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of the
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party launched the NEM to alleviate Hungary's economic issues and introduced decentralization and fixed prices to offset the flaws of a centrally-planned economy. The NEM was multifaceted and multi-directional, a vigorous overhaul of the Hungarian economy. It sought to accomplish reforms in many sectors of its economy, attempting autonomous self-management of collective farms, the break-up of monopoly industries, and curtailing subsidies other than those used for exports. It also began linking prices to the world market via exchange rates, authorizing workers to produce independently in the state-owned plants after their regular hours, and substituting economic regulators for compulsory directives in the dominant state-owned sector. Finally, it legalized private artisanal, retail, and service activity.
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530:, remaining one of the only stable political figures in Eastern Europe. Thus, he could explain the higher prices as a down payment to the NEM, and promise good times to come without losing public approval and social order. However, soon enough the NEM "roused more widespread opposition, as many party members who had genuinely supported the strategy of reconciliation with the Soviet system could not make their peace" with the real effects of the economic system. By 1985, with political instability accompanying the economic instability, Kádár and the regime were forced to recognize the impending collapse of socialism in Hungary.
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politically-independent spirit, very dependent on Soviet imports. In 1972, shortly after the NEM's introduction, the regime began restricting and limiting application of the market mechanisms that were originally implemented. This made it clear that the huge industrial combines, which had more ideological than economic value, would continue to receive the same state protection as in the past, underlining a basic weakness in the system.
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continually worsening. Since real wages continued to drop in the following years, there is little reason to believe that the attitudes towards the economic situation became more positive in 1989. Another survey from 1989 indicates that the
Hungarians were fully aware of their relative decline. 80% of those surveyed thought Austrians had a higher standard of living, while only 13% believed that Hungarians were better off.
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discontent and demands for reform. Unlike in 1956, there were many reformers from within as well as outside of the MSZMP, showing the political fragmentation of the
Hungarian system. Radical reformers and many others demanded a multi-party system which was impossible to attain under a Soviet system. They did not want the Soviet system, but instead to claim the right to national
654:, whom communists had executed decades ago, was politically rehabilitated and his remains reburied on the 31st anniversary of his execution in the same plot after a funeral organized by, among others, opponents of the country's communist regime. Over 100,000 people are estimated to have attended Nagy's reinterment.
724:, the MDF formed a center-right coalition government with the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) to command a 60% majority in the parliament. Parliamentary opposition parties included SZDSZ, the Socialists (MSZP), and the Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz).
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Hungarian elites were in agreement that the country was undergoing a severe economic crisis which required radical reforms. However, they disagreed as to whether or not political democratization was a prerequisite for gaining public support for said reforms. Politically, the 1980s brought a wave of
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was the only set of economic reform in
Eastern Europe enacted after the wave of 1950s and 60s revolutions that survived past 1968. Despite this, it became the weakest point of Hungarian communism, and a pressure that contributed greatly to the transition to democracy. In 1968, the Central Committee
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The first free parliamentary election, held in May 1990, was a plebiscite of sorts on the communist past. The revitalized and reformed socialists performed poorly despite having more than the usual advantages of an "incumbent" party. Populist, center-right, and liberal parties fared best, with the
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The
Hungarian communist elite believed the economic crisis they faced could turn into social upheaval, which came on the backs of decreasing real wages, high inflation, and a mounting debt crisis. A survey from 1986 said that 61% of the Hungarian population described their position as hopeless or
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This created a complex and extremely trade-dependent national economy, which was thus vulnerable to general fluctuations in the world market, but also to changes in prices of Soviet-imported raw materials and energy resources. Hungary, being a resource-poor satellite of the USSR, was, for its
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expressed the attitude of many reformers by stating publicly that "the market economy is the only way to avoid a social catastrophe or a long, slow death." This fear that continued economic decline would lead to social upheaval is usually given as the main reason for the regime's decision to
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By the 1980s, Hungary began to suffer from inflation, which particularly hurt people on fixed incomes. Hungary ran a massive foreign debt, and poverty became widespread. Following the institutionalization of the NEM in the 1970s, price hikes became commonplace in
Hungary. However,
569:'s new policy of not using military action in the satellite states, and of permitting general sovereignty within the confines of each individual country, obeying popular public opinion was necessary. The imposition of order through military force was also out of the question.
