3663:.
3633:)
3587:)
3491:)
3468:)
3445:.
3410:)
3387:)
3351:.
3347::
3317:)
3294:)
3271:)
3204:.
3174:.
3114:.
3100::
3077:)
3073:(
3056:.
3041:.
3008:.
2994::
2931:.
2898:.
2858:.
2790:.
2727:.
2664:.
2624:.
2585:.
2573::
2533:.
2483:.
2422:.
2392:.
2367:.
1066:–
947:e
940:t
933:v
746:e
739:t
732:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
