708:) to Hezhong to slaughter Zhu Youqian's family. Knowing that she could not escape, Zhu Youqian's wife Lady Zhang met Li Shaoqi with 200 members of her household, and stated to him that while the Zhu household should be killed, the household servants should not, so at her request Li Shaoqi spared them, saving some 100 lives. Before she and her family members were to be killed, she also showed the iron certificate that Emperor Zhuangzong had bestowed on Zhu Youqian, stating sarcastically, "This was what the Emperor had given. I am an illiterate woman, and I do not know what it says." Li Shaoqi felt ashamed, but still carried out the orders and executed her and the other Zhu family members. Seven of Zhu's subordinates who served as prefectural prefects were also killed along with their families. After Emperor Zhuangzong was shortly later killed in a mutiny at Luoyang and succeeded by Li Siyuan (as Emperor Mingzong), Emperor Mingzong posthumously restored Zhu Youqian's titles and ordered that the properties of his family be given to any family members who survived the massacre. (However, it is not clear that any actually did.)
615:), which had previously belonged to Huguo, be returned to him. Emperor Zhuangzong declined, but did give him Jiang Prefecture. Also, at Li Jilin's request, in 924, Emperor Zhuangzong allowed him to restart salt production at Anyi (安邑, one of the counties making up Hezhong) and Jie County and put him in charge of the operation, sending revenues to the imperial government on a quarterly basis. Later in the year, Emperor Zhuangzong also granted Li Jilin an iron certificate — a guarantee that he would not be put to death even if he committed death-punishable crimes — and made both Zhu Lingde and another son, Zhu Lingxi (
645:) and the eunuchs used the opportunity to falsely accuse Li Jilin of preparing to rise against Emperor Zhuangzong and being in league with Guo (whom the performers and eunuchs were also falsely accusing of treason and planning to secede with the Former Shu territory). Li Jilin decided that the way to end the rumors was to go Luoyang to personally meet with Emperor Zhuangzong, and he went to Luoyang in spring 926, despite his close associates' attempts to persuade him not to, under the belief that his going to Luoyang might allow him not only to save himself but also Guo.
468:)). In gratitude, Zhu Youqian personally went to Li Cunxu's camp with only unarmed guards to thank him. He honored Li Cunxu as if Li Cunxu were a maternal uncle and bowed to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu held a feast for Zhu, kept Zhu at his tent overnight, and held another feast for Zhu the next day, before Zhu departed. It was said that as Zhu slept, Li Cunxu looked at him and commented, "The Prince of Ji truly has an honored physique, except for his arms being short."
563:), to aid Zhu Youqian. They fought the Later Liang forces under Liu to an initial stalemate, and then eventually tired Liu's troops out such that Liu withdrew. The Jin forces then attacked Liu's forces as they withdrew, inflicting great losses. However, during the stalemate, as a result of the warfare, food supplies in Huguo dwindled. Zhu Youqian's sons tried to persuade him to resubmit to Later Liang. Zhu Youqian, however, responded:
573:
was intending to make sure that Zhu
Youqian would receive Jin aid. As a result, Zhu Zhen had Liu poisoned to death. Meanwhile, as Li Cunxu was at that time considering claiming imperial title himself and was seeking past Tang officials to help him reestablish an imperial government, Zhu Youqian sent Su Xun to him. Li Cunxu, meanwhile, created Zhu Youqian the Prince of Xiping and gave him the title of acting
594:). Zhu Zhen, caught by surprise and believing that defeat was inevitable, committed suicide, ending Later Liang. The Later Liang regional governors all submitted to Later Tang, and Zhu Youqian went to Daliang to congratulate him. It was said that Emperor Zhuangzong feasted with him and bestowed on him many gifts. He also changed Zhu Youqian's name to Li Jilin, and had his oldest son
676:) the Prince of Mu, who was a son-in-law of Guo's, was angry about Guo's death, he also had Li Cun'ai killed. Jing then accused Li Jilin of being in league with Guo and Li Cun'ai. Emperor Zhuangzong therefore issued an order moving Li Jilin from Huguo to Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
527:
military governor of