746:. The total number of Soviet military and civilian personnel stationed in Hungary was around 100,000. The withdrawal was performed with 35,000 railway cars. Since 2001, by a special bill passed in the Hungarian Parliament, 16 June was declared a national memorial day.
562:'s Foreign Minister declared in September that it would not stop the thousands of East Germans fleeing to Austria. This reflected Hungary's general attitude towards the Soviet satellite setup: popular opinion was against communism, and Hungarians wanted independence.
688:. In a historic session from 16 October to 20 October, the parliament adopted a package of nearly 100 constitutional amendments providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election. The legislation transformed Hungary from a
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into the
Republic of Hungary, guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government. On 23 October 1989 at
184:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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518:, the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, handled them with adeptness, banking on his continuing political credibility. Kádár had proven his ability to "manage" the
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Hungary had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization during the 1980s, major reforms only occurred following the replacement of
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493:, political and economic forces within Hungary put pressure on Hungarian communism. These pressures contributed to the fall of socialism in Hungary in 1989.
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told the MSZMP's general secretary that "a
Hungarian soldier ordered to shoot on his own people would either shoot his commander or go home to his mother."
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as
General Secretary of the Communist Party (MSZMP) on 22 May 1988. That same year, the Parliament adopted a "democracy package", which included
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
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a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article.
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was adopted which came into force on 1 January 2012.
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954:"Hungary's Role in the 1989 Revolutions"
758:and on 1 May 2004, along with the other
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625:Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary
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919:. New York: Oxford UP. pp.
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2008:Revolution on Granite
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1079:Anti-communism
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952:(9 May 2009).
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823:. New Series.
806:
782:
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764:European Union
751:
748:
732:Main article:
729:
726:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
634:Main article:
631:
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450:Rendszerváltás
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394:Rehabilitation
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2124:Yugoslav Wars
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Neo-Stalinism
2112:
2110:
2109:Neo-Sovietism
2107:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
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1993:Black January
1991:
1989:
1986:
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1981:
1979:
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1547:
1545:
1544:Ronald Reagan
1542:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Zhelyu Zhelev
1522:
1520:
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1507:
1505:
1504:Boris Yeltsin
1502:
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1484:Joachim Gauck
1482:
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1423:
1417:
1416:Strike action
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
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1379:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Todor Zhivkov
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Deng Xiaoping
1346:
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1209:
1206:
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1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Soviet Empire
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:International
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
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1097:
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1087:
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1080:
1077:
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1058:
1054:
1047:
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1035:
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1028:
1027:
1024:
1014:. 8 May 2020.
1013:
1009:
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1000:
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991:
984:
981:
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969:
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868:
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827:(145): 1–22.
826:
822:
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816:
815:Balassa, Bela
810:
807:
802:
797:
796:
787:
784:
777:
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773:
769:
768:United States
765:
761:
757:
749:
747:
745:
741:
735:
727:
725:
723:
722:József Antall
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
699:Mátyás Szűrös
696:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
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649:
647:
643:
637:
629:
623:
619:
616:
615:Miklós Németh
612:
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588:
583:
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568:
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533:
531:
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525:
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517:
511:
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492:
484:
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466:system change
454:
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201:
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172:
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156:
154:
149:You can help
145:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2072:Later events
1988:Malta Summit
1820:Turkmenistan
1748:Soviet Union
1734:Soviet Union
1718:
1714:East Germany
1534:Meles Zenawi
1489:Sali Berisha
1439:Václav Havel
1386:Human chains
1293:Károly Grósz
1223:Khozraschyot
1114:Nomenklatura
1089:Eastern Bloc
1011:
1002:
993:
983:
974:
968:
957:
944:
935:
929:
914:
906:
887:
879:
865:. New York:
860:
849:
824:
818:
809:
794:
786:
753:
737:
718:
683:
675:Iron Curtain
656:
650:
639:
607:
598:
596:
592:
571:Imre Pozsgay
564:
556:East Germany
548:West Germany
537:
512:
508:
500:
488:
447:
446:
436:
432:Eastern Bloc
428:Soviet Union
410:rule in the
406:
308:Participants
244:Part of the
200:edit summary
191:
158:
155:in Hungarian
150:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2048:August Coup
1901:South Yemen
1846:Afghanistan
1690:Central and
1683:by location
1587:Civic Forum
1474:Feng Congde
1449:Ion Iliescu
1434:Lech Wałęsa
1391:Magnitizdat
1353:Zhao Ziyang
1343:Heng Samrin
1303:Miloš Jakeš
1213:Perestroika
896:. pp.
