398:
479:, forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution; their legal, constitutional view that it was unlawful was based on Charles' concessionary Act prohibiting the dissolution of Parliament without its own consent (on 11 May 1641, leading to the entire Commonwealth being the latter years of the
574:
717:. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. On 21 February 1660, Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament "secluded" by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March Lambert was sent to the Tower, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "
649:, a sweeping constitutional reform which had two purposes. The first was to reserve for Parliament certain rights, such as a three-year fixed-term (which the Lord Protector was required to abide by) and to reserve for the Parliament the sole right of taxation. The second, as a concession to Cromwell, was to make the Lord Protector a hereditary position and to convert the title to a formal constitutional Kingship. Cromwell refused the title of King, but accepted the rest of the legislation, which was passed in final form on 25 May 1657.
358:, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. It was selected by the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. However, the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship. After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. It declared the people of England "and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging" to be henceforth under the governance of a "Commonwealth", effectively a republic.
54:
492:
1942:
706:. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet
145:
641:; all of England was divided into ten regions, each was governed directly by one of Cromwell's Major-Generals, who were given sweeping powers to collect taxes and enforce the peace. The Major-Generals were highly unpopular, a fact that they themselves noticed and many urged Cromwell to call another Parliament to give his rule legitimacy.
131:
374:) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than two hundred members (less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the
264:. Not only did Cromwell's regime crumble into near anarchy upon his death and the brief administration of his son, but the monarchy he overthrew was restored in 1660, and its first act was officially to erase all traces of any constitutional reforms of the Republican period. Still, the memory of the Parliamentarian cause, dubbed the
645:
brought up for debate was the
Militia Bill, which was ultimately voted down by the House. As a result, the authority of the Major-Generals to collect taxes to support their own regimes ended, and the Rule of the Major Generals came to an end. The second piece of major legislation was the passage of the
652:
A second session of the
Parliament met in 1658; it allowed previously excluded MPs (who had been not allowed to take their seats because of Catholic and/or Royalist leanings) to take their seats, however, this made the Parliament far less compliant to the wishes of Cromwell and the Major-Generals; it
697:
and of the
Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On 9 June he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his power was undermined in parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the preâCivil War parliament.
644:
Unlike the prior
Parliament, which had been open to all eligible males in the Commonwealth, the new elections specifically excluded Catholics and Royalists from running or voting; as a result, it was stocked with members who were more in line with Cromwell's own politics. The first major bill to be
537:
Cromwell saw
Barebone's Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were
503:
The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which
Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a "nominated assembly" which he believed would be
251:
In retrospect, the period of republican rule for
England was a failure in the short term. During the 11-year period, no stable government was established to rule the English state for longer than a few months at a time. Several administrative structures were tried, and several Parliaments called and
674:
and a return to the constitution of the
Commonwealth, while another preferred the existing constitution. As the parties grew increasingly quarrelsome, Richard dissolved it. He was quickly removed from power, and the remaining Army leadership recalled the Rump Parliament, setting the stage for the
669:
was summoned in late 1658 and was seated on 27 January 1659. Its first act was to confirm
Richard's role as Lord Protector, which it did by a sizeable, but not overwhelming, majority. Quickly, however, it became apparent that Richard had no control over the Army and divisions quickly developed in
412:
There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of
England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts. However, they were also
628:
by drawing up a set of 84 bills for consideration. The Parliament was freely elected (as free as such elections could be in the 17th century) and as such, the Parliament was filled with a wide range of political interests, and as such did not accomplish any of its goals. Having passed none of
525:
who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to keep the
585:, which had assumed the executive function formerly held by the King and his Privy Council, was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell on 20 April, and in its place a new council, filled with Cromwell's own chosen men, was installed. Three days after Barebone's Parliament dissolved itself, the
420:
Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
772:
378:; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King.
748:
in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as
1977:
541:
Cromwell seems to have expected this group of amateurs to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the
545:
in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell, who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.
2780:
1399:
397:
665:, inherited the title, Lord Protector. Richard had never served in the Army, which meant he lost control over the Major-Generals that had been the source of his own father's power. The
1372:
589:
was adopted by Cromwell's council and a new state structure, now known historically as The Protectorate, was given its shape. This new constitution granted Cromwell sweeping powers as
1404:
637:
Having decided that Parliament was not an efficient means of getting his policies enacted, Cromwell instituted a system of direct military rule of England during a period known as the
1970:
2775:
1392:
608:. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "
703:
389:. This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.
