Ligature (writing) - Knowledge (XXG)

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anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)

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script of the Greek names of the planets which are Kronos (Saturn), Zeus (Jupiter), Thouros (Mars), Phosphoros (Venus) and Stilbon (Mercury). As observed by Linnaeus's one-time student Johann Beckmann in his History of Inventions (English transl., 1797), to understand their origin 'we must make ourselves acquainted with the oldest form of these characters which in all probability, like those used in writing, were subjected to many changes before they acquired that form which they have at present'.

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that one cannot render all the tones for words beginning with these sounds. A silent ຫ indicates that the syllable should be read with the tone rules for ຫ, rather than those of the following consonant. Three consonants can form ligatures with the letter ຫ. ຫ+ນ=ໜ (n), ຫ+ມ=ໝ (m) and ຫ+ລ=ຫຼ (l). ງ (ŋ) and ວ (w) just form clusters: ຫງ (ŋ) and ຫວ (w). ລ (l) can also be used written in a cluster rather than as a ligature: ຫລ (l).

1117: 3184: 7996: 572: 2424: 744: 951:(meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of "long s and z" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of "long s over round s" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces were rarely set in uppercase, a capital version of the 3590: 2194: 311: 2006: 415: 1370:

digraphs when the diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a

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Today, modern font programming divides ligatures into three groups, which can be activated separately: standard, contextual and historical. Standard ligatures are needed to allow the font to display without errors such as character collision. Designers sometimes find contextual and historic ligatures

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contains a particularly large set to allow designers to create dramatic display text with a feel of antiquity. A parallel use of ligatures is seen in the creation of script fonts that join letterforms to simulate handwriting effectively. This trend is caused in part by the increased support for other

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uses three ligatures, all comprising the letter ຫ (h). As a tonal language, most consonant sounds in Lao are represented by two consonants, which will govern the tone of the syllable. Five consonant sounds are only represented by a single consonant letter (ງ (ŋ), ນ (m), ມ (n), ລ (l), ວ (w)), meaning

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enables standard ligature substitution by default for OpenType fonts, user can enable or disable any ligature substitution on the Features dialog box, which is accessible via the Features button of the Character dialog box, or alternatively, input a syntax with font name and feature into the Font

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maintains that ligaturing is a presentation issue rather than a character definition issue, and that, for example, "if a modern font is asked to display 'h' followed by 'r', and the font has an 'hr' ligature in it, it can display the ligature." Accordingly, the use of the special Unicode ligature

1263:, where it was an optional ligature in some specific words that had been transliterated and borrowed from Ancient Greek, for example, "Æneas". It is still found as a variant in English and French words descended or borrowed from Medieval Latin, but the trend has recently been towards printing the 426:, a ligature is made by joining two or more characters in an atypical fashion by merging their parts, or by writing one above or inside the other. In printing, a ligature is a group of characters that is typeset as a unit, so the characters do not have to be joined. For example, in some cases the 5405:

The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some

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Ligatures have grown in popularity in the 21st century because of an increasing interest in creating typesetting systems that evoke arcane designs and classical scripts. One of the first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer-driven typesetting (and later laser printers) was

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revolution. Early computer software in particular had no way to allow for ligature substitution (the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate), while most new digital typefaces did not include ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for the English language (which already

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that ♂ represents the shield and spear of Mars and ♀ Venus's looking-glass. All the evidence favours the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1653) that these symbols, as also those for Saturn, Mercury and Jupiter, are derived from contractions in Greek

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is a TeX typesetting engine designed to make the most of such advanced features. This type of substitution used to be needed mainly for typesetting Arabic texts, but ligature lookups and substitutions are being put into all kinds of Western Latin OpenType fonts. In OpenType, there are standard

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glyphs joined, developed into a legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in native words.

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has suggested the new upper case character for "ß" rather than replacing it with "SS" or "SZ" for geographical names. A new standardized German keyboard layout (DIN 2137-T2) has included the capital ß since 2012. The new character entered the official orthographic rules in June 2017.

3341: 2101:, written as ℔. Over time, the number sign was simplified to how it is seen today, with two horizontal strokes across two slash-like strokes. Now a logogram, the symbol is used mainly to denote (in the US) numbers, and weight in pounds. It has also been used popularly on 2462:

fonts the base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs

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Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) Empfehlungen und Hinweise für die Schreibweise geographischer Namen für Herausgeber von Kartenwerken und anderen Veröffentlichungen für den internationalen Gebrauch Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5. überarbeitete

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machine operators dropped because of the mass production of the IBM Selectric brand of electric typewriter in 1961. A designer active in the period commented: "some of the world's greatest typefaces were quickly becoming some of the world's worst fonts."

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characters is "discouraged", and "no more will be encoded in any circumstances". (Unicode has continued to add ligatures, but only in such cases that the ligatures were used as distinct letters in a language or could be interpreted as standalone

307:. Merchants especially needed a way to speed up the process of written communication and found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than the bulky long forms. 2346:) into one symbol, used to denote a sentence which is both a question and is exclaimed. For example, the sentence "Are you really coming over to my house on Friday‽" shows that the speaker is surprised while asking their question. 2584:

in its uppercase form looking virtually identical (only slightly bigger). When written as two separate letters, both should be capitalized – or both not – to form a correctly spelled word, like

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had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used notational abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character in one stroke. Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations.

1735:'s ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. 449:

Because of their complexity, ligatures began to fall out of use in the 20th century. Sans serif typefaces, increasingly used for body text, generally avoid ligatures, though notable exceptions include

2063:". In most typefaces, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces use designs in the form of a ligature (examples include the original versions of 899:

Besides conventional ligatures, in the metal type era some newspapers commissioned custom condensed single sorts for the names of common long names that might appear in news headings, such as "

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program. Now the standard method of mathematical typesetting, its default fonts are explicitly based on nineteenth-century styles. Many new fonts feature extensive ligature sets; these include

2696:. Having 37 consonants in total, the total number of ligatures that can be formed in Devanagari using only two letters is 1369, though few fonts are able to render all of them. In particular, 3543:

block features characters that have been combined into one square character in legacy character set so that it matches Japanese text. For example, the Japanese equivalent of "stock company",

3528:– some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. 993:). Until 2017, the SS replacement was the only valid spelling according to the official orthography in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the ß is omitted altogether in favour of ss. The 4939: 957:

never came into common use, even though its creation has been discussed since the end of the 19th century. Therefore, the common replacement in uppercase typesetting was originally SZ (

2127:), was simplified by scribes who, instead of lifting the pen to write the grave accent, drew an arc around the "a". Another states that it is short for the Latin word for "toward", " 2998:, some letters change their form depending on their position in relation to other letters, and this can also change how ligatures look. A popular ligature all three scripts use is 442:

was invented around 1450, typefaces included many ligatures and additional letters, as they were based on handwriting. Ligatures made printing with movable type easier because one

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ILY. It consists of the little finger of the letter I plus the thumb and forefinger of the letter L. The letter Y (little finger and thumb) overlaps with the other two letters.

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languages and alphabets in modern computing, many of which use ligatures somewhat extensively. This has caused the development of new digital typesetting techniques such as

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to a single character, used for ligature substitution. Typesetting software may or may not implement this feature, even if it is explicitly present in the font's metadata.