Zhongwu as well. However, by the time that he issued the edict, Zhu Youqian had resubmitted his own circuit to Jin, and Li Cunxu issued an edict in the name of the Tang emperor (as Jin had been existing under the theory that Li Cunxu was exercising powers for the Tang emperor in
165:
the military governor of Huguo
Circuit to try to take over Huguo, but was repeatedly defeated, and the army morale was low. In 899, Li started a mutiny and killed Wang Gong, and the soldiers supported him to be acting military governor. Several months later, Zhu further overthrew Li and claimed the
572:
As one of Liu Xun's children was married to one of Zhu
Youqian's children, Liu did not attack quickly initially, sending letters to Zhu Youqian to try to persuade him to return to the Later Liang fold before attacking. Therefore, after the defeat, Yin and Duan made accusations to Zhu Zhen that Liu
384:
the Prince of Bo and executing Zhu Youwen, took the throne himself. However, rumors quickly spread that Zhu Yougui was the killer, and, despite Zhu Yougui's attempts to placate them with promotions and gifts, many of the senior generals were angry with him. Zhu
Youqian was particularly vocal, and
347:
and therefore was strategically important in Later Liang's campaign against Jin, Zhu
Youqian offered to have them carved out of his circuit so that a general can be dedicated to their defense. Emperor Taizu agreed, and carved those two prefectures out of Huguo and making them, in addition to Qin
280:
Zhu
Quanzhong greatly appreciated this request, so he changed Zhu Jian's name to Zhu Youqian ("You" being the generational character in the personal names of all of Zhu Quanzhong's sons and nephews), and added Zhu Youqian to his family roll, treating Zhu Youqian as a son. Thereafter, Zhu Youqian
275:
Your servant has reached the positions of general and chancellor, but comparatively, I had no real contributions. It was only because you, Lord
Generalissimo, gave me such grace. I hope to serve you for as long as I am still living and not turned into ashes and dust. May it be that you give me
629:
Meanwhile, as the years went by in
Emperor Zhuangzong's reign, his favorite performers and eunuchs became powerful figures at court. They repeatedly demanded gifts from regional governors, including Li Jilin, and Li Jilin eventually was fed up with their requests and stopped giving them gifts.
260:
in 904, the forced move of the imperial court was so rushed that not even the imperial officials accompanying
Emperor Zhaozong had proper clothes to wear. Zhu Jian prepared 100 sets and had them given to the officials when the imperial train travelled through Baoyi Circuit. Subsequently, after
241:
and was trying to take Emperor Zhaozong back from the eunuchs' and Li Maozhen's control, was frequently traveling through Baoyi Circuit to deal with the campaign and was treated with respect by Zhu Jian. As a result, after a subsequent siege by Zhu on Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality
487:
to show submission. However, Zhu Youqian did not cut off relations with Jin altogether. (Despite this continued relationship, however, Huguo troops (along with troops from Zhenguo, Ganhua, and Zhongwu Circuits) participated in a surprise attack that the Later Liang general Wang Tan
567:
In the past, the Prince of Jin personally came to attend to our emergency, lighting candles to fight in the dark. Now that we are again at war with Liang, he sent his generals marching under starry skies to come provide us with people and food. How can I turn against him
483:(the old capital of Xuanwu Circuit), where he was at the time. (He also changed his name to Zhu Zhen.) He wrote Zhu Youqian to urge Zhu Youqian to return to the Later Liang fold, and Zhu Youqian did so, recognizing him as emperor and used the Later Liang
523:) Zhongwu's acting military governor and submitted a petition to Zhu Zhen, requesting that Zhu Lingde be made full military governor. Zhu Zhen was angered and initially refused, but later, fearful that Zhu Youqian would resent him, issued an edict making
1188:
462:) to aid Zhu Youqian, and he himself then personally headed to Huguo to intercept Kang. Li Cunxu defeated Kang at Jie County (解縣, in modern Yuncheng), forcing Kang to withdraw back to Shan Prefecture (陝州, the capital of Baoyi, now named Zhenguo (
332:) as his guests as of 907, when Emperor Taizu, while having received input from Su Xun on preparations of taking the throne but having looked down on Su for what he considered to be selling out the Tang imperial house, forced Su to retire.
