1382:
1606:
180:
1297:
1051:
a given point in the group's first course. In the next course up, a header is offset one and a half stretcher lengths to the left of the header in the course below, and then in the third course, a header is offset one stretcher length to the right of the header in the middle course. This accented swing of headers, one and a half to the left, and one to the right, generates the appearance of lines of stretchers running from the upper left hand side of the wall down to the lower right. Such an example of a raking monk bond layout is shown in the New Malden
Library,
1144:
1000:
1519:
1449:
1174:, with the headers centred over the midpoint of the stretchers, and perpends in each alternate course aligned. Queen closers appear as the second brick, and the penultimate brick in heading courses. A muted colour scheme for occasional headers is sometimes used in English bond to lend a subtle texture to the brickwork. Examples of such schemes include blue-grey headers among otherwise red bricks—seen in the south of England—and light brown headers in a dark brown wall, more often found in parts of the north of England.
1132:
1014:
912:
860:
827:
1437:
982:
948:
887:
799:
1321:
1309:
1785:
1661:
1649:
1120:
1425:
1637:
1625:
1077:
690:
716:
1809:
704:
740:
259:
1269:. However, whilst the heading courses are identical with those found in the standard English bond, the stretching courses alternate between a course composed entirely of stretchers, and a course composed of stretchers half off-set relative to the stretchers two courses above or below, by reason of a header placed just before the quoins at either end. The bond is widely found in Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
1209:
1719:(opus spicatum) made by placing soldiers next to stretchers or vice versa (i.e. headers perpendicular) making 'L' shapes, nesting each L in the same order of laying. Thin bricks are more common. The pattern is usually rotated by 45° to create a completely vertical (plumb) succession of 'V' shapes. It follows either the left or right brick forms the tip of the v in any wall. Herringbone is sometimes used as infill in
1234:
1184:
1750:
172:
354:
378:
334:
43:
1738:
1680:
1371:
2488:, p. 241. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton. "Monk bond is popular in the North of Europe. Two stretchers are followed by one header in every course, the headers being so disposed that verticality of their axial lines is little apparent, and a striking result is obtained of diagonal lines of stretchers, which look like a series of corbels or cantilevers embedded in the wall."
1545:
370:
312:
267:
140:
362:
2535:, pp. 29–30. "The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond .... English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers; thus, one course is formed with headers, that is, with bricks crossing the wall; the next with stretchers, that is, with bricks having their length in the same direction as that of the wall"
1564:
152:
2297:, p. 206. "In exposed positions such as high ground and near the coast, a wall 2B thick may be needed to resist penetration to inside faces . In positions of very severe exposure to wind-driven rain, as on high open ground facing the prevailing wind and on the coast facing open sea, it is necessary to protect both solid and cavity walls with an external cladding."
346:
2198:, p. 167. " an arrangement, or combination of bricks when laid upon each other, that the perpendicular joint formed by any two adjacent bricks may, at all times, be covered by the centre (or nearly so) of one laid immediately over the joint, by which means the nearest approximation to solidity will be attained that such materials are capable of producing."
1258:
2285:
generally agreed that solid walls of less than brick thickness are inadequate. Code of
Practice 121 still includes unrendered one brick thick walls as acceptable for sheltered positions but this seems a questionable recommendation. Walling of brick thickness should be satisfactory for sheltered positions and may be adequate for moderate exposure."
386:
brick. Cellular bricks have depressions exceeding 20% of the volume of the brick. Perforated bricks have holes through the brick from bed to bed, cutting it all the way. Most of the building standards and good construction practices recommend the volume of holes should not exceed 20% of the total volume of the brick.
1284:
This bond is exactly like
English cross bond except in the generating of the lap at the quoins. In Dutch bond, all quoins are three-quarter bats—placed in alternately stretching and heading orientation with successive courses—and no use whatever is made of queen closers. To the Dutch this is simply a
845:
For a double
Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness, facing bricks and the bricks behind the facing bricks may be laid in groups of four bricks and a half-bat. The half-bat sits at the centre of the group and the four bricks are placed about the half-bat, in a square formation. These groups
765:
stretcher, the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin stretcher at the other end. The next course up will begin with a quoin header. For the course's second brick, a queen closer is laid, generating the lap of the bond. The third brick along is a stretcher, and is—on account of the lap—centred
645:
The thickness specified for a wall is determined by such factors as damp proofing considerations, whether or not the wall has a cavity, load-bearing requirements, expense, and the era during which the architect was or is working. Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various, and while
2185:
Charles F.Mitchell. Building
Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 18. "King Closers are bricks cut so that one end is half the width of a brick, and used in positions where the greater width
1050:
Raking courses in monk bond may—for instance—be staggered in such a way as to generate the appearance of diagonal lines of stretchers. One method of achieving this effect relies on the use of a repeating sequence of courses with back-and-forth header staggering. In this grouping, a header appears at
663:
saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickwork—the wall tie. A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls, separated by an air gap, which serves both as barrier to moisture and heat. Typically the main loads taken by the foundations are carried there by the
1343:
For the standard
English garden wall bond, headers are used as quoins for the middle stretching course in order to generate the lap, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses. A more complex set of quoins and queen closers is necessary to achieve the lap for a
