20:
51:
870:... determine which voice is to be used. The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative concerned principally with action, but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as
662:
instance, "There were mistakes" and "Mistakes occurred" are both in the active voice. Occasionally, authors express recommendations about use of the passive unclearly or misapply the term "passive voice" to include sentences of this type. An example of this incorrect usage can be found in the following extract from an article from
1207:
Despite criticism that the passive can be used to hide responsibility by omitting the agent, the passive can also be used to emphasize the agent. Writers have preferred placing the agent at the end of a clause or sentence to give it greater emphasis, as in the examples given in the previous section:
561:
The
English passive voice is used less often than the active voice, but frequency varies according to the writer's style and the given field of writing. Contemporary style guides discourage excessive use of the passive voice but generally consider it to be acceptable in certain situations, such as
661:
be used for the purpose of concealing the agent, this is not a valid way of identifying the passive, and many other grammatical constructions can be used to accomplish this. Not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is an instance of passive voice. For
2810:
do not have objects, they don't assign Case. If the verb can't assign Case, then Case cannot be obtained by the passive; so they can't be passivized. This view claims that in German and Dutch, the verbs are structural case assigners which is why they are able to passivized in those languages.
2814:
Another Case-related argument varies slightly, still agreeing that no passive can be formed since the verb has no object, meaning no case can be assigned. However, the difference in this argument is in the analysis of how the impersonal passive works in Dutch and German. In this Case-related
2474:
of the sentence. In passive constructions, the external argument does not need to be in subject position, as seen in active constructions. It is often found in an adjunct position instead. The passive voice also doesn't have to use the agent role. The passive allows for a variety of
3137:
as given above). The grammaticality of the progressive passive, called by some the "imperfect passive," was controversial among grammarians in the 19th century, but is accepted without question today. It has been suggested that the passive progressive appeared just to the east of
1816:
The first sentence is an example of the canonical
English passive as described above. However the second case is distinct; such sentences are not passive voice, because the participle is being used adjectivally; Such constructs are sometimes called "false passives" or
2571:
Above, IMP is the reference to PRO because the books didn't sell themselves to make money, someone, who the interpreter of the sentence knows exists implicitly, sold them. In the passive, PRO is still able to be controlled even without having an explicit argument.
840:, and its participles getting into the light of your adjectives, which should be few. For, as a rough law, by his use of the straight verb and by his economy of adjectives you can tell a man's style, if it be masculine or neuter, writing or 'composition'.
2433:
to a noun to show how it functions in the sentence; for example, if a noun needs to be in first or second person due to the form of the verb. So, if a noun phrase in the passive needs to get Case from the participle verb, it must undergo
2515:
phrase is missing in the passive, the external argument of the verb can become an implicit argument. Implicit here refers to the fact that these arguments can be implied and are not required to be explicit when used in a passive construction.
2213:
calls it "clumsy and incorrect", suggesting that it springs from false analogy with the former (acceptable) type of double passive, though conceding its usefulness in some legal and quasi-legal language. Other verbs mentioned (besides
2400:
The sections below discuss some generalizations that linguists have attempted to identify regarding the syntactical distinctions between the passive voice, active past tense, the passive middle voice, and other past tense formations.
2748:
In the passive the external argument is suppressed, but in unaccusative verbs, there is no external argument to be suppressed. Instead their subject argument generally acts as the object and then moves to the subject position to get
2928:
passive version, there is some implied amount of accountability for being arrested, as if Mary did something to cause her being arrested, making it more closely related to the event of being arrested, compared to the stative
813:
Many language critics and language-usage manuals discourage use of the passive voice. This advice is not usually found in older guides, emerging only in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1916, the
British writer
1132:, who has written several books on style, states with greater clarity that the passive is often the better choice. According to Williams, the choice between active and passive depends on the answers to three questions:
1792:
A type of clause that is similar or identical in form to the passive clauses described above has the past participle used to denote not an action, but a state being the result of an action. For example, the sentence
1125:, encourage use of the active voice, they also state that the passive is often useful and sometimes preferable, even necessary, the choice of active or passive depending, for instance, on the topic of the sentence.
2819:, argued to be an inherent Case (this is from Chomsky's generative grammar and means that specific verbs assign specific arguments and theta-roles) on their verbs, meaning these verbs can be put in the passive.
2449:
is also used to express the progressive aspect and the past participle can be found in multiple constructions that are not passive voice constructions. In these instances Wanner refers to, the auxiliary
1674:
before the indirect object), whereas promotion of the direct object in such cases takes place from a construction in which the indirect object follows the direct object (this time being accompanied by
1666:
It is normally only the first-appearing object that can be promoted; promotion of the indirect object takes place from a construction in which it precedes the direct object (i.e. where there is no
1183:
recommends the passive voice when identifying the object (receiver) of the action is more important than the subject (agent), and when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or not worth mentioning:
720:
The passive voice can be used without referring to the agent of an action; it may therefore be used when the agent is unknown or unimportant, or the speaker does not wish to mention the agent.
1758:
It is not usually possible to promote a prepositional object if the verb also has a direct object; any passive rendering of the sentence must instead promote the direct object. For example:
963:
The principal criticism against the passive voice is its potential for evasion of responsibility. This is because a passive clause may be used to omit the agent even where it is important:
4574:
2098:, where the expected subject of the second verb is raised to the position of object of the first verb), then the passive voice may be used independently for either or both of the verbs:
2532:
purpose clause using thematic control. PRO can also be controlled by an internal or external argument. Specifically, explicit and implicit arguments can control PRO in purpose clauses:
1981:
It is possible to convert this to a passive by promoting the content clause to subject; in this case, however, the clause typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an
734:
The last sentence illustrates a frequently criticized use of the passive, as the evasion of responsibility by failure to mention the agent (which may even be the speaker themselves).
3060:
is sometimes used to refer to verbs used without a passive construction, but in a meaning where the grammatical subject is understood as undergoing the action. The meaning may be
562:
when the patient is the topic of the sentence, when the agent is unimportant and therefore omitted, or when the agent is placed near the end of a sentence as a means of emphasis.
1461:
of the action (that which would be denoted by the direct object of the verb in an active clause) is denoted instead by the subject of the clause. For example, the active clause:
1965:
Some passive constructions are not derived exactly from a corresponding active construction in the ways described above. This is particularly the case with sentences containing
1179:
387:
1996:
Another way of forming passives in such cases involves promoting the subject of the content clause to the subject of the main clause, and converting the content clause into a
1864:.) If a distinct adjective exists for the purpose of expressing the state, then the past participle is less likely to be used for that purpose; this is the case with the verb
1204:
writes that "The passive is not an undesirable feature limited to bad writing, it's a useful construction often needed for clear expression, and every good writer uses it."
2265:
consisting of a subject together with a verb phrase based on a past participle with the passive construction). These can be used in such contexts as newspaper headlines:
4448:
Thompson, D., Ferreira, F., & Scheepers, C. (n.d.). One Step at a Time: Representational
Overlap Between Active Voice, Be-passive, and Get-passive Forms in English.
957:
1740:
The prepositional passive is common, especially in informal
English. However some potential uses are much less acceptable than others; compare the following examples:
712:
in the active voice. Although the speaker may be using words in a manner that diverts responsibility from him, this is not being accomplished by use of passive voice.
