English-medium education - Knowledge (XXG)

1027:

proficiency and the effect on learning academic subjects through English. It is now also recognized that teaching EMI is not the same as teaching in the shared mother tongue, and some specialized guides and handbooks are now available for teachers. The spread of EMI has also been criticized and contested in many countries and in the research literature. It has led to concerns about the quality of education, its impact on student learning, accessibility to education and its impact on linguistic diversity and social justice. Despite its rampant spread, EMI's effect on improving student proficiency of English is still an under-investigated phenomenon in research literature, although a few handbooks and research volumes are available that propose innovative ways of addressing the problems of EMI and exploiting its strong points.

316:, the bed on which all men that passed that way must lie, be it never so big for them, be it never so small for them: the traveller for whom it was too large had his limbs stretched until he filled it; the traveller for whom it was too small had his limbs chopped off until he fitted into it—comfortably. It was a grim jest to play upon travellers. The English have done it to Irish children not by way of jest, but with a purpose. Our English-Irish systems took, and take, absolutely no cognisance of the differences between individuals, of the differences between localities, of the: differences between urban and rural communities, of the differences springing from a different ancestry, Gaelic or Anglo-Saxon. 508: 240:) as, apart from documenting the state of education in Wales, the Commissioners were also free with their comments disparaging the language, Non-conformity, and the morals of the Welsh people in general. An immediate effect of the report was for a belief to take root in the minds of ordinary people that the only way for Welsh people to get on in the world was through the medium of English, and an inferiority complex developed about the Welsh language whose effects have not yet been completely eradicated. The historian 1133:

instructional materials and, above all, the absence of a sociolinguistic environment in which English is meaningful. Socio-economic conditions influence both the range of possibilities of learning English (i.e. paying for a private English course, moving to an English-speaking country for a period to improve the level of English) and the effective access to an EMI course, considering that some universities charge higher fees for courses taught in English.

643:), there were English-medium schools set up by the former British colonial government and Christian missionaries. However, following the implementation of the 1967 National Language Act which stipulated the conversion of all English-medium schools to Malay-medium schools; all English-medium schools were definitely phased out. The policy has now caused many newly graduates to become unemployed as they cannot find jobs especially in the 1129:

international competencies is another key motivating factor. Moreover, courses taught entirely in English are seen as indispensable for promoting mobility, cultural diversity, and intercultural understanding. In this situation, English native speakers have an unfair market advantage. On the other hand, non-native speakers have to reach an adequate level of English in order to fulfill the admission requirements in EMI courses.

718:

English books with the exception for Bengali and Arabic. English-medium schools are mainly private and thus traditionally were reserved for the upper and upper middle class. However huge demand in urban areas has resulted in large number of English-medium schools mushrooming. This has caused a fall in quality. O and A level exams are arranged through the

1125:

English has a hegemonic position in the higher education field. This is one of the reasons why in the last decade there has been a huge increase in the number of bachelor's and master's programmes where teaching is conducted entirely in English (English-taught programs, ETPs). In Europe, it increased from 725 to 8089 in the period between 2001 and 2017.

2373: 382:. The SSPCK had five schools by 1711, 25 by 1715, 176 by 1758 and 189 by 1808, by then with 13,000 pupils attending. At first the SSPCK avoided using the Gaelic language with the result that pupils ended up learning by rote without understanding what they were reading. In 1741 the SSPCK introduced a Gaelic-English vocabulary, then in 1766 brought in a 203:(3) and also that from henceforth no Person or Persons that use the Welsh Speech or Language, shall have or enjoy any manner Office or Fees within this Realm of England, Wales, or other the King's Dominion, upon Pain of forfeiting the same Offices or Fees, unless he or they use and exercise the English Speech or Language. 681:. A National Plus school in Indonesia is a school that offers education beyond the minimum requirements of the national Indonesian accreditation authorities. National Plus schools offer some subjects taught in English and may provide some native English speakers on staff or may offer international curricula such as from 1186:

Other critics have argued that the dominance of English influences the Japanese language and people's views of language, culture, race, ethnicity and identity which are affected by the worldview of native English speakers; and that teaching English creates cultural and linguistic stereotypes not only

1069:

A number of universities are involved in English-medium education through the International Scholarly Exchange Curriculum program (ISEC program). The ISEC program establishes a platform for those universities to communicate with other international institutions who use English-medium education. Other

762:

Its conquest of hegemony or consensual rule was literally accomplished through the deployment of English as the official medium of business, schooling and government. This pedagogical strategy was designed to cultivate an intelligencia, a middle stratum divorced from its roots in the plebeian masses,

689:(IBO). National Plus schools can typically be differentiated from international schools by their core market. International schools tend to primarily exist to serve the needs of expatriate students and national plus schools for Indonesian students; however, there is significant overlap on both sides. 483:

The beauty of Gaelic music and song is inescapable. But without the living language, it risks becoming an empty shell. That is why an education system, up to the level represented by the college here in Skye, is so important – to ensure fluency and literacy which will continue to renew the health and

370:

so that "the youth be exercised and trayned up in civilitie, godlines, knawledge, and learning, that the vulgar Inglische toung be universallie plantit, and the Irische language, whilk is one of the chief and principall causes of the continewance of barbaritie and incivilitie amongis the inhabitantis

192:

Also be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all Justices, Commissioners, Sheriffs, Coroners, Escheators, Stewards, and their Lieutenants, and all other Officers and Ministers of the Law, shall proclaim and keep the Sessions Courts, Hundreds, Leets, Sheriffs Courts, and all other Courts in the

1238:

became more important for the final evaluation than it was before. Moreover, English became an entry requirement for the most exclusive and desirable programs, such as business, law, sciences, technology. These decisions have had detrimental effects and have created many issues in the Chinese school

1208:

Critics of English-medium curricula point out that English-medium students are weak in their mother tongue (Bengali). They say that in English-medium schools, English is the first priority. They also argue that English-medium students are less patriotic. These days, schools in which English as their

858:

mainly provide courses taught in Italian, but in recent years there has been an increase in the number of English-taught programmes, especially in master's degrees. According to law, it is possible for universities to hold classes in a language different from Italian (particularly English), in order

555:

British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque or village in most regions of the country. Subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science and Religion. The

296:

During the first four decades of their existence, there is no mention of the Irish language in the programme of regulations of the Commissioners of National Education; furthermore no provision whatsoever was made in 1831 when the original scheme was drawn up for education of those children who spoke

1152:

Another controversial issue is whether introducing EMI courses could in a certain way downgrade the courses taught in the local language. EMI courses might be considered elitist and may lead to discrimination even among students of the same university. Coming to the teaching side, lecturers may not

1035:

In Europe there has been a sharp increase in the number of ETPs in the 21st century. According to Wachter and Maiworm's study, there were just 725 English-taught programs in 2001, 2,389 in 2007 and in their 2014 study the number had risen to 8,089. Although there may be some problems with the study

717:

the system of education is divided into three different branches. Students are free to choose anyone of them provided that they have the means. These branches are: The English Medium, The Bengali Medium, and The Religious Branch. In the English Medium system, courses are all taught in English using

571:

proved to be a defining text in the theories of how education policies should be formed (ed. Horace Hayman Wilson: London, Piper, Stephenson and Spence, 1858). Mill advocated the introduction of European knowledge to counter balance Indian traits judged to be irrational. Instilling ideals of reason

1132:

The first issue is about equal access to English learning. Living in an urban or rural area as well as the socio-economic condition of the student have an impact on his chance to learn the English language. Especially in rural areas, there is a shortage of qualified teachers, a lack of appropriate

975:

Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners, who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values.