1107:
The bond's horizontally extended proportion suits long stretches of masonry such as garden walls or the run of brickwork over a ribbon window; conversely, the bond is less suitable for a surface occupied by many features, such as a
Georgian façade. The relatively infrequent use of headers serves to
1042:
Monk bond may however take any of a number of arrangements for course staggering. The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking patterns can be a challenging task for the bricklayer to correctly maintain while constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold, and
219:
Bricks may be differentiated from blocks by size. For example, in the UK a brick is defined as a unit having dimensions less than 337.5 mm Ă— 225 mm Ă— 112.5 mm (13.3 in Ă— 8.9 in Ă— 4.4 in) and a block is defined as a unit having one or more dimensions
2041:
Reports of artisans selected by a committee appointed by the council of the
Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal exhibition, 1867. Published for the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Published by Bell and Daldy, York Street, Covent Garden, London. Printed by
1991:
The
Compressive Strength of Modern Earth Masonry, Andrew Heath, Mike Lawrence, Peter Walker and Clyde Fourie. BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath and Natural Building Technologies (NBT). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials
1700:
A row of double basket weave bond comprises pairs of shiners laid atop one another, alternating with pairs of sailors laid side by side. The following row is off-set so the pair of shiners sits below the pair of sailors in the row above. This results in bricks arranged in pairs in a square grid so
769:
Some examples of
Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another. This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process. Some of the header faces are exposed to wood smoke,
1529:
Flemish stretcher bond separates courses of alternately laid stretchers and headers, with a number of courses of stretchers alone. Brickwork in this bond may have between one and four courses of stretchers to one course after the Flemish manner. The courses of stretchers are often but not always
650:
in Chicago, for example, is a very tall masonry building, and has load-bearing brick walls nearly two metres thick at the base. The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick. At these more modest wall thicknesses, distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a
2284:
Bricks and Brickwork. Cecil C. Handisyde and Barry A. Haseltine. The Brick Development Association. 19 Grafton Street, London, W1X 3LE. 1974. Page 68. "Old buildings of solid wall construction were accepted as 'waterproof', often when brickwork was only 9 inches thick. Now it is
385:
A brick made with just rectilinear dimensions is called a solid brick. Bricks might have a depression on both beds or on a single bed. The depression is called a frog, and the bricks are known as frogged bricks. Frogs can be deep or shallow but should never exceed 20% of the total volume of the
1046:
Occasionally, brickwork in such a raking monk bond may contain minor errors of header and stretcher alignment some of which may have been silently corrected by incorporating a compensating irregularity into the brickwork in a course further up the wall. In spite of these complexities and their
2042:
W. Trounce, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1867. Part 1. Bricklaying by George Howell. Page 194. "The beauty of brickwork will very much depend upon the 'perpends' being perfectly kept, that is, the perfect regularity of the perpendicular joints right up the building."
766:
above the header below. This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header, until the final pair is reached, whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond.
2365:. Page 60. "In 1974, a large section of the outer leaf of a wall of a comprehensive school at Newnham collapsed revealing a complete absence of ties over a considerable area in 1983, a much larger section of a wall at Plymouth Polytechnic collapsed due to corrosion of the cavity ties."
1857:. This method of damp proofing appears as a distinctive navy blue band running around the circumference of a building. It is only partially effective, as in spite of the lower courses of brick being more moisture resistant the mortar bedding and perpends joining the bricks remain permeable.
1033:
The great variety of monk bond patterns allow for many possible layouts at the quoins, and many possible arrangements for generating a lap. A quoin brick may be a stretcher, a three-quarter bat, or a header. Queen closers may be used next to the quoins, but the practice is not mandatory.
2072:
Whitney Clark Huntington. Building Construction. Types of Construction, Materials, and Cost Estimating. New York: Wiley. London: Chapman & Hall. 1929. Page 130. "Belt courses and flat arches may be formed of brick set on end with the narrow side exposed. Such bricks are called
641:
A leaf is as thick as the width of one brick, but a wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick. Accordingly, a single-leaf wall is a half brick thickness; a wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond is said to be one brick thick, and so on.
1412:
in Henrico County, Virginia, has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of three to five stretching courses between each heading course, and an upper level built in 1855 with American bond of six to seven stretching courses between each heading course.
1932:, in walling, is meant the bricks contained between two planes parallel to the horizon, and terminated by the faces of the wall. The thickness is that of one brick with mortar. The mass formed by bricks laid in concentric order, for arches or vaults, is also denominated a
876:
For a more substantial wall, a header may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these two headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full two bricks thick:
788:
Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a stretcher laid immediately to the rear of the face stretcher, and then next along the course, a header. A lap (correct overlap) is generated by a queen closer on every alternate course:
1404:
Headers are used as quoins for the even-numbered stretching courses, counting up from the previous heading course, in order to achieve the necessary off-set in a standard American bond, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses.
