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744:, an American university matriculation exam, only 15 percent of the students wrote their essay answers in cursive. However, students might be discouraged from using cursive on standardized tests because they will receive lower marks if their answers are hard to read, and some graders may have difficulties reading cursive. Nevertheless, in 2007, a survey of 200 teachers of first through third grades in all 50 American states, 90 percent of respondents said their schools required the teaching of cursive, but a nationwide survey in 2008 found elementary school teachers lacking formal training in teaching handwriting; only 12 percent reported having taken a course in how to teach it.
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979:. While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, especially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet although use of block letters in private writing has been rising. Most children in Russian schools are taught in the first grade how to write using this Russian script.
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74:. It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions; being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", "
815:, who have difficulty learning to read because their brains have difficulty associating sounds and letter combinations efficiently, have found that cursive can help them with the decoding process because it integrates hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills and other brain and memory functions. However, students with
801:
had already mandated cursive in schools as a part of the Back to Basics program designed to maintain the integrity of cursive handwriting. Cursive instruction is required by grade 5 in
Illinois, starting with the 2018â2019 school year. Some argue that cursive is not worth teaching in schools and "in
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in the 1930s to replace looped cursive with cursive italic penmanship resurfaced. It was motivated by the claim that cursive instruction was more difficult than it needed to be; that conventional (looped) cursive was unnecessary, and it was easier to write in cursive italic. Because of this, various
411:
or later cursive, developed from old cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "e" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than
221:âuses non-looped joins, and not all letters are joined. In italic cursive, there are no joins from g, j, q, or y, and a few other joins are discouraged. Italic penmanship became popular in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance. The term "italic" as it relates to handwriting is not to be confused with
81:
The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this belief, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected, sometimes making a
540:
for schools in the United
Kingdom, only that one font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school. In both the cursive and the continuous cursive writing styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in a particular way. Once pupils have learnt how to clearly form
161:
Ligature is writing the letters of words with lines connecting the letters so that one does not have to pick up the pen or pencil between letters. Commonly some of the letters are written in a looped manner to facilitate the connections. In common printed Greek texts, the modern small letter fonts
767:
Many historical documents, such as the United States
Constitution, are written in cursiveâsome argue the inability to read cursive therefore precludes one from being able to fully appreciate such documents in their original format. Despite the decline in the day-to-day use of cursive, it is being
450:. Some features of this handwriting were later adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and early modern era. In the 19th and 20th centuries, an entirely new form of cursive Greek, more similar to contemporary Western European cursive scripts, was developed.
659:
Although women's handwriting had noticeably different particulars from men's, the general forms were not prone to rapid change. In the mid-19th century, most children were taught the contemporary cursive; in the United States, this usually occurred in second or third grade (around ages seven to
357:
A distinctive feature of this script is that the head stroke is written before the letters, in order to produce a "ruled page" for writing in lines. It has several characteristics that facilitate writing so that moving from one character to the next minimises lifting the pen from the paper for
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and György BĂrĂł, further developed the ballpoint pen by changing the design and using different ink that dried quickly. Unlike older pen designs, this new invention guaranteed that the ink would not smudge and did not require such careful penmanship. After World War II, the ballpoint pen was
655:
In both the
British Empire and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, before the typewriter, professionals used cursive for their correspondence. This was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and firms trained all their clerks to write in exactly the same script.
883:) was used in German-language longhand. Kurrent was not used exclusively, but rather in parallel to modern cursive (which is the same as English cursive). Writers used both cursive styles: location, contents and context of the text determined which style to use. A successor of
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dipping in ink. Some characters are "broken" versions of their
Devanagari counterparts. Many characters are more circular in shape. The long 'Ä«' (à€) and short 'u' (à€) are used in place of the short 'i' (à€) and long 'Ć«' (à€) respectively.
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Cursive has been in decline throughout the 21st century because it is no longer perceived as necessary. The
Fairfax Education Association, the largest teachers' union in Fairfax County, Virginia, has called cursive a "dying art".
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the 1960s cursive was implemented because of preference and not an educational basis; Hawaii and
Indiana have replaced cursive instruction with 'keyboard proficiency' and 44 other states are currently weighing similar measures."