354:

Among the items listed in this agreement was the "planting of the gospell among these rude, barbarous, and uncivill people" by Protestant churches; the outlawing of bards who were traditionally on circuit between the houses of noblemen; the requirement that all men of wealth send their heirs to be

1199:

provide a broader context for understanding such ideologies. These discourses represent both resistance and accommodation to the hegemony of the West with a promotion of nationalistic values and learning a Western mode of communication, namely, English. Among several proposals offered by critics,

1128:

Another reason is universities' interest in increasing their income, especially in places where domestic enrollment is decreasing. Furthermore, some institutions charge domestic students higher fees to enroll in EMI programmes. Enhancing the employability of domestic students, providing them with

971:

The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and

701:

has recently announced the introduction of English lessons on a phased basis to all schools across the country. This new policy states that "English language has been made compulsory from Class-1 onwards" and the "Introduction of English as medium of instruction for science, mathematics, computer

386:

with facing pages of Gaelic and English texts for both languages to be read alongside one another, with more success. After a number of years of unsuccessful attempts at English-only teaching methods, it was realized that literacy in Gaelic was a much more effective means of teaching and a bridge

1026:

process that many universities are pushing. There is a growing body of research literature on this phenomenon which explores issues such as the development of EMI in different countries, reasons for the spread of EMI, lecturers' and students' beliefs about EMI, learning gains in terms of English

1017:

Since the beginning of the twentieth century there has been a sharp increase in the number of universities across the globe that offer English taught programmes (ETPs), that is degree courses which are taught through the medium of English, though these universities are located in countries where

594:

morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.

593:

It is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in

1124:

suggests that education as a public good is no longer a current value in itself but rather an item traded by the defenders of centralised wealth. Moreover, the indicators used in international rankings reward the percentage of international students enrolled in universities. In this situation,

184:

is the first section of the 1535 Act, which states: "the people of the same dominion have and do daily use a speche nothing like ne consonant to the naturall mother tonge used within this Realme" and then declares the intention "utterly to extirpe alle and singular sinister usages and customs"

870:

examined the matter and delivered the judgement n° 42/2017 which states that the complete exclusion of Italian from these courses clashes with the principle of primacy of the Italian language enshrined in the Constitution. Furthermore, the court explained that the internationalization of the

598:

In 1835 Lord William Bentinck revitalised the earlier Charter Act with his New Education Policy which determined that English should be the official language of the courts, diplomacy and administration. Prior to this Persian had been the accepted language of diplomacy. Bentninck's motive was

499:, who has ministerial responsibility for Gaelic, said: "This is a momentous day for Gaelic as we open a new chapter in the language's history. We have come a long way since the dark days of 1616 when an Act of Parliament ruled that Gaelic should be 'abolishit and removit' from Scotland." 859:

to promote cultural exchanges and student mobility, as well as strengthening the cooperation with foreign universities. Nowadays there are some bachelor's and master's degrees that exclusively use English as their vehicular language, while some others are held only partially in English.

651:

jobs provided by the government. This led to a criticism over the policy by local governments from the East Malaysian sides who are now feel the impacts to their younger generations caused by the federal government policy who have been too long sidelined the importance to mastering the

800:

Although the national education system is held in Italian, by law, it's possible for children to attend international private schools (which are considered equivalent in their status – they are called "scuole paritarie") that use English as the only language for education.

289:(sic) was founded in 1831, by the British Government, under the direction of the Chief Secretary, E.G. Stanley. Some 2,500 national schools were established in Ulster in the period 1832–1870, built with the aid of the Commissioners of National Education and local trustees. 1243:

areas. Nowadays, this educational disadvantage of minority students and students who come from the peripheral parts of China is widely discussed in China, as it is considered to diminish the possibility of social mobility instead of offering any development benefits.

1148:

The use of English as a medium of instruction in non-English speaking countries may lead local languages to be inadequate in the future as a medium of higher education. One risk is they will not develop the necessary registers to express specific academic knowledge.

572:

would accordingly 'reform' Indians by the example of Western systems of thought and outlook. His ideas discredited Indian culture, language and literature even as its assumptions of moral superiority authorised and justified the presence of the British in India.

563:

of 1813 decreed that English would be taught in the Indian education system although not as a replacement for indigenous languages. Instead, it was anticipated that English would co-exist with Oriental studies as a means by which moral law could be reinforced.

1104:

Criticisms in English-medium instruction (EMI) refers to the exacerbation of global and local inequalities through the detrimental effects on linguistic and cultural diversity provoked by English-language teaching and in particular English-medium instruction.

617:

Lord Ripon's Hunter Commission of 1882 somewhat belatedly advocated that there should be increased provision of education at primary level and for women. The theory was that there would be a subsequent rise in the calibre of applicants for third level entry.

738:, the education system is based on the British Colonial model, due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences. Nearly all schools are government-operated, and also there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools. 1036:

and the numbers may not be entirely accurate, there has been an exponential increase in the last 20 years. The country with the highest number of ETPs is the Netherlands (1,078 in 2014), though the growth (39.3%) has been below the European average.

546:

The forced introduction of English to church services in Cornwall provided a major reason for the rebellion. The articles of the rebels states: "and we the cornyshe men (whereof certen of vs vnderstande no Englysh) vtterly refuse thys new English."

146:

These policies were gradually abolished in the wake of Canada's adoption of official bilingualism (French/English) in 1969 and multiculturalism in 1971, but English remains the predominant language of education outside of Quebec and New Brunswick.

585:

The term 'Macaulay's Children' is used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle. It is usually used in a derogatory fashion, and the connotation is one of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage.

131:, French outside of Quebec and all other minority languages have faced laws against them at one time or another. English-only education laws were gradually rolled out across Canada during the nineteenth and twentieth century, culminating in the 297:

Irish only. According to the official opinion of later Commissioners, expressed in a formal reply to the Chief Secretary in 1884, " the anxiety of the promoters of the National Scheme was to encourage the cultivation of the English language.

828:(MYP), which is addressed to students aged 11 to 16; the majority of these schools are located in regions of Northern and Northern-Central Italy. Concluding this course of studies, Italian children come to the end of compulsory education. 1153:

be able to perform as well as if they were performing in their native language. Not sufficient proficiency in English of lecturers leads to a simplification of contents and materials and, in general, to a reduced quality of instruction.

1165:

have explored the subject of English in the Japanese education system. Major criticisms addressed the way textbooks for English-language teaching are designed. These tend to depict English-speaking societies (mostly associated with the

702:

science and other selected subjects like economics and geography in all schools in a graduated manner." Caretaker Minister for Education Mr. Shujaat Ali Beg declared 25 January 2008 that 18 colleges of the city of Karachi would be made

599:

ostensibly to "regenerate" society, but the ramifications were boundless. From this moment on only those with Western style education and a knowledge of English were eligible for government employment or for a career in public life.

229: 901:

is compulsory for nine years between the ages of 7 and 16. This is broken up into four years of primary, five years of high school, and two additional years of high school or vocational school. The majority of instruction is in

660:

began to support the re-establishment of English-medium schools, and request for the approval of more English-medium schools in the state from the federal government using its autonomy in education. The move was followed by

2530: 256:

wrote in (1596) a recommendation that "the Irish ... be educated in English, in grammar and in science ... for learning hath that wonderful power of itself that it can soften and temper the most stern and savage nature."

538:

with English, and under the guise of suppressing Catholicism, English was effectively imposed as the language of the Church, with the intent of it becoming the language of the people. At the time people in many areas of

1221:

try their best to educate their students about their own culture. Also, the students are not taught the social studies courses which sometimes discusses about the social problems the government is dealing with.

331:

Attempts were made by legislation, in the later medieval and early modern period, to establish English at first among the aristocracy and increasingly amongst all ranks by education acts and parish schools. The

820:

Secondary education is made up of lower secondary schools (from 12 to 14) and upper secondary schools (from 14 to 19). In both cases, children have the possibility to attend entirely English-taught schools.

847:(DP), which is recognised by some universities. This two-year curriculum is mostly provided by schools in Northern and Northern-Central Italy. It is more widely available than the Middle Years Programme. 1234:, English-language teaching has become increasingly important in the national scholastic system since university admission regulations changed in 2001. The value of the English-language component of the 1178:

these texts also assume that the West has ownership of critical thinking and that non-western countries are underdeveloped in their logic, critical and analytical skills. As underlined by the studies of

996:

set out to influence British education in the area for the English-speaking populations. He founded a series of schools known as the "Milner Schools" in South Africa. These schools consist of modern day

2426: 976:

Throughout the nineteenth century, Afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values, and many educated their children at home or in the churches.