849:
To preserve the bond, it is necessary to lay a three-quarter bat instead of a header following a quoin stretcher at the corner of the wall. This fact has no bearing on the appearance of the wall; the choice of brick appears to the spectator like any ordinary header:
1915:
Joseph Moxon. Mechanick Exercises: Or, The Doctrine of Handy-Works. Applied to the Arts of Smithing, Joinery, Carpentry, Turning, Bricklaying. Printed for Daniel Midwinter and Thomas Leigh. 1703. London. Page 129. "Three or four or five courses of Bricks to be
1992:
and Technologies (NOCMAT 2009). 6–9 September 2009, Bath, UK. "All earth masonry units were intended to be 'standard' brick size (215x102.5x65mm) if they were fired, but because they did not have additional shrinkage from firing, the average size was 223x106x67mm."
1583:
Rat-trap bond (also Chinese bond) substantially observes the same pattern as Flemish bond, but consists of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers. This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlocks, hence the reference to rat-traps.
2474:, p. 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton. "An extra cost over Flemish has to be met for labour on Monk bond and its derivatives, because the process is not so straightforward as Flemish, and the bricklayers have to stop and think more frequently."
1347:
The heading course in English garden wall bond sometimes features bricks of a different colour to its surrounding stretchers. In English chalk districts, flint is substituted for the stretchers, and the headers constitute a lacing course.
299:
In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick (215 mm) is equal to the total of the width of a brick (102.5 mm) plus a perpend (10 mm) plus the width of a second brick (102.5 mm).
1691:
A row of single basket weave bond comprises pairs of sailors laid side-by-side, capped with a shiner, alternating with pairs of sailors laid side-by-side sat atop a shiner. Subsequent rows are identical and aligned with those above.
2063:, that is, by laying on the out-side one Brick, so as to have the narrowest side of it to be seen longways, and the next to have only the end seen, and the Brick lying on the broad side, and so on, a Stretcher and a Header."
1359:
The lap is generated by the use of headers as quoins for the even-numbered stretching courses, counting up from the previous heading course, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses.
341:
Mortar placed between bricks is also given separate names with respect to their position. Mortar placed horizontally below or top of a brick is called a bed, and mortar placed vertically between bricks is called a perpend.
3461:
1066:
Many other particular adjustments of course alignment exist in monk bond, generating a variety of visual effects which differ in detail, but often having the effect of directing a viewing eye diagonally down the wall.
1043:
interrupted by door or window openings, or other bond-disrupting obstacles. If the bricklayer frequently stops to check that bricks are correctly arranged, then masonry in a raking monk bond can be expensive to build.
2415:, p. 91. "SINGLE FLEMISH BOND: gives the appearance of Flemish Bond on the outside face only of a wall more than 9 inches thick. The same appearance on both inner and outer faces is given by DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND."
1058:
Elsewhere, raking courses in monk bond may be staggered in such a way as to generate a subtle appearance of indented pyramid-like diagonals. Such an arrangement appears in the picture here from the building in
1381:
626:. It is as important as with the perpends to bond these leaves together. Historically, the dominant method for consolidating the leaves together was to lay bricks across them, rather than running linearly.
2315:
Denzil Nield. Walls & Wall Facings. Spon, London. 1949. Page 145. "Cavity walls... are being increasingly built with hollow blocks or other material in place of bricks for the internal leaf."
2054:
John Houghton. A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade. 1693. Issue 74. Published by Randal Taylor near Stationers-Hall. London. "A Brick-wall of a Foot and half thick is commonly made by
2427:, p. 102. " the bricks are disposed alike on both sides of the wall, the tail of the headers being placed contiguous to each other, so as to form square spaces in the core of the wall for half-bricks."
2348:, pp. 232, 233. "Early cavity walls were constructed with bonding bricks laid across the cavity at internals to tie the two leaves together. Later, iron ties were used to tie the two leaves together."
1845:
Moisture may ascend into a building from the foundation of a wall or gain ingress into a building from a wet patch of ground, where it meets a solid wall. The manifest result of this process is called
2544:
Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 21, figures 28 & 29.
2377:, pp. 29–30. "The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond. Flemish bond consists in placing a header and a stretcher alternately throughout every course."
667:
Despite there being no masonry connection between the leaves, their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed. The device used to satisfy this need is the insertion at regular intervals of
1776:
A pattern made of four bricks surrounding a square brick, one-quarter the size of a half-brick. It is designed to resemble woven cloth. Another, similar pattern is called the interlacing bond.
3446:
1605:
781:, so called on account of the front and rear duplication of the pattern. If the wall is arranged such that the bricks at the rear do not have this pattern, then the brickwork is said to be
488:
The practice of laying uncut full-sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength. In the diagrams below, such uncut full-sized bricks are coloured as follows:
646:
some non-load-bearing brick walls may be as little as half a brick thick, or even less when shiners are laid stretcher bond in partition walls, others brick walls are much thicker. The
2685:
938:
of headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these four headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full three bricks thick:
2619:
Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 37.
2523:
Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 23.
2163:
Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 22.
770:
generating a grey-blue colour, while other simply vitrified until they reach a deeper blue colour. Some headers have a glazed face, caused by using salt in the firing. Sometimes
1108:
make Sussex bond one of the less expensive bonds in which to build a wall, as it allows for the bricklayer to proceed rapidly with run after run of three stretchers at a time.