6314: 2055:. Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered a letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced "and", not "et", except in the case of 997:

of the Eszett character was occasionally used since 1905/06, has been part of Unicode since 2008, and has appeared in more and more typefaces. Since the end of 2010, the

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but retain the original multi-character (multiple morpheme) reading and are therefore not considered true characters themselves. In Chinese, these ligatures are called

2151:, this fairly unpopular character became widely known, used to tag specific users. Lately, it has been used to de-gender nouns in Spanish with no agreed pronunciation. 5505:

Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30).

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both include many cases of character combinations that gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Other notable ligatures, such as the

6964: 3736:. For example, ligatures such as æ and œ are not used to replace arbitrary "ae" or "oe" sequences; it is generally considered incorrect to write "does" as "dœs".) 2684:

make frequent use of ligatures in consonant clusters. The number of ligatures employed is language-dependent; thus many more ligatures are conventionally used in

1750: 7955: 546:. An increasing modern trend is to use a "Th" ligature which reduces spacing between these letters to make it easier to read, a trait infrequent in metal type. 2458:, are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or 446:

would replace frequent combinations of letters and also allowed more complex and interesting character designs which would otherwise collide with one another.

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typefaces, originally mandatory in Fraktur but now employed only stylistically, can be seen to this day on street signs for city squares whose name contains

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script, used from Middle Ages to the 19th century to write some Slavic languages, have a box-like shape that lends itself to more frequent use of ligatures.

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Fermino, J. L. D. (2000). Introduction to the wampanoag grammar. (Master's thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 48.

4898:'s work in which he combines Latin letters to form characters that resemble Chinese. Croatian designer Maja Škripelj also created a ligature that combined 5579: 3761:

when editing documents created in earlier versions of Word. Users can enable automatic ligature substitution on the Advanced tab of the Font dialog box.

2948:, most letters' shapes depend on whether they are followed (word-initial), preceded (word-final) or both (medial) by other letters. For example, Arabic 6943: 6157:"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" 5762:– contains section on the history of the dollar sign, with much documentary evidence supporting the theory that $ began as a ligature for "pesos". 484:

treated ligatures as optional at best) dependence on ligatures did not carry over to digital. Ligature use fell as the number of traditional hand

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knowledge or training to operate) also generally avoid them. A few, however, became characters in their own right, see below the sections about

295:, figure prominently throughout ancient manuscripts. These new glyphs emerge alongside the proliferation of writing with a stylus, whether on 6878: 838: 4875: 2704:' Indic support, does not correctly handle ligatures with consonants attached to the right of the characters द, ट, ठ, ड, and ढ, leaving the 7025: 5079: 1965: 346:

Around the 9th and 10th centuries, monasteries became a fountainhead for these type of script modifications. Medieval scribes who wrote in

2147:. Around the 18th century, it started being used in commerce to indicate price per unit, as "15 units @ $ 1". After the popularization of 5958: 2232:

and a cross (which was added in the 16th century to Christianize the pagan symbol), though other sources disagree; the symbol for Venus

740:) provide a setting to disable ligatures for German, while some users have also written macros to identify which ligatures to disable. 1056: 2165:

used a symbol resembling an overlapping U-S ligature, with the right vertical bar of the U intersecting through the middle of the S (

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possibly originated as a ligature (for "pesos", although there are other theories as well) but is now a logogram. At least once, the

6969: 6349: 5801: 5755: 5649: 5398: 5366: 5244: 6365: 3681:, though the CSS Fonts Module Level 4 draft standard indicates that authors should prefer several other properties. Those include 6859: 6841: 6318: 5457: 8020: 6493: 6410: 5666: 5289: 2051:. The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a 1778: 907:", and others. In these cases the characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally. 130: 5937: 3504:"kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 8030: 6818: 6471: 5038: 3666:. When TeX finds these combinations in a text, it substitutes the appropriate ligature, unless overridden by the typesetter. 3270: 3229: 5875:

The origin of these symbols has long been a matter of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of

5807: 4882:'s 'Square Word' calligraphy, combining Latin characters into forms that resemble Chinese characters. The word pictured is ' 7950: 6735: 3463: 2638: 1994: 1081:

communities participating in the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project (WLRP), the ligature was replaced with the numeral

945:) is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There is no general consensus about its history. Its name 5771: 1286:, while normally printed as ligatures in French, are replaced by component letters if technical restrictions require it. 7835: 7797: 6516: 2193: 2119:

is potentially a ligature, but there are many different theories about the origin. One theory says that the French word

1942: 1936: 1015: 559: 3070:, being a flexible script, especially has many ligatures. For a wider, but not complete, list of Syriac ligatures, see 7981: 7050: 6437: 3458: 2197:

The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts, derives from

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is different: there the umlaut vowels are treated as independent letters with positions at the end of the alphabet.

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can be considered a digraph, a ligature, or a letter in itself, depending on the standard used. Its uppercase and

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pound of England. The Italian abbreviation of lb with a line drawn across the letters was used for both weights.

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forms are often available as a single glyph with a distinctive ligature in several professional typefaces (e.g.

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when placed beside each other in a word, and are combined into a single glyph with the tittle absorbed into the

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as a component – left, top, right and bottom respectively – and share it at the center of the composition.

3106: 1956: 1951: 1553: 1040: 485: 94: 5112: 6938: 6726: 5429: 4245: 3313: 1766: 1019: 351: 90: 84: 2984:. Besides the obligatory lām + ʼalif ligature, Arabic script grammar requires numerous stylistic ligatures. 1829:, a short-lived alphabet intended for young children, used a number of ligatures to represent long vowels: 1144:

that originated in the seventh century, the phoneme it represents was formerly written in various ways. In

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Opinion is divided over whether it is the job of writers or typesetters to decide where to use ligatures.

3285: 3102: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1392: 1108: 3083: 398:) were written with the facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms, characters such as 8025: 7885: 7385: 7380: 7293: 7280: 7113: 6917: 6467: 6204: 6001: 4921: 4253: 4249: 2439: 2102: 1946: 1802: 1694: 1570: 1023: 489: 2734:, in particular a combination of omicron (Ο) and upsilon (Υ), which later gave rise to a letter of the 6044: 3066:‎. All three scripts use ligatures, but not in an equal spread or always with the same letters. 1085:, partly because of its ease in typesetting and display as well as its similarity to the o-u ligature 7677: 7318: 7172: 6123: 5904: 4951: 3412:

and cannot be used as such in Chinese. Instead, it is usually considered a graphic representation of

2285: 2253: 2162: 1934: 1762: 1454: 1379:); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to the simple letters 1221: 1145: 1054: 1038: 265: 782:

ligature is therefore not used in Turkish typography, and neither are other ligatures like that for

8035: 7999: 7960: 7873: 7767: 7622: 7600: 7590: 7458: 7065: 7055: 7011: 5892: 4957: 4915: 4903: 4863: 2697: 2610: 2576:(which is not found in native Dutch words, but occurs in words borrowed from other languages) as a 2389: 2265: 2225: 1986: 1794: 1782: 1630: 1396: 1244: 904: 65: 5605: 3713:

ligature in the middle column, and the Unicode code point on the right. Provided you are using an

38: 7923: 7850: 7830: 7820: 7792: 7762: 7722: 7349: 7212: 7138: 7128: 6849: 6273: 6246: 6092: 6026: 5866: 5858: 5833: 5383: 5294: 5016: 5012: 5004: 3764: 3091: 3082:(one of the main languages of South Asia), which uses a calligraphic version of the Arabic-based 2945: 2794: 2273: 1701: 1561: 1299: 1295: 1217: 1213: 1028: 713: 691: 480: 443: 271: 69: 45: 3373: 2969: 6297: 6226:"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" 5527: 1861:

that are not encoded in Unicode. Ligatures for consonants also existed, including ligatures of

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is an example of a computer typesetting system that makes use of ligatures automatically. The

3537: 3238: 3117: 2701: 2671: 2353: 2064: 1974: 1707: 1225: 900: 539: 454: 275: 73: 5955: 3429:, has had such a ligature associated with it combining the three relevant Chinese characters 7754: 7707: 7546: 7493: 7354: 7164: 6225: 5850: 5506: 4988: 4891: 3739: 3714: 2991: 2826: 2451: 2343: 2302:, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize it. The dwarf planet 2217: 2048: 1978: 1758: 1753:

to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn,

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The Art of Xu Bing: Words Without Meaning, Meaning Without Words (Asian Art & Culture)

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The romance of writing, from Egyptian hieroglyphics to modern letters, numbers, and signs

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Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02).