389:
The late Emperor had spent decades establishing the empire. Not long ago, when the mutiny occurred within the palace, the rumors that developed were awful to hear. Even I, serving as a peripheral defender for the empire, was ashamed by
621:), military governors; further, all of Li Jilin's sons, as long as they were old enough to wear official uniforms, were given official titles. It was said that no other household was more honored than Li Jilin's.
589:
as its Emperor Zhuangzong. Later that year, he launched a surprise attack on Daliang (which was defenseless with the main Later Liang strength under Duan Ning preparing a major attack on Later Tang north of the
638:
as the actual commander, Li Jilin held a ceremonial examination of the Huguo troops before sending Zhu Lingde with his troops to follow Li Jiji and Guo. Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite performer Jing Jin
694:) and kill him outside the gate. He ordered Li Jilin's name posthumously changed back to Zhu Youqian, and also ordered Zhu Lingde and Zhu Lingxi killed at their circuits. Then, he sent Li Shaoqi (
161:), whom Wang favored and often depended on, could not escape severe caning for minor faults. As a result, Li secretly resented Wang. Further, Wang had engaged a lengthy struggle with his cousin
652:, who firmly believed in rumors of Guo's being treasonous, had already, without his approval, issued an order for Li Jiji to kill Guo. Li Jiji therefore had his servant Li Huan (
990:
called this individual Li Cunzhi, the real Li Cunzhi was already dead in 908. The description of Cizhou prefect (慈州刺史) matches that of another adopted son, Li Cunxian, perfectly.
440:) the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Weinan as well) subsequently launched an intense siege on Huguo's capital Hezhong Municipality (
1208:
1133:
1168:
242:
forced Li Maozhen to slaughter the eunuchs and surrender Emperor Zhaozong to Zhu Quanzhong, Zhu Quanzhong had Zhu Jian given the honorary chancellor designation
406:
Who is it on the throne now? The late Empire's death was not a natural one. I will soon head to Luoyang myself to investigate. There is no need to summon me.
302:
with him as its Emperor Taizu. Emperor Taizu moved Zhu Youqian to the more prosperous Huguo Circuit as military governor and also gave him the title of acting
1163:
214:
In 900, under Zhu Quanzhong's support, Zhu Jian was commissioned to be acting military governor, and then full military governor of Baoyi, by then-reigning
402:, and wrote an edict to defend himself against rumors of patricide. He also summoned Zhu Youqian to Luoyang for a meeting. Zhu Youqian refused, stating:
670:). Emperor Zhuangzong, receiving news of Guo's death, also killed Guo Chongtao's other sons. Further, when he received news that his brother Li Cun'ai (
1203:
475:
launched a countercoup against Zhu Yougui at Luoyang, and Zhu Yougui, surrounded, committed suicide. Yuan supported Zhu Yougui's younger brother
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235:
20:
102:, but later, he was falsely accused of plotting a rebellion, and Emperor Zhuangzong put him and his entire family to death.
385:
when Zhu Yougui's emissary announcing Emperor Taizu's death arrived at Huguo, Zhu Youqian wept and stated to the emissary:
634:(which resulted in Former Shu's destruction), titularly commanded by Li Jiji but with Emperor Zhuangzong's chief of staff
598:
honor Li Jilin as an older brother. He stated to Li Jilin, "My great accomplishment is due to your contribution, Lord."