3003:
The Builder's Pocket Manual; Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying and Architecture; with Practical Rules and Instructions in Carpentry, Bricklaying, Masonry &c
2818:
517:. In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured. In the diagrams below, some of the cuts most commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows:
616:
Walls, running linearly and extending upwards, can be of varying depth or thickness. Typically, the bricks are laid also running linearly and extending upwards, forming
2993:
2122:
Samuel Y. Harris. Building Pathology. Wiley. New York. 2001. Page 212. "The short face, or the end laid horizontally, is a header; laid vertically, a rowlock."
562:
A brick cut in half down its width, and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap.
509:
Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space, or to be the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as generating an offset—called a
239:
in modern day Pakistan were built around 2600 BC. Much older examples of brickwork made with dried (but not fired) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as
2658:
2440:. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 25, figures 37 & 38.
2713:
1296:
1030:
stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the two stretchers in the course below in the bond's most symmetric form.
403:. The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid. A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—but not always—filled with mortar.
2230:, p. 329. "BOND.—That regular connection, in lapping the stones upon one another, when carrying up the work, which forms an inseparable mass of building."
1831:
alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers, at various offsets, such that over ten courses, a diamond-shaped pattern appears.
3456:
817:
A simple way to add some width to the wall would be to add stretching bricks at the rear, making a Single Flemish bond one and a half bricks thick:
278:
Coordination dimensions are the actual physical dimensions of the brick with the mortar required on one header face, one stretcher face and one bed.
3451:
3057:
2836:
1143:
2642:
2692:
664:
inner leaf, and the major functions of the external leaf are to protect the whole from weather, and to provide a fitting aesthetic finish.
430:
A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall.
2768:
1518:
1487:
staggered by half a stretcher. Headers are used as quoins on alternating stretching courses in order to achieve the necessary off-set.
423:
1448:
274:
Brick dimensions are expressed in construction or technical documents in two ways as co-ordinating dimensions and working dimensions.
2918:
2580:
2014:
1955:
126:
1982:
British Standards Institution. Specification for Masonry Units. Part 1: Clay Masonry Units. BSI, London, 2003, BS EN 771.
1502:
of stretchers, but with the bricks in each successive course staggered in some pattern other than that of standard stretcher bond.
2822:
2324:
New Civil Engineer. Oct 3rd, 1991. Thomas Telford Ltd. London. Advertisement. "Single leaf wall with vertical and lateral load."
3301:
1884:
1789:
414:
or a similar coating, or where the filler bricks will be concealed by other bricks (in structures more than two bricks thick).
2452:
The Dictionary of Art. Grove. Volume Four, Biardeau TO BrĂĽggemann. Edited by Jane Turner. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 1996.
1131:
179:
2937:
2899:
2457:
2362:
2256:
223:
Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the
64:
1636:
1624:
1475:, Sussex, England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond, using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces.
1162:, and this usually consists of headers, with two queen closers—one by the quoin header at either end—to generate the bond.
3497:
156:
1660:
1648:
3466:
2970:
2598:, p. 440. "ENGLISH CROSS BOND. Stretchers breaking joint. The second brick of alternate stretching courses is a header."
107:
1158:, and this typically comprises nothing but stretchers at the face from quoin to quoin. The other kind of course is the
794:
Double Flemish bond of one brick's thickness: overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses, and side elevation
1464:
All bricks in this bond are headers, but for the lap-generating quoin three-quarter bat which offsets each successive
1436:
1104:
stretchers between every header, with the headers centred above the midpoint of three stretchers in the course below.
79:
1808:
3211:
3085:
3050:
60:
2708:
1320:
1308:
53:
3291:
3171:
2891:
2357:
David Yeomans. Construction Since 1900: Materials. BT Batsford Ltd, 583 Fulham Road, London, SW6 5BY. 1997.
1872:
86:
1597:
Dearne's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English bond, but uses shiners in place of stretchers.
1119:
907:
Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of two and a half bricks' thickness
822:
Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of single Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness
1854:
1424:
771:
855:
Overhead plans of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness
3221:
410:, as opposed to a "filler brick" for internal parts of the wall, or where the surface is to be covered with
999:
93:
3311:
1276:
like characteristic, an effect caused by the unbroken series of perpends moving diagonally down the bond.
1749:
1047:
associated costs, the bond has proven a common choice for constructing brickwork in the north of Europe.
629:
Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another
3492:
3135:
3043:
1850:
1828:
1499:
1484:
1465:
1398:
1390:
1337:
1266:
1171:
755:
610:
514:
208:
1401:
of stretchers between each course of headers. Six is the most common number of courses of stretchers.
943:
Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of three bricks' thickness
846:
are laid next to each other for the length of a course, making brickwork one and a half bricks thick.
281:
Working dimensions is the size of a manufactured brick. It is also called the nominal size of a brick.
75:
3115:
3110:
1849:. One of many methods of resisting such ingresses of water is to construct the wall with several low
1409:
1052:
988:
882:
Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of two bricks' thickness
762:
144:
3025:
2843:
1013:
911:
859:
826:
303:
There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle.
3276:
1866:
1784:
1716:
2731:, p. 440. "HEADING BOND. All headers except a three-quarters brick at quoin in alternate courses."