602:

In 1854 Sir Charles Wood published his Education Dispatch which was aimed at widening the availability of Western oriented knowledge. Universities were established under the London examining model in

492:

is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Gaelic language in Scotland. It recognises Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding "equal respect" with English.

305:

published a series of studies of the English-medium education system in Ireland. His article entitled The Murder Machine embodies an article which appeared in the Irish Review for February 1913.

3103: 1082:; Shanghai New York University; and Wenzhou-Kean University. In 2018 there were over 1000 such China–foreign program partnerships, but over 200 were terminated due to concerns over quality. 110: 2058: 785:(which is recognized by Italian Ministry of Education). Its principles refer to the idea of an international and global education, combining pedagogical principles with strict standards. 556:

schools were attended by students from all classes of society. Gandhi is said to have described the traditional educational system as a beautiful tree that was destroyed by British rule.

390:

Since 1918 education acts have provided for teaching Gaelic in Gaelic-speaking areas, but development was very slow until Gaelic became an initial teaching medium in the Gaelic areas of

1268: 375: 3964: 1174:) as problem-free, and this leads to notions of idealised societies where Japanese students may think there are no injustices, discrimination or social disharmony. According to 1039:

Although there has been a considerable growth in the number of ETPs, largely at master's level, it is a minority of students (less than 2%), that are actually enrolled in ETPs.

90:

Known as English-medium instruction (EMI), or ICLHE (integrating content and language in higher education), this rapidly growing phenomenon has been contested in many contexts.

943: 871:

universities cannot be achieved by marginalizing the Italian language, therefore there must be a balance between the offers provided by the university in the two languages.

207:

An effect of this language clause was to lay the foundation for creating a thoroughly Anglicised ruling class of landed gentry in Wales, which would have many consequences.

763:

who would service the ideological apparatus of Anglo-Saxon supremacy. Americanization was mediated through English, sanctioned as the language of prestige and aspiration.

378:(SSPCK) was established in order to further funding sources for Highland church schools. All manner of incentives and punishments were used to stop children from speaking 225:

In July 1846, the British Government appointed three commissioners to inquire into the state of education in Wales; the Commissioners were all monoglot English-speakers.

75:

and other technologies. As a result of this, in many states throughout the world where English is not the predominant language there are English-medium schools. Also in

4019: 2359: 919: 2943: 3105:

Internationalisation, higher education and the growing demand for English: an investigation into the English medium of instruction (EMI) movement in China and Japan

118: 2870: 188:

Section 20 of the 1535 Act makes English the only language of the law courts and that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales:

576: 1797: 1239:

system, due to the lack of English-language professors and appropriate funds. The starkest consequences are in the poorest parts of the country, as rural and

1210: 781:

In Italy education is provided in Italian and, by law, it is mandatory until the age of 16. However, there are some English-medium schools which follow the

421:, Gaelic has long been taught as a subject—often through the medium of English, even to native speakers. A move towards bilingual secondary education in the 1347: 264:, with the intended purpose "that there shall be one Free School at least appointed in every County, for the education of youth in learning and religion." 3933:

European Journal of Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, Multicultural Education (1984) 'Education Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981.' URL

4004: 2231: 1930: 4009: 3741: 1023: 789: 686: 80: 3511: 1444:"Integrating Content and Language in Higher Education – international association about higher education at the interface of content and language" 972:

math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony.

457: 2965: 2084: 1291: 267:

These schools provided an English-medium education to the sons of landed settlers in Ireland, most of whom were of Scottish or English descent.

1552: 1079: 1071: 3927: 2642:"English language use at the internationalised universities of Northern Europe: Is there a correlation between Englishisation and world rank?" 4014: 3498: 3297: 3141: 3116: 1990: 1759: 665:

in 2017 when a minister from the state also urged the return of English-medium schools, which grows with more support from other ministers.

682: 426: 3989: 3215: 1096:

Secondary schools in Hong Kong are mainly categorised as EMI schools (English-medium schools) and CMI schools (Chinese-medium schools).

1064: 931: 843:", where it has been introduced in the third year and fourth year with a second language). Students aged 16–19 can choose to attend the 489: 430: 326: 621:

The inevitable result was that an Indian-based education was viewed as being second rate in comparison to an English-medium education.

3937: 3912: 3166: 2893: 2740: 1957: 1864: 1665: 1514: 1145:

perpetuating the stereotype that having a Western-style education is superior and something that is necessary for a successful future

1070:

universities that offer English-medium education (China–foreign cooperative universities), also known as branch campuses, include the

1006: 993: 926:

is necessary. A number of private schools and universities are involved in English-medium education. In some private universities in

866:

and some of its professors, regarding the decision to use English as the sole language of all the master's degrees and the PhDs. The

3871: 3844: 3827: 3803: 3776: 3729: 3712: 3695: 3676: 3659: 3642: 3625: 3590: 3569: 3540: 3521: 3461: 3444: 3427: 3410: 3387: 3009: 2846: 2335: 1700: 140: 124: 2296: 2033: 914:

into the syllabus as an additional language for grades 3–11 in educational institutions. According to the Ministry of Education of

788:

In Italian high-schools, since 2010, some subjects can be taught in a language different from Italian (according to the concept of

162: 1751: 2915: 2612: 2598: 2451: 935: 582:

Thomas MacAulay's infamous 'Minute on Indian Education' (1835) encapsulates both the overt and covert agendas for such a policy.

1141:, who has written extensively on the topic of linguistic imperialism, is very critical of EMI, as he sees it as another form of 1468:

Phillipson, Robert (1 May 2008). "Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? English in European integration and globalisation1".

863: 114: 2261: 2110: 3994: 998: 1379: 758:

who made the following comment regarding the use made by the US administration of the English language to rule his country:

575:

The current system of education, was introduced and funded by the British in the 19th century, following recommendations by

3076: 2136: 889:, Michael Moore interviews several American citizens studying at the university who were taking courses taught in English. 3979: 2162: 363: 219: 906:, but the language of instruction in mostly higher institutions is Russian. The Ministry of Education and Science of the 835:) approach has been applied in all high schools, through the teaching of a non-linguistic subject in a foreign language ( 1075: 867: 1603: 747: 2556: 1218: 805: 782: 465: 954:

with the possibility of receiving education abroad, job opportunities, travel purposes and getting information from

244:

referred to the significance of the report and its consequences as "the Glencoe and the Amritsar of Welsh history".

3984: 3942: 2791:

Cho, Jinhyun (2012). "Campus in English or campus in shock?: Korean students hit hard by English-medium lectures".

939: 809: 3358:

In: Pütz, Martin (ed.) The cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching. Frankfurt a. M.: Lang. pp. 221–240.

1822: 751: 1002: 132: 507: 2756:

Knight, Jane (2013). "The changing landscape of higher education internationalisation – for better or worse?".

1117: 441:, with some experimentation in the Western Isles, but the sector is hampered by acute teacher shortage, and an 271: 1775: 51:

and its spread to the rest of Great Britain and Ireland, beginning in the sixteenth century. The rise of the

3402: 2007: 880: 407: 211: 47:

Initially this is associated with the expansion of English from its homeland in England and the lowlands of

3950: 3050: 589:

The passage to which the term refers is from his 'Minute on Indian Education' delivered in 1835. It reads:

579:. Traditional structures were not recognized by the British government and have been on the decline since. 2944:"China's Ministry of Education approves termination of more than 200 Chinese-foreign cooperative programs" 2239: 1934: 1880: 1142: 1113: 985: 825: 333: 279: 156: 1263: 630: 531: 523: 166: 60: 41: 3943:

Empire? What Empire? Imperialism and British national identity c. 1815–1914 by Professor Bernard Porter

3917: 2531:"Milano, stop alla linea internazionale del Politecnico. "L'inglese non-può mai sostituire l'italiano"" 1619:

Séamas Ó Buachalla (1984). "Educational Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981".

1175: 445:

inspectorate report of 1994 regarded Gaelic-medium secondary education as divisive and inappropriate.

414:. Gaelic-medium primary education commenced with two schools in 1985, growing to 42 units by 1993/94. 351:

leaders and institutions of Gaelic society, in order to bring it under control of central government.