538:
English allows a number of additional passive constructions that are not possible in many other languages with analogous passive formations to the above. A sentence's
998:
Passive writing is not necessarily slack and indirect. Many famously vigorous passages use the passive voice, as in these examples with the passive verbs italicized:
2615:
Some suggest that the ability to control is due to implicit arguments controlling through a thematic control, rather than an argument control like full arguments.
1533:
as an alternative (possibly with slightly different meaning); for example, the active sentence "The ball hit Bob" may be recast in either of the following forms:
4049:
1659:
its direct object. In the passive forms, the indirect object has been promoted and the direct object has been left in place. (In this respect, English resembles
1239:
A statistical study of a variety of periodicals found a maximum incidence of 13 percent passive constructions. Despite Orwell's advice to avoid the passive, his
1248:
2726:-phrases. This is because movement only takes place when a NP depends on the verb to get Case. There are instances of the passive that do not use movement.
3165:
3596:
1933:
anyway, the distinctions between uses of the past participle become less clear, since the canonical passive already has a stative meaning. (For example:
862:... This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary
597:
but this is optional. It can be used in a number of different grammatical contexts; for instance, in declarative, interrogative, and imperative clauses:
2470:. An external argument is specifically referring to the theta role that is assigned to the subject of the sentence. Often, the external argument is the
3968:
This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary.
1051:
426:
2502:. They don't have to be put into argument positions in order to be specific. The external argument in the passive will be represented even without a
777:). There is a tendency for sentences to be formulated so as to place the focus at the end, which can motivate the choice of active or passive voice:
2822:
The reasons certain verbs cannot be passivized is not just based on syntax; there are semantic reasons behind their inability to passivize as well.
3940:
24:
680:
shortly, and I would be able to extricate myself, and my clients, from the scheme." As he read this, he betrayed no sense of how absurd it was
4598:
4311:
4203:
4093:
4032:
4001:
3961:
3878:
3754:
3650:
3444:
3350:
3303:
3264:
3234:
19:
4649:
4227:
3220:
2591:
T is no longer in an Agree relationship with the implicit subject, which means that the implicit subject can no longer control PRO either.
2210:
884:
2699:, moves from the direct object of the verb into the subject position in the passive for two reasons. The first reason is to satisfy the
382:
4478:
3540:
2298:
Other constructions are mentioned in which a passive past participle clause is used, even though it is not introduced by the auxiliary
2803:
verb functions differently, so that the agent is always present. Therefore, in Dutch, the passive doesn't require a patient argument.
253:
4167:(1997). "A Typology of Argument-Determined Constructions. pp 72 of Bybee, Joan, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.)(1997).
3841:
3707:
2202:
with both verbs changed simultaneously to the passive voice, even though the first verb takes no object – it is not possible to say
1420:
In academic prose, passives make up roughly 25% of all finite clauses, 15% in news, less in fiction, and even less in conversation.
1833:), since they represent a state or result. By contrast the canonical passives, representing an action or event, may then be called
3106:
involves a wider class of verbs, and was used in
English until the nineteenth century. Sentences having this construction feature
2556:
In the passive, arguments can even control a PRO subject without having an explicit external argument, because it is still there
1151:
800:
In some situations, the passive may be used so that the most dramatic word or the punchline appears at the end of the sentence.
331:
2853:. Today this is a topic of discussion among linguists who have noted that there are key differences between the behavior of a
911:
recommended the active voice as an elementary principle of composition: "Never use the passive where you can use the active."
971:
Krista
Ratcliffe, a professor at Marquette University, notes the use of passives as an example of the role of grammar as "...
3133:
This passival construction was displaced during the late 18th and early 19th century by the progressive passive (the form
2700:
1751:
The second sentence appears much less acceptable because sleeping above a bunk does not change its state; the verb phrase
826:, that strike their object; and use them in the active voice, eschewing the stationary passive, with its little auxiliary
419:
319:
183:
2642:
that would normally be assigned elsewhere in the sentence, specifically it takes the theta role of the active subject.
4644:
4270:
4245:
4056:
396:
144:
2806:
Another view is that it has to do with Case. Specifically, the inability of intransitive verbs to assign Case. Since
2186:
rather than raising-to-object – that is, when there is no object before the infinitive complement. For example, with
1899:), and the participles used in the above-mentioned "stative" constructions are often considered to be adjectival (in
4575:"The House is Building"? Why you never learned the passival tense, even though it used to be proper English grammar"
2799:
that would form an impersonal passive do not have a patient argument, so the passive can't be formed. In Dutch, the
1050:
by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (
948:
Use of the passive is more prevalent in scientific writing, but publishers of some scientific publications, such as
2881:, a construction where the unstated subject is forced to refer back to the subject of the main clause by the verb.
1215:
The breakthrough was achieved by
Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab.
1155:, stresses the advantages of the active voice, but gives the following examples of where the passive is preferred:
796:
The breakthrough was achieved by
Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab.
287:
2055:, meaning "compel". When this verb is used in the active voice it takes the bare infinitive (without the particle
1236:
The passive voice is used more frequently in scientific writing than in other prose, where it is relatively rare.
570:
The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction. The essential components, in English, are a form of the
4530:
3904:
360:
4329:
ALEXIADOU, A., & DORON, E. (2012). The syntactic construction of two non-active Voices: Passive and middle.
3724:
1747:
Someone has slept above this bottom bunk. → ??This bottom bunk has been slept above. (much less acceptable)
1019:
4639:
2777:
2426:
1722:
412:
60:
3042:
This is something that usually isn't seen with true adjectival passives. These notions put the idea that the
936:
flabbier, more indirect, and wordier. If you want your words to seem impersonal, indirect, and noncommittal,
788:
Similarly, the passive may be used because the noun phrase denoting the agent is a long one (containing many
3642:
2409:
In English, the passive requires the use of the past participle of a verb, generally with an auxiliary verb
2254:
Certain other constructions are sometimes classed as passives. The following types are mentioned by Pullum.
2209:
This latter double passive construction is criticized as questionable both grammatically and stylistically.
339:
271:
225:
2757:
moved from the object position to the subject. This is demonstrated in the trace below, where the trace (t
2467:
1228:, where the agent may be irrelevant, although at least one publisher considers this a "fading practice":
1089:
737:
Nonetheless, the passive voice can be complemented by an element that identifies the agent, usually via a
291:
3870:
Anglo-American feminist challenges to the rhetorical traditions: Virginia Woolf, Mary Daly, Adrienne Rich
4402:
2878:
2584:
2389:
1734:
1121:
1081:
846:
313:
204:
158:
150:
2441:
Wanner argues that identification of the passive voice construction can't solely rely on the auxiliary
2051:
Another situation in which the passive uses a different construction than the active involves the verb
1973:-clauses). Given a sentence in which the role of direct object is played by such a clause, for example
2603:
In the passive, the thematic object can be the controller because it is still connected in agreement.
50:
4164:
2430:
2246:
declares this construction unacceptable. It nonetheless occurs in practice in a variety of contexts.
1660:
1577:
1139:"Would the active or passive verb help your readers move more smoothly from one sentence to the next?
995:, said that the passive voice does have its uses, and that "all good writers use the passive voice."
815:
590:
551:
547:
323:
178:
127:
4397:
3667:... The conversion of an active-verb sentence into a passive-verb one of the same meaning - e.g. of
727:
A new cancer drug has been discovered (the identity of the agent may be unimportant in the context).