303:
In the
Bengali cursive script (also known in Bengali as "professional writing") the letters are more likely to be more curvy in appearance than in standard Bengali handwriting. Also, the horizontal supporting bar on each letter
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passed cursive handwriting legislation in 2023, adding to a wave of state legislation between 2013 and 2023 that requires the incorporation of cursive handwriting into elementary education. Other states such as
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Whether cursive or continuous cursive is to be favoured remains a subject of debate. While many schools in the United
Kingdom are opting to teach continuous cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in
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mass-produced and sold cheaply, changing how people wrote. Over time, the emphasis on using cursive declined slowly, and was later impacted by other technologies such as the phone, computer, and keyboard.
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Cursive handwriting developed into something approximating its current form from the 17th century, but its use was neither uniform, nor standardized either in
England itself or elsewhere in the
1870:
759:(which do not include instruction in cursive) were proposed in 2009 and had been adopted by 44 states as of July 2011 - all of which have debated whether to augment them with cursive.
1005:" (mistakenly called "grass script" due to literal misinterpretation) is the cursive. The running aspect of this script has more to do with the formation and connectedness of strokes
755:
announced that their schools would no longer be required to teach cursive (but will still be permitted to), and instead will be required to teach "keyboard proficiency". Nationwide
1997:
Graham, Steve; Harris, Karen R.; Mason, Linda; Fink-Chorzempa, Barbara; Moran, Susan; Saddler, Bruce (2008). "How do primary grade teachers teach handwriting? A national survey".
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variant of Devanagari as the standard writing system for Marathi, Modi largely fell out of use by the mid-20th century. Since then there have been attempts to revive this script.
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310:) runs continuously through the entire word, unlike in standard handwriting. This cursive handwriting often used by literature experts differs in appearance from the
399:
cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the
350:
script. It was used alongside Devanagari until the 20th century as a shorthand script for quick writing in business and administration. Due to the promotion of the
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1600:
Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Blumenstein, Michael (23â26 October 2016). "Offline Cursive Bengali Word Recognition Using CNNS with a Recurrent Model".
233:
The origins of the cursive method are associated with the practical advantages of writing speed and infrequent pen-lifting to accommodate the limitations of the
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professionally re-wrote the presentation copy of the Declaration in a fully joined, cursive hand. Eighty-seven years later, in the middle of the 19th century,
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237:. Quills are fragile, easily broken, and will spatter unless used properly. They also run out of ink faster than most contemporary writing utensils. Steel
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604:, critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with the high level of gross and fine motor coordination required.
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argued that writing with straight lines is more difficult than writing with curved lines and children would benefit from learning cursive first.
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280:('to run, hasten'). Although by the 2010s, the use of cursive appeared to be on the decline, as of 2019 it seemed to be coming back into use.
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alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected (while others must not), sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. In
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has had several cursive forms in the course of its development. In antiquity, a cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on
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510:, though a few were joined as in a cursive hand. In England itself, Edward Cocker had begun to introduce a version of the French
70:
in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to
186:
have loops which provide for joins. This is generally what people refer to when they say "cursive" in the context of English.
102:, in which the letters of a word are unconnected and in Roman/Gothic letterform rather than joined-up script. Not all cursive
384:
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followed quills; they were sturdier, but still had some limitations. The individuality of the provenance of a document (see
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letters. Many, but not all, letters in the handwriting of the Renaissance were joined, as most are today in cursive italic.
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as it is free hand writing, where sometimes the alphabets are complex and appear different from the standard handwriting.
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an individual character than with connections between characters as in Western connected cursive. The latter are rare in
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join all letters; formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. In the
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506:. In the English colonies of the early 17th century, most of the letters are clearly separated in the handwriting of
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manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster. This writing style is distinct from "print-script" using
1604:. 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). Shenzhen, China. pp. 429â434.
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The standard modern Russian Cyrillic cursive alphabet with uppercase and lowercase letters, used in school education
499:âwas widely used for both personal correspondence and official documents in England from early in the 16th century.
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One of the earliest forms of new technology that caused the decline of handwriting was the invention of the
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395:. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called
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https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/more-states-require-schools-to-teach-cursive-writing-why/2023/11
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One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong
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897:, was widely used in the period 1911â1941 until the Nazi Party banned it and its printed equivalent
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930:(1969). The German National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all three with
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2014:
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249:. Cursive was also favoured because the writing tool was rarely taken off the paper. The term
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single letters, they are taught how single letters can be joined to form a flowing script.