228:

The Commissioners reported to the Government on 1 July 1847 in three large blue-bound volumes – the ''

3999: 3809: 3576: 2692:"Higher education teachers' attitudes towards English medium instruction: A three-country comparison" 1295: 1180: 1121: 885: 855: 844: 678: 674: 449: 275: 215: 128: 2504: 2215: 3612: 1826: 1253: 418: 104: 1162: 1108:

The internationalisation of education provision, achieved in the European territory thanks to the

3504: 3393: 2864: 2816: 2773: 2672: 2353: 1909: 1718: 1706: 1636: 1506:

Centres and Peripheries: Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Journalism in the Twenty First Century

1292:"The Imperial Archive. A site dedicated to the study of Literature, Imperialism, Postcolonialism" 1240: 1053: 776: 653: 560: 367: 174: 3370:

Teaching English-Medium Instruction Courses in Higher Education: A Guide for Non-Native Speakers

2733:

Teaching English-Medium Instruction Courses in Higher Education: A Guide for Non-Native Speakers

1200:

raising critical awareness of English domination parallels the philosophy of critical pedagogy.

3338:, European Journal of Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, Multicultural Education (1984), pp. 75–92 2691: 1195: 210:

The parts of the 1535 Act relating to language were definitively repealed only in 1993, by the

3867: 3840: 3823: 3799: 3772: 3725: 3708: 3691: 3682: 3672: 3655: 3638: 3621: 3586: 3565: 3536: 3517: 3494: 3457: 3440: 3423: 3406: 3383: 3293: 3162: 3137: 3112: 3005: 2889: 2852: 2842: 2808: 2736: 2713: 2664: 2341: 2331: 1986: 1980: 1860: 1755: 1696: 1510: 1485: 1425: 1138: 1019: 840: 403: 355:

educated in Lowland schools where they would be taught to "speik, reid, and wryte Inglische."

241: 139:

in Ontario in 1912, which both attacked French and other European minority languages, and the

1745: 1678: 1504: 3527: 2997: 2800: 2765: 2703: 2656: 2192: 1688: 1628: 1477: 1415: 955: 947: 923: 911: 839:), including English (this methodology has been implemented in graduation year, except for " 527: 511: 476: 344: 76: 37: 2328:

Storia dell'educazione linguistica in Italia : dalla Legge Casati alla Riforma Gelmini

196:(2) and all Oaths of Officers, Juries and Inquests, and all other Affidavits, Verdicts and 3959: 3954: 3877: 3556: 2839:

Linguistic diversity and social justice : an introduction to applied sociolinguistics

2219: 1798:"A speech by HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay, at Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Isle of Skye" 1730: 1684: 1654: 1607: 1557: 1109: 836: 719: 515: 391: 379: 84: 1022:. This phenomenon, generally known as English-medium instruction, is seen as part of the 922:

is to teach the basic level of foreign language, as under market conditions knowledge of

3026:"Times Higher Education World University Rankings | Universityrankings.ch / Methodology" 2304: 1903: 17: 2991: 1258: 1171: 1134: 989: 644: 472: 261: 253: 181: 52: 3025: 1187:

of English but also of Japanese people. Recent discourses linked with the concepts of

3973: 3735: 2966:"Cantonese, Putonghua or English? The language politics of Hong Kong's school system" 2834: 2820: 2777: 2676: 1530: 1481: 1167: 648: 640: 636: 496: 422: 399: 383: 136: 64: 2916:"English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The State of Play in 2014" 2613:"English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The State of Play in 2014" 2401: 2265: 1852: 1848: 1402:

Macaro, Ernesto; Curle, Samantha; Pun, Jack; An, Jiangshan; Dearden, Julie (2018).

340: 197: 68: 56: 2641: 1320: 750:(1898–1901), and declared the Philippines a US colony. US imperial rule followed. 127:. French language rights have been guaranteed in the province of Quebec since the 87:, particularly at master's level, are being taught through the medium of English. 2769: 2286:'Ó Mhársa go Magla' by Tomás Mac Síomóin. First published in 2006. ISSN 1649-3079 3922: 1580: 1189: 1091: 755: 302: 2479: 2170: 2804: 1420: 1403: 951: 927: 915: 907: 903: 898: 714: 395: 2856: 2812: 2717: 2708: 2668: 2345: 1489: 1429: 2660: 1601: 1531:"Report of Commission of Enquiry into the State of Education in Wales, 1847" 438: 348: 313: 230:

Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of education in Wales

71:

has also furthered the global spread of English, as has the rapid spread of

3216:"Should non-English-speaking countries teach in English? | British Council" 3001: 698: 647:

due to the lack of English proficiency; the graduates can only depend on

603: 540: 452:(literally: "the great barn at Ostaig") a Gaelic-medium college based in 359: 72: 48: 767:

English is used for instruction at all Universities in The Philippines.

260:

The setting up of 'Royal Schools' in Ireland, was proclaimed in 1608 by

3932: 3483:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18/3 p. 248.

3336:

Educational Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981

3132:

Dimova, Slobodanka; Hultgren, Anna Kristina; Jensen, Christian (2015).

1640: 1404:"A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education" 1214: 657: 434: 429:. Gaelic-medium secondary education has developed less satisfactorily. 2085:"Re-establish English-medium government schools in Sabah, says Rahman" 1710: 3906: 3473:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 17/6: 485–596.

1235: 862:

In 2012 a controversy sparked between the university's senate of the

611: 607: 442: 312:

And English education in Ireland has seemed: to some like the bed of

1747:

National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

1632: 792:(CLIL) in order to strengthen the students' linguistic competences. 3948:

TEFL Courses Online Review – ESL teaching strategies and techniques

1692: 1183:, this reinforces Japanese views of inferiority of non-westerners. 1231: 950:. English language viewed in the minds of the young generation of 735: 723: 662: 535: 506: 461: 453: 170: 44:—particularly where English is not the mother tongue of students. 3346:

Language Choice and cultural Imperialism: a Nigerian Perspective.

1380:"English as a medium of instruction —a growing global phenomenon" 278:

in County Fermanagh, The Cavan Royal School in County Cavan, The

832: 456:, on the Isle of Skye in north west Scotland. It is part of the 411: 3947: 3913:

Minute by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, dated the 2 February 1835.

1857:

Looking at the Mermaid: A Reader in Cornish Literature 900–1900

218:

copy of the act reads that sections 18–21 were repealed by the

3491:

English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges.

3416:

Canagarajah, A. Suresh, Thomas Ricento & Terrence G. Wiley

3102:

Galloway, Nicola; Kriukow, Jaroslav; Numajiri, Takuya (2017).

2582:"The Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic" 3618:

The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language

2886:

Essential competencies for English-medium university teaching

371:

of the Ilis and Heylandis, may be abolisheit and removeit."

282:

in Tyrone and The Royal and Prior School in County Donegal.

366:, which sought to establish schools in every parish in the 2396: 2394: 831:

Since 2010, the content and language integrated learning (

3864:

Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts.

2993:

Illegitimate Practices, Global English Language Education

2212: 1982:

Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World

1958:"Minute on Education (1835) by Thomas Babington Macaulay" 534:, which was made available only in English. In replacing 347:, which would seem to have been designed specifically to 2581: 1269:

List of Irish medium primary schools in Northern Ireland

3893:

The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis.

3751:(1997) My English Book Step IV. Lahore: Metro Printers. 3562:

Struggle to Teach English as an International Language

3134:

English Medium Instruction in European Higher Education

1680:

Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region

1655:

http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900007-001/index.html

376:

Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge

111:

Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories

63:. The increased economic and cultural influence of the 3356:

Sociocultural Constraints in EFL Teaching in Cameroon.

2163:"Indonesian National "Plus" and International Schools" 270:

However, only five such schools were actually set up;

3965:

UNESCO Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Education

3608:

Primary Stage English (1993). Lahore: Tario Brothers.

3437:

Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice.

3210: 3208: 3077:"Why teaching in English may not be such a good idea" 2758:

Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education

2690:

Macaro, Ernesto; Dearden, Julie (29 September 2016).

