315:
19:
85:
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Between 1994 and 1997, the
Council of Ministers passed a new National Language Curriculum that required schools to teach MSA while also using either English or French in natural sciences and mathematics. In general, school students are exposed to two or three languages.
256:
253:
252:
258:
257:
276:, French, English, and MSA is so common in Lebanon, often being done in both casual situations and formal situations like TV interviews. This prevalence of code-switching has led to phrases that naturally embed multiple linguistic codes being used in
255:
326:
In 2009, the
Lebanese Education Ministry reported that the number of students learning French as a second language had fallen by over 10% while the number of students learning and using English keeps increasing.
47:, also known as Lebanese. English, however, is also used in Lebanon for a variety of functions, including oral and written communications, sometimes among speakers of Lebanese. It is also used as a
339:(AUB) was founded in 1866, though English only overtook MSA as the main language of instruction from 1875 onwards. Out of the 28 private universities that mushroomed between 1990 and 2021, 25 use
254:
137:
The use of
English in daily life of Lebanese people reflects a desire for "modernity, coolness, and hip culture". It is also a reaction to the negativity associated with Arabic since the
719:"The Realities of English Medium Instruction in Lebanon: Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of the Place of English Communication Skills in a Cultural Studies Program"
405:
506:
537:
108:
689:
218:
diet, hamburger, hot dog, ketchup, fries, mayonnaise, ranch, crispy, wings, coke, beer, ice cream, pub, café, cafeteria, snack
772:
748:
314:
100:
from 1918 to 1946, the French language spread significantly in
Lebanon and the government often writes in French alongside
803:
336:
808:
400:
97:
386:
340:
48:
54:
Many
Lebanese words, such as CD, crispy, hot dog and film, have been borrowed from English, and some speakers
210:
internet, website, link, laptop, mouse, CD, disc, keyboard, hard drive, tablet, scanner, printer, phone, DVD
123:
101:
138:
37:
84:
58:
between
English, Lebanese, and French in a single conversation, such as in the common greeting "hi,
18:
643:
573:
671:
601:
485:
574:"Code-switching in higher education in a multilingual environment: a Lebanese exploratory study"
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In most schools and universities, MSA is considered secondary and is only taught as a subject.
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655:
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469:
245:
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33:
23:
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Additionally, some
English verbs have been borrowed and altered to follow the syntax of
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residents. Of Beirut's bilingual population, 48.5% spoke French and 26% spoke
English.
89:
55:
355:
115:. In 1972, 54% of Lebanese people said they speak French or English, including 75% of
797:
675:
605:
489:
277:
659:
589:
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In 2011, 40% of
Lebanon's population said that they spoke English non-natively.
112:
40:, with 40% of the population saying in 2011 that it can speak it non-natively.
734:
667:
597:
549:
481:
262:
183:
619:
Behnstedt, Peter (2011). "Syria". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
174:
film, video clip, data, club, kilometer, kilogram, credit card, visa, bank
538:"English Is Steadily Overtaking French in Lebanon as the Second Language"
572:
Bahous, Rima N.; Nabhani, Mona Baroud; Bacha, Nahla Nola (2014-10-02).
473:
27:
116:
718:
202:
football, goal, penalty, tennis, volleyball, basketball, gym, dunk
313:
249:
194:
ticket, cruise, checkin, checkout, hotel, transit, boarding, gate
83:
17:
690:"In polyglot Lebanon, some fear Arabic language is losing ground"
272:(alternating between languages in a single conversation) between
92:
is in Modern
Standard Arabic on one side and French on the other
107:
In addition, the use of English grew in Lebanon in the wake of
350:
287:
65:
536:
Times, Juan de Onis Special to The New York (1973-03-25).
391:(1952–2021) was an English-language newspaper in Lebanon.
507:"In polyglot Lebanon, one language falls behind: Arabic"
367:
281:
154:
Lebanese Arabic has borrowed many terms from English.