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Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks

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boundary of a composite word are sometimes considered incorrect, especially in official

19: 7895: 7840: 7717: 7520: 7344: 7298: 7232: 7202: 7070: 6831: 6452: 5967: 5744: 5454: 5317: 4933: 4924: – Pair of characters used to write one phoneme (the unfused pairing of graphemes) 4237: 3754: 3743: 3725:

installed, some or all of these will display correctly. See also the provided graphic.

3470:. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 3300:), meaning "ushering in wealth and fortune" and used as a popular New Year's greeting. 2858: 2743: 2731: 2678: 2537: 2455: 2173: 2135:

being represented by the arc. Another says it is short for an abbreviation of the term

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with a broken left-hand stroke. Adding to the confusion, Dutch handwriting can render

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practice, an "a" with another "a" on top (aͣ) could sometimes be used, for example in

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purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written

1116: 7945: 7825: 7712: 7697: 7667: 7627: 7610: 7364: 7334: 7308: 7217: 7060: 7042: 6992: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6743: 6447: 6426: 5941: 4874: 4241: 4233: 3183: 3159: 2904: 2543: 2466: 2405: 2181: 2072: 1634: 1490: 1466: 526: 514: 498: 4930: – Process in typography (optimization of spacing between adjacent letters). 4866:

block: regular and bold variants of ℯT (script e and T) and of ɛT (open E and T).

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has a long history of creating new characters by merging parts or wholes of other

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is an unconventional punctuation meant to combine the interrogation point (or the

6265: 5791: 2919:, in the Hebrew script) is the definite article in Arabic. For example, the word 2903:‎. The ligature appears in some pre-modern texts (mainly religious), or in 2674:

has the following ligatures: և (ե+ւ), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), ﬖ (վ+ն)

7940: 7935: 7928: 7918: 7732: 7682: 7637: 7577: 7541: 7512: 7500: 7480: 7303: 7255: 7123: 6933: 5691: 5563: 3718: 3145: 3129: 2747: 2739: 2565: 2459: 2417: 2332: 2298:), the Greek name for the planet. It later came to look like a lower-case Greek 2155: 2096: 2087: 2076: 1982: 842: 743: 423: 355: 304: 300: 6067: 5984: 571: 438:

with a greater separation than when they are typeset as separate letters. When

7913: 7727: 7617: 7470: 7463: 7440: 7395: 7359: 7313: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7245: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7034: 4229: 3110: 2873: 2685: 2624: 2557: 2361: 2357: 1654: 1251:

is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: "

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attached to them and displaying the following consonant in its standard form.

534:, and the incorporation of ligature support into the text display systems of 7405: 7400: 7177: 7105: 6987: 6948: 5008: 3747: 3709:

This table below shows discrete letter pairs on the left, the corresponding

3211: 3171: 3153: 3149: 3137: 3133: 2838: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2549: 2476: 2413: 2213: 2060: 2021: 1930: 1889:(neither the reversed t nor any of the consonant ligatures are in Unicode). 1721: 1690: 1515: 1343: 1233: 1078: 759: 705:, which would be damaged by collision with raised parts of the next letter. 695: 672: 522: 450: 323: 319: 292: 261: 227: 42: 6084: 3750:

Light, the 'f' and 'i' appear superimposed when default settings are used.

2628: 1757:) as "Oi". Historically, it was used in many Latin-based orthographies of 190:

are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons,

7878: 7737: 7556: 7429: 7415: 7240: 7192: 5876: 5528:"Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" 4945: 4778: 4732: 4700: 4668: 4606: 4590: 4574: 4542: 4510: 4478: 4462: 3722: 3598: 3574: 3467: 3456:

Similar to the ligatures were several "two-syllable Chinese characters" (

3409: 3402:), meaning "library". Although it does have an assigned pronunciation of 3242: 3141: 3125: 3095: 3059: 2746:, ligatures were common (in fact, the ligature of a short-legged capital 2689: 2385: 2229: 2080: 2052: 709: 531: 506: 350:

increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing

278: 151: 5526:; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). 2423: 1564: 1497:

and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while

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influence forced wynn out of use. By the 14th century, the "new" letter

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desirable for creating effects or to evoke an old-fashioned print look.

7702: 7488: 7339: 7250: 7182: 7118: 6912: 6907: 6498: 5862: 4927: 4895: 4879: 3728: 3710: 3540: 3215: 2941: 2778: 2681: 2553: 2349: 2113: 2106: 2068: 1754: 1482: 1458: 1156: 702: 414: 326:). However, in Nordic texts a particular type of ligature appeared for 285: 139: 5418:

Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 33. Väderlek – Äänekoski / 905–906

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Four "ligature ornaments" are included from U+1F670 to U+1F673 in the

3589: 1530:-ligature. Before the replacement of the older "aa" with "å" became a 105:

This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.

7605: 7222: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6366:"Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented" 6068:"Unicode FAQ: Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text" 3124:. Of these, only two are widely available ones on computers: one for 3087: 2999: 2995: 2705: 2295: 1121: 857:. Instead, the "sz" ligature has merged into a single character, the 680: 592: 203: 6184:"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" 5854: 4716: 4070: 3646:

Roman typeface provided with TeX includes the five common ligatures

2724: 2720: 2716: 1203: 470: 310: 354:. Others conjoined letters for aesthetic purposes. For example, in 234:, developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters 7448: 7187: 7155: 6865: 6753: 5234: 4996: 4992: 4873: 3738: 3606: 3602: 3588: 3182: 3167: 3067: 3051: 3040: 3010: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2892: 2884: 2693: 2655: 2647: 2637: 2618: 2422: 2399: 2303: 2277: 2192: 2148: 2036: 2004: 1674: 1609: 1406: 1229: 1115: 1107: 788: 742: 718: 676: 570: 535: 413: 347: 309: 289: 249: 155: 37: 18: 5433: 1749:, a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the 7804: 7650: 7595: 5361:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1993. p. 6.61. 5266: 5261: 4883: 4762: 4684: 4652: 4636: 4558: 4526: 4494: 4446: 4402: 4386: 4356: 4340: 4074: 4025: 3809: 3674: 3079: 2949: 2866: 2862: 2810: 2770: 2754: 2517: 2249: 2203: 2200: 2005: 1620: 1549: 1521: 1321: 1313: 1305: 1277: 1201: 1191: 1149: 916: 755: 169: 161: 7007: 6399: 6395: 793:"ß" in the form of a "ſʒ" ligature on a street sign in Berlin ( 583:

with the following letter. A particularly prominent example is

5562:, 'balance') represented a weight almost exactly equal to the 5507:"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" 3639: 3086:, requires a great number of ligatures in digital typography. 3029: 2825:(ћ, ђ, љ, њ), were developed as ligatures of Cyrillic used in 2822: 2818: 2814: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2598: 2299: 2281: 1743: 1077:

interchangeably). In the orthography in use since 2000 in the

786:, which would be rare anyway because of Turkish phonotactics. 737: 502: 479:

The trend against digraph use was further strengthened by the

322:. During the medieval era several conventions existed (mostly 7003: 5772:

Reverse of $ 1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869

2289: 1453:

written as a diacritic. During the latter Middle English and

683:

are also used, as well as the equivalent set for the doubled

5090:

Capelli – Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane

5059:

Unicode calls this a digraph, but it is actually a ligature.