3632:
3628:
2552:
are the ones who did it to make the profit. In this case, the explicit argument of the sentence is
2278:
1900:
1713:
It is also possible, in some cases, to promote the object of a preposition. This may be called the
1112:
892:
recommended against transforming active voice forms into passive voice forms, because doing so "...
889:
851:
754:
586:
351:
275:
242:
139:
4180:
3385:
2575:
Control abilities can also be limited with implicit arguments in the passive. An implicit subject
1860:
cannot have a stative meaning. (For ways in which some other languages make this distinction, see
4512:
4483:
4431:
3900:
3823:
3170:
3160:
3107:
2662:
2588:
2435:
2332:
2008:
1690:
John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book. (and not normally: ??A book was given Mary.)
1569:
1561:
1225:
1201:
1129:
1035:
789:
528:
524:
248:
198:
174:
162:
108:
3226:
774:
3771:
3121:
A rare example of the passival form being used in modern English is with the following phrase:
2907:
passive patient seems to take on more responsibility in relation to the event of the sentence.
2899:
passive is often seen as being to blame for the event or action occurring, more so than in the
1777:
I feel people have taken advantage of me. → I feel I have been taken advantage of. (acceptable)
1744:
Someone has slept in this bottom bunk. → This bottom bunk has been slept in. (fully acceptable)
967:
We had hoped to report on this problem, but the data were inadvertently deleted from our files.
4594:
4588:
4504:
4423:
4307:
4295:
4199:
4089:
4028:
3997:
3957:
3914:
3874:
3815:
3798:
3750:
3703:
3646:
3548:
3440:
3434:
3346:
3334:
3299:
3260:
3230:
2807:
2784:
2737:
2635:
2580:
2529:
2525:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2262:
1997:
1553:
1458:
1072:
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America
1066:
953:
480:
468:
448:
261:
28:
3254:
3110:
and resemble the active voice, but with meaning like the passive. Examples of this would be:
4496:
4415:
4193:
4143:
3909:
3807:
2274:
2183:
2094:
If the first verb takes a direct object ahead of the infinitive complement (this applies to
1705:
Similar restrictions apply to the prepositional passive, as noted in the following section.
1015:
949:
234:
229:
194:
189:
131:
123:
3675:- is a familiar process. But it sometimes leads to bad grammar, false idiom, or clumsiness.
2957:
passive is actually an adjectival passive, making it not a true passive and different from
2587:. This is related to passive movement. Due to the raising done to get nominative case, the
2261:
is similar to a typical passive clause, but without the passive auxiliary verb (so it is a
1142:"Would the active or passive give readers a more consistent and appropriate point of view?"
928:
permits subjects to have something done to them (by someone or something). Some argue that
672:(bolding and italics added; bold text indicates the verbs misidentified as passive voice):
4299:
4020:
3338:
2938:
2796:
2716:
2471:
2377:
form) can also be used in a complex construction; Huddleston gives the following example:
2011:
to correspond to the aspect (or past tense) expressed in the content clause. For example:
1923:. In other sentences that same participle may be used to form the true (dynamic) passive:
1762:
Someone has put a child in this bunk. → *This bunk has been put a child in. (unacceptable)
1683:
1632:
1557:
1502:
1450:
1446:
1146:
1104:
823:
582:
539:
476:
456:
392:
257:
238:
112:
65:
42:
4080:
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999).
3290:
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999).
1769:
Exceptions occur with certain idiomatic combinations of verb+object+preposition, such as
1107:
quotation of Luke 12:48 in his address to the Massachusetts legislature, 9 January 1961.)
730:
Mistakes have been made on this project (the speaker may not wish to identify the agent).
1721:(although the latter term can also have other meanings, such as being equivalent to the
4160:
3389:
3175:
3143:
3061:
2696:
2673:
In Chomsky's generative grammar, the following example of a passive with the auxiliary
2630:
phrase. The by phrase is where the external argument can be explicitly expressed. This
2418:
1966:
1765:
Someone has put a child in this bunk. → A child has been put in this bunk. (acceptable)
1442:
753:
In more technical terms, such uses can be expected in sentences where the agent is the
684:
in regard to his scheme, as if it were a spell of bad weather that had descended on him
669:
664:
99:
74:
4633:
4516:
4435:
4246:"§ 24. Double passive. 1. Grammar. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996"
3827:
3699:
3687:
3155:
2937:
passives there is a belief that the surface subject can be identified as a secondary
1982:
1861:
1787:
1454:
1085:
979:...: passive voice mystifies accountability by erasing who or what performs an action
908:
709:
440:
220:
208:
166:
135:
85:
4365:
van Urk, C. (2013). Visser's Generalization: The Syntax of Control and the Passive.
3484:
2933:
passive which doesn't connect back to the event, but is stative. This is because in
2021:
They report that she came back / has come back. → She is reported to have come back.
3592:
3056:
2095:
2032:
Some verbs are used almost exclusively in the passive voice. This is the case with
1930:
1849:
571:
500:
452:
356:
283:
3811:
3868:
3691:
3636:
2765:
moves to the front of the sentence into subject position where it receives case.
2458:
is present directly in front of a past participle, it is a passive construction.
784:
My mother was hit by a taxi (the mother is the topic, and the taxi is the focus).
4624:
4552:
4132:"Preposition stranding, passivisation, and extraction from adjuncts in Germanic"
3403:
3366:
2816:
1116:
676:
Two sentences later, Madoff said, "When I began the Ponzi scheme, I believed it
335:
170:
154:
117:
3972:... The need of making a particular word the subject of the sentence will often
3521:
2722:
Movement does not always take place in the passive though we see it often with
2040:
He was rumored to be a war veteran. / It was rumored that he was a war veteran.
724:
Three stores were robbed last night (the identity of the agent may be unknown).
4411:
2639:
2479:
in the external argument. For example, the subject could have a theta role of
2206:, which is the sentence from which the double passive would appear to derive.
2001:
1880:) more likely refers to the action than to the state since one can simply say
987:
Advice by style guides and grammarians on appropriate use of the passive voice
444:
327:
4508:
4427:
4131:
3918:
3819:
1631:
Unlike some other languages, English also allows passive clauses in which an
866:... The need to make a particular word the subject of the sentence will often
4492:
3009: *Food should never get served only
2750:
2704:
2422:
1888:
4249:
3576:
1433:
In the most commonly considered type of passive clause, a form of the verb
781:
My taxi hit an old lady (the taxi is the topic, and the lady is the focus).
692:, but felt the hand of a lawyer: "To the best of my recollection, my fraud
4419:
3616:
Fowler, the recognized modern authority on the use of the English language
2780:, even though this can be found in other languages, like Dutch or German.
4500:
4147:
3728:
3195:
2445:
and the past participle as distinguishing features because the auxiliary
4306:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1206, 1200.
3001: *The food (finally) got served
1919:
is an ordinary adjective, though it derives from the past participle of
1907:(although they are not normally considered true passives). For example:
1635:, rather than a direct object, is promoted to the subject. For example:
4085:
3641:. Oxford World's Classics Hardbacks Series (reissue ed.). Oxford:
3345:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1427–1447.
3295:
3139:
2182:
Similar constructions sometimes occur, however, when the first verb is
792:) since it is convenient to place such phrases at the end of a clause:
104:
3028:
passives allow the use of the by-phrase in the same conditions as the
2653:
In the passive, the theta role of agent is being given to Toni in the
3561:
2841:
passive in English. It was assumed to function the exact same as the
2343:
form) appears rather than the past participle. This can appear after
2336:
1949:) However it is sometimes possible to impart a dynamic meaning using
1848:
is used in English both as the passive auxiliary and as the ordinary
858:
The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive
368:
308:
303:
80:
69:
4169:
Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to T. GivĂłn
479:. Above, the agent is omitted entirely, but it may also be included
3035: The criminal got arrested
3020:
passive that is allowed in the types of constructions above, and a
2887:
Above, PRO has to refer to Elle, making it a subject control verb.