869:. pp.
695:Kossuth tér
646:trade union
642:János Kádár
441:, known in
388:free market
369:multi-party
356:End of the
346:End of the
160:(June 2013)
2160:Categories
2089:Lustration
1963:Baltic Way
1914:Individual
1891:Mozambique
1830:Uzbekistan
1815:Tajikistan
1800:Kyrgyzstan
1795:Kazakhstan
1760:Azerbaijan
1739:Yugoslavia
1617:Solidarity
1577:Charter 77
1563:Opposition
1459:Wu'erkaixi
1425:Opposition
1372:Opposition
1363:Siad Barre
1308:Egon Krenz
1278:Ramiz Alia
1269:Government
1208:Uskoreniye
1140:background
1062:background
892:. Durham:
778:References
524:Khrushchev
353:in Hungary
290:1990-05-02
286:1988-05-22
80:newspapers
2129:Pink tide
1923:Jeltoqsan
1839:Elsewhere
1790:Lithuania
1642:Rastokhez
1582:New Forum
1565:movements
1464:Chai Ling
1074:Communism
867:Oxford UP
820:Economica
750:Aftermath
667:Hungarian
652:Imre Nagy
567:Gorbachev
471: or
443:Hungarian
426:. As the
408:Communist
334:reformers
314:Dissident
260:Imre Nagy
218:talk page
1886:Mongolia
1881:Ethiopia
1866:Cambodia
1770:Chechnya
1704:Bulgaria
1479:Tank Man
1469:Wang Dan
1454:Liu Gang
1411:Samizdat
1406:Protests
1245:Glasnost
1228:500 Days
1152:Cold War
1060:Internal
959:BBC News
857:(1989).
760:Visegrad
677:and the
663:Austrian
550:through
528:Brezhnev
298:Location
288: –
272:Budapest
194:provide
110:May 2011
2138:Related
1896:Somalia
1825:Ukraine
1805:Moldova
1780:Georgia
1775:Estonia
1765:Belarus
1755:Armenia
1729:Romania
1719:Hungary
1699:Albania
1607:Sąjūdis
1427:leaders
1374:methods
1271:leaders
1260:Đổi Mới
1201:Reforms
898:100–106
894:Duke UP
841:2551998
560:Hungary
552:Austria
540:Hungary
520:Kremlin
485:Prelude
460:
445:as the
341:Outcome
302:Hungary
284: (
216:to the
198:in the
157:.
94:scholar
1916:events
1851:Angola
1810:Russia
1785:Latvia
1724:Poland
1681:Events
1333:Ne Win
839:
744:Záhony
671:Sopron
390:system
326:Fidesz
324:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1871:China
1861:Burma
1856:Benin
837:JSTOR
565:With
516:Kádár
332:MSZMP
318:SZDSZ
178:DeepL
101:JSTOR
87:books
756:NATO
657:The
501:The
457:lit.
279:Date
192:must
190:You
171:View
73:news
1109:KGB
921:243
871:205
829:doi
681:.
526:to
481:).
322:MDF
180:or
56:by
2162::
1010:.
992:.
956:.
835:.
825:37
801:24
705:.
320:,
270:,
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
996:.
962:.
923:.
900:.
873:.
843:.
831::
803:.
665:-
479:'
473:'
469:'
463:'
455:(
328:)
292:)
227:.
220:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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