1022:(later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas, the 6773: 6264:

Freytag, Asmus; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2006-05-08).

5895:(August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". 4006: 2994:, has three different scripts that all use ligatures. Like 2445: 1338:

ligatures (strictly, from these vowels with a small letter

1232:— and when collated, may be given a different place in the 4954: – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes 2634:-ligature (द् + ध् + र् + य = द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans 2506:

The difference can be illustrated with the French digraph

1700:

formerly used to express the phoneme in question, e.g. by

1033:, published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6205:"L2/17-299 Proposal to add two Sinological Latin letters" 4940:

List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature

3148:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters 3132:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters 2850: 1255:" versus "encyclopaedia" or "encyclopedia". In this use, 1174: 1166: 1135: 418:

A widely used Th ligature in a handwriting-style typeface

3241:. However, a few of these combinations do not represent 3170:

texts ligatures are common. Such ligatures are known as

2093:

originated as a stylized abbreviation of the Roman term

6248:

L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook

3757:

disables ligature substitution by default, largely for

3601:

font format includes features for associating multiple

1485:

Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that

5834:"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology" 3721:

that can handle Unicode, and have the correct Unicode

3560: 3550: 2907:

texts, where that combination is very frequent, since

2580:-glyph without the dots in its lowercase form and the 5384:"Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text" 5335:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 149. 5015:), or where word-compounding results such ligatures ( 4948: – Motif made by overlapping two or more letters 2781:

Cyrillic letters are ligatures of the early Cyrillic

474: 6315:"The art of typography in the digital age ligatures" 5391:

The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System

3746:

does not enable ligatures automatically. Here, with

2861:, a ligature of ya (Я) and e also exists: Ԙԙ, as do 2750:

was a key feature of the acrophonic numeral system).

1411:"... by the grace that god put in..." (Extract from 7974: 7906: 7859: 7813: 7753: 7636: 7576: 7534: 7511: 7479: 7439: 7428: 7373: 7327: 7279: 7231: 7163: 7154: 7104: 7041: 6975:

List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

6957: 6926: 6876: 6858: 6840: 6817: 6734: 6725: 6514: 6466: 5041:. The same standard explicitly allows the spelling 3363:

ligature combining the three constituent characters

1001:

Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN)