2657:
phrase, the same as it previously had in the active subject. These
2454:
is not found next to or with the past participle. If the auxiliary
1489:
becomes the subject (it is "promoted" to the subject position) and
4181:
Language Log: How to defend yourself from bad advice about writing
1481:
as its direct object. If we recast the verb in the passive voice (
897:
364:
18:
3114:
The house is building. (modern English: The house is being built)
1622:, he left the stage. (passive present participle, perfect aspect)
1243:
employs passive voice for about 20 percent of its constructions.
1168:"When you need to put the punch word at the end of the sentence."
3846:
1755:
does not express a "relevantly important property" of the bunk.
1564:
for more information. Notice that this includes use of the verb
1171:"When the focus of the sentence is on the thing being acted on."
400:
267:
4479:"On the Event-Structural Properties of the English Get-Passive"
3638:
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition
1605:
if I had stayed in my place. (conditional perfect passive with
3905:"Active resistance: What we get wrong about the passive voice"
1729:
They talked about the problem. → The problem was talked about.
832:
741:-phrase that is intended to emphasize the agent. For example:
3117:
The meal is eating. (modern English: The meal is being eaten)
3016:
However, there are instances where the above examples have a
2707:, since in its participle form, the verb cannot give Case to
2438:
to the head of the sentence CP to receive nominative Case.ii
2036:, for example. The following passive sentences are possible:
1961:
Passive constructions without an exactly corresponding active
688:... In most of the rest of the statement, one not only heard
2992: *The ship got sunk
2982: *The book got torn
1560:
form (infinitive, participle or gerund). See the article on
1529:) to make the passive. It is often possible to use the verb
2968:
passive as an adjectival passive comes from examples where
2491:
In the passive, external arguments can be made explicit in
467:
The recipient of a sentence's action is referred to as the
3367:"Language Log » "Passive Voice" — 1397-2009 — R.I.P."
2815:
argument, Roberts (1985) claims that German and Dutch use
2703:(extended projection principle) and then second is to get
1212:
Don't you see? The patient was murdered by his own doctor!
960:, explicitly encourage their authors to use active voice.
765:), while the patient (the undergoer of the action) is the
471:. In sentences using the active voice, the subject is the
2972:
passives are not allowed to appear and do not behave as
2681:
phrase, gives the same reading as in an active sentence.
1887:
Past participles of transitive verbs can also be used as
1639:
John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book (by John).
1252:
gives the following rough frequencies per million words:
1136:"Must the reader know who is responsible for the action?"
2695:
which acted as the direct object in the active form, as
1844:
The ambiguity in such sentences arises because the verb
1797:
may have two different meanings and might be ambiguous:
2548:
is the controller for PRO, and PRO is referencing that
2362:(An idiomatic expression with the same construction is
2194:. A double passive formed from that sentence would be:
2018:
They think that I am dying. → I am thought to be dying.
3541:"How long have we been avoiding the passive, and why?"
2355:
Your car needs washing. (meaning "needs to be washed")
2323:
This software comes pre-installed by the manufacturer.
2044:
but it is not possible to use the active counterpart *
1805:
Someone or something broke the window. (action, event)
1505:) can optionally be re-inserted using the preposition
1042:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
3046:
passive may be an adjectival passive under question.
2753:. In the example above, you can see that the subject
2048:(This was once possible, but has fallen out of use.)
944:
is almost invariably likely to prove more effective.
507:
Our troops defeated the enemy. Brutus stabbed Caesar.
2462:
External argument, implicit argument and theta roles
1929:
When the verb being put into the passive voice is a
1856:
is used to form the passive, there is no ambiguity:
1725:, particularly in descriptions of other languages).
3941:
Address to Massachusetts legislature (Jan. 9, 1961)
854:warned against excessive use of the passive voice:
589:(the doer of the action) may be specified using a
3992:Williams, Joseph M. (2015). Bizup, Joseph (ed.).
3725:"The Columbia Guide to Standard American English"
3404:"Language Log » The aggrieved passive voice"
2121:to complete the project. (passive voice used for
1903:use). Such constructions may then also be called
1080:by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. (
1069:addressing the House of Commons, 20 August 1940.)
844:Two years later, in the original 1918 edition of
3986:
3984:
3745:Fowler, H.W. (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.).
2795:, the passive needs to have a patient argument.
2791:functions in the passive. ii With the auxiliary
1862:Passive voice § Stative and dynamic passive
1788:Passive voice § Stative and dynamic passive
3740:
3738:
3321:"Get Passive": On Some Constructions with "get"
2837:passive was viewed as another variation of the
2649:The last piece of baklava was eaten . (passive)
2626:Another feature of the passive is the optional
2421:. The participle verb is also unable to assign
2390:English clause syntax § Non-finite clauses
2218:) with which the construction is found include
2091:-infinitive as the complement of another verb.
2015:They say that he cheats. → He is said to cheat.
919:
915:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
856:
820:
674:
505:
485:
461:
4195:The Get-Passives as an Emotive Language Device
4108:In US English, the general past participle of
4048:International Studies Review (10 March 2010).
3102:Another construction sometimes referred to as
2941:, but this is not an available reading in the
2917: Mary
2910: Mary
2417:in order to get tense because participles are
2384:You need your hair cutting by a professional.
1733:In the passive form here, the preposition is "
4590:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
4304:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
4082:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
4027:. Oxford University Press. pp. 676–677.
3956:(3rd ed.). Allyn and Bacon. p. 18.
3436:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
3343:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3292:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
1737:"; that is, it is not followed by an object.
1249:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
1180:Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
1165:"When you want to hide the actor's identity."
975:...a link between words and magical conjuring
542:may be promoted to the subject position—e.g.
420:
23:A sign using the passive voice to indicate a
8:
3776:Authors & referees: Writing for a Nature
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
2734:Not all verbs in English can be passivized.
2646:Toni ate the last piece of baklava. (active)
1812:The window was not intact. (resultant state)
924:makes subjects do something (to something);
4546:
4544:
4477:Biggs, Alison; Embick, David (2022-04-28).
4008:But the passive is often the better choice.
3747:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3472:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
3439:. Merriam-Webster. 1994. pp. 720–721.
3166:List of common English usage misconceptions
2381:Your hair needs cutting by a professional.
2358:That rash needs looking at by a specialist.
2244:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
2171:, etc., leading to such double passives as
1701:Mary. (and not: *Mary was given a book to.)
463:The enemy was defeated. Caesar was stabbed.
4231:, Second Revised Edition, 1965. Entry for
2893:passive does not allow for subject control
2884:
2719:from the finite INFL, the head of the CP.
2198:The project was attempted to be completed.
2190:, the active voice construction is simply
2155:Other verbs which can behave similarly to
1852:for linking to predicate adjectives. When
850:, Cornell University Professor of English
427:
413:
33:
3952:Strunk, William Jr.; White, E.B. (1979).