2500:, p. 440. "FLEMISH GARDEN WALL or SUSSEX BOND. Three stretchers, then one header in every course."
947:
886:
798:
244:
3238:
3120:
2987:
2964:
2652:
1768:
Pinwheel bond is made of four bricks surrounding a square half-brick, repeated in a square grid.
1737:
647:
1544:
2251:
Construction Industry Training Board, Bircham Newton, Kings Lynn, Norfolk PE31 6RH. 1994.
3400:
3347:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2638:
2576:
2453:
2358:
2252:
2010:
1951:
1846:
1840:
668:
529:
A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid flat with its long, narrow side exposed.
2764:
651:
structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall.
3306:
3228:
3156:
2883:
1609:
Decorative brickwork above the entrance to First Congregational Church in Toledo, Ohio, 2019
1375:
1245:
1220:
1195:
1088:
1076:
959:
923:
898:
870:
838:
810:
203:
739:
689:
406:
A "face brick" is a higher-quality brick, designed for use in visible external surfaces in
3487:
3420:
3176:
3140:
3130:
2959:. 9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W.1. London: The Architectural Press. May 1936.
2717:
1973:, p. 39. "British Standard 3921 of 1969, gave dimensions of 215 mm by 102.5 mm by 65 mm ."
1701:
that the join between each pair is perpendicular to the join of the four pairs around it.
715:
160:
285:
Brick size may be slightly different due to shrinkage or distortion due to firing, etc.
258:
3367:
3296:
3125:
3100:
2686:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Clarke-Palmore House / Clarke Home"
1720:
1204:
Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one and a half bricks' thickness
981:
703:
609:
A nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not be contiguous across
540:
A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid flat with its short side exposed.
288:
An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows:
100:
2674:, p. 440. "ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND. Three stretching courses to each heading course."
3481:
3430:
3332:
3286:
3266:
3090:
1710:
1060:
600:
A brick with one corner cut away, leaving one header face at half its standard width.
319:
As the most common bricks are rectangular prisms, six surfaces are named as follows:
232:
1208:
353:
3362:
3316:
3250:
3066:
1896:
1878:
747:
734:
695:
236:
1233:
1183:
377:
171:
2637:] (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Steenwijk (published January 2016). p. 10.
3271:
3206:
1893: – Building of structures from individual units of stone, bricks, or blocks
1471:
Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature. In
754:
stretcher between headers, with the headers centred over the stretchers in the
660:
333:
42:
1679:
1490:
It is the simplest repeating pattern, and will create a wall one header thick.
1370:
3425:
3352:
3181:
3166:
2134:, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called
2085:, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called
1684:
1241:
1216:
1191:
1084:
955:
919:
894:
866:
834:
806:
479:
A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed.
224:
195:
183:
Polychromatic and indented brickwork in a Mid-Victorian terrace in West London
31:
469:
A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed.
3409:
3405:
3357:
3337:
3233:
3186:
3095:
2210:, p. 347. "BRICKS ARE LAID in a varied, but regular, form of connection, or
1796:
1483:
All bricks in this bond are stretchers, with the bricks in each successive
1229:
Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of two bricks' thickness
1179:
Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one brick's thickness
422:
369:
361:
311:
266:
252:
139:
17:
2710:
Accompanying four photos at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, undated
2176:. " portions of a brick a half header in width, are called queen closers"
2032:, p. 166. "BED.—The under-surface of bricks when laid in any kind of work."
1563:
777:
Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front and the rear is
151:
2552:
2550:
1356:
This bond has five courses of stretchers between every course of headers.
345:
3342:
1568:
1072:
Overhead plan for alternate courses of monk bond of one brick's thickness
295:
Mortar beds (horizontal) and perpends (vertical) of a uniform 10 mm.
248:
228:
3196:
3105:
1890:
1576:
1386:
1257:
399:
240:
212:
are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick
191:
164:
1881: – Process of building or assembling a building or infrastructure
3415:
3395:
3281:
3216:
3191:
3080:
3012:
Brick in the Landscape. A Practical Guide to Specification and Design
411:
235:
in Iraq date from around 1400 BC, and the brick buildings of ancient
2894:
in association with Peter Crawley. An imprint of the Cassell Group.
3026:
Joshi, A. & Ryan, D. (20 June 2013). Bricks: A Light Foundation
1154:
One of the two kinds of course in this family of bonds is called a
934:
headers may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two
3462:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
3377:
3245:
3201:
3161:
1783:
1678:
1604:
1572:
1567:
Brick wall laid in rat-trap bond photographed near Angelsea Road,
1562:
1472:
1380:
1369:
1273:
1256:
618:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
332:
310:
265:
257:
199:
178:
170:
150:
138:
30:
This article is about bricklaying. For manufacture of bricks, see
463:
A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed.
329:
Sides or wider surfaces are called Stretchers or stretcher faces
213:
3039:
3035:
1827:
Flemish diagonal bond comprises a complex pattern of stretcher
292:
Bricks of dimensions 215 mm Ă— 102.5 mm Ă— 65 mm;
36:
3030:
2247:
Positioning Ranging Lines, Gauge, Dry Bonding, Broken Bonding
2448:
2446:
1875: – Archaeological term for baked clay building material
1232:
1207:
1182:
1075:
946:
910:
885:
858:
825:
797:
3447:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
457:
A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed.
