217:. After Former Shu fell, however, Empress Liu came to believe that Guo was hoarding the Former Shu wealth that the army pillaged and not giving them to her and the emperor; she also became fearful that Guo might kill her son Li Jiji and take over the Shu region, as she disbelieved Guo's articulated reasons for not quickly returning from Shu—that the Shu region was still full of rebels that needed to be pacified. She tried to persuade Emperor Zhuangzong to have Guo executed, but Emperor Zhuangzong refused. Despite this refusal, in late 925, she herself issued an order to Li Jiji, ordering him to kill Guo. When he received the order in spring 926, he initially hesitated but then had Guo assassinated.
200:
amassing material wealth, and that after she became empress, the tributes to the emperor were divided into two halves; one half went to the emperor and one half went to her. As her only expenses were the copying of
Buddhist sutras and stipends for Buddhist monks, her wealth became considerable. Further, her orders (as well as Empress Dowager Cao's orders, until the empress dowager's death in 925) were treated by the officials as equivalent in authoritativeness as the emperor's edicts. She also honored the wealthy general
144:
after receiving report of this, summoned Yuan
Jianfeng, who confirmed that Hermit Liu was Lady Liu's father. However, Lady Liu had been falsely claiming a much more honored heritage in her struggle for favor against the other consorts, and was angry and ashamed that her father's appearance exposed her account as deceitful. She publicly proclaimed that Hermit Liu was a fraud—that when she was captured, her father had died in battle and that she had mourned him before leaving. She had Hermit Liu whipped and expelled.
280:), the official that Emperor Zhuangzong had put in charge of defending Taiyuan, refused to allow Li Cunwo into the city, and Li Cunwo was subsequently killed by his own guards. Empress Liu took tonsure and became a Buddhist nun. Shortly after, though, after Li Siyuan entered Luoyang and claimed the title of regent, he sent emissaries to Taiyuan and ordered that she be killed. Shortly after, Li Siyuan took the throne (as Emperor Mingzong). Subsequently, after Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law
180:), Li Cunxu decided to head south, rendezvous with Li Siyuan, and make a final attack against Later Liang. Believing that if he failed, Later Tang would fall entirely, he sent Lady Liu and Li Jiji back to Xingtang, telling them, "Whether this endeavor is successful or not depends on this one gamble. If we fail, you should gather our household at the Wei palace and set fire to it!" He subsequently launched a surprise attack on the Later Liang capital
244:, into joining the mutiny. Li Siyuan initially wanted to calm the mutineers and then resubmit to Emperor Zhuangzong, but after Li Shaorong accused him of willingly joined the rebellion, he turned against Emperor Zhuangzong and decided to attack south. Both he and Emperor Zhuangzong led troops to try to first reach Daliang to serve as an anchoring point, but Li Siyuan reached Daliang first and was welcomed by the general
213:) guard troops were starving to death. Despite this, Empress Liu refused to release her wealth for famine relief. Meanwhile, though, Later Tang forces under the command of Li Jiji and Guo (with Li Jiji in titular command but with Guo actually in charge of the operations) attacked and conquered Later Tang's southwestern neighbor
140:, Li Cunxu believed that Li Jiji was very much like himself and favored both him and Lady Liu greatly. Subsequently, Lady Liu became the one who accompanied him on campaigns. She was said to be intelligent and capable of anticipating Li Cunxu's wishes, such that few other consorts were able to see him.