3285:
3283:
2787:claims that this is due to how auxiliary
2688:Caesar was idolized by Zenobia. (passive)
2396:Syntactic components of the passive voice
2204:*We attempted the project to be completed
2059:), but in the passive voice it takes the
1595:by next January. (future perfect passive)
1544:The auxiliary verb of the passive voice (
1052:United States Declaration of Independence
896:...sometimes leads to bad grammar, false
16:Grammatical voice in the English language
4568:
4566:
3976:... determine which voice is to be used.
3749:. Oxford University Press. p. 606.
3248:
3246:
2976:passives, which are demonstrated below:
2102:We expect you to complete the project. (
1254:
1174:"When the passive simply sounds better."
932:is more muscular, direct, and succinct,
745:Don't you see? The patient was murdered
3929:All good writers use the passive voice.
3211:
3187:
2888:
2314:I had my car cleaned by a professional.
2087:can arise when one verb appears in the
2046:They rumored that he was a war veteran.
1224:Agentless passives were once common in
1193:Plows should not be kept in the garage.
1014:straight, and the rough places plain. (
41:
4593:. Merriam-Webster. 1994. p. 775.
4271:"Double Your Passive, Double Your Fun"
3994:Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace
3485:"Grammar Lesson - Passive Voice - ELC"
3323:. Indiana University Linguistics Club.
3225:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2294:, there are also other considerations.
1232:The mixture was heated to 300 °C.
1033:glorious summer by this sun of York. (
515:typically involves forms of the verbs
499:The initial examples rewritten in the
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4361:
4359:
4345:
4343:
4325:
4323:
3996:(5th ed.). Pearson. p. 26.
3467:
3465:
3463:
3386:Nancy Franklin, "The Dolor of Money,"
2351:(with similar meaning). For example:
2320:You ought to get that lump looked at.
1572:, which does not normally occur when
1057:Never in the field of human conflict
585:of the verb denoting the action. The
483:while maintaining the passive voice:
7:
4228:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3222:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
2466:Passives always contain an external
2192:We attempted to complete the project
885:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
4625:Confusion over avoiding the passive
4551:Liberman, Mark (January 13, 2011).
3692:"Politics and the English Language"
3198:to indicate ungrammatical examples.
2661:phrases are attached to the VoiceP
2483:instead, as in the sentence below.
1988:takes the normal subject position:
1684:English grammar § Verb phrases
1552:) may appear in any combination of
818:criticized this grammatical voice:
716:Reasons for using the passive voice
388:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
383:African-American Vernacular English
3256:Deconstructing the English Passive
3024:passive that is not. Furthermore,
2949:Arguments as an adjectival passive
2740:do not form a passive in English.
2317:Jane had her car stolen last week.
2028:She is said to be going to resign.
14:
3796:"Instructions for Contributors".
2979:Agent-Oriented Manner Adverbials
2685:Zenobia idolized Caesar. (active)
2638:to the verb and is assigned
2524:Explicit arguments can control a
2024:They say that she will resign. →
1957:with the meaning "become known".
1911:She was relieved to find her car.
1372:Post modifier in NP (non-finite)
1241:Politics and the English Language
905:Politics and the English Language
696:in the early nineteen-nineties."
546:. Similarly, the complement of a
475:of the action—referred to as the
292:Transitive and intransitive verbs
4351:Syntax A Generative Introduction
3770:Nature Publishing Group (2010).
2877:passive is considered a subject
2595:*Sarah was promised (by Greg
2250:Additional passive constructions
2007:. This infinitive is marked for
1521:The above example uses the verb
1190:The store was robbed last night.
1187:The child was struck by the car.
1159:"When the actor is unimportant."
809:Advice against the passive voice
49:
3806:(3926): xviA–xviB. 1970-03-27.
2783:One argument using the lens of
2761:) is left behind when the word
2503:
2496:
2373:The concealed passive (with an
1588:. (present progressive passive)
1220:Actual use of the passive voice
1029:the winter of our discontent /
566:Identifying the English passive
4192:Knabe, Norman (January 2009).
3095:Such verbs may also be called
2953:Some linguists argue that the
2865:Control and agent behavior in
2413:The passive uses an auxiliary
2347:, and for some speakers after
2177:I was persuaded to be ordained
2173:The man was ordered to be shot
2159:in such constructions include
2067:They made Jane attend classes.
1196:Kennedy was elected president.
1006:, and every mountain and hill
940:is the choice, but otherwise,
1:
4136:Linguistic Variation Yearbook
4025:Garner's Modern English Usage
3842:"Write Clearly and Concisely"
3812:10.1126/science.167.3926.xviA
3539:Zwicky, Arnold (2006-07-22).
3489:ELC - English Language Center
3253:Wanner, Anja (31 July 2009).
2845:passive, just using the verb
2665:and are special to passives.
1627:Promotion of indirect objects
1152:Garner's Modern English Usage
991:Jan Freeman, a columnist for
4573:Vuolo, Mike (May 29, 2012).
4248:. 2021-07-29. Archived from
4171:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
4050:"Journal house style points"
2495:positions with the use of a
2487:I was sent a letter by them.
2429:that states that Case gives
2288:, we made our way back home.
1162:"When the actor is unknown."
531:—sometimes referred to as a
4650:English usage controversies
4353:(4th ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
4116:. In British English it is
3723:Wilson, Kenneth G. (1992).
3597:"Style in judicial writing"
3393:, 2009 March 23, at 24, 25.
3142:and was popularized by the
2776:English also does not have
2579:control PRO in the case of
2368:doesn't bear thinking about
1782:Stative and adjectival uses
1453:; that verb is missing its
690:the aggrieved passive voice
550:may be promoted, leaving a
4666:
3867:Ratcliffe, Krista (1996).
3129:the drums are being beaten
3050:Middle voice and passival
2132:. (passive voice used for
2106:is raised from subject of
2063:-infinitive. For example:
1992:It is said that he cheats.
1977:They say (that) he cheats.
1785:
1501:The original subject (the
1473:as a transitive verb with
1095:For of those to whom much
1076:suddenly and deliberately
644:by Geoffrey Howe was like
4531:Oxford English Dictionary
4130:Truswell, Robert (2008).
3873:. SIU Press. p. 94.
3702:. Penguin Books Limited.
3087:The clothes are soaking,
2425:. Case is a tool used in
2269:City hall damaged by hail
2128:We expect the project to
1697:Mary. → A book was given
1655:its indirect object, and
1556:, and can also appear in
1036:Shakespeare's Richard III
3522:"The passive in English"
3319:Gee, James Paul (1974).
2427:transformational grammar
2083:The construction called
1953:as the auxiliary, as in
1925:He was relieved of duty.
1878:the package was unopened
1723:impersonal passive voice
1540:Bob got hit by the ball.
1537:Bob was hit by the ball.
1525:(in the past tense form
1274:Short passives (finite)
682:to use the passive voice
3643:Oxford University Press
3125:The drums are beating,
3080:These cakes sell well,
2998:Predication Structures
2744:*It was wilted quickly.
2669:Movement in the passive
2563:The books were sold IMP
2310:with a direct object):
2096:raising-to-object verbs
1808:The window was broken,
1801:The window was broken,
1355:Long passives (finite)
1065:by so many to so few. (
700:The intransitive verbs
487:The enemy was defeated
4553:"A peeve for the ages"
4396:Reed, Lisa A. (2011).
4331:Journal of Linguistics
3772:"How to write a paper"
3582:ch. 3, sec. 11 (1918).