5796:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. 5743: 5354: 318:) during the Roman Republic era were written as a 182:are joined for the first ligature and the letters 6344:. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Ga. 5971:online. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2011. 1556:, but it merged in later Germanic languages with 1093:. For example, compare the colonial-era spelling 174:used in English and French, in which the letters 4918: – Neighbour-dependent grapheme positioning 2730:A number of ligatures have been employed in the 2475:were considered separate letters in Spanish for 2020:The most common ligature in modern usage is the 1224:is not a typographic ligature. It is a distinct 1112:Capilla de San José, Sevilla. Several ligatures. 599:in many typefaces collides with the hood of the 3109:is used to sign "I love you", from the English 2491:(law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written 1100: 1094: 1026: 736:("boat trip"). Some computer programs (such as 6124:"L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" 6079: 6077: 5644:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 41–57. 5080:"What is the origin of the ampersand (&)?" 4936: – Physical spacing of characters in text 3577:" that can be ligated into 1 square character 3569:. There are other Latin abbreviations such as 3544: 3408:and appears in many dictionaries, it is not a 1358:). It is common practice to replace them with 7956:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 7019: 6411: 6245:Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03), 5827: 5825: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5551: 3677:provides control over these properties using 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3413: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3356: 3347: 3327: 3320: 3295: 3289: 3277: 3264: 3258: 3246: 3219: 3203: 3196: 3195:(expression) written as a ligature. It reads 3188: 2642:Hebrew text: the letter in the upper left is 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 1661:spelling stems from the ligature of a silent 1648: 1642: 1573: 773: 767: 461:machines in the 1970s (which did not require 8: 7498: 6266:"Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names" 5985:"Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing" 5315: 5042: 5028: 5003:represents a vocalic or semi-vocalic sound ( 4890:Typographic ligatures are used in a form of 4248:DŽ, LJ, and NJ. Although similar, these are 3555:) can be represented in 1 Unicode character 3288:is a combination of the four characters for 2979: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2929:‎) can be written with this ligature: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2356:, many of which were ligatures: 🜇 (AR, for 2169: ) to resemble the modern dollar sign. 1981:for characters used in German dialectology ( 1582: 1457:periods, the thorn in its common script, or 1441:written as a diacritic. Similarly, the word 998: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 936: 930: 852: 846: 832: 818: 800: 794: 731: 607:. Other ligatures with the letter f include 6182:Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). 5557: 5290:"1952 – 'Eisenhower,' a True Campaign Logo" 5113:"Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press" 2962:, rendering as initial, medial and final): 2666:Ligatures are not limited to Latin script: 2592: 2586: 2408:glyph appearing as the distinctive "broken- 2375: 2365: 2328:, represents the center line of an object. 2094: 1945:), as well as in some orthographies of the 1705: 1592: 1531: 303:, and often for a practical reason: faster 243: 7436: 7160: 7026: 7012: 7004: 6731: 6418: 6404: 6396: 6291: 6289: 6240: 6238: 6219: 6217: 6198: 6196: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 4894:, as can be illustrated by Chinese artist 4266: 3774: 1637:of a vowel, originated in ligatures where 1477:became ubiquitous, leading to the common " 7982:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 6122:Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). 6062: 6060: 6058: 5607:Business Arithmetic for Secondary Schools 4999:", but is encountered in languages where 3063: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3002: 2236:) may be a ligature of the Greek letters 2079:, known in modern times as the italic of 591:, rendered with two normal letters). The 5667:"The Accidental History of the @ Symbol" 2568:, typically use a ligature resembling a 2324:In engineering diagrams, a CL ligature, 778:), this contrast would be obscured. The 690:These arose because with the usual type 48:with ligatures of (from left to right) 6965:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode 5548:. New York: Viking Press. p. 125. 5072: 4976: 4966: – Ligatures used in Greek writing 4275: 3786: 2176:was sometimes symbolized by a ligature 1785:, of which six are encoded in Unicode: 1029:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 154:or letters are joined to form a single 95:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16:Glyph combining two or more letterforms 5231:Helmut Kopka; Patrick W. Daly (1999). 4960: – Aspect of the Unicode Standard 3705:Ligatures in Unicode (Latin alphabets) 3593:Some example ligatures in Latin script 2990:, a semitic alphabet derived from the 1897:Rarer ligatures also exist, including 1797:is still represented with a ligature: 722:. An English example of this would be 6045:"CSS font-variant-ligatures Property" 5055: 5053: 2276:, where it can be seen to be a Greek 2184:was often symbolized by the ligature 1781:formerly used ligatures to represent 7: 6949:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe 5793:Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus 5610:. New York: Macmillan. p. 419. 5357:The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Ed 3020:‎ isolated and final: (Serto) 2514:, which is composed of the ligature 2354:a set of mostly standardized symbols 2342:) and the bang (printer's slang for 2272:) has been traced back to the Greek 2027:. This was originally a ligature of 1731:that, while originally based on the 747:Ligatures "Th" and "Wh" illustration 370:) and those with left-facing bowls ( 6457: 5746:A History of Mathematical Notations 5393:. Taylor & Francis. p. 6. 4729:superscript ts with retroflex hook 4603:superscript lʒ with retroflex hook 2980: 2978:, and lām + ʼalif medial or final: 2974: 2964: 2954: 625:⟨f‌f‌l⟩ 621:⟨f‌f‌i⟩ 358:, letters with right-facing bowls ( 5810:from the original on 30 April 2021 5692:"The @ Symbol Meaning And History" 5580:"The Ancient Roots of Punctuation" 5179:Ulrich, Ferdinand (22 July 2012). 3384:; 1898–1967) created the ligature 2968:. Notable are the shapes taken by 2043:". It has exactly the same use in 1429:) was frequently abbreviated as a 805:) ends with a "tʒ" ligature ("ꜩ"). 14: 6070:. Unicode Consortium. 2015-07-06. 5047:with dash to avoid the tripled f. 3462:) created in the 19th century as 3390:from two of the three characters 3098:fonts with over 20,000 ligatures. 2719:(uni), which is a combination of 2244:(kappa). The symbol for Jupiter ( 1964: 1950: 7995: 7994: 6155:Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). 6002:"font-feature-settings property" 5100:Medieval Unicode Font Initiative 4942: – Spelling rule in English 3339: 3312: 3210:and means "to be as studious as 3028:‎. Another popular one is 2805:(sometimes also spelled ЮУ). In 2306:is symbolized by a PL ligature, 2001:Symbols originating as ligatures 31:combined to create the ligature 6494:International Phonetic Alphabet 6203:Everson, Michael (2017-08-17). 5926:(12th ed.). HarperCollins. 5832:Stearn, William T. (May 1962). 5037:only if the writer follows the 3334:, a popular New Year's greeting 3271:polysyllabic Chinese characters 3218:." All four characters contain 1779:International Phonetic Alphabet 1773:International Phonetic Alphabet 1689:ligature. It was introduced by 892:are used (e.g. in the typeface 575:Two common ligatures: fi and fl 5288:Dunlap, David (23 June 2016). 5239:. Addison-Wesley. p. 22. 5205:Shaw, Paul (31 October 2011). 5111:Bellis, Mary (17 April 2017). 3372: 3230:Polysyllabic Chinese character 2899:‎) can form a ligature, 1469:printing, the substitution of 1099:with the modern WLRP spelling 701:, the end of its hood is on a 471:various Latin accented letters 158:. Examples are the characters 1: 7951:History of Western typography 5750:. New York: Dover (reprint). 5578:Houston, Keith (2013-09-06). 5476:. Collier's Cyclopedia, 1901. 4281:superscript small capital AA 3768:Name input box, for example: 3559:. Its romanized abbreviation 3276:One popular ligature used on 1069:(although Eliot himself used 858: 466: 7798:traditional point-size names 6944:Western Latin character sets 5604:Thurston, Ernest L. (1917). 