143:
After Li Cunxu conquered Wei
Prefecture and the surrounding region in 915, there was an occasion, probably in 917, when Lady Liu's father Hermit Liu, after hearing that his daughter had become an honored concubine of the Prince of Jin, went to his Wei Prefecture palace to try to see her. Li Cunxu,
199:
and performers, decided that an alliance with Lady Liu would allow him to be continued to be trusted by the emperor, and so submitted a petition with other officials recommending Lady Liu as empress. Shortly after, Emperor
Zhuangzong created her empress. It was said that she spent her energy on
268:) gathered up the treasures and fled north, heading for the old capital Taiyuan, apparently believing that they could find refuge there and wait for Li Jiji's return from the Shu lands. On the way, they engaged in sexual relations. Once they reached Taiyuan, however, the general Li Yanchao (
240:, the defenses held. The imperial officials recommended sending the more experienced Li Siyuan instead, and Emperor Zhuangzong, after some hesitation, sent Li Siyuan. Once Li Siyuan arrived at Xingtang, however, his own soldiers mutinied and forced him and his deputy commander,
88:). (As the records of Li Keyong's campaigns only indicated one instance in which he personally raided Wei Prefecture—in 897—it would appear that that was the likely time when Lady Liu was taken, which would make her born in 892 or 893.) She was taken into the Jin palace at
254:), who had previously honored Guo Chongtao as an uncle, rose in rebellion. Emperor Zhuangzong was wounded in battle, but it was said that Empress Liu refused to go see him to attend to him, but instead was gathering treasures, preparing to flee. He died shortly after.
125:
the Lady of Wei (衛國夫人, note different character than Lady Liu's title) and first-ranked concubine Lady Yi the Lady of Yan. Initially, however, another concubine of his, Lady Hou, who he took as a concubine in 908 after killing her husband Fu
Daozhao
691:
37:
state. In traditional histories, she was regarded as a hoarder of wealth who, during her husband's reign, became extremely powerful, with her own orders carrying the same weight as his own. It was the killing of the major general
191:. He wanted to create Lady Liu empress, but was hesitant because Lady Han was his wife and also because his mother Lady Dowager Cao (whom he had, by this point, honored as empress dowager) disliked Lady Liu. His chief of staff
110:
Sometime after Li Cunxu became the Prince of Jin after Li Keyong's death in 908, there was an occasion when Lady
Dowager Cao visited his palace for a feast. At the feast, Lady Dowager Cao had Lady Liu play the
684:
230:) the Prince of Mu. This led the soldiers throughout the realm to become discontented and terrified. The soldiers at Xingtang shortly after mutinied under the leadership of the officer Huangfu Hui (
1507:
677:
248:
there. Emperor
Zhuangzong was forced to return to Luoyang, with the army increasingly against him by that point. Shortly after Emperor Zhuangzong's return to Luoyang, the officer Guo Congqian (
42:
by at her order in 926 that created a cascade of military rebellions that led to
Emperor Zhuangzong's downfall and death; she was subsequently killed by his adoptive brother and successor
220:
While
Emperor Zhuangzong did not initially approve of Guo's death, once it occurred, he issued an edict denouncing Guo and killing his sons. He further killed Guo's political allies
115:, dance, and sing. After the feast, Lady Dowager Cao left Lady Liu at Li Cunxu's palace, and she thereafter became his concubine. She received the title of Lady of Wei (
156:(as its Emperor Zhuangzong)—at Xingtang (興唐, i.e., Wei Prefecture). At that time, despite his years of military success against Later Liang, the Later Liang emperor
1487:
1599:
1569:
62:). Her father, whose name is lost to history, was described to be a capable physician who had a yellow beard, and who referred to himself as Hermit Liu (
1147:
93:
1523:
1084:
207:
In 925, the Later Tang territory was suffering another serious famine, such that even the family members of
Emperor Zhuangzong's elite Yinqiang (
1584:
700:
31:
1495:
1491:
761:
136:, in battle, was his favorite concubine, and he took Lady Hou on his campaigns. Later, however, after Lady Liu gave birth to his oldest son
1483:
1411:
751:
184:, capturing it. Zhu Zhen committed suicide, ending Later Liang and allowing Later Tang to take over the remaining Later Liang territory.
1614:
1579:
771:
625:
1479:
539:
527:
374:
356:
809:
799:
606:
24:
1447:
1342:
1201:
1165:
931:
1589:
1519:
1471:
1268:
1250:
195:
also opposed elevating Lady Liu. By 924, however, Guo, himself facing false accusations from Emperor Zhuangzong's favored
1609:
1604:
1594:
1574:
1403:
725:
133:
572:
568:
564:
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556:
509:
490:
467:
448:
429:
413:
397:
1564:
859:
733:
544:
532:
379:
361:
1334:
1175:
1157:
874:
819:
289:
281:
152:
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a newly restored Tang dynasty—which traditionally became known as
102:, as well as singing and dancing. After she grew up, she became very beautiful, and Li Cunxu was attracted to her.