3562:Arthur Quiller-Couch,
3091:is soaking the clothes
2849:in place of auxiliary
2622:phrases in the passive
2405:The passive participle
1620:Having been humiliated
1616:. (passive infinitive)
1554:tense, aspect and mood
1090:Attack on Pearl Harbor
946:
903:In 1946, in the essay
880:
842:
698:
509:
497:
465:
451:that is followed by a
31:
4420:10.1515/tlir.2011.002
4403:The Linguistic Review
3954:The Elements of Style
3731:on November 19, 2008.
3663:PASSIVE DISTURBANCES.
3579:The Elements of Style
3577:William Strunk, Jr.,
3564:On the Art of Writing
3259:. Walter de Gruyter.
2895:. The patient in the
2697:the internal argument
2520:Control and arguments
2431:grammatical relations
2306:(or is introduced by
1884:in the stative case.
1858:The window got broken
1795:The window was broken
1715:prepositional passive
1709:Prepositional passive
1661:secundative languages
1600:would have got/gotten
1424:Passive constructions
1122:The Elements of Style
1082:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1010:low; and the crooked
847:The Elements of Style
593:with the preposition
513:English passive voice
491:. Caesar was stabbed
320:Conditional sentences
22:
4501:10.1162/ling_a_00405
4450:Journal of Cognition
4165:Alexandra Aikhenvald
4148:10.1075/livy.8.05tru
3673:He was killed by you
3520:Geoffrey K. Pullum.
3219:Peters, Pam (2004).
2873:Some claim that the
2730:Non-passivized verbs
2279:nominative absolutes
2140:is raised to object)
1831:resultative passives
1643:In the active form,
1593:will have been built
1576:is used as a simple
1513:The ball was thrown
1497:The ball was thrown.
1465:John threw the ball.
816:Arthur Quiller-Couch
591:prepositional phrase
552:stranded preposition
4349:Carnie, A. (2021).
3076:but is not always:
3072:Fred shaved himself
3006:Reflexive Pronouns
2778:impersonal passives
2259:bare passive clause
1905:adjectival passives
1874:The door was opened
1717:, or sometimes the
1477:as its subject and
890:Henry Watson Fowler
852:William Strunk, Jr.
657:Though the passive
556:Sue was operated on
544:Tom was given a bag
37:Part of a series on
4645:Grammatical voices
4484:Linguistic Inquiry
4367:Linguistic Inquiry
4296:Huddleston, Rodney
3698:. Introduction by
3335:Huddleston, Rodney
3194:This article uses
3171:Mediopassive voice
3161:Existential clause
3108:progressive aspect
2989:Rationale Clauses
2808:intransitive verbs
2738:Unaccusative verbs
2634:phrase acts as an
2528:subject within an
2333:present participle
2273:and as modifiers (
2184:raising-to-subject
2151:. (double passive)
2009:grammatical aspect
1872:, so the sentence
1868:and the adjective
1570:progressive aspect
1562:English verb forms
1445:together with the
1429:Canonical passives
1226:scientific writing
1130:Joseph M. Williams
900:, or clumsiness."
653:Misuse of the term
529:subject complement
525:passive participle
455:complemented by a
32:
4600:978-0-87779-132-4
4412:De Gruyter Mouton
4313:978-0-521-43146-0
4205:978-3-640-25174-2
4095:978-0-582-23725-4
4084:. Harlow, Essex:
4034:978-0-19-049148-2
4003:978-0-321-95330-8
3963:978-0-205-19158-1
3880:978-0-8093-1934-3
3756:978-0-19-966135-0
3652:978-0-19-953534-7
3601:15 J. Pub. L. 214
3446:978-0-87779-132-4
3352:978-0-521-43146-0
3305:978-0-582-23725-4
3294:. Harlow, Essex:
3266:978-3-11-019632-0
3236:978-0-521-62181-6
3084:sell these cakes
2964:Evidence for the
2785:cognitive grammar
2329:concealed passive
2275:adverbial phrases
2263:non-finite clause
1998:non-finite clause
1882:The door was open
1771:take advantage of
1693:John gave a book
1580:. Some examples:
1418:
1417:
1128:Another advisor,
1105:John F. Kennedy's
1067:Winston Churchill
1046:equal, that they
747:by his own doctor
648:by a dead sheep."
437:
436:
29:COVID-19 pandemic
4657:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4561:
4560:
4548:
4539:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4474:
4457:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4393:
4374:
4363:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4300:Pullum, Geoffrey
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4127:
4121:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4055:. Archived from
4054:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4021:Garner, Bryan A.
4017:
4011:
4010:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3910:The Boston Globe
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3727:. Archived from
3720:
3714:
3713:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3593:Bell, Griffin B.
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3547:. Archived from
3536:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3431:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3339:Pullum, Geoffrey
3331:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3216:
3199:
3192:
2797:Unergative verbs
2540:sold the books .
2367:
1819:stative passives
1753:been slept above
1686:). For example:
1651:is its subject,
1441:) is used as an
1255:
1039:, I.1, ll. 1–2.)
1016:King James Bible
1004:shall be exalted
993:The Boston Globe
982:
978:
974:
895:
869:
865:
861:
824:transitive verbs
687:
630:by an elephant?"
603:was assassinated
439:In English, the
429:
422:
415:
397:Grammar disputes
393:Double negatives
390:
53:
34:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4640:English grammar
4630:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4528:
4524:
4476:
4475:
4460:
4447:
4443:
4395:
4394:
4377:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4341:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4233:double passives
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4198:. GRIN Verlag.
4191:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4161:Dixon, R. M. W.
4159:
4155:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:. p. 476.
4079:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3923:
3921:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3645:. p. 425.
3627:
3626:
3622:
3610:
3608:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3298:. p. 938.
3289:
3288:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3152:
3052:
2951:
2871:
2833:Originally the
2831:
2760:
2732:
2717:nominative Case
2671:
2624:
2611:was persuaded .
2610:
2598:
2566:
2539:
2522:
2464:
2407:
2398:
2365:
2252:
2081:
2079:Double passives
2074:attend classes.
1967:content clauses
1963:
1821:(rarely called
1790:
1784:
1711:
1633:indirect object
1629:
1586:is being served
1451:transitive verb
1447:past participle
1431:
1426:
1385:Short passives
1222:
1202:Geoffrey Pullum
1147:Bryan A. Garner
989:
980:
976:
972:
893:
867:
863:
859:
822:Generally, use
811:
806:
718:
685:
655:
583:past participle
568:
540:indirect object
459:. For example:
457:past participle
433:
404:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
385:
380:
372:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
344:
343:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
306:
296:
295:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:Irregular verbs
270:
266:
247:
228:
226:Auxiliary verbs
223:
213:
212:
211:
207:
203:
188:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
111:
107:
102:
92:
91:
90:
79:
68:
63:
43:English grammar
17:
12:
11:
5:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4619:External links
4617:
4614:
4613:
4599:
4580:
4562:
4540:
4522:
4458:
4441:
4398:"Get-passives"
4375:
4355:
4339:
4319:
4312:
4287:
4275:Literal-Minded
4262:
4237:
4218:
4204:
4184:
4173:
4153:
4122:
4101:
4094:
4072:
4040:
4033:
4012:
4002:
3990:For instance:
3980:
3962:
3944:
3933:
3903:(2009-03-22).
3892:
3879:
3859:
3833:
3788:
3762:
3755:
3734:
3715:
3708:
3688:Orwell, George
3679:
3669:You killed him
3651:
3633:Crystal, David
3620:
3584:
3569:
3554:
3551:on 2009-04-16.