182:
417:. High taxes, mainly to pay the Army, were resented by the gentry. Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.
1963:
777:
885:
2790:
1382:
860:
2820:
1207:
815:
2765:
609:
2760:
2755:
1446:
2770:
2750:
437:
was repealed in September 1650. Mainly on the insistence of the Army, many independent churches were tolerated, although everyone still had to pay
2745:
2735:
1570:
346:
on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. With the abolition of the monarchy,
201:. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, in the
616:, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union".
510:
was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentries as being an assembly of inferior people. Over 110 of its 140 members were lesser
444:
Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in
2740:
1248:
1072:
401:
A 21st-century edition of the Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State enacted on 19 May 1649
2810:
744:, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of
593:, an office which ironically had much the same role and powers as the King had under the monarchy, a fact not lost on Cromwell's critics.
206:
1036:
993:
950:
2795:
900:
782:
707:
605:
252:
seated, but little in the way of meaningful, lasting legislation was passed. The only force keeping it together was the personality of
385:, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were
762:
248:â although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell's formal assumption of power in 1653.
2815:
1755:
521:
The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately 40) included a hard core of
1200:
767:
59:
1387:
2825:
1788:
1436:
1287:
1270:
304:
202:
2805:
1848:
1466:
1461:
1431:
1263:
1258:
564:
853:"November 1650: An Act for turning the Books of the Law, and all Proces and Proceedings in Courts of Justice, into English"
1878:
1595:
666:
625:
568:
560:
237:
1023:"March 1649: An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging",
2637:
2600:
1725:
1615:
1421:
876:
741:
729:
who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March.
268:
by the soldiers of the New Model Army, lingered on. It would carry through English politics and eventually result in a
245:
2362:
1655:
1224:
1193:
694:
460:
2351:
2293:
710:, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms.
852:
573:
2785:
2647:
2325:
1883:
1695:
1670:
1665:
1585:
1525:
1243:
838:
27 September 1650 "Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church" (
646:
638:
2800:
2642:
2437:
2382:
1990:
1745:
1735:
1660:
1630:
1590:
1530:
1028:
590:
476:
456:. This would have upset the gentry, who regarded the common law as reinforcing their status and property rights.
2443:
2432:
2138:
1994:
1986:
1843:
1715:
1700:
1610:
1605:
1487:
1012:"September 1650: Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church"
586:
582:
355:
347:
217:
198:
178:
134:
507:
467:. Laws were also passed banning the celebration of Easter and Christmas. This antagonised most of the gentry.
405:
For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from
2830:
2412:
2407:
2392:
2367:
2074:
1720:
1635:
1510:
269:
73:
31:
2591:
2476:
2422:
2397:
2372:
2357:
2229:
2064:
1898:
1768:
1730:
1675:
1575:
1292:
699:
604:
was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General
434:
292:
228:
of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the period now usually known as
186:
2581:
2491:
2471:
2402:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2199:
2194:
2167:
2128:
2123:
1893:
1873:
1853:
1833:
1808:
1793:
1763:
1685:
1645:
1625:
1550:
1169:
733:
296:
2300:
2286:
2038:
581:
Throughout 1653, Cromwell and the Army slowly dismantled the machinery of the Commonwealth state. The
702:
and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the
2559:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2459:
2377:
2234:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2106:
1918:
1903:
1888:
1828:
1818:
1740:
1600:
1515:
1098:
745:
737:
496:
343:
244:
in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 â called by some the
2586:
2539:
2481:
2417:
2214:
2204:
2184:
2150:
1923:
1913:
1863:
1798:
1773:
1690:
1540:
1535:
1502:
1456:
1343:
1311:
1233:
518:, a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname. Many were well educated.
515:
213:
197:
on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a
78:
491:
2623:
2261:
2209:
2133:
1908:
1838:
1783:
1778:
1705:
1680:
1650:
1545:
1520:
1482:
1451:
1441:
1338:
1280:
1216:
1175:
740:, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the
300:
241:
139:
2256:
2117:
2069:
1858:
1823:
1710:
1640:
1565:
1560:
1323:
1253:
1068:
985:
942:
722:
690:
522:
430:
288:
1064:
908:
653:
accomplished little in the way of a legislative agenda and was dissolved after a few months.