1173:
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271:). As Zhu Jian shared a family name with Zhu Quanzhong, he thereafter sent a petition to Zhu Quanzhong, stating:
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the Prince of Jun as the new emperor, and Zhu Youzhen thereafter claimed the throne, moving the capital to
261:
Emperor Zhaozong's arrival in Luoyang, Zhu Jian was given the greater honorary chancellor title of acting
162:
148:). At some point, he left that army post and became a bandit, but yet later again an army officer under
499:
178:). (The main traditional historical sources differ as to Li's fate, with Zhu's biographies in both the
410:
Zhu Yougui, knowing that Zhu Youqian would not follow his orders, commissioned the general Han Qing (
547:, to attack Tong Prefecture. Zhu Youqian sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Li Cunshen, his cousin
1128:
155:
Wang was impatient and harsh, and his subordinates had no love for him. Even the officer Li Fan (
343:) and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng), were too close to Later Liang's borders with its archenemy
307:
295:
320:) and created the Prince of Ji. He was known to have received the former Tang official Su Xun (
130:) were minor military officers at Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered at Xu Prefecture). During
505:
In 920, Zhu Youqian launched a surprise attack on Zhongwu Circuit's capital Tong Prefecture (
71:
416:) to attack Zhu Youqian. Zhu Youqian therefore surrendered Huguo Circuit to Jin's prince
110:
It is not known when Zhu Jian was born. His family was from Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern
498:
in 916 while the main Jin strength under Li Cunxu was battling Later Liang forces under
1070:
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202:
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further stating that Zhu Jian was involved in Li's mutiny against Wang Gong) while the
1117:
252:). When Zhu Quanzhong subsequently forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from
48:
635:
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Zhu Yougui tried to placate Zhu Youqian by bestowing him dual chancellor titles of
75:
528:
hopes of Tang's reestablishment) making Zhu Lingde military governor of Zhongwu.
380:
the Prince of Ying, who, after blaming the assassination on his adoptive brother
685:
476:
434:) against Zhu Youqian, with Han serving as Kang's deputy. Kang and Niu Cunjie (
253:
152:
the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia).
70:), was a Chinese military general, monarch, politician, and warlord of the late
166:
title of acting military governor, and became a vassal of the powerful warlord
631:
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134:'s rebellion, Zhu Jian left his home area and became a subordinate of Bo Kui (
131:
98:) during most of that time. Both he and his family were extremely honored by
87:
420:, seeking for Jin aid. Zhu Yougui therefore sent the general Kang Huaizhen (
548:
544:
149:
141:
1189:
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
531:
Zhu Zhen reacted by ordering Liu Xun, assisted by other generals Yin Hao (
310:). He was eventually also given the greater honorary chancellor title of
484:
349:
91:
701:
700:) the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern
648:
As Li Jilin was heading to Luoyang, however, Emperor Zhuangzong's wife
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426:) the military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern
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your surname and a new personal name, so that I can follow your family.
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658:) assassinate Guo with a hammer and also killed his sons Guo Tinghui (
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the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
95:
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to the east, which nearly captured Taiyuan before being repelled.)
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In 910, believing that two prefectures of Huguo, Jin (晉州, in modern
190:
indicating that Li fled to Zhu Quanzhong's capital Bian Prefecture (
705:
681:
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In 907, Zhu Quanzhong forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
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surround Li Jilin at his mansion, chase him out of Hui'an Gate (
218:. After Emperor Zhaozong was forcibly taken by the powerful
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to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new
585:
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor, establishing
281:
served him faithfully and contributed to his campaigns.