1443: 824:

Concerning middle schools, some of them offer the IB

3399:

Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching

3277:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. 10, 15. 1116:

for universities, has produced a change in the core

526:

of 1549, where the English state sought to suppress

448:

Third level provision through Gaelic is provided by

2599:'Assessment of Higher Education in Kyrgyz Republic' 812:– which includes children from 3 to 12 years old). 804:English-medium primary schools in Italy follow the 514:, Prayer Book Rebellion Memorial, near the site of 3136:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 82. 2034:"Adenan: Sarawak will back English-medium schools" 1776:"Euromosaic – Gaelic in Scotland (United Kingdom)" 3471:Review Article: ironising the Myth of Linguicism. 2059:"Approve more English-medium schools, govt urged" 336:passed some ten such acts between 1494 and 1698. 3292:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 174. 3159:Illegitimate Practices: Global English Education 2696:Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 1553:"'Glencoe of Welsh history' is published online" 1503:David Hutchison and Hugh O'Donnell, ed. (2014). 806:International Baccalaureate Organization program 783:International Baccalaureate Organization program 425:was frustrated by a change of government in the 232:". This report quickly became known in Wales as 3918:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Colaiste Ghàidhlig na h-Alba 1931:"Western Education in Nineteenth-Century India" 808:which has a sub-section dedicated to children ( 673:English-medium schools in Indonesia consist of 190: 119:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada 3928:English Next by David Graddol, British Council 2374:"Website of the Italian Ministry of Education" 1009:, Hamilton Primary School, and St. Marys DSG. 479:, (who is patron of the College) stated that: 200:, to be given and done in the English Tongue; 180:An often quoted example of the effects on the 3487:Doiz, A., Lasabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. 3420:Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. 3253: 3251: 2213:Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education 1985:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–. 1509:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 44. 8: 3854:The Spread of English and its Appropriation. 3422:Special issue. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3051:"QS World University Rankings – Methodology" 2884:Breeze, Ruth; Sancho Guinda, Carmen (2017). 2731:Breeze, Ruth; Sancho Guinda, Carmen (2021). 2358:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2111:"Mositun: Bring back English-medium schools" 1294:. Qub.ac.uk. 30 January 2006. Archived from 1211:Cambridge Assessment International Education 883:teaches at least 100 courses in English. In 308:Pearse wrote in his pamphlet the following: 177:are sometimes known as the "Acts of Union." 3161:. Bristol: Multingual Matters. p. 14. 2193:"Guides for Foreign Residents & Expats" 1315: 1313: 1112:and boosted by the increased importance of 123:Education is a provincial matter under the 59:, and in many of these it has remained the 3895:Applied Linguistics 19/1 pp. 136–151. 3796:Ideology, Politics, and Language Policies. 3759:Of EFL Teachers, Conscience and Cowardice. 2914:Wächter, Bernd; Maiworm, F. (Eds) (2014). 2909: 2907: 2905: 2869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2611:Wächter, Bernd; Maiworm, F. (Eds) (2014). 2452:"academic cooperation association website" 1859:. Francis Boutle Publishers. p. 267. 3669:Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. 3635:English and the Discourses of Colonialism 2707: 2505:"Universitaly – Gli Atenei si presentano" 2137:"Support grows for Sabah English schools" 1902:James Mill, Horace Hayman Wilson (1847). 1419: 1373: 1371: 402:education authority introduced bilingual 3493:Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters. 1933:. Qub.ac.uk. 4 June 1998. Archived from 1100:Criticisms of English-medium instruction 790:Content and Language Integrated Learning 687:International Baccalaureate Organisation 4020:English as a second or foreign language 3860:Tsui, Amy B.M. & James W. Tollefson 3742:Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice 3550:Review Article: linguistic Imperialism. 3456:, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. 3290:Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice 2232:"18 colleges declared 'English medium'" 1280: 458:University of the Highlands and Islands 3885:World Englishes 17/3 pp. 397–401. 2862: 2529:Cavadini, Federica (31 January 2018). 2351: 1905:The history of British India, Volume 6 1726: 1716: 1072:University of Nottingham Ningbo, China 530:speaking with the introduction of the 3837:The Local Politics of Global English. 3596:Kramsch, Klaire and Patricia Sullivan 3585:, Central European University Press. 2593: 2591: 2264:. Sanisoft.tripod.com. Archived from 1286: 1284: 746:The United States of America won the 567:The 1817 publication of James Mill's 543:did not speak or understand English. 398:from 1958. In 1975 the newly created 343:were abducted and forced to sign the 143:which attacked Aboriginal languages. 7: 3197:Galloway; Kriukow; Numajiri (2017). 3182:Galloway; Kriukow; Numajiri (2017). 2597:Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2015, 1397: 1395: 1393: 683:Cambridge International Examinations 427:1979 United Kingdom general election 3883:EIL: squaring the Circles. A Reply. 3575:Kontra, Miklos, Robert Phillipson, 1677:Charles W. J. Withers (July 1990). 1080:Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University 1065:English-language education in China 946:students are taught exclusively in 932:American University of Central Asia 490:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 327:Gaelic medium education in Scotland 55:increased the language's spread to 3602:ELT Journal 50/3 pp. 199–212. 3552:ELT Journal 47/4 pp. 358–360. 3348:ELT Journal 49/2 pp. 122–132. 2008:"Get English back into the system" 1979:Raymond Hickey (6 December 2012). 1744:Arnove, R.F.; Graff, H.J. (1987). 1007:Potchefstroom High School for Boys 79:, due to the recent trend towards 25: 3960:The Murder Machine by P.H. Pearse 3923:The Common School, by Seamus Dunn 3786:Language and Politics in Pakistan 3240:Dimova; Hultgren; Jensen (2015). 2996:. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 2032:Sulok Tawie (10 September 2016). 141:Indian residential schools system 125:Canadian constitution, section 92 3788:Karachi: Oxford University Press 3583:Language: A Right and a Resource 2640:Hultgren, Anna Kristina (2014). 1881:"Education in Pre-British India" 1482:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00555.x 1013:English-medium instruction (EMI) 704:"Model English Medium Colleges," 4010:History of the English language 3707:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3654:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1752:Springer Science+Business Media 1321:"Lecture 7: World-Wide English" 936:International Alatoo University 864:Polytechnic University of Milan 115:Official bilingualism in Canada 3769:The English-Vernacular Divide. 3275:Ideologies of English in Japan 1581:"CAIN: CSC: The Common School" 1348:"English as a Global Language" 999:Pretoria High School for Girls 1: 3866:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3856:University of Vienna, Vienna. 3439:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2006:Irene C (21 September 2015). 1621:European Journal of Education 1583:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 5 May 1993 364:School Establishment Act 1616 238:The Treason of the Blue Books 220:Statute Law Revision Act 1887 4015:English as a global language 3652:Critical Applied Linguistics 3454:English as a Global Language 3081:Times Higher Education (THE) 2770:10.1080/13603108.2012.753957 1209:medium of instruction under 1076:United International College 868:Italian Constitutional Court 754:quotes the Filipino scholar 484:creativity of the language. 