2574:
2564:
2454:
2427:
2279:
2111:
2031:
2024:
1868:
1813:
1803:
1580:
1555:
1377:
1333:
1147:
1121:
1011:
662:
554:
367:
327:
233:
229:
108:
83:
1044:
624:
Cromwell and his Council of State spent the first several months of 1654 preparing for the
240:
was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, starting a process that led to the
2569:
2314:
2144:
2096:
2086:
2080:
1928:
1620:
1426:
1306:
1275:
1115:
686:
671:
597:
480:
371:
331:
321:
280:
253:
221:
194:
100:
53:
1955:
967:
2667:
2554:
2511:
2465:
2250:
1946:
1492:
718:
713:
It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from
351:
339:
284:
276:
265:
261:
225:
1061:
Angles on the English-Speaking World, V.7: The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707â2007
2729:
1367:
1362:
1318:
1238:
750:
511:
257:
577:
Arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, used on the great seal from 1655 to 1659.
459:
The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as
2692:
2449:
1350:
1301:
190:
189:. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a
2044:
721:" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. However, he was recaptured by Colonel
409:
and Ireland. By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.
2697:
2682:
2267:
1355:
1135:
414:
17:
685:
After the Grandees in the New Model Army removed Richard, they reinstalled the
256:, who exerted control through the military by way of the "Grandees", being the
2672:
2662:
2652:
2239:
2101:
1088:
Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649â1660, including halfcrowns
453:
445:
232:. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son,
2687:
2657:
2244:
2219:
375:
2345:
2677:
2224:
2049:
726:
714:
531:
530:, since common law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and
464:
406:
386:
275:
The Commonwealth period is better remembered for the military success of
174:
2595:
2501:
629:
Cromwell's proposed bills, he dissolved it as soon as law would allow.
613:
335:
170:
162:
901:"Parliament Week: A Cromwellian Act and Seal from the Cromwell Museum"
413:
aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright
2387:
2335:
2059:
2054:
1185:
504:
easy for the Army to control since Army officers did the nominating.
382:
161:
was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when
144:
773:
List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642â1660
130:
2307:
572:
490:
449:
438:
396:
166:
602:
Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England
2091:
732:
On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck,
307:, which continued the policies of the Tudor and Stuart periods.
1959:
1189:
1087:
633:
Rule of the Major-Generals and Second Protectorate Parliament
370:, all members of parliament (including most of the political
1027:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911, pp.
303:. In Ireland, the Commonwealth period is remembered for
816:
Wikisource:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
753:. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.
670:
the Parliament. One faction called for a recall of the
354:, it had unchecked executive and legislative power. The
212:
In 1653, after dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the
1400:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979âpresent)
657:
Richard Cromwell and the Third Protectorate Parliament
799:
797:
1754:
1501:
1475:
1414:
1405:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979âpresent)
1223:
452:. However, there were no widespread reforms of the
177:, were governed as a republic after the end of the
93:
66:
41:
2781:States and territories disestablished in the 1660s
1025:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642â1660.
875:
661:On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son,
334:who did not support the political position of the
1016:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642â1660
986:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 30 May 1660"
433:was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the
962:
960:
943:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660"
778:Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
486:
342:. Just before and after the execution of King
299:which marked the first step towards England's
1971:
1201:
514:or of higher social status; an exception was
8:
2538:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2776:States and territories established in 1649
2715:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2614:
2530:
2008:
2003:
1978:
1964:
1956:
1208:
1194:
1186:
1092:
1037:"Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651â1660"
305:Cromwell's brutal subjugation of the Irish
52:
1447:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
929:
839:
698:On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered
596:On 12 April 1654, under the terms of the
487:Barebone's Parliament, JulyâDecember 1653
291:, the reformed Navy under the command of
260:and other senior military leaders of the
1010:Firth, C. H.; Rait, R. S., eds. (1911),
1059:Sevaldsen, JĂžrgen; et al. (2007),
803:
793:
287:. Besides resounding victories in the
877:"The Puritan War on Christmas 1642-60"
38:
2791:Former countries in the British Isles
996:from the original on 9 December 2023.