3531:
3501:
3476:
3459:
3445:
3415:
3395:
3390:The New Yorker
3378:
3358:
3351:
3326:
3311:
3304:
3279:
3265:
3242:
3235:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:Reflexive verb
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3144:Romantic poets
3135:is being built
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3051:
3048:
2950:
2947:
2870:
2863:
2857:passive and a
2830:
2824:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2731:
2728:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2670:
2667:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2521:
2518:
2489:
2488:
2477:thematic roles
2463:
2460:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2251:
2248:
2200:
2199:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2126:
2115:
2085:double passive
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:Jane was made
2068:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2016:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1959:
1913:
1912:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1614:to be insulted
1612:It isn't nice
1610:
1596:
1589:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1519:
1518:
1499:
1498:
1467:
1466:
1437:(or sometimes
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:Long passives
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:Dynamic verbs
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:Stative verbs
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1088:following the
1070:
1055:
1040:
1023:
988:
985:
969:
968:
876:could be heard
810:
807:
805:
802:
798:
797:
786:
785:
782:
751:
750:
732:
731:
728:
725:
717:
714:
710:ergative verbs
670:Bernard Madoff
665:The New Yorker
654:
651:
650:
649:
642:Being attacked
638:
631:
620:
613:
606:
577:(or sometimes
567:
564:
523:followed by a
474:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
406:
405:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
361:Capitalization
355:
350:
349:
346:
345:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
224:
219:
218:
215:
214:
163:Interrogatives
136:Demonstratives
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:
64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4662:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:(1), 168–178.
4372:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4252:on 2007-10-11
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:H.W. Fowler,
4222:
4219:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4062:on 2011-06-08
4058:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3860:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3709:9780141919935
3705:
3701:
3700:Bernard Crick
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3629:Fowler, W. W.
3624:
3621:
3617:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3567:ch. 7 (1916).
3566:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Ergative verb
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3068:Fred shaved,
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2903:passive. The
2902:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:control verbs
2582:
2578:
2573:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:Our work done
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2242:. Similarly,
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:to object of
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:His identity
1940:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:pseudopassive
1716:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:is the verb;
1646:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:direct object
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:Other copula
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:Conversation
1259:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:The linguist
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:Infamy Speech
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:shall be made
1009:
1008:shall be made
1005:
1002:Every valley
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
986:
984:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:passive voice
931:
927:
926:passive voice
923:
918:
917:states that:
916:
912:
910:
909:George Orwell
906:
901:
899:
891:
887:
886:
879:
877:
873:
855:
853:
849:
848:
841:
839:
835:
834:
829:
825:
819:
817:
808:
803:
801:
795:
794:
793:
791:
783:
780:
779:
778:
776:
775:Topic–comment
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
748:
744:
743:
742:
740:
735:
729:
726:
723:
722:
721:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
697:
695:
691:
683:
679:
673:
671:
667:
666:
660:
652:
647:
646:being savaged
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
599:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
565:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
504:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:by our troops
484:
482:
478:
472:
470:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:passive voice
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
379:Variant usage
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Abbreviations
353:
348:
347:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
299:
293:
289:
285:
284:Phrasal verbs
281:
280:Passive voice
277:
273:
269:
264:
263:
259:
255:
250:
245:
244:
240:
236:
231:
227:
222:
217:
216:
210:
206:
205:Subordinators
201:
200:
196:
191:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Interjections
156:
152:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
96:
95:
88:
87:
86:frequentative
82:
77:
76:
71:
67:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
21:
4604:. Retrieved
4589:
4583:
4557:Language Log
4556:
4535:
4534:, entry for
4529:
4525:
4488:
4482:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4407:
4401:
4370:
4366:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4303:
4290:
4279:. Retrieved
4277:. 2005-05-16
4274:
4265:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:the original
4240:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4194:
4187:
4176:
4168:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4081:
4075:
4064:. Retrieved
4057:the original
4043:
4024:
4015:
4007:
3993:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3936:
3928:
3922:. Retrieved
3908:
3901:Freeman, Jan
3895:
3884:. Retrieved
3869:
3862:
3851:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:
3765:
3746:
3729:the original
3718:
3695:
3682:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3656:. Retrieved
3637:
3623:
3615:
3609:. Retrieved
3604:
3600:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3549:the original
3545:Language Log
3544:
3534:
3526:Language Log
3525:
3493:. Retrieved
3491:. 2014-01-19
3488:
3479:
3471:
3450:. Retrieved
3435:
3407:. Retrieved
3398:
3388:
3381:
3361:
3342:
3329:
3320:
3314:
3291:
3270:. Retrieved
3255:
3221:
3214:
3190:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3057:middle voice
3055:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:control verb
2874:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2602:
2583:and subject
2581:ditransitive
2576:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Above,
2543:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2387:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2328:
2326:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2149:be completed
2148:
2144:
2143:The project
2137:
2133:
2130:be completed
2129:
2122:
2119:are expected
2118:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1939:his identity
1936:
1934:
1931:stative verb
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1850:copular verb
1845:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1732:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1591:The stadium
1585:
1573:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1493:disappears:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1321:Get passive
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1206:
1199:
1178:
1177:
1150:
1145:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
970:
962:
947:
942:active voice
941:
937:
933:
930:active voice
929:
925:
922:Active voice
921:
920:
914:
913:
904:
902:
883:
882:In 1926, in
881:
875:
871:
857:
845:
843:
837:
831:
827:
821:
812:
804:Style advice
799:
787:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
746:
738:
736:
733:
719:
708:are in fact
705:
701:
699:
693:
689:
681:
677:
675:
663:
658:
656:
645:
641:
634:
627:
623:
616:
615:"The window
609:
602:
594:
578:
574:
572:stative verb
569:
560:
555:
543:
537:
533:passive verb
532:
520:
516:
512:
510:
506:
501:active voice
498:
492:
488:
486:
481:adjunctively
466:
462:
453:stative verb
438:
340:Zero-marking
312:
279:
252:
233:
193:
182:
179:Prepositions
171:Portmanteaus
143:
128:Coordinators
116:
84:
73:
25:mask mandate
4495:: 211–254.
4211:13 November
4142:: 131–178.
3781:5 September
3272:11 November
3011:for oneself
2817:dative case
2640:theta roles
2558:implicitly.
2145:is expected
2138:the project
2005:-infinitive
1901:predicative
1101:is required
1048:are endowed
1044:are created
1020:Isaiah 40:4
628:been kicked
548:preposition
352:Orthography
336:Periphrasis
276:Modal verbs
243:subjunctive
235:conditional
175:Possessives
155:Intensifier
140:Determiners
27:during the
4634:Categories
4606:27 January
4281:2023-05-27
4256:2023-05-27
4066:2010-08-05
3924:2010-03-01
3913:. Boston.
3886:2010-10-14
3853:2019-11-12
3658:2010-03-02
3611:2010-03-02
3495:2017-11-21
3452:27 January
3409:2023-05-27
3372:2023-05-27
3370:Retrieved
3206:References
2984:on purpose
2921:arrested.
2914:arrested.
2419:non finite
1889:adjectives
1841:passives.
