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crystals structures. The hydroxyapatite crystals are hexagonal in shape, providing rigidity to the prism and strengthening the enamel. In cross-section, it is best compared to a complex “keyhole” or a “fish-like” shape. The head, which is called the prism core, is oriented toward the
118:. The prism core has tightly packed hydroxyapatite crystals. On the other hand, the prism sheath has its crystals less tightly packed and has more space for organic components. These prism structures can usually be visualised within ground sections and/or with the use of a
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Enamel prism are found in rows along the tooth. Within each row, the enamel prism's long axis is generally perpendicular to the underlying ADJ amelo-dentinal junction, which is also called the dentino-enamel junction. Such is the case in both permanent and
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Alloing-SĂ©guier, L., Marivaux, L., Barczi, J.-F., Lihoreau, F., & Martinand-Mari, C. (2018). Relationships between enamel prism decussation and organization of the ameloblast layer in rodent incisors.
259:. Oral Histology Digital Lab: Enamel: Enamel prism morphology (image 24). Retrieved January 24, 2022, from http://www.uky.edu/~brmacp/oralhist/module6/lab/imgshtml/image24.htm
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The arrangement of crystals within each enamel prism is highly complex. For the most part, the enamel crystals are oriented parallel to the long axis of the prism
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Zafar, M. S., Amin, F., Fareed, M. A., Ghabbani, H., Riaz, S., Khurshid, Z., & Kumar, N. (2020). Biomimetic aspects of restorative dentistry biomaterials.
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An efficient approach to the synthesis of a calcium phosphate bone-cement and its reinforcement by hydroxyapatite crystals of various particle morphologies
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Within ground sections of teeth, prisms appear to be twisted and interwoven around each other at the cusps. Such allows teeth to be able to resist strong
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Beniash, E., Stifler, C. A., Sun, C.-Y., Jung, G. S., Qin, Z., Buehler, M. J., & Gilbert, P. U. (2019). The hidden structure of human enamel.
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Beniash, E., Stifler, C. A., Sun, C.-Y., Jung, G. S., Qin, Z., Buehler, M. J., & Gilbert, P. U. (2019). The hidden structure of human enamel.
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distinction is made between the two because crystal orientation is different in each. The crystals lie nearly perpendicular to the enamel prism
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152:. In permanent teeth, the enamel prisms near the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) tilt slightly more apically toward the root of the tooth
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The area around the enamel prism is known as interrod enamel. Interrod enamel has the same composition as the enamel prisms
155:. Knowing the orientation of enamel is very important in restorative dentistry because enamel unsupported by underlying
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forces without fracturing, with literature showing teeth being able to resist forces up to 20-30 pounds per tooth
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Fernandes, C. P., & Chevitarese, O. (1991). The orientation and direction of rods in dental enamel.
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The number of enamel prisms range approximately from 5 million to 12 million in the number between
168:. The further away the crystals are from the central axis, the more their own orientation diverges
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348:. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de PublicaciĂłns e Intercambio CientĂfico.
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Bartlett, J. D., & Simmer, J. P. (1999). Proteinases in developing dental enamel.
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Preclinical Manual of
Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
361:(6), 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3913(05)80015-0
383:(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411990100040101
268:, properties, and applications in glass ionomer cements.
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in diameter in primates, enamel prism are tightly packed
294:(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5030034
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University of
Kentucky College of Medicine. (1996).
264:Khan, A. S., Khan, M., & Rehman, I. U. (2013).
181:. This part of the enamel is called Gnarled enamel
216:"Variation in enamel prism size in primate molars"
308:(7), 1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24000
396:(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12185-7
339:(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12185-7
279:Enamel Research: Mechanisms and characterization
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
377:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
146:; the enamel prisms following the path of the
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317:(Illustrated). Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
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214:Towle, Ian; Loch, Carolina (2024-04-01).
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277:Ganss, B., & Pugach, M. K. (2016).
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324:Triumph’s Complete Review of Dentistry
322:Rajkumar, K., & Ramya, R. (2018).
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122:on enamel that has been acid etched
344:InĂ©s Sánchez Neira MarĂa. (2008).
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