5544:Keith Gordon Irwin (1967) . 5430:"Bureus, J., Runa ABC boken" 2723:(oni) and the former letter 1943:close-mid back rounded vowel 1929:, which is used in medieval 1421:In Middle English, the word 730:; a German example would be 560:List of Latin-script letters 430:ligature prints the letters 210:merges with the hood of the 72:≈ 90.2328 mm (typeface 7051:Canons of page construction 6970:Letters used in mathematics 6224:Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). 5382:Hill, Will (30 June 2020). 5134:. Hoefler & Frere-Jones 3561: 3551: 3500: 3477: 3449: 3421:In recent years, a Chinese 3414: 3404: 3398: 3348: 3321: 3290: 3278: 3259: 3247: 3197: 3189: 3073:Contextual forms of letters 2629: 1971:voiceless lateral fricative 1959:); ᵺ; ỻ, which was used in 1693:around 1900 to replace the 1465:shape. With the arrival of 1014:A prominent feature of the 198:are often merged to create 8052: 6526: 6270:Unicode Technical Note #27 5924:Collins English Dictionary 5624:(written before a figure.) 5153:Shaw, Paul (12 May 2011). 4222:ꟓ ꟓ 4208:ꟕ ꟕ 4194:ꟗ ꟗ 4180:Ꝡ ꝡ 4124:Ꜩ ꜩ 4048:Ꝏ ꝏ 3888:Ꜽ ꜽ 3874:Ꜻ ꜻ 3860:Ꜹ ꜹ 3846:Ꜷ ꜷ 3832:Ꜵ ꜵ 3801:Ꜳ ꜳ 3227: 2742:. Among the ancient Greek 2608: 2290: 1641:followed the base letter: 1526:likewise originated as an 1461:, form came to resemble a 914: 809:Remnants of the ligatures 799:). The sign on the right ( 617:⟨f‌f⟩ 613:⟨f‌l⟩ 589:⟨f‌i⟩ 557: 440:printing with movable type 270:The earliest known script 259: 252:for 'and') were combined. 7990: 7208:Subscript and superscript 6983: 6433: 6391:Examples of CSS ligatures 6340:Erickson, Britta (2001). 6027:"CSS Font Module Level 4" 5790:Jones, Alexander (1999). 5556:(from the old Latin word 4269: 4000:℔ ℔ 3545: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3472: 3457: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3357: 3328: 3296: 3265: 3252: 3220: 3204: 3120:has a number of obsolete 2930: 2926: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2807:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet 2700:, which is included with 2659: 2651: 2643: 2380:, a steam bath); and 🝛 ( 2360:); 🜈 (S inside a V, for 2313:A different PL ligature, 2288:, as an abbreviation for 2260:, as an abbreviation for 1827:Initial Teaching Alphabet 1821:Initial Teaching Alphabet 1552:in particular saw use in 1489:existed in the printer's 1414:The Book of Margery Kempe 1200:; in ancient times named 864:Sometimes, ligatures for 334:, referred to as "broken 150:occurs where two or more 7966:Vox-ATypI classification 7096:Intentionally blank page 6530:ISO basic Latin alphabet 6486:ISO basic Latin alphabet 6481:Classical Latin alphabet 5922:Harper, Collins (2014). 5742:Cajori, Florian (1993). 5331:Trumbull, J. H. (1903). 4034:&OElig; &oelig; 4017:Ỻ ỻ 3818:Æ æ 3565:can also be 1 character 3107:American manual alphabet 2248:) descends from a Greek 1957:close back rounded vowel 1587:"foot"). It survives in 1554:Early Modern High German 1326:historically arose from 542:, and applications like 352:notational abbreviations 107:For the meaning of how 5039:spelling reform of 1996 4791:tʃ with retroflex hook 4713:ts with retroflex hook 4587:lʒ with retroflex hook 4429:dʒ with retroflex hook 4260:Ligatures used only in 4246:Serbo-Croatian digraphs 3691:discretionary-ligatures 3319:A Chinese ligature for 3050:‎, resulting in ( 2646:‎, a ligature of 2564:glyphs, popular in the 2522:and the simplex letter 2224:) may be a ligature of 1973:); ꜩ; ᴂ; ᴔ; and ꭣ have 1574: 1565: 1518:used in vowels such as 1202: 1101: 1095: 1027: 708:Ligatures crossing the 579:Many ligatures combine 214:); the same is true of 8021:Latin-script ligatures 7499: 5636:Keith Houston (2013). 5558: 5552: 5316: 5043: 5029: 4887: 4262:phonetic transcription 3986:Ƕ ƕ 3759:backward compatibility 3751: 3683:font-variant-ligatures 3594: 3286:Chinese Lunar New Year 3225: 3103:American Sign Language 2663: 2635: 2593: 2587: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2436: 2420: 2376: 2366: 2209: 2103:push-button telephones 2095: 2017: 1706: 1649: 1643: 1617:as part of the letter 1593: 1583: 1532: 1418: 1393:Scandinavian languages 1140:is an addition to the 1124: 1113: 999: 989: 983: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 937: 931: 853: 847: 833: 819: 806: 801: 795: 774: 768: 748: 732: 576: 509:, Seria and others by 419: 343: 244: 83:This article contains 77: 35: 8031:Typographic ligatures 5474:Teach Yourself French 5130:Frere-Jones, Tobias. 4922:Digraph (orthography) 4877: 4805:tʃ with palatal hook 4415:dʒ with palatal hook 4252:, not ligatures. See 4166:W w 3742: 3679:font-feature-settings 3592: 3284:decorations used for 3186: 2641: 2622: 2426: 2403: 2196: 2025:⟨&⟩ 2008: 1947:Massachusett language 1803:extensions to the IPA 1591:, where it is called 1410: 1371:name is spelled with 1119: 1111: 1024:Massachusett-language 841:, a family of German 792: 762:. In a ligature with 746: 574: 558:Further information: 490:hot metal typesetting 417: 313: 232:⟨&⟩ 41: 22: 7836:Typographic features 6321:on November 29, 2014 5671:Smithsonian Magazine 4952:Scribal abbreviation 3935:f‌f‌l 3921:f‌f‌i 3695:historical-ligatures 3585:Computer typesetting 3094:tool for Urdu, uses 3024:‎, (Madnhaya) 2753:Cyrillic ligatures: 2180:(from Pts), and the 2163:United States dollar 2039:word "et", meaning " 1849:, and ligatures for 1805:contain three more: 1783:affricate consonants 1603:Tilde and circumflex 1455:Early Modern English 1391:. The convention in 1163:, originated as two 1016:colonial orthography 316:Geminated consonants 266:scribal abbreviation 7961:Technical lettering 7860:Typography in other 7601:Hanging punctuation 6490:Phonetic alphabets 5909:1934Obs....57..238M 5665:Allman, William F. 5030:Schiff‌fahrt 4958:Unicode equivalence 4916:Complex text layout 4864:Ornamental Dingbats 4254:Digraphs in Unicode 4228:There are separate 3664:⟨ffl⟩ 3660:⟨ffi⟩ 2785:and another vowel: 2744:acrophonic numerals 2611:Complex text layout 2605:Non-Latin alphabets 2266:astronomical symbol 1795:fricative consonant 1625:, representing the 1613:diacritic, used in 1445:was abbreviated to 1245:English orthography 1148:, the runic letter 995:capital version (ẞ) 796:Petersburger Straße 733:Schiff‌fahrt 716:as outlined in the 627:(ﬄ). Ligatures for 565:Stylistic ligatures 7924:Handwriting script 7851:Desktop publishing 7821:Character encoding 7814:Digital typography 7328:Horizontal aspects 7281:Visual distinction 7139:Widows and orphans 6877:Keyboard layouts ( 6093:Unicode Consortium 6085:"Latin Extended-E" 5961:2011-10-03 at the 5938:"JanaSanskritSans" 5464:", Aula Hispanica. 5460:2018-08-14 at the 5295:The New York Times 5207:"The Kerning Game" 5155:"Flawed Typefaces" 5007:, occasionally in 4987:is represented in 4985:⟨fj⟩ 4900:Glagolitic letters 4888: 3865:AV, av (with bar) 3765:LibreOffice Writer 3752: 3656:⟨fl⟩ 3652:⟨fi⟩ 3648:⟨ff⟩ 3595: 3532:Japanese ligatures 3464:Chinese characters 3239:Chinese characters 3226: 3174:and were optional. 3105:a ligature of the 3092:desktop publishing 2946:Nabataean alphabet 2872:Some forms of the 2692:than when writing 2664: 2636: 2473:⟨ll⟩ 2437: 2421: 2274:Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2210: 2159:⟨$ ⟩ 2018: 1975:Unicode codepoints 1919:⟨av⟩ 1879:⟨ng⟩ 1875:⟨ʗh⟩ 1871:⟨wh⟩ 1867:⟨ʈh⟩ 1863:⟨ʃh⟩ 1859:⟨oi⟩ 1855:⟨ou⟩ 1851:⟨ee⟩ 1698:⟨hv⟩ 1687:⟨hw⟩ 1677:(ƕ), used only in 1629:consonant, and in 1546:⟨uo⟩ 1419: 1377:⟨ue⟩ 1368:⟨ue⟩ 1364:⟨oe⟩ 1360:⟨ae⟩ 1356:⟨uͤ⟩ 1352:⟨oͤ⟩ 1348:⟨aͤ⟩ 1336:⟨ue⟩ 1332:⟨oe⟩ 1328:⟨ae⟩ 1296:German orthography 1234:alphabetical order 1125: 1114: 1071:⟨oo⟩ 1053:as opposed to the 935:, also called the 890:⟨Th⟩ 886:⟨Qu⟩ 882:⟨ct⟩ 878:⟨ck⟩ 874:⟨ch⟩ 870:⟨ſt⟩ 866:⟨st⟩ 829:⟨tz⟩ 825:⟨tʒ⟩ 815:⟨ſz⟩ 811:⟨ſʒ⟩ 807: 784:⟨fl⟩ 780:⟨fi⟩ 766:(in words such as 749: 724:⟨ff⟩ 714:German orthography 685:⟨ff⟩ 665:⟨fy⟩ 661:⟨fu⟩ 657:⟨fh⟩ 653:⟨fb⟩ 649:⟨ft⟩ 645:⟨fs⟩ 641:⟨fr⟩ 637:⟨fo⟩ 633:⟨fe⟩ 629:⟨fa⟩ 609:⟨fj⟩ 577: 481:desktop publishing 428:⟨fi⟩ 420: 344: 272:Sumerian cuneiform 85:special characters 78: 62:⟨fi⟩ 58:⟨ff⟩ 54:⟨ft⟩ 50:⟨fl⟩ 36: 8008: 8007: 7755:Typographic units 7673:For position only 7572: 7571: 7424: 7423: 7001: 7000: 6872: 6871: 6720: 6719: 6506:Spelling alphabet 6368:. 4 February 2022 5956:'圕'字怎麼念？什麼意思？誰造的？ 