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is generally hidden outside of the object's definition. Typically, only the object's own methods can directly inspect or manipulate its fields. Hiding the internals of the object protects its integrity by preventing users from setting the internal data of the component into an invalid or inconsistent
34:
refers to the bundling of data with the mechanisms or methods that operate on the data. It may also refer to the limiting of direct access to some of that data, such as an object's components. Essentially, encapsulation prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an
153:
and encapsulation at length and state that in their experience, designers overuse inheritance. They claim that inheritance often breaks encapsulation, given that inheritance exposes a subclass to the details of its parent's implementation. As described by the
50:
Encapsulation also encourages programmers to put all the code that is concerned with a certain set of data in the same class, which organizes it for easy comprehension by other programmers. Encapsulation is a technique that encourages
732:. The contents of this type are known and accessible only to the implementation of the API functions; clients cannot directly access its contents. The source code for these functions defines the actual contents of the structure:
38:
Encapsulation allows developers to present a consistent interface that is independent of its internal implementation. As one example, encapsulation can be used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a
612:, for example, a structure can be declared in the public API via the header file for a set of functions that operate on an item of data containing data members that are not accessible to clients of the API with the
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Encapsulation mechanisms enable the programmer to group data and the subroutines that operate on them together in one place, and to hide irrelevant details from the users of an abstraction
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The second definition reflects that in many object-oriented languages, and other related fields, the components are not hidden automatically and this can be overridden. Thus,
232:" and that they do not "hide any information". Information hiding is accomplished by furnishing a compiled version of the source code that is interfaced via a header file.
916:, which does not support variable access restrictions. However, the convention is that a variable whose name is prefixed by an underscore should be considered private.
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Some programming language researchers and academics use the first meaning alone or in combination with the second as a distinguishing feature of
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Under the definition that encapsulation "can be used to hide data members and member functions", the internal representation of an
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Connolly, Thomas M.; Begg, Carolyn E. (2005). "Ch. 25: Introduction to Object DMBS § Object-oriented concepts".
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also offer encapsulation. The similarity has been explained by programming language theorists in terms of
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state. A supposed benefit of encapsulation is that it can reduce system complexity, and thus increase
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62:(OOP) systems support encapsulation, but encapsulation is not unique to OOP. Implementations of
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Clients call the API functions to allocate, operate on, and deallocate objects of an
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Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management
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Almost always, there is a way to override such protection – usually via
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that shows how access to a data field can be restricted through the use of a
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448:* "CheckBalance" method provided by the "Account" class
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in most object-oriented languages, although other alternatives also exist.
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is defined as a separate notion by those who prefer the second definition.
1355:
Gamma, Erich; Helm, Richard; Johnson, Ralph; Vlissides, John (1994).
451:* but it cannot manipulate the value of "accountBalance" */
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Encapsulation is also possible in non-object-oriented languages. In
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A language construct that facilitates the bundling of data with the
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A language mechanism for restricting direct access to some of the
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only allow access via object methods, but most others (e.g.,
720:// extern keywords here are redundant, but don't hurt.
1403:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 464.
636:// API functions that operate on 'Entity' objects
445:/* This Main method can check the balance via the public
259:) are an exception, and guarantee strong encapsulation.
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API (Ruby, Java, C#, etc.), sometimes by mechanism like
1181:"Encapsulation in Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)"
1248:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. 396.
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131:The features of encapsulation are supported using
1050:# This will print 'Maximum speed is 200.'
1334:(4th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 814.
1080:# This will print 'Maximum speed is 10.'
117:view encapsulation as a feature of the language
113:, while some programming languages that provide
296:offer ways to restrict access to data fields.
105:(or other functions) operating on those data.
8:
1456:"Effective Java: Programming Language Guide"
1220:(2 ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 481.
1157:"What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?"
1276:. Cambridge University Press. p. 522.
1206:, § 24.2 Data Abstraction with Existentials
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251:in C++. Systems that provide object-level
1246:Programming and problem solving with Java
1131:"Encapsulation is not information hiding"
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737:// Implementation file "api.c"
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633:// Opaque structure with hidden members
1426:"The Meaning of Underscores in Python"
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47:invariance maintained by the methods.
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88:object-oriented programming languages
7:
1244:Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip (2007).
1458:(third ed.). Addison-Wesley.
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1274:Concepts in programming languages
247:), or special keyword usage like
1401:C Programming: A Modern Approach
1129:Rogers, Wm. Paul (18 May 2001).
621:// Header file "api.h"
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18:Encapsulation (computer science)
1306:Types and Programming Languages
1218:Programming language pragmatics
797:// API function implementations
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216:. ISO C++ standard refers to
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30:In software systems,
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184:Some languages like
64:abstract data types
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168:Information hiding
162:Information hiding
126:information hiding
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1316:978-0-262-16209-8
1283:978-0-521-78098-8
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869:close_entity
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151:inheritance
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1448:References
1435:1 November
1387:Bloch 2018
1190:2024-03-02
1166:2024-03-02
1142:2020-07-20
579:BigDecimal
513:BigDecimal
498:BigDecimal
486:BigDecimal
237:reflection
179:robustness
119:orthogonal
53:decoupling
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1059:_maxspeed
1014:_maxspeed
960:_maxspeed
616:keyword.
594:getSalary
516:getSalary
433:myAccount
427:myBalance
409:myAccount
314:keyword:
218:protected
186:Smalltalk
72:libraries
1303:(2002).
1272:(2003).
1086:See also
933:__init__
770:ent_name
740:#include
573:Employee
561:Employee
504:50000.00
477:Employee
263:Examples
35:object.
1020:."
788:members
776:// Name
483:private
424:decimal
418:Account
406:Account
364:decimal
343:decimal
340:private
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322:Program
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82:Meaning
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875:struct
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842:struct
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758:ent_id
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693:extern
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624:struct
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294:Delphi
292:, and
249:friend
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96:object
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