433:followed on from primary in 387:towards fluency in English. 214:, though annotations on the 163:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 4005:Majority–minority relations 3690:, Oxford University Press. 3564:, Oxford University Press. 3326:Sources and further reading 3111:. London: British Council. 2406:International Baccalaureate 2326:E., Balboni, Paolo (2009). 1219:International Baccalaureate 460:, and also has a campus on 4036: 3990:English-language education 3745:. Oxford University Press. 3157:Widin, Jacqueline (2010). 2990:Widin, Jacqueline (2010). 2841:(First ed.). Oxford. 2561:www.cortecostituzionale.it 1089: 1062: 1051: 984:In order to anglicize the 940:University of Central Asia 774: 628: 324: 154: 108: 102: 83:, an increasing number of 3761:ELT Journal 53/3 200–206. 3030:www.universityrankings.ch 2970:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 2805:10.1017/S026607841200020X 2402:"Find an IB World School" 2262:"Education in Bangladesh" 1421:10.1017/S0261444817000350 1003:Pretoria Boys High School 639:(and some years later in 577:Thomas Babington Macaulay 287:National Education System 133:Manitoba Schools Question 2964:Varsity (9 April 2017). 2709:10.14746/sllt.2016.6.3.5 2431:www.gazzettaufficiale.it 1908:. James Madden. p. 1883:. Infinityfoundation.com 1606:29 December 2006 at the 569:History of British India 466:Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle 272:The Royal School, Armagh 36:system is one that uses 34:English-medium education 18:English medium education 3820:Linguistic Human Rights 3812:& Robert Phillipson 3403:Oxford University Press 3288:Piller, Ingrid (2015). 2661:10.1515/multi-2014-0018 2218:8 February 2008 at the 1533:. GENUKI. 13 March 2003 1378:Dearden, Julie (2015). 1346:Crystal, David (2003). 944:OSCE Academy in Bishkek 881:University of Ljubljana 748:Philippine–American War 362:, followed this by the 292:S. Ó Buachalla states: 234:Brad y Llyfrau Gleision 212:Welsh Language Act 1993 3771:Multilingual Matters. 3755:Rajagopalan, Kanavilli 3749:Punjab Text Book Board 3688:Linguistic Imperialism 3433:Canagarajah, A. Suresh 3394:Canagarajah, A. Suresh 3382:Multilingual Matters. 3376:Brutt-Griffler, Janina 3273:Kubota, Ryuko (2003). 3220:www.britishcouncil.org 3002:10.21832/9781847693082 2923:www.aca-secretariat.be 2735:. London: Bloomsbury. 2620:www.aca-secretariat.be 2557:"Corte Costituzionale" 2459:www.aca-secretariat.be 1143:linguistic imperialism 1114:international rankings 918:, the main purpose of 826:Middle Years Programme 765: 596: 519: 486: 334:Parliament of Scotland 318: 299: 280:Royal School Dungannon 205: 157:Welsh medium education 3995:Medium of instruction 3953:2 August 2018 at the 3822:, Mouton De Gruyter. 3810:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove 3600:Appropriate Pedagogy. 3372:. London: Bloomsbury. 3366:Sancho Guinda, Carmen 1355:culturaldiplomacy.org 1264:Medium of instruction 810:Primary Years Program 760: 679:National Plus schools 675:international schools 656:of English. By 2016, 631:Education in Malaysia 591: 532:Book of Common Prayer 524:Prayer Book rebellion 510: 481: 431:Gaelic-medium streams 325:Further information: 310: 294: 167:Parliament of England 155:Further information: 109:Further information: 42:medium of instruction 27:Medium of instruction 3980:History of education 3907:Language on the Move 3722:English-Only Europe? 3577:Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 3533:Politics of English. 3516:Palgrave Macmillan. 3514:in an Age of Empire. 3481:Response to a Reply. 3352:Bobda, Augustin Simo 2427:"Gazzetta Ufficiale" 2242:on 30 September 2016 1802:princeofwales.gov.uk 1687:. pp. 327–329. 1118:concept of education 1024:internationalization 886:Where to Invade Next 856:Italian universities 845:IB Diploma Programme 730:The Union of Myanmar 406:shortly followed by 339:In 1609 nine Gaelic 276:Portora Royal School 216:Statute Law Database 185:belonging to Wales. 129:Treaty of Paris 1763 81:internationalization 3850:Spichtinger, Daniel 3765:Ramanathan, Vaidehi 3665:Pennycook, Alastair 3648:Pennycook, Alastair 3631:Pennycook, Alastair 3613:Pennycook, Alastair 3535:Sage Publications. 2535:Corriere della Sera 2330:. UTET università. 2307:on 7 September 2015 2167:Living in Indonesia 2065:. 14 September 2016 1956:Frances Pritchett. 1827:Scottish Parliament 1653:The Murder Machine 1254:Bilingual education 495:Education Minister 419:secondary education 105:Education in Canada 61:medium of education 3938:Gaelic in Scotland 3718:Phillipson, Robert 3705:Rights to Language 3701:Phillipson, Robert 3683:Phillipson, Robert 3579:& Tibor Varady 3332:Séamas Ó Buachalla 3262:. pp. 14, 15. 3083:. 22 November 2017 2888:. Cham: Springer. 1666:Gaelic in Scotland 1259:Welsh in education 1241:minority languages 1137:is another issue. 1120:. British scholar 1054:Education in China 1018:English is not an 967:Colonial education 777:Education in Italy 697:The Government of 654:universal language 520: 368:Scottish Highlands 301:The Irish patriot 274:in County Armagh, 175:Kingdom of England 3985:Linguistic rights 3839:Lexington Books. 3833:Sonntag, Selma K. 3546:Holborrow, Marnie 3499:978-1-84769-815-5 3299:978-0-19-993726-4 3143:978-1-61451-527-2 3118:978-0-86355-862-7 2301:www.istruzione.it 1992:978-1-139-85121-3 1829:. 2 February 2005 1823:"Official Report" 1761:978-0-306-42458-8 1408:Language Teaching 1161:Scholars such as 1139:Robert Phillipson 1020:official language 897:Education in the 841:liceo linguistico 816:Secondary schools 635:Up until 1981 in 450:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 404:primary education 242:Kenneth O. Morgan 16:(Redirected from 4027: 3798:John Benjamins. 3557:Holliday, Adrian 3528:Holborow, Marnie 3319: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3057:. 22 August 2016 3055:Top Universities 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2655:(3–4): 389–411. 2646: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2303:. Archived from 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2238:. Archived from 2236:interface.edu.pk 2228: 2222: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2169:. Archived from 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1937:on 15 April 2009 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1683:. Vol. 80. 1674: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1616: 1610: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1561:. 4 January 2006 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1423: 1399: 1388: 1387: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1288: 1176:Jacquelin Wildin 988:area during the 956:English language 920:teaching English 912:English language 851:Higher education 736:Union of Myanmar 528:Cornish language 477:Duke of Rothesay 345:Statutes of Iona 193:English Tongue; 165:, passed by the 77:higher education 57:British colonies 21: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4024: 3970: 3969: 3955:Wayback Machine 3902: 3889:Widdowson, H.G. 3878:Widdowson, H.G. 3792:Ricento, Thomas 3489:(Eds.) (2013). 3328: 3323: 3322: 3313:Piller (2015). 3312: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3108: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2861: 2849: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2378:www.miur.gov.it 2372: 2371: 2367: 2350: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2268:on 7 March 2001 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2220:Wayback Machine 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2173:on 5 April 2011 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2143:. 24 April 2017 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2117:. 24 April 2017 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2091:. 