5893:Maunder, A. S. D. 5333:Natick Dictionary 5001:⟨j⟩ 4860: 4859: 4226: 4225: 3579:⟨㎏⟩ 3567:⟨㏍⟩ 3557:⟨㍿⟩ 3538:CJK Compatibility 3306:Chinese ligatures 3179:Chinese ligatures 3118:Japanese language 2944:derived from the 2940:, historically a 2865:(Ꚉꚉ ← Д + З) and 2702:Microsoft Windows 2672:Armenian alphabet 2582:⟨Ĳ⟩ 2578:⟨ĳ⟩ 2574:⟨y⟩ 2570:⟨U⟩ 2562:⟨Ĳ⟩ 2336:⟨‽⟩ 2317:, represents the 2286:horizontal stroke 2258:⟨Ƶ⟩ 2254:horizontal stroke 2242:⟨κ⟩ 2238:⟨ϕ⟩ 2187:⟨₣⟩ 2178:⟨₧⟩ 2145:⟨a⟩ 2141:⟨e⟩ 2133:⟨d⟩ 2117:⟨@⟩ 2091:⟨#⟩ 2033:⟨t⟩ 2029:⟨E⟩ 1927:⟨ꝏ⟩ 1923:⟨ꜽ⟩ 1915:⟨ꜻ⟩ 1911:⟨ꜹ⟩ 1907:⟨ꜷ⟩ 1903:⟨ꜵ⟩ 1899:⟨ꜳ⟩ 1887:⟨h⟩ 1883:⟨t⟩ 1847:⟨ꭡ⟩ 1843:⟨ᵫ⟩ 1839:⟨œ⟩ 1835:⟨æ⟩ 1831:⟨ꜷ⟩ 1747:⟨ƣ⟩ 1729:⟨Ȣ⟩ 1708:Patrologia Latina 1663:⟨s⟩ 1653:. Similarly, the 1639:⟨n⟩ 1558:⟨u⟩ 1528:⟨o⟩ 1499:⟨Þ⟩ 1487:⟨y⟩ 1475:⟨Þ⟩ 1471:⟨y⟩ 1463:⟨y⟩ 1451:⟨t⟩ 1447:⟨þ⟩ 1439:⟨e⟩ 1431:⟨þ⟩ 1389:⟨u⟩ 1385:⟨o⟩ 1381:⟨a⟩ 1373:⟨ü⟩ 1340:⟨e⟩ 1284:⟨œ⟩ 1269:⟨E⟩ 1265:⟨A⟩ 1257:⟨Æ⟩ 1249:⟨Æ⟩ 1198:⟨æ⟩ 1161:⟨W⟩ 1153:⟨Ƿ⟩ 1120:The ligatures of 1087:⟨Ȣ⟩ 1083:⟨8⟩ 1075:⟨ꝏ⟩ 1037:to represent the 1035:⟨ꝏ⟩ 969:, different from 927:⟨ß⟩ 699:⟨f⟩ 669:⟨f⟩ 605:⟨f⟩ 601:⟨f⟩ 597:⟨i⟩ 585:⟨ﬁ⟩ 581:⟨f⟩ 436:⟨i⟩ 432:⟨f⟩ 408:⟨n⟩ 404:⟨m⟩ 400:⟨h⟩ 396:⟨q⟩ 384:⟨d⟩ 380:⟨o⟩ 376:⟨e⟩ 372:⟨c⟩ 368:⟨p⟩ 364:⟨o⟩ 360:⟨b⟩ 240:⟨t⟩ 236:⟨e⟩ 224:⟨ﬆ⟩ 220:⟨t⟩ 216:⟨s⟩ 212:⟨f⟩ 208:⟨i⟩ 200:⟨ﬁ⟩ 196:⟨i⟩ 192:⟨f⟩ 188:⟨e⟩ 184:⟨o⟩ 180:⟨e⟩ 176:⟨a⟩ 91:rendering support 33:⟨ﬆ⟩ 29:⟨t⟩ 25:⟨s⟩ 8043: 7998: 7997: 7975:Related template 7907:Related articles 7708:Phototypesetting 7562:reverse-contrast 7547:Display typeface 7504: 7481:Blackletter type 7437: 7374:Vertical aspects 7355:Sentence spacing 7165:Typeface anatomy 7161: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7005: 6732: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6524: 6523: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6317:. Archived from 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6152: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6098: 6097: 6089: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6053: 6052: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5998: 5992: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5940:. Archived from 5934: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5787: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5638:"The Octothorpe" 5633: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5524:Everson, Michael 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5455:Origen de la 'Ñ' 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5432:. Archived from 5426: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5108: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5060: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5033:is written with 5032: 5026: 5020: 5002: 4986: 4983:The combination 4981: 4892:contemporary art 4870:Contemporary art 4649:tɕ (or tc curl) 4383:dʑ (or dz curl) 4267: 4232:for the digraph 3775: 3770:Noto Sans:liga=0 3715:operating system 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687:common-ligatures 3684: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3629: 3625: 3622:, discretionary 3621: 3617: 3613: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3552:kabushiki gaisha 3548: 3547: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3417: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3343: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3223: 3222: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3198:Kǒng Mèng hàoxué 3194: 3090:, a widely used 3084:Nastaʿlīq script 3065: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3004: 2992:Aramaic alphabet 2983: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2932: 2928: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2837:(л, н) with the 2827:Serbian Language 2661: 2653: 2645: 2632: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2547: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2470: 2449: 2435:in various forms 2379: 2369: 2344:exclamation mark 2337: 2327: 2316: 2309: 2293: 2292: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2223: 2218:planetary symbol 2207: 2189: 2188: 2179: 2168: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2118: 2100: 2092: 2058: 2034: 2030: 2026: 1979:Latin Extended-E 1968: 1954: 1940: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1748: 1730: 1711: 1699: 1688: 1664: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1624: 1598: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1432: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1309: 1285: 1281: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1250: 1239: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1178: 1170: 1162: 1155:) was used, but 1154: 1139: 1122:Adobe Caslon Pro 1104: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1060: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1004: 992: 986: 981:) and later SS ( 980: 974: 968: 962: 956: 950: 940: 934: 928: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 856: 850: 836: 830: 826: 822: 816: 812: 804: 798: 785: 781: 777: 771: 735: 728:shelf‌ful 725: 700: 686: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 586: 582: 544:Microsoft Office 519:Jonathan Hoefler 459:phototypesetting 437: 433: 429: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 391: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 247: 241: 237: 233: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 165: 128: 125: 124: 121: 117: 115: 111: 63: 59: 55: 51: 34: 30: 26: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7986: 7970: 7902: 7862:writing systems 7861: 7855: 7809: 7749: 7693:Microtypography 7632: 7568: 7530: 7507: 7475: 7432:classifications 7431: 7420: 7369: 7323: 7289:Blackboard bold 7275: 7227: 7150: 7100: 7091:Recto and verso 7037: 7032: 7002: 6997: 6979: 6953: 6922: 6868: 6854: 6836: 6813: 6721: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6528:Letters of the 6510: 6462: 6429: 6424: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6167: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6101: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6056: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5991:, 2011 August 2 5982: 5978: 5972: 5963:Wayback Machine 5953: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5897:The Observatory 5891: 5890: 5886: 5855:10.2307/1217734 5836: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5789: 5788: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5462:Wayback Machine 5452: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5401: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5260:Loretan, Mico. 5259: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5027: 5023: 5011:) or an affix ( 5000: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4964:Greek ligatures 4912: 4872: 4775:superscript tʃ 4697:superscript ts 4665:superscript tɕ 4571:superscript lʒ 4539:superscript lz 4507:superscript ls 4459:Superscript fŋ 4295:superscript ae 4265: 4191:U+A7D6, U+A7D7 4177:U+A760, U+A761 4163:U+0057, U+0077 4121:U+A728, U+A729 4079:U+1E9E, U+00DF 4045:U+A74E, U+A74F 4031:U+0152, U+0153 4014:U+1EFA, U+1EFB 3983:U+01F6, U+0195 3885:U+A73C, U+A73D 3871:U+A73A, U+A73B 3857:U+A738, U+A739 3843:U+A736, U+A737 3829:U+A734, U+A735 3815:U+00C6, U+00E6 3798:U+A732, U+A733 3707: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644:Computer Modern 3636: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3556: 3534: 3427:Grass Mud Horse 3368: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3235:Written Chinese 3232: 3209: 3181: 2938:Arabic alphabet 2881:Hebrew alphabet 2736:Cyrillic script 2713:Georgian script 2617: 2615:Greek ligatures 2607: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2541: 2534: 2472: 2464: 2443: 2398: 2377:balneum vaporis 2374:); 🝬 (VB, for 2364:); 🝫 (MB, for 2335: 2325: 2321:in surveying. 2314: 2307: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2221: 2198: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2166: 2158: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2116: 2090: 2086:Similarly, the 2056: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2015:humanist script 2003: 1977:(in code block 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1881:and a reversed 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1775: 1746: 1741: 1728: 1718: 1697: 1686: 1683:Gothic language 1679:transliteration 1671: 1662: 1638: 1618: 1605: 1557: 1545: 1542:Runa: ABC-Boken 1538:Johannes Bureus 1527: 1519: 1507: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1437:) with a small 1430: 1405: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1292: 1283: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1237: 1208:) when used in 1197: 1189: 1186: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1133: 1130: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1034: 1012: 926: 919: 913: 894:Linux Libertine 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 828: 824: 814: 810: 783: 779: 723: 698: 684: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 588: 584: 580: 567: 562: 556: 435: 431: 427: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 324:diacritic marks 268: 258: 239: 235: 231: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 167: 159: 136: 135: 134: 126: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 100: 99: 98: 89:Without proper 76:bold condensed) 61: 57: 53: 49: 32: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8049: 8047: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8013: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7896:National Fonts 7888: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7841:Web typography 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7718:Reversing type 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7445: 7443: 7434: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:Letter-spacing 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7299:Color printing 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7233:Capitalization 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071:Page numbering 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6453:Roman numerals 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6385:External links 6383: 6380: 6379: 6357: 6350: 6332: 6306: 6285: 6256: 6234: 6213: 6192: 6165: 6132: 6099: 6073: 6054: 6036: 6018: 5993: 5976: 5968:Sing Tao Daily 5947: 5944:on 2011-07-16. 