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Cursive is a style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a
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2112:"Learning cursive in school, long scorned as obsolete, is now the law in California"
1784:"From punishing to pleasurable, how cursive writing is looping back into our hearts"
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Today, three different styles of cursive writing are taught in German schools, the
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115:
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article on the advantages of italic hand over both full cursive and block printing
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nine). Few simplifications appeared as the middle of the 20th century approached.
47:
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What's The Difference between Cursive and Continuous Cursive Handwriting Fonts? (
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may be badly served, or even substantially hindered, by demands for cursive.
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1982:
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Offline Cursive Bengalese Word Recognition Using CNNs with a Recurrent Model
1574:"Cursive Seemed to Go the Way of Quills and Parchment. Now It's Coming Back"
1360:
1255:
798:
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Not all such cursive, then or now, joined all of the letters within a word.
396:
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2246:(A. E. George, Trans.; First Schocken paperback edition.). Schocken Books.
91:
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Normal and Bold Victorian Modern Cursive electronic fonts for downloading
1301:
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676:. In the 21st century, some of the surviving cursive writing styles are
446:. It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many
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style, which was then further developed and popularized throughout the
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Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit
1725:
Be School Ready â What Letter Font is Your Childâs School Teaching? (
1138:
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reintroduced to the curriculum of some schools in the United States.
752:
163:
2042:"Typing Beats Scribbling: Indiana Schools Can Stop Teaching Cursive"
617:
In the American colonies, on the eve of their independence from the
1847:
1655:"Band of researchers, enthusiasts strive to keep Modi script alive"
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271:, which literally means 'running'. This term in turn derives from
234:
51:
Example of classic American business cursive handwriting known as
46:
1951:"Poor handwriting 'may hinder students' chances of exam success'"
246:
2425:
2257:"How cursive can help students with dyslexia connect the dots"
1335:
741:
2327:"German teachers campaign to simplify handwriting in schools"
2152:
Bill Text: CA AB446 | 2023-2024 | Regular Session | Chaptered
1638:"N4034: Proposal to Encode the Modi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"
1454:"What is Cursive Writing? - Definition, History & Types"
1429:"Signing off: Finnish schools phase out handwriting classes"
1029:
Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng
198:
Looped cursive, as taught in Britain in the mid-20th century
1017:
characters which are usually well separated by the writer.
544:
Characteristics of cursive and continuous cursive scripts:
2137:
More States Require Schools to Teach Cursive Writing. Why?
1208:
Example of classic American business handwriting known as
938:, a simplified form of non-cursive handwriting adopted by
641:
in a cursive hand that would not look out of place today.
1871:"Cursive handwriting is disappearing from public schools"
763:
Conservation efforts and effects on the learning disabled
30:
For the Chinese cursive handwriting in calligraphy, see
2068:"Hawaii No Longer Requires Teaching Cursive In Schools"
625:
joined most, but not all the letters when drafting the
2154:. (n.d.). LegiScan. Retrieved November 24, 2023, from
2086:"Five Reasons Kids Should Still Learn Cursive Writing"
1905:"Tossing the Script: The End of the Line for Cursive?"
2376:
magazine article on the demise of cursive handwriting
2168:"Is cursive handwriting slowly dying out in America?"
1834:
Enstrom, E. A. (1965). "The Decline of Handwriting".
1402:"Do we need to teach children joined-up handwriting?"
1135:
Letter to Manuel I of Portugal by PĂȘro Vaz de Caminha
1978:"Schools debate: Is cursive writing worth teaching?"
1703:
The Art of Calligraphy, Western Europe & America
720:
Cursive handwriting instruction in the United States
2698:
2598:
2464:
1764:Angela Webb: 'Continuous Cursive: Cure or Curse?',
1684:, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994)
1192:Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer
1084:poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to
911:continued to use it well into the post-war period.
2392:, supporters of teaching a simplified cursive hand
2139:Education Week. Retrieved November 24, 2023, from
1738:Teach handwriting: The three handwriting stages (
997:are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the
495:in a cursive script. A cursive handwriting styleâ
1122:Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms
1065:Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by
668:new forms of cursive italic appeared, including
663:After the 1960s, a movement originally begun by
412:varying wildly in size and placement on a line.
2352:, including scans of the January 1932 issue of
728:, patented in 1888 by John Loud. Two brothers,
696:Decline of English cursive in the United States
491:typically include a boundary clause written in
483:Cursive writing was used in English before the
2005:(1â2). New York: Springer Netherlands: 49â69.