68:). It is not known exactly when she was born, but she was four or five when, during a raid that Li Cunxu's father
990:
962:
236:), and the mutineers became increasing in strength and numbers such that despite an attack by the major general
1463:
1068:
967:
832:
590:
122:
669:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1467:
196:
1499:
1475:
1183:
1008:
904:
886:
827:
1373:
1304:
1554:
1036:
926:
765:
755:
309:
1559:
775:
650:
629:
1232:
1078:
164:. Further, the Later Tang territory was then facing a famine as well as the potential threat of
98:
23:(神閔敬皇后, "the unassuming, suffering, and alert empress"), was the second wife and only empress of
1260:
1000:
1109:
28:
551:
392:
312:
168:
incursions. After a successful surprise attack that his general and adoptive brother
82:), which Cheng'an belonged to, she was captured by Li Keyong's officer Yuan Jianfeng (
1548:
1278:
1031:
1018:
262:
Empress Liu and her brother-in-law (Emperor Zhuangzong's younger brother) Li Cunwo (
1058:
982:
896:
864:
845:
804:
237:
201:
192:
165:
73:
39:
1442:
1434:
1365:
1296:
1104:
1046:
972:
221:
204:
as her father, and was able to coax him into giving many material gifts to her.
157:
1286:
1224:
1193:
1139:
1063:
1026:
954:
918:
786:
654:
241:
214:
153:
34:
315:
and a number of modern sources, including, for example, the modern historian
1242:
285:
169:
161:
69:
43:
173:
854:
245:
177:
160:
was planning a major counterattack against him, commanded by the general
316:
188:
181:
137:
89:
274:), who had shortly before seized control of the city from Zhang Xian (
55:
1096:
637:
59:
323:(劉玉娘), but the name was not corroborated by traditional sources.
673:
121:) and was, among his consorts, only ranked lower than his wife
96:(Li Cunxu's mother) took her and taught her how to play the
284:
overthrew Emperor Mingzong's adoptive son and successor
172:
carried out that captured Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern
54:
The future Empress Liu was from Cheng'an (成安, in modern
187:
Emperor Zhuangzong subsequently moved the capital to
1433:
1424:
1402:
1393:
1364:
1355:
1333:
1324:
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1277:
1259:
1241:
1223:
1214:
1192:
1174:
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1045:
1017:
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981:
953:
944:
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895:
873:
841:
818:
785:
742:
724:
715:
19:(劉皇后, personal name unknown) (died 926), formally
148:During Li Cunxu's reign as Emperor of Later Tang
147:
685:
275:
269:
263:
249:
231:
225:
208:
127:
116:
83:
77:
63:
8:
1430:
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879:
721:
692:
678:
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579:
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482:
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478:
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459:
457:
440:
438:
351:
349:
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106:During Li Cunxu's reign as Prince of Jin
72:the Prince of Jin, then a vassal of the
27:(Li Cunxu), the founding emperor of the
341:
301:
292:, he honored Empress Liu posthumously.
92:, where Li Keyong's favorite concubine
701:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
105:
32:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
7:
1600:Jin (Later Tang precursor) musicians
14:
1570:Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
540:New History of the Five Dynasties
357:New History of the Five Dynasties
132:), a general for Jin's archrival
615:Empress of China (most regions)
25:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
224:and his own brother Li Cun'ai (
76:, conducted on Wei Prefecture (
276:
250:
117:
64:
1:
1585:People executed by Later Tang
1508:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
661:Empress of China (Southwest)
528:History of the Five Dynasties
375:History of the Five Dynasties
710:Empresses and queens consort
1396:(and other northern states)
1374:Grand Empress Dowager Huang
1327:(and other northern states)
1132:(and other northern states)
718:(and other northern states)
1631:
1615:10th-century Buddhist nuns
1580:Executed Later Tang people
593:(as wife of Prince of Jin)
1460:
1427:(other than Northern Han)
1386:
1358:(other than Northern Han)
1343:Grand Empress Dowager Liu
1317:
1217:(other than Northern Han)
1122:
1054:
947:(other than Northern Han)
882:
708:
659:
647:
634:
622:
613:
603:
596:
587:
582:
270:
264:
232:
226:
209:
128:
84:
78:
1319:Grand empresses dowager
310:Chinese Knowledge (XXG)
598:Empress of Later Tang
1590:Chinese Buddhist nuns
1305:Empress Dowager Huang
1610:Musicians from Hebei
1605:Later Tang musicians
1595:Later Tang Buddhists
1575:Later Tang empresses
1388:Posthumous empresses
1269:Empress Dowager Wang
1037:Queen Zhou the Elder
703:empresses and queens
46:(Emperor Mingzong).