23 April 2017 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2012:The Borneo Post 2005: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1725: 1715: 1703: 1685:Wiley-Blackwell 1676: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1633:10.2307/1503260 1618: 1617: 1613: 1608:Wayback Machine 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1558:The Independent 1551: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1470:World Englishes 1467: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1401: 1400: 1391: 1384:British Council 1377: 1376: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1277: 1250: 1228: 1215:Pearson Edexcel 1206: 1181:Takehiko Nakata 1159: 1122:Jacquelin Widin 1110:Bologna Process 1102: 1094: 1088: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1033: 1015: 982: 969: 964: 952:Kyrgyz Republic 910:introduced the 908:Kyrgyz Republic 899:Kyrgyz Republic 895: 877: 853: 818: 798: 796:Primary schools 779: 773: 744: 742:The Philippines 732: 720:British Council 711: 695: 671: 633: 627: 553: 551:The British Raj 516:Glasney College 505: 392:Inverness-shire 380:Scottish Gaelic 329: 323: 250: 159: 153: 121: 107: 101: 96: 40:as the primary 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3901: 3900:External links 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3874: 3857: 3847: 3830: 3806: 3789: 3779: 3762: 3752: 3746: 3736:Piller, Ingrid 3732: 3715: 3698: 3679: 3662: 3645: 3628: 3609: 3603: 3593: 3572: 3553: 3543: 3524: 3510:(Re-)Locating 3501: 3484: 3474: 3464: 3450:Crystal, David 3447: 3430: 3413: 3390: 3380:World English. 3373: 3359: 3349: 3342:Bisong, Joseph 3339: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3317:. p. 176. 3305: 3298: 3280: 3265: 3258:Widin (2010). 3247: 3232: 3204: 3189: 3174: 3168:978-1847693068 3167: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3117: 3094: 3068: 3042: 3017: 3010: 2982: 2956: 2935: 2901: 2895:978-3319409542 2894: 2876: 2847: 2835:Piller, Ingrid 2826: 2783: 2748: 2742:978-1350169760 2741: 2723: 2702:(3): 455–486. 2682: 2632: 2603: 2587: 2573: 2548: 2521: 2496: 2471: 2443: 2418: 2390: 2365: 2336: 2318: 2297:"URP del MIUR" 2288: 2279: 2253: 2223: 2205: 2184: 2154: 2128: 2102: 2076: 2050: 2024: 1998: 1991: 1971: 1960:. Columbia.edu 1948: 1922: 1894: 1872: 1866:978-1903427019 1865: 1855:, ed. (2000). 1840: 1814: 1789: 1767: 1760: 1754:. p. 61. 1736: 1727:|journal= 1701: 1693:10.2307/215314 1669: 1658: 1646: 1611: 1594: 1572: 1544: 1522: 1516:978-1443827577 1515: 1495: 1476:(2): 250–267. 1460: 1435: 1389: 1367: 1338: 1324: 1309: 1298:on 27 May 2010 1279: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1227: 1224: 1205: 1202: 1172:United Kingdom 1158: 1155: 1135:Westernization 1101: 1098: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1060: 1059:Mainland China 1057: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1014: 1011: 990:Anglo Boer war 981: 980:Milner Schools 978: 968: 965: 963: 960: 894: 891: 876: 873: 852: 849: 817: 814: 797: 794: 772: 769: 743: 740: 731: 728: 710: 707: 694: 691: 670: 667: 645:private sector 629:Main article: 626: 623: 552: 549: 504: 501: 473:Prince Charles 358:The then King 322: 319: 254:Edmund Spenser 249: 246: 182:Welsh language 152: 149: 103:Main article: 100: 97: 95: 92: 85:degree courses 53:British Empire 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4032: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3872:0-8058-5694-3 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3845:0-7391-0598-1 3842: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3828:3-11-014878-1 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3804:1-55619-670-9 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3782:Rahman, Tariq 3780: 3778: 3777:1-85359-769-4 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730:0-415-28807-X 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713:0-8058-3835-X 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696:0-19-437146-8 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3677:0-415-37497-9 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:0-8058-3792-2 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3643:0-415-17848-7 3640: 3637:, Routledge. 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3626:0-582-23473-5 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3591:963-9116-64-5 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3570:0-19-442184-8 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3541:0-7619-6018-X 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3522:1-4039-8530-8 3519: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3462:0-521-53032-6 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445:0-8058-4593-3 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3428:0-8058-9629-5 3425: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411:0-19-442154-6 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3388:1-85359-577-2 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244:. p. 82. 3243: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201:. p. 10. 3200: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3011:9781847693082 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2848:9780199937264 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793:English Today 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2485: 2484:www.camera.it 2481: 2475: 2472: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2337:9788860082725 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1895: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1702:9781317332800 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1204:In Bangladesh 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:United States 1164: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1031:EMI in Europe 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 979: 977: 973: 966: 961: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 892: 890: 888: 887: 882: 874: 872: 869: 865: 860: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 822: 815: 813: 811: 807: 802: 795: 793: 791: 786: 784: 778: 770: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 741: 739: 737: 729: 727: 725: 721: 716: 708: 706: 705: 700: 692: 690: 688: 685:(CIE) or the 684: 680: 676: 668: 666: 664: 659: 655: 650: 649:public sector 646: 642: 641:East Malaysia 638: 637:West Malaysia 632: 624: 622: 619: 615: 613: 609: 605: 600: 595: 590: 587: 583: 580: 578: 573: 570: 565: 562: 557: 550: 548: 544: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 517: 513: 509: 502: 500: 498: 497:Peter Peacock 493: 491: 485: 480: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:Western Isles 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Western Isles 397: 393: 388: 385: 384:New Testament 381: 377: 372: 369: 365: 361: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 328: 320: 317: 315: 309: 306: 304: 298: 293: 290: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 268: 265: 263: 258: 255: 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 223: 221: 217: 213: 208: 204: 201: 199: 194: 189: 186: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 158: 150: 148: 144: 142: 138: 137:Regulation 17 134: 130: 126: 120: 116: 112: 106: 98: 93: 91: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65:United States 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 3905: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3836: 3832: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3704: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3647: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3574: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3526: 3509: 3505:Edge, Julian 3503: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477:Davies, Alan 3476: 3470: 3467:Davies, Alan 3466: 3453: 3449: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3398: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3362:Breeze, Ruth 3361: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3314: 3308: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3241: 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3219: 3198: 3192: 3186:. p. 7. 