326:
Ends or narrow surfaces are called Headers or header faces
2000:
1998:
2745:, pp. 242, 245. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.
2691:. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. Archived from
1272:
Large areas of English cross bond can appear to have a
1265:
This bond also has alternating stretching and heading
566:
Less frequently used cuts are all coloured as follows:
2105:. The two corresponding vertical orientations are the
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2259:. Page 35–37. "Wall thickness terms relate to a
2050:
2048:
1727:
Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks
1506:
One or more stretching courses per alternating course
551:
A brick cut in half across its length, and laid flat.
251:
in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the
2909:
Emmitt, Stephen & Gorse, Christopher A. (2010).
1887: – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings
441:
A brick laid flat with its long narrow side exposed.
3439:
3388:
3325:
3259:
3149:
3073:
2275:
thick wall . This wall is a one brick thick wall ."
1385:Common bond on an Edwardian semi-detached house in
659:The advent during the mid twentieth century of the
589:
A queen closer cut to three-quarters of its length.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2949:The New Practical Builder, and Workman's Companion
2561:, p. 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.
2514:, p. 241. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.
1795:Brickwork formed into a diamond pattern is called
1244:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
1219:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
1194:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
1170:This bond has alternating stretching and heading
1087:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
958:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
922:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
897:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
869:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
837:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
809:highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An
2911:Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings
1289:Two or more stretching course per heading course
2978:Plumridge, Andrew and Meulenkamp, Wim. (1993).
2306:Fuller, Chicago Tribune, December 7, 1958.
1340:of stretchers between every course of headers.
1248:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
1223:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
1198:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
1091:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
962:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
926:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
901:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
841:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
813:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
873:for this east–west wall is shown to the right.
3051:
337:Mortar terminology- showing perpends and bed.
262:Co-ordination dimensions of a brick in a wall
8:
2992:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2263:dimension of a brick. Wall (A) is termed a
2150:. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a
2101:. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a
2951:. Thomas Kelly, 17 Paternoster Row, London.
1950:. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 2.
1397:This bond may have between three and nine
3058:
3044:
3036:
2657:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
451:A brick laid flat with its width exposed.
220:greater than the largest possible brick.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3457:Mason Contractors Association of America
2186:at back would add strength to the bond."
1285:variant of what they call a cross bond.
1112:One stretching course per heading course
738:
421:
3452:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
2684:Susan Reed Smither (January 29, 2004).
1908:
1804:
1733:
1620:
1540:
1514:
1420:
1292:
1115:
680:Courses of mixed headers and stretchers
578:A brick cut to a quarter of its length.
323:Top and bottom surfaces are called Beds
270:Working dimensions of a brick in a wall
2985:
2962:
2650:
1534:Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners
7:
3005:. Barnard's Inn, Holborn: M. Taylor.
2932:. The Antique Collectors' Club Ltd.
2241:CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD
1899: – Method of pointing brickwork
1853:of dense engineering bricks such as
1614:Courses of mixed shiners and sailors
1588:One shiner course per heading course
1261:Dutch Bond, Linacre College, Oxford.
671:into the cavity wall's mortar beds.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2573:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
930:For a still more substantial wall,
525: Three-quarter bat, stretching
206:. Typically, rows of bricks called
3014:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2980:Brickwork: Architecture and Design
1417:Only stretching or heading courses
25:
2741:
2557:
2510:
2484:
2470:
2399:
1344:raking English garden wall bond.
1302:A raking English garden wall bond
774:are used for the heading bricks.
143:Decorative Tudor brick chimneys,
27:Masonry made of bricks and mortar
2771:from the original on 2016-04-14.
2009:. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
1807:
1748:
1736:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1543:
1517:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1012:
1005:Private building, Solna, Sweden.
998:
980:
714:
702:
688:
585: Three-quarter queen closer
536: Three-quarter bat, heading
41:
3302:Non-explosive demolition agents
2842:. Ibstock Brick. Archived from
2172:Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911.
1885:Glossary of British bricklaying
1530:staggered in a raking pattern.
227:. The fired-brick faces of the
52:needs additional citations for
2930:A History of English Brickwork
2805:
2793:
2781:
2607:
2424:
2412:
2386:
2227:
2207:
2195:
2029:
1970:
1925:
1:
2131:
2082:
761:Where a course begins with a
3467:Worshipful Company of Masons
2532:
2374:
1790:St John's College, Cambridge
155:One of the buildings of the
2982:. New York: Harry N Abrams.
2867:
2345:
2333:
2294:
1869: – Architectural style
389:Parts of brickwork include
3514:
2728:
2671:
2595:
2497:
1838:
1708:
1498:Also consists entirely of
1479:Stretcher, or running bond
732:
29:
3292:Lewis (lifting appliance)
3010:Sovinski, Rob W. (1999).
2947:Nicholson, Peter (1823).
2928:Lloyd, Nathaniel (1925).