953:from the original on 10 October 2023.
863:from the original on 9 December 2023.
675:return of the Monarchy a year later.
27:Republican rule in England, 1649â1660
7:
1035:Schultz, Oleg, ed. (14 March 2010),
826:
2821:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
1063:, Museum Tusculanum Press, p.
899:Goldsmith, John (2 November 2011).
888:from the original on 9 August 2020.
783:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
606:George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle
2766:1660 disestablishments in Scotland
1457:History of the politics of England
25:
2761:1660 disestablishments in Ireland
2756:1660 disestablishments in England
1452:History of the economy of England
1940:
768:Flags of the English Interregnum
143:
129:
2771:1660 disestablishments in Wales
2751:1652 establishments in Scotland
2015:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1437:History of education in England
207:Anglo-Scottish war of 1650â1652
203:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2746:1652 establishments in Ireland
2736:1649 establishments in England
2012:Monarchs of England until 1603
1432:Government in medieval England
693:was appointed a member of the
565:Second Protectorate Parliament
1:
884:. Vol. 35, no. 12.
763:Anglo-Spanish War (1654â1660)
667:Third Protectorate Parliament
626:First Protectorate Parliament
620:First Protectorate Parliament
569:Third Protectorate Parliament
561:First Protectorate Parliament
125:
2741:1649 establishments in Wales
1422:English overseas possessions
30:Not to be confused with the
2622:British monarchs after the
465:strict observance of Sunday
441:to the established church.
242:restoration of the monarchy
2847:
2796:Former countries in Europe
1249:Economy in the Middle Ages
647:Humble Petition and Advice
639:Rule of the Major-Generals
558:
552:
319:
295:defeated the Dutch in the
29:
2710:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2550:
2533:
2529:
2006:
2002:
1937:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1131:
1112:
1105:
1095:
972:The Diary of Samuel Pepys
483:in their majority view).
138:
128:
120:
60:flags of the Commonwealth
51:
46:
2816:Republicanism in England
1571:East Riding of Yorkshire
1488:Kingdom of Great Britain
1161:Commonwealth of England
1107:Commonwealth of England
1102:in England & Ireland
610:Arms of the Commonwealth
587:Instrument of Government
583:English Council of State
534:were valuable property.
356:English Council of State
330:of those members of the
326:The Rump was created by
218:Instrument of Government
179:Second English Civil War
135:Second English Civil War
2811:Interregnum (1649â1660)
968:"Tuesday 23 April 1661"
874:Durston, Chris (1985).
549:Protectorate, 1653â1659
393:Issues and achievements
270:constitutional monarchy
238:Protectorate Parliament
74:Third English Civil War
42:Commonwealth of England
32:Commonwealth of Nations
2826:Scottish republicanism
1293:Black Death in England
990:British History Online
947:British History Online
857:British History Online
578:
538:no qualified lawyers.
500:
435:Act of Uniformity 1558
402:
187:execution of Charles I
2806:Interregnum (England)
840:Firth & Rait 1911
742:Convention Parliament
612:", incorporating the
576:
508:Barebone's Parliament
494:
461:closing down theatres
415:military dictatorship
400:
297:First Anglo-Dutch War
2592:William III & II
2157:Henry the Young King
2107:Edward the Confessor
2075:Ăthelred the Unready
738:Declaration of Breda
700:General John Lambert
2540:Union of the Crowns
1344:Glorious Revolution
1312:English Renaissance
1264:English unification
1234:Prehistoric Britain
842:, pp. 423â425)
695:Committee of Safety
516:Praise-God Barebone
475:Cromwell, aided by
169:, later along with
79:British Interregnum
58:One of the various
2624:Acts of Union 1707
2587:James II & VII
2280:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2065:Edgar the Peaceful
1947:England portal
1596:Greater Manchester
1483:Kingdom of England
1442:History of English
1259:Anglo-Saxon period
1217:History of England
1176:Stuart Restoration
1018:, pp. 423â425
579:
501:
403:
381:Most Rumpers were
193:", adopted by the
140:Stuart Restoration
2786:English Civil War
2723:
2722:
2706:
2705:
2609:
2608:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2070:Edward the Martyr
1953:
1952:
1324:English Civil War
1254:Sub-Roman Britain
1184:
1183:
1167:Succeeded by
1113:Succeeded by
1074:978-87-635-0702-8
911:on 18 August 2017
723:Richard Ingoldsby
691:Charles Fleetwood
523:Fifth Monarchists
431:Church of England
289:English Civil War
155:
154:
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
2838:
2801:Former republics
2615:
2575:Richard Cromwell
2565:The Protectorate
2555:James I & VI
2531:
2112:Harold Godwinson
2032:Edward the Elder
2025:Alfred the Great
2009:
2004:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1656:Northamptonshire
1383:Second World War
1288:Late Middle Ages
1271:High Middle Ages
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1156:
1153:The Protectorate
1148:Richard Cromwell
1145:Preceded by
1132:Preceded by
1126:
1122:The Protectorate
1096:Preceded by
1093:
1077:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1043:, archived from
1041:Archontology.org
1031:
1019:
998:
997:
982:
976:
975:
974:. 24 April 2004.