59:
246:
Levantine Arabic § Diglossia and code-switching
717:Nicolas, Maureen O'Day; Annous, Samer (June 2021).
265:
code-switches from Lebanese to English mid-sentence
298:?", which combines English, Lebanese, and French.
51:, especially in natural sciences and mathematics.
458:"A sociolinguistic profile of English in Lebanon"
158:Examples of Lebanese words borrowed from English
773:"English Is The New French: The Case Of Lebanon"
406:List of countries by English-speaking population
723:Journal of English as an International Language
621:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
8:
293:
71:
111:through oil and business interests in the
156:
141:. Many businesses advertise in English.
749:"Lebanon - Educational System—overview"
427:Euromonitor International report (2011)
417:
232:comes from the English word check, and
318:High school sign in Arabic and English
182:jeans, mall, T-shirt, boots, sandals,
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423:
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60:
644:"Linguistic Green Lines in Lebanon"
341:English as a medium of instruction
236:comes from the English word save.
14:
280:, like the typical greeting "hi,
354:
1:
753:education.stateuniversity.com
642:Bizri, Fida (November 2013).
337:American University of Beirut
126:were also fluent in English.
660:10.1080/13629395.2013.834568
590:10.1080/09658416.2013.828735
288:
66:
43:Most Lebanese people speak
825:
401:French language in Lebanon
243:
145:Impact on Lebanese Arabic
22:English-language sign in
456:Esseili, Fatima (2017).
98:French rule over Lebanon
124:Palestinians in Lebanon
648:Mediterranean Politics
319:
294:
266:
102:Modern Standard Arabic
93:
72:
30:
317:
261:
87:
49:medium of instruction
21:
804:Languages of Lebanon
166:Some borrowed words
139:September 11 attacks
809:Dialects of English
159:
133:Social significance
38:language of Lebanon
578:Language Awareness
542:The New York Times
474:10.1111/weng.12262
366:. You can help by
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267:
157:
109:American influence
94:
31:
384:
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278:everyday language
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777:The Friday Times
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331:Higher education
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511:The Independent
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462:World Englishes
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364:needs expansion
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228:. For example,
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45:Lebanese Arabic
36:is a secondary
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654:(3): 444–459.
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584:(4): 353–368.
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468:(4): 684–704.
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388:The Daily Star
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270:Code-switching
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150:Borrowed words
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362:This section
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90:Lebanese lira
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781:. Retrieved
779:. 2022-09-08
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756:. Retrieved
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729:(1): 10–24.
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698:. Retrieved
696:. 2015-03-27
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553:. Retrieved
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513:. 2010-03-02
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368:adding to it
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128:
122:Many of the
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32:
15:
375:August 2023
207:Technology
113:Middle East
96:During the
56:code-switch
798:Categories
783:2023-08-30
758:2023-08-28
700:2023-08-28
555:2021-06-25
517:2023-08-28
412:References
244:See also:
735:1718-2298
676:143346947
668:1362-9395
623:. Brill.
606:144596902
598:0965-8416
550:0362-4331
490:148739564
482:1467-971X
302:Education
263:Maya Diab
179:Shopping
395:See also
274:Lebanese
171:General
310:Schools
230:shayyik
199:Sports
191:Travel
186:, sale
104:(MSA).
80:History
34:English
28:Lebanon
24:Tripoli
733:
674:
666:
604:
596:
548:
488:
480:
234:sayyiv
163:Theme
117:Beirut
672:S2CID
602:S2CID
486:S2CID
347:Media
295:Ça va
289:kīfak
215:Food
73:Ça va
67:kīfak
731:ISSN
664:ISSN
594:ISSN
546:ISSN
478:ISSN
335:The
283:كيفك
184:uggs
88:The
61:كيفك
656:doi
625:doi
586:doi
470:doi
370:.
292:)?
76:?"
70:)?
800::
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721:.
709:^
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564:^
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460:.
432:^
420:^
343:.
26:,
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64:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