2437:
2156:https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB446/id/2845873
1755:), 9 November 2017, access date 30 March 2022
1729:), 29 August 2019, access date 30 March 2022
134:, there was a cursive alphabet, known as the
8:
2745:
2736:
2722:
2665:
931:
923:
906:
898:
890:
884:
872:
858:
850:
651:Cursive handwriting from the 19th-century US
2418:State Library of Kansas' KGI Online Library
1528:Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts
593:Letters taught with entry and exit strokes
275:
266:
245:) was a factor also, as opposed to machine
2444:
2430:
2422:
2396:Has Technology Killed Cursive Handwriting?
613:Development in the 18th and 19th centuries
1678:Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy
1178:United States Declaration of Independence
627:United States Declaration of Independence
407:issuing commands. New Roman, also called
1535:' series. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
546:
462:An English letter from 1894, written in
2416:Hausam's practical writing course. 1917
2219:"Is Cursive Handwriting Going Extinct?"
1393:
1112:
1019:
574:Always on the writing line (except for
346:that is thought to be derived from the
342:Modi is a cursive script used to write
188:
2406:Why Cursive Still Matters in Education
1810:"How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive"
1667:from the original on 10 December 2014.
1631:
1629:
590:Letters taught with exit strokes only
2411:Cursive Coming Back in the US Schools
2350:The Golden Age of American Penmanship
1680:, pp. 131â3: By William Shakespeare,
528:Cursive writing in the United Kingdom
166:) though the letters do not connect.
7:
2283:"Myths and Fact ... Dysgraphia"
1636:Pandey, Anshuman (5 November 2011).
1478:Bounds, Gwendolyn (5 October 2010).
434:Greek cursive script, 6th century CE
162:are called "cursive" (as opposed to
130:, the letters are not connected. In
1808:Giesbrecht, Josh (28 August 2015).
1705:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 400.
1088:, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the
1053:Eight cursive characters for dragon
2390:The Society for Italic Handwriting
2217:Serratore, Angela (6 March 2013).
1903:Braiker, Brian (25 January 2011).
1782:Heller, Karen (2 September 2018).
1480:"How Handwriting Boosts the Brain"
905:. German speakers brought up with
524:by John Ayers and William Banson.
520:in the 17th and 18th centuries as
25:
2368:Mourning the Death of Handwriting
2135:Heubeck, E. (2023, November 16).
1949:Adams, Richard (21 August 2016).
1869:Shapiro, T. Rees (4 April 2013).
34:. For the style of typeface, see
2589:
2110:Blume, Howard (8 January 2024).
1930:"The Handwriting Is on the Wall"
1766:National Handwriting Association
1572:Rueb, Emily S. (13 April 2019).
1224:
1201:
1185:
1170:
1146:
1127:
1115:
1096:
1073:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
840:
831:
747:In 2012, the American states of
608:Cursive writing in North America
582:, which have a top exit stroke)
191:
82:word one single complex stroke.
2084:Steinmetz, Katy (4 June 2014).
1427:Russell, Helen (31 July 2015).
1080:Four columns in cursive script
707:, a cursive alphabet, shown in
532:Today there is no standardised
383:is a form of handwriting (or a
2312:grundschrift-schreibschrift.de
975:) when handwriting the modern
1:
2708:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
2308:"Grundschrift-Schreibschrift"
2193:"An act concerning education"
2040:Webley, Kayla (6 July 2011).
1836:The Elementary School Journal
1701:Whalley, Joyce Irene (1980).
971:alphabet is used (instead of
857:(left, pre-19th century) and
674:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
629:. However, a few days later,
422:History of the Greek alphabet
294:National Anthem of Bangladesh
2748:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
2325:Pidd, Helen (29 June 2011).