964:
955:
954:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
907:. Archived from
896:
890:
889:
879:
871:
865:
864:
849:
843:
836:
830:
824:
818:
813:
807:
801:
663:Richard Cromwell
555:The Protectorate
234:Richard Cromwell
230:the Protectorate
199:Council of State
147:
133:
126:
113:
109:Richard Cromwell
105:
84:The Protectorate
56:
39:
21:
18:English Republic
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2702:
2629:
2605:
2570:Oliver Cromwell
2546:
2521:
2516:
2363:Constantine III
2272:
2097:Harold Harefoot
2087:Edmund Ironside
1998:
1993: and
1984:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1756:By city or town
1750:
1696:South Yorkshire
1671:Nottinghamshire
1666:North Yorkshire
1586:Gloucestershire
1526:Buckinghamshire
1521:City of Bristol
1497:
1471:
1427:English society
1410:
1409:
1388:Postwar Britain
1378:Interwar period
1373:First World War
1307:Elizabethan era
1276:Norman Conquest
1244:Medieval period
1219:
1214:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1116:Oliver Cromwell
1109:
1103:
1101:
1084:
1075:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1047:on 7 March 2016
1034:
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1001:
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868:
851:
850:
846:
837:
833:
825:
821:
814:
810:
802:
795:
791:
759:
687:Rump Parliament
683:
672:Rump Parliament
659:
635:
622:
598:Tender of Union
571:
557:
551:
489:
481:Long Parliament
477:Thomas Harrison
473:
427:
395:
364:
332:Long Parliament
324:
322:Rump Parliament
318:
316:Rump Parliament
313:
301:naval supremacy
281:Oliver Cromwell
254:Oliver Cromwell
222:Oliver Cromwell
195:Rump Parliament
124:
116:
111:
103:
101:Oliver Cromwell
89:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2831:Stuart England
2828:
2823:
2818:
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2499:
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2466:Edward Balliol
2462:
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2326:Constantine II
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2197:
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2165:
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2136:
2131:
2126:
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2118:Edgar Ătheling
2114:
2109:
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2099:
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2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
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2017:
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2013:
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1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
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1951:
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1938:
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1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
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1760:
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1746:Worcestershire
1743:
1738:
1736:West Yorkshire
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Northumberland
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:City of London
1638:
1633:
1631:Leicestershire
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:Greater London
1588:
1583:
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1528:
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1493:United Kingdom
1490:
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1397:
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1393:Social history
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1082:External links
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719:Good Old Cause
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553:Main article:
550:
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340:New Model Army
320:Main article:
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226:Lord Protector
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1368:Edwardian era
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1363:Victorian era
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1319:Stuart period
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1294:
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1281:Norman period
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948:
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932:, p. 39.
931:
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882:History Today
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689:in May 1659.