5929: 5914: 5884: 5849:(4): 109–113. 5821: 5802: 5775: 5764: 5756: 5734: 5722:dictionary.com 5709: 5698:. 24 June 2010 5683: 5657: 5650: 5628: 5596: 5584:The New Yorker 5570: 5536: 5515: 5478: 5466: 5446: 5421: 5410: 5399: 5374: 5367: 5346: 5337: 5324: 5308: 5280: 5252: 5245: 5223: 5197: 5171: 5159:Print magazine 5145: 5132:"Hoefler Text" 5122: 5103: 5092: 5083: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5049: 5021: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4934:Letter spacing 4931: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4908: 4878:An example of 4871: 4868: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4814:𝼗 4812: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4800:𝼜 4798: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4786:𐞮 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4740:𐞭 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4708:𐞬 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4676:𐞫 4674: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4614:𐞟 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4598:𝼅 4596: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4582:𐞞 4580: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4486:𝼀 4484: 4481: 4476: 4475:fŋ with trill 4472: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4438:𝼙 4436: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4424:𝼒 4422: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4304:𐞃 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4290:𐞀 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4244:, and for the 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3902:🙰 3900: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3755:Microsoft Word 3744:Microsoft Word 3706: 3703: 3671: 3668: 3635: 3632: 3586: 3583: 3533: 3530: 3481:"centimeter" ( 3354: 3345: 3338: 3337: 3325: 3322:zhāocái jìnbǎo 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3291:zhāocái jìnbǎo 3201: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3157: 3140:; and one for 3122:kana ligatures 3114: 3099: 3077: 2985: 2934: 2883:, the letters 2877: 2870: 2809:, the letters 2751: 2732:Greek alphabet 2728: 2709: 2675: 2606: 2603: 2533: 2530: 2427:Comparison of 2412:" ligature in 2397: 2394: 2367:balneum Mariae 2174:Spanish peseta 2059:, pronounced " 2035:, forming the 2013:ligature in a 2002: 1999: 1961:Medieval Welsh 1933:languages for 1894: 1893:Rare ligatures 1891: 1822: 1819: 1774: 1771: 1740: 1737: 1733:Greek alphabet 1717: 1714: 1704:in the 1860s ( 1685:, resembles a 1670: 1667: 1604: 1601: 1506: 1503: 1495:William Caxton 1404: 1403:Middle English 1401: 1346:, for example 1291: 1288: 1261:Medieval Latin 1188:The character 1185: 1182: 1142:Latin alphabet 1132:As the letter 1129: 1126: 1011: 1010:Massachusett ꝏ 1008: 915:Main article: 912: 909: 754:distinguishes 671:followed by a 566: 563: 555: 554:Latin alphabet 552: 457:. Inexpensive 338:" and "broken 257: 254: 127:are used here, 103: 102: 101: 93:, you may see 81: 80: 79: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8048: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8001: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7846:Bézier curves 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831:Rasterization 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Microprinting 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646:Etaoin shrdlu 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7006: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6353: 6351:9780295981437 6347: 6343: 6336: 6333: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6299: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6257: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983:Victor Mair, 5980: 5977: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5809: 5805: 5803:9780871692337 5799: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5757:0-486-67766-4 5753: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5735: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5651:9780393064421 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5597: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5436:on 2010-01-24 5435: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400:9780367581565 5396: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5368:9780226103891 5364: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5309: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5246:0-201-39825-7 5242: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5224: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5133: 5126: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4842:ꭑ 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4828:ꭐ 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759:tʃ (or tesh) 4758: 4757: 4754:ꭧ 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724:ꭧ 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681:ts (or tess) 4680: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4628:ꭀ 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555:lʒ (or lezh) 4554: 4553: 4550:𐞚 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518:𐞙 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491:ls (or less) 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470:𐞐 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443:fŋ (or feng) 4442: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399:dʒ (or dezh) 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378:ꭦ 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4332:ꭁ 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318:ꬱ 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4152:ꭣ 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4138:ᵫ 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110:ﬅ 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4096:ﬆ 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4062:ꭢ 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3972:ﬂ 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3958:ﬁ 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944:ﬄ 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930:ﬃ 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916:ﬀ 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3778:Non-ligature 3777: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3702: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3626:and required 3618:, contextual 3614:, historical 3608: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3553: 3542: 3539: 3531: 3529: 3502: 3479: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3428: 3424: 3423:internet meme 3419: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3375: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3323: 3315: 3301: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3217: 3213: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3061: 3053: 3042: 3031: 3012: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2971: 2961: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2894: 2891:‎) and 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2869:(Ꚅꚅ ← З + Ж). 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:when writing 2687: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2654:‎) and 2649: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2503:(colleague). 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2478: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2372:double 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