1166:Empress Dowager Liu
1148:Empress Dowager Cao
905:Liu Chong's empress
745:concurrent warlords
651:Empress Jin Feishan
319:, give her name as
21:Empress Shenminjing
1565:People from Handan
1251:Empress Dowager Li
1233:Empress Dowager Xu
1202:Empress Dowager Fu
636:Empress of China (
1542:
1541:
1456:
1455:
1420:
1419:
1382:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1313:
1312:
1210:
1209:
1124:Empresses dowager
1118:
1117:
1091:
1090:
940:
939:
913:
912:
668:
667:
604:Succeeded by
1622:
1431:
1400:
1362:
1331:
1221:
1136:
1052:
951:
880:
722:
694:
687:
680:
671:
648:Preceded by
623:Preceded by
588:Preceded by
580:
513:
503:
494:
484:
471:
461:
452:
442:
433:
423:
417:
407:
401:
389:
383:
371:
365:
353:
324:
306:
288:and established
279:
278:
273:
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267:
266:
253:
252:
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229:
228:
212:
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131:
130:
120:
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87:
86:
81:
80:
67:
66:
1630:
1629:
1625:
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1623:
1621:
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1545:
1544:
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1452:
1426:
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1395:
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1326:
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1291:
1273:
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1216:
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1188:
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1114:
1087:
1073:
1041:
1013:
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977:
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936:
909:
891:
869:
843:
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814:
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717:
711:
704:
698:
663:
657:
642:
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609:
600:
594:
578:
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517:
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504:
497:
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455:
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390:
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372:
368:
354:
343:
338:
333:
328:
327:
307:
303:
298:
260:
150:
108:
52:
12:
11:
5:
1628:
1626:
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1612:
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1461:
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1437:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
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1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1394:Five Dynasties
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
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1345:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1325:Five Dynasties
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
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1289:
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1265:
1263:
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1239:
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1229:
1227:
1218:
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1211:
1208:
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1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1130:Five Dynasties
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
948:
942:
941:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
923:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
908:
907:
901:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
883:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
851:
849:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
769:
759:
748:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
730:
728:
719:
716:Five Dynasties
713:
712:
709:
706:
705:
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697:
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689:
682:
674:
666:
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658:
649:
645:
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633:
624:
620:
619:
611:
610:
605:
602:
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589:
585:
584:
583:Regnal titles
577:
576:
552:Zizhi Tongjian
548:
536:
523:
521:
518:
515:
514:
506:Zizhi Tongjian
495:
487:Zizhi Tongjian
472:
464:Zizhi Tongjian
453:
445:Zizhi Tongjian
434:
426:Zizhi Tongjian
418:
410:Zizhi Tongjian
402:
393:Zizhi Tongjian
384:
366:
340:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
326:
325:
300:
299:
297:
294:
259:
256:
149:
146:
107:
104:
51:
48:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1279:Southern Tang
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1085:Empress Zhang
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Empress Zhong
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:Southern Tang
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:
943:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
922:
920:
916:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
894:
888:
885:
884:
881:
878:
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872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
847:
840:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
811:
808:
806:
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734:Empress Zhang
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1496:N. Dynasties
1492:S. Dynasties
1425:Ten Kingdoms
1356:Ten Kingdoms
1215:Ten Kingdoms
1059:Chen Jinfeng
1009:Empress Wang
983:Southern Han
963:Empress Zhou
945:Ten Kingdoms
897:Northern Han
865:Xiao Sagezhi
860:Empress Zhen
833:Empress Feng
805:Empress Kong
794:
660:
635:
614:
597:
550:
538:
526:
505:
486:
463:
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391:
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355:
320:
304:
282:Shi Jingtang
261:
219:
206:
202:Zhang Quanyi
193:Guo Chongtao
186:
151:
142:
112:
109:
97:
74:Tang dynasty
53:
40:Guo Chongtao
20:
16:
15:
1555:890s births
1488:16 Kingdoms
1443:Ren Neiming
1404:Later Liang
1105:Sun Taizhen
973:Jin Feishan
968:Empress Gao
848:occupation)
842:Interregnum
810:Empress Liu
800:Empress Cao
795:Empress Liu
772:Empress Liu
762:Empress Zhu
743:Consorts of
726:Later Liang
626:Empress Liu
607:Empress Cao
591:Consort Han
321:Liu Yuniang
242:Li Shaozhen
238:Li Shaorong
222:Zhu Youqian
134:Later Liang
17:Empress Liu
1560:926 deaths
1549:Categories
1480:3 Kingdoms
1412:Lady Zhang
1287:Song Fujin
1225:Former Shu
1194:Later Zhou
1184:Empress Li
1140:Later Tang
1069:Empress Li
1064:Li Chunyan
1027:Song Fujin
991:Empress Ma
955:Former Shu
932:Empress Fu
927:Empress Fu
919:Later Zhou
887:Empress Li
828:Empress Li
787:Later Tang
752:Empress Li
655:Former Shu
331:References
215:Former Shu
154:Later Tang
50:Background
35:Later Tang
1335:Later Jin
1243:Later Shu
1176:Later Han
1158:Later Jin
875:Later Han
820:Later Jin
336:Citations
290:Later Jin
286:Li Congke
170:Li Siyuan
162:Duan Ning
70:Li Keyong
44:Li Siyuan
1110:Queen Yu
855:Xiao Wen
664:925–926
643:924–926
640:region)
618:924–926
601:924–926
555:, vols.
510:vol. 275
491:vol. 274
468:vol. 273
449:vol. 272
430:vol. 270
414:vol. 269
398:vol. 266
246:Kong Xun
178:Shandong
158:Zhu Zhen
123:Lady Han
94:Lady Cao
1448:Liu Hua
545:vol. 14
533:vol. 51
520:Sources
380:vol. 26
362:vol. 14
317:Bo Yang
313:article
197:eunuchs
189:Luoyang
182:Daliang
138:Li Jiji
90:Taiyuan
29:Chinese
1520:W. Xia
1462:Xia →
174:Tai'an
166:Khitan
56:Handan
1464:Shang
1097:Wuyue
638:Baoji
296:Notes
258:Death
113:Sheng
99:Sheng
60:Hebei
1536:Qing
1532:Ming
1528:Yuan
1516:Song
1512:Liao
1504:Tang
1468:Zhou
846:Liao
308:Her
118:魏國夫人
1524:Jīn
1500:Sui
1484:Jìn
1476:Han
1472:Qin
1435:Min
1366:Min
1297:Min
1079:Yin
1047:Min
766:Yan
756:Yan
653:of
628:of
573:275
569:274
565:273
561:272
557:270
271:李彥超
265:李存渥
251:郭從謙
233:皇甫暉
227:李存乂
129:符道昭
85:袁建豐
65:劉山人
1551::
1534:→
1530:→
1526:→
1522:/
1518:/
1514:/
1510:→
1506:→
1502:→
1498:→
1494:/
1490:→
1486:/
1482:→
1478:→
1474:→
1470:→
1466:→
1261:Wu
1001:Wu
776:Qi
630:Qi
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
543:,
531:,
508:,
498:^
489:,
475:^
466:,
456:^
447:,
437:^
428:,
412:,
396:,
378:,
360:,
344:^
277:張憲
210:銀槍
176:,
79:魏州
58:,
844:(
778:)
774:(
768:)
764:(
758:)
754:(
693:e
686:t
679:v
575:.
547:.
535:.
512:.
493:.
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364:.
126:(
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