3183: 3177: 3158: 3152: 3133: 3127: 3104: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3080: 3071: 3059:. Retrieved 3054: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029: 3020: 2992: 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2969: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2938: 2926:. Retrieved 2922: 2885: 2879: 2838: 2829: 2799:(2): 18–25. 2796: 2792: 2786: 2764:(3): 84–90. 2761: 2757: 2751: 2732: 2726: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2623:. Retrieved 2619: 2606: 2576: 2564:. Retrieved 2560: 2551: 2539:. Retrieved 2537:(in Italian) 2534: 2524: 2512:. Retrieved 2509:Universitaly 2508: 2499: 2487:. Retrieved 2483: 2480:"L 240/2010" 2474: 2462:. Retrieved 2458: 2446: 2434:. Retrieved 2430: 2421: 2409:. Retrieved 2405: 2381:. Retrieved 2377: 2368: 2327: 2321: 2309:. Retrieved 2305:the original 2300: 2291: 2282: 2270:. Retrieved 2266:the original 2256: 2244:. Retrieved 2240:the original 2235: 2226: 2208: 2196:. Retrieved 2187: 2175:. Retrieved 2171:the original 2166: 2157: 2145:. Retrieved 2140: 2131: 2119:. Retrieved 2114: 2105: 2093:. Retrieved 2088: 2079: 2067:. Retrieved 2062: 2053: 2041:. Retrieved 2037: 2027: 2015:. Retrieved 2011: 2001: 1981: 1974: 1962:. Retrieved 1951: 1939:. Retrieved 1935:the original 1925: 1913:. Retrieved 1904: 1897: 1885:. Retrieved 1875: 1856: 1853:Tim Saunders 1849:Alan M. Kent 1843: 1831:. Retrieved 1817: 1805:. Retrieved 1801: 1792: 1780:. Retrieved 1770: 1746: 1739: 1679: 1672: 1661: 1649: 1627:(1): 75–92. 1624: 1620: 1614: 1597: 1585:. Retrieved 1575: 1563:. Retrieved 1556: 1547: 1535:. Retrieved 1525: 1505: 1498: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1451:. Retrieved 1447: 1438: 1414:(1): 36–76. 1411: 1407: 1383: 1358:. Retrieved 1354: 1341: 1329:. Retrieved 1300:. Retrieved 1296:the original 1229: 1207: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1163:Ryuko Kubota 1160: 1151: 1147: 1131: 1127: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1068: 1038: 1034: 1016: 983: 974: 970: 962:South Africa 896: 884: 878: 861: 854: 830: 823: 819: 803: 799: 787: 780: 766: 761: 745: 733: 712: 703: 696: 672: 634: 620: 616: 601: 597: 592: 588: 584: 581: 574: 568: 566: 558: 554: 545: 521: 494: 487: 482: 470: 447: 416: 389: 374:In 1709 the 373: 357: 353: 338: 330: 311: 307: 300: 295: 291: 286: 284: 269: 266: 259: 251: 237: 233: 227: 224: 209: 206: 202: 198:Wager of Law 195: 191: 187: 179: 160: 145: 122: 89: 69:World War II 46: 33: 31: 29: 4000:Imperialism 3862:(in press) 3816:Mart Rannut 3724:Routledge. 3671:Routledge. 3620:, Longman. 3606:Malik, S.A. 3225:17 December 3087:17 December 3061:17 December 3035:17 December 2649:Multilingua 2566:17 December 2541:17 December 2514:17 December 2489:17 December 2464:17 December 2436:10 December 2411:14 December 2383:10 December 2311:10 December 2246:16 December 1833:16 December 1807:16 December 1565:16 December 1190:nihonjinron 1092:EMI schools 1043:EMI in Asia 994:Lord Milner 756:E. San Juan 752:Mac Síomóin 561:Charter Act 303:P.H. Pearse 169:, annexing 3974:Categories 2949:3 December 2928:7 December 2625:7 December 2141:Malay Mail 2038:Malay Mail 1360:7 December 1275:References 1063:See also: 930:, such as 928:Kyrgyzstan 916:Kyrgyzstan 893:Kyrgyzstan 775:See also: 715:Bangladesh 709:Bangladesh 410:Region in 396:Ross-shire 341:chieftains 94:By country 2865:cite book 2857:922220208 2821:145685083 2813:0266-0784 2778:154581194 2718:2084-1965 2677:220476022 2669:1613-3684 2354:cite book 2346:729959421 1729:ignored ( 1719:cite book 1490:1467-971X 1453:1 January 1448:iclhe.org 1430:0261-4448 1196:kokusaika 1086:Hong Kong 986:Transvaal 958:sources. 669:Indonesia 471:In 2004, 464:known as 439:Inverness 349:Anglicize 314:Procustes 252:The poet 135:1896 and 3951:Archived 3891:(1998b) 3881:(1998a) 3818:(1995), 3739:(2016), 3703:(2000), 3686:(1992), 3650:(2001), 3633:(1998), 3616:(1995), 3581:(1999), 3560:(2005), 3452:(2003), 3397:(1999), 3344:(1995 ) 2837:(2016). 2272:16 April 2216:Archived 2198:10 April 2177:10 April 2147:24 April 2121:24 April 2115:The Star 2095:24 April 2089:The Star 2069:24 April 2063:The Star 2043:24 April 2017:24 April 1964:16 April 1941:16 April 1915:16 April 1887:16 April 1782:16 April 1778:. Uoc.es 1604:Archived 1587:16 April 1537:16 April 1331:26 March 1327:HistLing 1302:16 April 1248:See also 1226:In China 1170:and the 1157:In Japan 934:(AUCA), 875:Slovenia 699:Pakistan 693:Pakistan 625:Malaysia 604:Calcutta 541:Cornwall 503:Cornwall 408:Highland 360:James VI 321:Scotland 73:Internet 49:Scotland 3852:(2000) 3835:(2003) 3794:(2000) 3784:(1996) 3767:(2005) 3757:(1999) 3720:(2003) 3667:(2007) 3598:(1996) 3548:(1993) 3531:(1999) 3508:(2006) 3479:(1997) 3469:(1996) 3435:(2004) 3418:(2002) 3378:(2002) 3368:(2021) 3354:(1997) 1641:1503260 948:English 942:(UCA), 938:(IAU), 924:English 734:In the 658:Sarawak 522:In the 435:Glasgow 262:James I 248:Ireland 173:to the 38:English 3870: 3843: 3826: 3802: 3775: 3728: 3711: 3694: 3675: 3658: 3641: 3624: 3589: 3568: 3539: 3520: 3497: 3460: 3443: 3426: 3409: 3386: 3296: 3165: 3140: 3115: 3008: 2892: 2855: 2845: 2819: 2811: 2776: 2739: 2716: 2675: 2667: 2344: 2334: 1989: 1863: 1758: 1711:215314 1709: 1699: 1639: 1513: 1488: 1428: 1236:Gaokao 904:Kyrgyz 612:Madras 610:, and 608:Bombay 512:Penryn 443:Ofsted 117:, and 99:Canada 67:since 3512:TESOL 3109:(PDF) 2975:2 May 2919:(PDF) 2817:S2CID 2774:S2CID 2673:S2CID 2645:(PDF) 2616:(PDF) 2455:(PDF) 1707:JSTOR 1637:JSTOR 1351:(PDF) 1232:China 1048:China 771:Italy 724:Dhaka 663:Sabah 536:Latin 462:Islay 454:Sleat 171:Wales 151:Wales 3868:ISBN 3841:ISBN 3824:ISBN 3800:ISBN 3773:ISBN 3726:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3692:ISBN 3673:ISBN 3656:ISBN 3639:ISBN 3622:ISBN 3587:ISBN 3566:ISBN 3537:ISBN 3518:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3458:ISBN 3441:ISBN 3424:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3364:and 3294:ISBN 3227:2018 3163:ISBN 3138:ISBN 3113:ISBN 3089:2018 3063:2018 3037:2018 3006:ISBN 2977:2019 2951:2018 2930:2018 2890:ISBN 2871:link 2853:OCLC 2843:ISBN 2809:ISSN 2737:ISBN 2714:ISSN 2665:ISSN 2627:2018 2568:2018 2543:2018 2516:2018 2491:2018 2466:2018 2438:2018 2413:2018 2385:2018 2360:link 2342:OCLC 2332:ISBN 2313:2018 2274:2010 2248:2016 2200:2011 2179:2011 2149:2017 2123:2017 2097:2017 2071:2017 2045:2017 2019:2017 1987:ISBN 1966:2010 1943:2010 1917:2010 1889:2010 1861:ISBN 1835:2016 1809:2016 1784:2010 1756:ISBN 1731:help 1697:ISBN 1589:2010 1567:2016 1539:2010 1511:ISBN 1486:ISSN 1455:2021 1426:ISSN 1362:2018 1333:2007 1304:2010 1217:and 1193:and 879:The 833:CLIL 677:and 559:The 488:The 437:and 412:Skye 394:and 285:The 161:The 3315:cit 3260:cit 3242:cit 3199:Cit 3184:Cit 2998:doi 2801:doi 2766:doi 2704:doi 2657:doi 1689:doi 1629:doi 1478:doi 1416:doi 1230:In 722:in 713:In 417:In 32:An 3976:: 3814:; 3405:. 3401:, 3250:^ 3218:. 3207:^ 3079:. 3053:. 3028:. 3004:. 2968:. 2921:. 2904:^ 2867:}} 2863:{{ 2851:. 2815:. 2807:. 2797:28 2795:. 2772:. 2762:17 2760:. 2712:. 2698:. 2694:. 2671:. 2663:. 2653:33 2651:. 2647:. 2618:. 2590:^ 2559:. 2533:. 2507:. 2482:. 2457:. 2429:. 2404:. 2393:^ 2376:. 2356:}} 2352:{{ 2340:. 2299:. 2234:. 2165:. 2139:. 2113:. 2087:. 2061:. 2036:. 2010:. 1851:, 1825:. 1800:. 1750:. 1723:: 1721:}} 1717:{{ 1705:. 1695:. 1635:. 1625:19 1623:. 1555:. 1484:. 1474:27 1472:. 1446:. 1424:. 1412:51 1410:. 1406:. 1392:^ 1382:. 1370:^ 1353:. 1323:. 1312:^ 1283:^ 1213:, 1078:; 1074:; 1005:, 1001:, 992:, 837:L2 726:. 614:. 606:, 475:, 468:. 222:. 113:, 3334:, 3302:. 3229:. 3171:. 3146:. 3121:. 3091:. 3065:. 3039:. 3014:. 3000:: 2979:. 2953:. 2932:. 2898:. 2873:) 2859:. 2823:. 2803:: 2780:. 2768:: 2745:. 2720:. 2706:: 2700:6 2679:. 2659:: 2629:. 2601:. 2584:. 2570:. 2545:. 2518:. 2493:. 2468:. 2440:. 2415:. 2387:. 2362:) 2348:. 2315:. 2276:. 2250:. 2202:. 2181:. 2151:. 2125:. 2099:. 2073:. 2047:. 2021:. 1995:. 1968:. 1945:. 1919:. 1910:1 1891:. 1869:. 1837:. 1811:. 1786:. 1764:. 1733:) 1713:. 1691:: 1643:. 1631:: 1591:. 1569:. 1541:. 1519:. 1492:. 1480:: 1457:. 1432:. 1418:: 1386:. 1364:. 1335:. 1325:E 1306:. 518:. 236:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index