2888:Brick Building in Britain
1873:Ceramic building material
1855:Staffordshire blue bricks
1788:Flemish diagonal bond at
1149:Double English cross bond
772:Staffordshire Blue bricks
743:Brickwork in Flemish Bond
2969:: CS1 maint: location (
2957:The Architectural Review
2267:. Wall (B) is termed a
1696:Double basket weave bond
1675:Single basket weave bond
1642:Double basket weave bond
1630:Single basket weave bond
1374:American bond, 5th Ave,
1366:American, or common bond
1332:English garden wall bond
513:—at the beginning of a
3031:Bricks rate in Pakistan
3001:Smeaton, A. C. (1837).
2631:Het Zinderend Oppervlak
2571:Ching, Francis (1995).
2007:Construction Technology
1948:Construction Technology
1721:timber-framed buildings
1454:A raking stretcher bond
157:University of Jyväskylä
2005:Fleming, Eric (2006).
1946:Fleming, Eric (2006).
1792:
1688:
1683:45° herringbone bond,
1610:
1601:Non-load-bearing bonds
1580:
1524:Flemish stretcher bond
1511:Flemish stretcher bond
1394:
1378:
1262:
1237:
1212:
1187:
1080:
951:
915:
890:
863:
830:
802:
744:
637:Thickness (and leaves)
427:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
338:
316:
271:
263:
184:
176:
168:
148:
2635:The Thrilling Surface
2629:Mulder, Koen (2016).
2438:Building Construction
2245:Setting Out Brickwork
1823:Flemish diagonal bond
1814:Flemish diagonal bond
1787:
1682:
1608:
1566:
1494:Raking stretcher bond
1384:
1373:
1336:This bond has three
1260:
1236:
1211:
1186:
1079:
1019:Pyramids highlighted.
950:
914:
889:
862:
829:
801:
742:
655:Cavity walls and ties
425:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
336:
314:
269:
261:
182:
174:
154:
142:
3498:Building engineering
3116:Massive precut stone
3111:Post-tensioned stone
2849:on 21 September 2013
2436:Charles F.Mitchell.
1666:45° herringbone bond
1654:90° herringbone bond
1592:
1410:Clarke-Palmore House
1053:Kingston upon Thames
989:Kingston upon Thames
987:New Malden Library,
974:Monk bond variations
365:Double frogged brick
357:Single frogged brick
145:Hampton Court Palace
61:improve this article
3312:Stonemason's hammer
3277:Ceramic tile cutter
2913:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1867:Brick Expressionism
1717:herringbone pattern
783:single Flemish bond
779:double Flemish bond
255:to the modern day.
2819:"Boral Best Block"
2716:2010-05-28 at the
2214:, as exhibited in
1835:Damp-proof courses
1793:
1689:
1611:
1581:
1468:by half a header.
1395:
1379:
1263:
1253:English cross bond
1238:
1213:
1188:
1137:English cross bond
1081:
1055:, Greater London.
952:
916:
891:
864:
831:
803:
745:
675:Load-bearing bonds
648:Monadnock Building
558: Queen closer
428:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
339:
317:
272:
264:
185:
177:
175:Courtyard 2, Yemen
169:
149:
3475:
3474:
3401:Hardstone carving
3348:Polygonal masonry
3172:Decorative stones
2767:. Peter Stewart.
2644:978-90-824668-0-5
2271:. This wall is a
2243:Training Workbook
2144:rowlock stretcher
2095:rowlock stretcher
1772:Della Robbia bond
1755:Della Robbia bond
1240:The colour-coded
1215:The colour-coded
1190:The colour-coded
1156:stretching course
1083:The colour-coded
1038:Raking monk bonds
991:, Greater London.
954:The colour-coded
918:The colour-coded
893:The colour-coded
865:The colour-coded
833:The colour-coded
805:The colour-coded
596: King closer
574: Quarter bat
476:rowlock stretcher
247:in Anatolia, and
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3505:
3307:Plug and feather
3157:Artificial stone
3060:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3015:
3006:
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2871:
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2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
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2841:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2821:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2765:"Brick Patterns"
2761:
2746:
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2460:. Page 769.
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1974:
1968:
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1705:Herringbone bond
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1627:
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1376:Harlem, New York
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381:Perforated brick
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2892:Victor Gollancz
2884:Brunskill, R.W.
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2718:Wayback Machine
2701:
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2698:on June 7, 2010
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373:Cellular brick
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315:Faces of brick
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243:in Palestine,
194:produced by a
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2016:1-4051-0210-1
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448:heading brick
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426:Six positions
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233:Dur-Kurigalzu
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3493:Construction
3372:
3363:Tuckpointing
3317:Straightedge
3251:Stone veneer
3067:Stonemasonry
3011:
3002:
2979:
2956:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2887:
2877:Bibliography
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2844:the original
2831:
2823:the original
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2742:Arch. Review
2740:
2736:
2724:
2709:
2700:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2679:
2667:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2572:
2566:
2558:Arch. Review
2556:
2540:
2528:
2519:
2511:Arch. Review
2509:
2505:
2493:
2485:Arch. Review
2483:
2479:
2471:Arch. Review
2469:
2465:
2437:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2400:Arch. Review
2398:
2394:
2389:, pp. 57–58.