1772:), access date 30 March 2022
1742:), access date 30 March 2022
1013:and in the derived Japanese
926:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
861:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
571:Finishing point for letters
391:and to some extent into the
376:Example of old Roman cursive
1552:Online Etymology Dictionary
1137:reporting the discovery of
916:Lateinische Ausgangsschrift
757:Common Core State Standards
566:Always on the writing line
560:Starting point for letters
2807:
1341:Ronde script (calligraphy)
1276:Cursive script (East Asia)
989:Cursive script (East Asia)
986:
957:
918:(introduced in 1953), the
717:
536:stipulated in the various
419:
365:
321:
207:
154:
138:script, used to write the
32:Cursive script (East Asia)
29:
2587:
2011:10.1007/s11145-007-9064-z
573:
312:standard Bengali alphabet
38:. For the rock band, see
871:Up to the 19th century,
619:Kingdom of Great Britain
587:Single letter formation
217:penmanshipâderived from
2380:Op-Art: The Write Stuff
2242:Montessori, M. (1964).
1643:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
1610:10.1109/ICFHR.2016.0086
1485:The Wall Street Journal
1086:Emperor Gaozong of Song
258:
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2244:The Montessori method
1287:Emphasis (typography)
953:
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650:
621:, it is notable that
472:
461:
433:
375:
331:
296:, written in cursive
291:
50:
2354:Austin Norman Palmer
1663:. 21 February 2014.
1292:Hand (writing style)
920:Schulausgangsschrift
538:national curriculums
489:Anglo-Saxon charters
476:'s will, written in
2791:Western calligraphy
2646:Technical lettering
2072:The Huffington Post
1999:Reading and Writing
1935:The Washington Post
1875:The Washington Post
1788:The Washington Post
1381:Zaner-Bloser Method
1306:Cursive hieroglyphs
555:Continuous cursive
474:William Shakespeare
78:", or "connected".
27:Style of penmanship
2718:Getty-Dubay Italic
2684:Ukrainian skoropys
1986:. 23 January 2009.
1938:. 11 October 2006.
1660:The Times of India
1579:The New York Times
1408:. 11 November 2017
1311:History of writing
995:Chinese characters
956:
865:(right, from 1969)
716:
670:Getty-Dubay Italic
653:
639:Gettysburg Address
481:
467:
464:Continuous Cursive
436:
378:
340:
338:in the Modi script
301:
157:Ligature (writing)
66:) is any style of
57:
2763:
2762:
2116:Los Angeles Times
1712:978-0-906223-64-2
1619:978-1-5090-0981-7
1546:Harper, Douglas.
1366:Spencerian Method
1210:Spencerian script
993:Cursive forms of
973:the block letters
597:
596:
409:minuscule cursive
332:A verse from the
178:penmanship, some
64:joined-up writing
53:Spencerian script
16:(Redirected from
2798:
2751:
2742:
2728:
2700:Teaching scripts
2671:
2593:
2552:Serbian Cyrillic
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2074:. 1 August 2011.
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1682:Charles Hamilton
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1377:â German Cursive
1346:Rotunda (script)
1282:D'Nealian Method
1234:
1229:
1228:
1205:
1194:Joseph Carstairs
1189:
1174:
1150:
1131:
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1100:
1077:
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977:Russian language
966:Russian Cursive
937:
929:
922:(1968), and the
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896:
888:
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864:
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844:
835:
806:Maria Montessori
705:D'Nealian script
623:Thomas Jefferson
547:
508:William Bradford
279:
270:
261:
219:chancery cursive
195:
140:Marathi language
21:
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2675:Russian cursive
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2358:American Penman
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1165:(14 March 1758)
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960:Russian cursive
948:
879:(also known as
869:
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722:
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635:Abraham Lincoln
631:Timothy Matlack
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534:teaching script
530:
485:Norman conquest
456:
428:
426:Greek minuscule
420:Main articles:
418:
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62:(also known as
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18:English cursive
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2539:Early Cyrillic
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2504:Insular script
2501:
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2402:, 11 June 2013
2393:
2387:
2384:New York Times
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2344:External links
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838:
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811:Students with
791:South Carolina
787:North Carolina
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504:British Empire
497:secretary hand
478:secretary hand
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440:Greek alphabet
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403:, and even by
401:Latin alphabet
366:Main article:
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322:Main article:
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264:Medieval Latin
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215:Cursive italic
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40:Cursive (band)
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2070:. Education.
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1180:(4 July 1776)
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253:derives from
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210:Italic script
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19:
2755:Zaner-Bloser
2725:Grundschrift
2605:
2467:and medieval
2383:
2371:
2357:
2332:The Guardian
2330:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2263:. 6 May 2014
2261:PBS NewsHour
2260:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2172:PBS NewsHour
2171:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:The Guardian
1954:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1842:(1): 22â27.