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372:Presbyterians
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368:Pride's Purge
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1351:Georgian era
1334:Protectorate
1329:Commonwealth
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1302:Tudor period
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121:
36:
2698:Charles III
2683:Edward VIII
2413:Alexander I
2393:Malcolm III
2368:Kenneth III
2268:Elizabeth I
2230:Richard III
1899:Southampton
1769:Bournemouth
1731:West Sussex
1676:Oxfordshire
1576:East Sussex
1356:Regency era
1339:Restoration
1139:in Scotland
1136:Covenanters
736:issued the
429:Though the
246:Interregnum
220:, by which
112:(1658â1659)
104:(1653â1658)
86:(1653â1659)
2730:Categories
2673:Edward VII
2663:William IV
2653:George III
2582:Charles II
2477:Robert III
2423:Malcolm IV
2398:Donald III
2373:Malcolm II
2358:Kenneth II
2240:Henry VIII
2200:Richard II
2195:Edward III
2129:William II
2102:Harthacnut
1894:Shrewsbury
1874:Portsmouth
1854:Nottingham
1834:Manchester
1809:Folkestone
1794:Colchester
1764:Birmingham
1686:Shropshire
1646:Merseyside
1626:Lancashire
1551:Derbyshire
1170:Charles II
1164:1659â1660
1110:1649â1653
1051:1 December
1004:References
915:10 January
905:Culture 24
734:Charles II
559:See also:
543:status quo
528:status quo
454:common law
446:Law French
283:, and the
122:Chronology
2688:George VI
2658:George IV
2648:George II
2560:Charles I
2542:from 1603
2492:James III
2472:Robert II
2428:William I
2403:Duncan II
2331:Malcolm I
2321:Donald II
2245:Edward VI
2235:Henry VII
2220:Edward IV
2190:Edward II
2180:Henry III
2163:Richard I
2124:William I
2045:Ăthelstan
1919:Worcester
1904:St Albans
1889:Sheffield
1884:Rochester
1849:Newcastle
1829:Maidstone
1819:Liverpool
1741:Wiltshire
1601:Hampshire
1516:Berkshire
1503:By county
1155:1658â1659
1125:1653â1658
1099:Charles I
827:HMSO 1911
746:Charles I
681:1659â1660
532:advowsons
499:from 1653
471:Dismissal
387:regicides
376:Levellers
362:Structure
344:Charles I
311:1649â1653
224:was made
94:Leader(s)
67:Including
47:1649â1660
2678:George V
2668:Victoria
2643:George I
2512:James VI
2497:James IV
2487:James II
2460:David II
2455:Robert I
2444:Margaret
2378:Duncan I
2287:Donald I
2225:Edward V
2215:Henry VI
2205:Henry IV
2185:Edward I
2151:Henry II
2050:Edmund I
2039:Ălfweard
1997:monarchs
1991:Scottish
1924:Worthing
1914:Wetherby
1864:Plymouth
1799:Coventry
1774:Brighton
1691:Somerset
1541:Cornwall
1536:Cheshire
1476:Polities
1225:Timeline
994:Archived
951:Archived
886:Archived
861:Archived
757:See also
727:regicide
715:Scotland
407:Scotland
350:and the
336:Grandees
205:and the
181:and the
175:Scotland
2596:Mary II
2502:James V
2482:James I
2418:David I
2383:Macbeth
2315:Eochaid
2210:Henry V
2145:Matilda
2139:Stephen
2134:Henry I
1995:British
1989:,
1987:English
1909:Torquay
1879:Reading
1839:Margate
1784:Chester
1779:Bristol
1706:Suffolk
1681:Rutland
1651:Norfolk
1546:Cumbria
704:Speaker
614:Saltire
495:A gold
425:Reforms
338:in the
171:Ireland
163:England
142:(1660)
2507:Mary I
2388:Lulach
2352:AmlaĂb
2346:Cuilén
2336:Indulf
2262:Philip
2257:Mary I
2060:Eadwig
2055:Eadred
1859:Oxford
1824:London
1711:Surrey
1566:Durham
1561:Dorset
1415:Topics
1071:
600:, the
567:, and
512:gentry
439:tithes
383:gentry
236:, the
2408:Edgar
2308:Giric
2174:Louis
2081:Sweyn
1869:Poole
1814:Leeds
1804:Dover
1581:Essex
1556:Devon
1467:Riots
1029:18â20
789:Notes
497:Unite
450:Latin
183:trial
167:Wales
2638:Anne
2601:Anne
2594:and
2450:John
2259:and
2251:Jane
2168:John
2092:Cnut
1929:York
1621:Kent
1462:Wars
1134:The
1069:ISBN
1053:2012
917:2015
725:, a
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185:and
173:and
165:and
157:The
2341:Dub
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