2382:
2370:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2268:
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2215:
2211:
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2191:
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2173:
2168:
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2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2037:
2025:
2006:
1987:
1978:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1911:
1897:Tuckpointing
1879:Construction
1844:
1826:
1794:
1775:
1767:
1714:
1699:
1690:
1596:
1582:
1528:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1470:
1463:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:Little Italy
1362:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1283:
1271:
1264:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1189:
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1177:
1169:
1166:English bond
1159:
1155:
1153:
1125:English bond
1106:
1099:
1082:
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1070:
1065:
1057:
1049:
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1032:
1025:
953:
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793:
792:
787:
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748:Flemish bond
746:
735:Flemish bond
729:Flemish bond
696:Flemish bond
666:
658:
644:
640:
630:
628:
623:
617:
615:
608:
565:
510:
508:
504: Header
487:
429:
407:
405:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
340:
318:
302:
298:
287:
284:
273:
237:Mohenjo-daro
222:
218:
207:
187:
186:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
18:English Bond
3272:Bush hammer
3207:Lime mortar
3086:Rustication
2249:WB 272
2113:positions."
1841:Rising damp
1460:Header bond
1430:Header bond
1096:Sussex bond
721:Sussex bond
661:cavity wall
418:Orientation
349:Solid brick
307:Terminology
245:Çatal Höyük
231:of ancient
76:"Brickwork"
3482:Categories
3426:Stone wall
3353:Repointing
3326:Techniques
3182:Fieldstone
3167:Cast stone
3121:Monumental
2939:0907462367
2901:0575065354
2890:. London:
2702:2010-05-08
2458:1884446000
2363:0713466847
2273:half brick
2257:185751095X
2073:soldiers."
2057:Stretchers
1904:References
1685:Canterbury
1408:The brick
1280:Dutch bond
434:Stretcher
225:Bronze Age
196:bricklayer
117:March 2020
87:newspapers
32:Brickworks
3421:Sculpture
3410:Footstone
3406:Headstone
3373:Brickwork
3358:Scabbling
3338:Flushwork
3234:Sandstone
3212:Limestone
3187:Flagstone
3150:Materials
3131:Sculpture
3096:Dry stone
2988:cite book
2965:cite book
2870:, p. 154.
2806:Brunskill
2794:Brunskill
2782:Brunskill
2653:cite book
2608:Brunskill
2575:. Wiley.
2425:Nicholson
2413:Brunskill
2403:, p. 233.
2387:Brunskill
2261:stretcher
2228:Nicholson
2208:Nicholson
2196:Nicholson
2174:BRICKWORK
2136:stretcher
2087:stretcher
2030:Nicholson
1971:Brunskill
1926:Nicholson
1797:diapering
1780:Diapering
1246:elevation
1221:elevation
1196:elevation
1089:elevation
967:Monk bond
960:elevation
924:elevation
899:elevation
871:elevation
839:elevation
811:elevation
709:Monk bond
669:wall ties
408:face-work
253:Stone Age
188:Brickwork
161:Jyväskylä
3389:Products
3343:Knapping
3136:Slipform
2886:(1997).
2808:, p. 87.
2796:, p. 54.
2784:, p. 52.
2769:Archived
2714:Archived
2610:, p. 50.
2132:Sovinski
2083:Sovinski
1928:. "By a
1861:See also
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400:perpends
249:Mehrgarh
229:ziggurat
198:, using
3333:Flaming
3197:Granite
3141:Snecked
3106:Masonry
3091:Carving
2533:Smeaton
2375:Smeaton
2218:LXXXV."
2148:rowlock
2107:soldier
2099:rowlock
2061:Headers
1891:Masonry
1851:courses
1829:courses
1577:England
1500:courses
1466:courses
1399:courses
1387:Toronto
1338:courses
1267:courses
1172:courses
758:below.
756:courses
611:courses
605:Bonding
472:Shiner
466:Rowlock
454:Soldier
444:Header
241:Jericho
209:courses
192:masonry
165:Finland
159:, from
101:scholar
3488:Bricks
3416:Mosaic
3396:Castle
3368:Veneer
3297:Trowel
3282:Chisel
3229:Mortar
3217:Marble
3192:Gabion
3126:Rubble
3081:Ashlar
2936:
2917:
2898:
2868:Emmitt
2853:26 May
2641:
2579:
2456:
2361:
2346:Emmitt
2336:, p. 7
2334:Emmitt
2295:Emmitt
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2146:, and
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2103:shiner
2097:, and
2091:header
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1930:Course
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1485:course
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515:course
502:
494:
460:Sailor
412:stucco
391:bricks
204:mortar
200:bricks
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3378:Wythe
3260:Tools
3246:Slate
3222:Types
3202:Grout
3162:Brick
3074:Types
2847:(PDF)
2840:(PDF)
2729:Lloyd
2696:(PDF)
2689:(PDF)
2672:Lloyd
2633:[
2596:Lloyd
2498:Lloyd
2216:Plate
1573:Essex
1473:Lewes
1274:twill
1242:plans
1217:plans
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1085:plans
956:plans
936:pairs
920:plans
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807:plans
763:quoin
624:leafs
108:JSTOR
94:books
3239:List
2994:link
2971:link
2934:ISBN
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2896:ISBN
2855:2015
2707:and
2659:link
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