1786:See also:
1558:non-finite
1483:was thrown
1457:, and the
836:] and
830: [
635:get killed
617:got broken
608:"Mistakes
581:) and the
328:Do-support
314:in English
288:Verb usage
254:continuous
239:imperative
151:Expletives
109:Adjectives
100:Word types
75:in English
61:Morphology
4517:221462066
4509:0024-3892
4493:MIT Press
4436:263852574
4428:0167-6318
4414:: 41–78.
4337:(1), 1–34
3919:0743-1791
3828:220088428
3820:0036-8075
3635:(2009) .
3196:asterisks
3062:reflexive
3054:The term
3032:passive.
2945:passive.
2861:passive.
2715:receives
2388:See also
2292:That said
2000:with the
1983:expletive
1969:(usually
1955:get known
1876:(but not
1584:The food
1469:contains
1443:auxiliary
1269:Academic
790:modifiers
702:would end
678:would end
626:you ever
610:were made
605:in 1963."
601:"Kennedy
493:by Brutus
473:performer
332:Inversion
184:List here
145:List here
132:Compounds
4577:. Slate.
4536:passival
4456:(1), 35.
4302:(2002).
4023:(2016).
3690:(2000).
3595:(1966).
3341:(2002).
3150:See also
3104:passival
3097:passival
2869:passives
2468:argument
2436:movement
2277:), i.e.
2240:threaten
2169:persuade
2134:complete
2108:complete
1945:is known
1917:relieved
1839:eventive
1735:stranded
1487:the ball
1485:), then
1479:the ball
1405:<250
1388:<250
1358:<250
1350:<250
1347:<250
1344:<250
1341:<250
1333:<250
1330:<250
1327:<250
1324:<250
1263:Fiction
1097:is given
1078:attacked
1061:so much
956:and the
872:there is
258:habitual
190:Pronouns
124:Articles
105:Acronyms
81:Suffixes
70:Prefixes
4086:Longman
3799:Science
3474:(1996).
3296:Longman
3140:Bristol
3037:by Mary
2924:In the
2829:passive
2713:Zenobia
2709:Zenobia
2636:adjunct
2530:adjunct
2511:When a
2507:phrase.
2493:adjunct
2327:In the
2232:propose
2216:attempt
2188:attempt
1935:People
1921:relieve
1891:(as in
1835:dynamic
1603:injured
1515:by John
1459:patient
1316:10,000
954:Science
938:passive
759:comment
633:"Don't
527:as the
503:yield:
469:patient
449:subject
309:Clauses
262:perfect
113:Adverbs
66:Plurals
4597:
4515:
4507:
4434:
4426:
4310:
4202:
4163:&
4114:gotten
4092:
4031:
4000:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3917:
3877:
3826:
3818:
3753:
3706:
3696:Essays
3665:
3649:
3443:
3349:
3302:
3263:
3233:
2693:Caesar
2677:and a
2577:cannot
2500:phrase
2366:
2339:form (
2337:gerund
2331:, the
2224:desire
2211:Fowler
2157:expect
2136:; now
2123:expect
2112:expect
1915:Here,
1895:broken
1827:static
1823:statal
1682:; see
1657:a book
1578:copula
1414:1,000
1411:1,000
1397:3,500
1394:1,500
1391:1,000
1367:1,500
1364:1,500
1313:5,000
1310:2,500
1307:1,000
1299:1,500
1296:1,000
1293:1,000
1290:1,000
1113:Strunk
1111:While
1099:, much
981:
977:
973:
950:Nature
894:
868:
864:
860:
686:
668:about
554:—e.g.
521:to get
445:marked
369:Hyphen
324:Copula
304:Syntax
249:Aspect
199:person
4513:S2CID
4491:(2).
4432:S2CID
4410:(1).
4060:(PDF)
4053:(PDF)
3824:S2CID
3671:into
3607:: 214
3182:Notes
2939:agent
2607:Sarah
2554:they.
2472:agent
2220:begin
2161:order
2034:rumor
1829:, or
1503:agent
1471:threw
1449:of a
1266:News
1149:, in
1119:, in
1117:White
983:..."
898:idiom
838:was's
828:its's
773:(see
771:theme
767:topic
763:rheme
755:focus
706:began
694:began
587:agent
517:to be
477:agent
447:by a
365:Comma
221:Verbs
209:Verbs
167:Nouns
4608:2013
4595:ISBN
4505:ISSN
4424:ISSN
4308:ISBN
4213:2012
4200:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4029:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3958:ISBN
3915:ISSN
3875:ISBN
3847:IEEE
3816:ISSN
3783:2017
3751:ISBN
3704:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3454:2013
3441:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3274:2012
3261:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3127:i.e.
3089:i.e.
3082:i.e.
3070:i.e.
2889:The
2772:]]].
2769:]]].
2751:Case
2705:Case
2663:head
2589:head
2550:they
2546:they
2536:They
2481:goal
2423:Case
2375:-ing
2349:want
2345:need
2341:-ing
2238:and
2236:seek
2228:hope
2175:and
2165:tell
2117:You
2053:make
2026:e.g.
1971:that
1937:know
1897:doll
1870:open
1866:open
1810:i.e.
1803:i.e.
1653:Mary
1649:John
1645:gave
1491:John
1475:John
1408:500
1361:500
1246:The
1115:and
1063:owed
1031:Made
1025:Now
958:IEEE
704:and
624:Have
511:The
401:Thou
268:-ing
230:Mood
195:case
118:flat
4497:doi
4416:doi
4144:doi
4118:got
4112:is
4110:get
3808:doi
3804:167
3227:411
3044:get
3026:get
3018:get
2970:get
2966:get
2955:get
2935:get
2926:get
2919:was
2912:got
2905:get
2897:get
2875:get
2867:get
2859:get
2847:get
2835:get
2827:Get
2701:EPP
2526:PRO
2411:be.
2370:.)
2364:...
2335:or
2308:get
2304:get
2302:or
2147:to
2104:you
1951:get
1854:get
1837:or
1680:for
1678:or
1672:for
1670:or
1663:.)
1607:get
1568:in
1550:get
1548:or
1531:get
1527:was
1439:get
1103:. (
1084:'s
1074:was
1059:was
874:or
833:sic
769:or
659:can
595:by,
579:get
519:or
443:is
4636::
4565:^
4555:.
4543:^
4511:.
4503:.
4489:53
4487:.
4481:.
4461:^
4452:,
4430:.
4422:.
4408:28
4406:.
4400:.
4378:^
4371:44
4369:,
4358:^
4342:^
4335:48
4333:,
4322:^
4298:;
4273:.
4138:.
4134:.
4006:.
3983:^
3966:.
3927:.
3907:.
3844:.
3822:.
3814:.
3802:.
3774:.
3737:^
3694:.
3661:.
3631:;
3614:.
3605:15
3603:.
3599:.
3543:.
3524:.
3504:^
3487:.
3462:^
3418:^
3337:;
3282:^
3245:^
3229:.
3146:.
3099:.
3064::
3039:.
3030:be
3022:be
3013:.
3003:.
2995:.
2986:.
2974:be
2961:.
2959:be
2943:be
2931:be
2901:be
2891:be
2855:be
2851:be
2843:be
2839:be
2801:be
2793:be
2789:be
2763:it
2755:it
2724:by
2711:.
2679:by
2675:be
2659:by
2655:by
2632:by
2628:by
2620:By
2599:)
2513:by
2505:by
2498:by
2456:be
2452:be
2447:be
2443:be
2415:be
2392:.
2300:be
2281::
2257:A
2234:,
2230:,
2226:,
2222:,
2179:.
2167:,
2163:,
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