90:, ruling Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
747:Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
511:), expelling its military governor Cheng Quanhui (
376:In 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated by his son
222:to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
234:, in 901, Zhu Quanzhong, who was allied with the
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557:) and another adoptive brother, Li Cunxian (
684:), but that night, had his guard commander
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80:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1169:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
517:). He then made his son Zhu Lingde (
118:), and both his grandfather Zhu Yan (
7:
1164:Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi
290:Under Emperor Taizu of Later Liang
14:
1059:New History of the Five Dynasties
827:New History of the Five Dynasties
356:), into a new Dingchang Circuit (
244:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
198:New History of the Five Dynasties
187:New History of the Five Dynasties
1204:Tang dynasty generals from Henan
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471:In 913, Emperor Taizu's nephew
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1:
1194:People executed by Later Tang
1047:History of the Five Dynasties
785:History of the Five Dynasties
607:) and Xi (隰州, both in modern
181:History of the Five Dynasties
206:stated that Zhu killed Li.)
1139:10th-century Chinese people
326:) and Su Xun's son Su Kai (
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1154:Executed people from Henan
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348:Prefecture (沁州, in modern
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551:, as well as Li Jianji (
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285:Rule of Huguo Circuit
210:Rule of Baoyi Circuit
712:Notes and references
1174:Later Tang jiedushi
664:) and Guo Tingxin (
47:) from 923 to 926,
1184:Mayors of Yuncheng
1124:9th-century births
308:Three Excellencies
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569:
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550:
546:
529:
526:
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449:
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419:
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400:Zhongshu Ling
397:
391:
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383:
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371:
369:
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346:
342:
338:
333:
313:
312:Zhongshu Ling
309:
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76:Tang dynasty
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28:
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686:Zhu Shouyin
650:Empress Liu
525:Zhu Youqian
477:Zhu Youzhen
300:Later Liang
84:Later Liang
17:Zhu Youqian
1129:926 deaths
1118:Categories
986:While the
632:Former Shu
587:Later Tang
448:Li Cunshen
382:Zhu Youwen
378:Zhu Yougui
296:Emperor Ai
236:chancellor
232:Li Maozhen
132:Huang Chao
106:Background
88:Later Tang
549:Li Sizhao
545:Duan Ning
150:Wang Gong
142:Sanmenxia
1074:, vols.
1036:vol. 275
1020:vol. 273
1004:vol. 272
975:vol. 271
954:vol. 269
938:vol. 268
915:vol. 267
899:vol. 266
880:vol. 264
864:vol. 263
848:vol. 262
809:vol. 261
735:vol. 274
485:era name
418:Li Cunxu
396:Shizhong
350:Changzhi
263:Shizhong
254:Chang'an
249:同中書門下平章事
184:and the
92:Yuncheng
74:dynasty
39:Li Jilin
29:Zhu Jian
1064:vol. 45
1052:vol. 63
832:vol. 45
790:vol. 63
702:Jiaozuo
596:Li Jiji
543:), and
500:Liu Xun
496:Taiyuan
481:Daliang
432:Shaanxi
258:Luoyang
239:Cui Yin
228:Shaanxi
220:eunuchs
172:Kaifeng
163:Wang Ke
112:Xuchang
72:Chinese
52:Deguang
21:Chinese
678:Anyang
613:Shanxi
609:Linfen
575:Taiwei
428:Weinan
354:Shanxi
341:Shanxi
337:Linfen
304:Taiwei
96:Shanxi
23::
706:Henan
682:Henan
625:Death
390:them.
224:Baoji
176:Henan
146:Henan
116:Henan
568:now?
398:and
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1108:274
1104:273
1100:272
1096:271
1092:268
1088:267
1084:266
1080:262
1076:261
697:李紹奇
691:徽安門
673:李存乂
667:郭廷信
661:郭廷誨
618:朱令錫
560:李存賢
554:李建及
540:溫昭圖
520:朱令德
514:程全暉
459:李嗣恩
453:李嗣肱
437:牛存節
423:康懷貞
365:華溫琪
345:Jin
317:中書令
256:to
67:西平王
44:李繼麟
25:朱友謙
1120::
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465:鎮國
443:河中
430:,
413:韓勍
359:定昌
352:,
339:,
329:蘇楷
323:蘇循
268:侍中
226:,
193:汴州
174:,
158:李璠
144:,
137:柏夔
127:朱琮
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