1839:
1835:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1814:The Atlantic
1813:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
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1433:The Guardian
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1321:Palaeography
1141:(1 May 1500)
1090:Song dynasty
1067:Dong Qichang
1006:
1003:rough script
999:semi-cursive
992:
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2776:Calligraphy
2651:Copperplate
2514:Blackletter
2499:Carolingian
2494:Merovingian
2454:handwritten
2223:Smithsonian
1962:14 November
1793:8 September
1585:1 September
1297:Handwriting
1261:Calligraphy
1251:Blackletter
493:Old English
393:Middle Ages
324:Modi script
132:Maharashtra
55:, from 1884
36:Italic type
2781:Penmanship
2770:Categories
2656:Spencerian
2576:Court hand
2564:Glagolitic
2509:Beneventan
2489:Visigothic
2267:30 October
2228:30 October
2177:30 October
2095:30 October
1914:30 October
1888:30 October
1819:30 October
1557:29 October
1388:References
1351:Round hand
1271:Court hand
1001:form and "
817:dysgraphia
795:New Jersey
770:California
718:See also:
713:lower case
709:upper case
678:Spencerian
522:round hand
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348:Devanagari
184:descenders
146:Subclasses
68:penmanship
2739:SĂŒtterlin
2713:D'Nealian
2690:Shorthand
2636:Secretary
2616:Johannine
2581:Lombardic
2557:BosanÄica
2546:Poluustav
2456:European
2452:Types of
2292:8 October
2202:30 August
2121:9 January
2053:30 August
2027:143793778
2019:0922-4777
1983:USA Today
1883:0190-8286
1856:144897364
1548:"cursive"
1507:30 August
1502:0099-9660
1494:Dow Jones
1458:study.com
1371:SĂŒtterlin
1361:Shorthand
1256:Book hand
942:schools.
908:SĂŒtterlin
893:SĂŒtterlin
799:Tennessee
686:D'Nealian
602:Reception
563:Variable
448:ligatures
397:majuscule
243:Signature
180:ascenders
104:copybooks
92:conjoined
2680:Skoropis
2621:Humanist
2611:Chancery
2529:Georgian
2524:Bastarda
2400:Mashable
2197:ILGA.gov
1909:ABC News
1665:Archived
1525:(1997).
1490:New York
1463:17 March
1438:28 March
1412:28 March
1406:BBC News
1302:Hieratic
1246:Bastarda
1218:See also
1109:Examples
1082:quatrain
968:Cyrillic
813:dyslexia
692:script.
552:Cursive
405:emperors
268:cursivus
239:dip pens
151:Ligature
120:Cyrillic
2786:Writing
2668:Kurrent
2641:Library
2606:Cursive
2569:Angular
2519:Rotunda
2465:Ancient
2458:scripts
2287:Nursing
1375:Kurrent
1163:Kurrent
1155:Lessing
983:Chinese
946:Russian
940:Hamburg
901:Fraktur
886:Kurrent
875:Kurrent
853:Kurrent
749:Indiana
576:o, b, v
454:English
444:papyrus
352:Balbodh
344:Marathi
318:Marathi
298:Bengali
284:Bengali
277:currere
251:cursive
96:flowing
94:and/or
86:History
60:Cursive
2732:Palmer
2626:Italic
2599:Modern
2484:Uncial
2479:Rustic
2025:
2017:
1881:
1854:
1770:online
1753:online
1740:online
1727:online
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1500:
1212:(1884)
1196:(1820)
1159:Kleist
1139:Brazil
1007:within
823:German
797:, and
779:Kansas
753:Hawaii
730:LĂĄszlĂł
688:, and
672:, and
385:script
259:cursif
229:Family
204:Italic
170:Looped
164:uncial
136:'Modi'
118:, and
112:Syriac
108:Arabic
76:italic
2661:Ronde
2631:Round
2543:Ustav
2534:Greek
2474:Roman
2023:S2CID
1852:S2CID
1641:(PDF)
1331:Paper
1015:kanji
1011:hanzi
775:Idaho
513:ronde
416:Greek
362:Roman
307:matra
273:Latin
262:from
235:quill
116:Latin
2382:, a
2373:Time
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2269:2015
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2179:2015
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2097:2015
2090:Time
2055:2011
2047:Time
2015:ISSN
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1879:ISSN
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1707:ISBN
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