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of the
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party launched the NEM to alleviate Hungary's economic issues and introduced decentralization and fixed prices to offset the flaws of a centrally-planned economy. The NEM was multifaceted and multi-directional, a vigorous overhaul of the Hungarian economy. It sought to accomplish reforms in many sectors of its economy, attempting autonomous self-management of collective farms, the break-up of monopoly industries, and curtailing subsidies other than those used for exports. It also began linking prices to the world market via exchange rates, authorizing workers to produce independently in the state-owned plants after their regular hours, and substituting economic regulators for compulsory directives in the dominant state-owned sector. Finally, it legalized private artisanal, retail, and service activity.
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519:, remaining one of the only stable political figures in Eastern Europe. Thus, he could explain the higher prices as a down payment to the NEM, and promise good times to come without losing public approval and social order. However, soon enough the NEM "roused more widespread opposition, as many party members who had genuinely supported the strategy of reconciliation with the Soviet system could not make their peace" with the real effects of the economic system. By 1985, with political instability accompanying the economic instability, Kádár and the regime were forced to recognize the impending collapse of socialism in Hungary.
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politically-independent spirit, very dependent on Soviet imports. In 1972, shortly after the NEM's introduction, the regime began restricting and limiting application of the market mechanisms that were originally implemented. This made it clear that the huge industrial combines, which had more ideological than economic value, would continue to receive the same state protection as in the past, underlining a basic weakness in the system.
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continually worsening. Since real wages continued to drop in the following years, there is little reason to believe that the attitudes towards the economic situation became more positive in 1989. Another survey from 1989 indicates that the
Hungarians were fully aware of their relative decline. 80% of those surveyed thought Austrians had a higher standard of living, while only 13% believed that Hungarians were better off.
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discontent and demands for reform. Unlike in 1956, there were many reformers from within as well as outside of the MSZMP, showing the political fragmentation of the
Hungarian system. Radical reformers and many others demanded a multi-party system which was impossible to attain under a Soviet system. They did not want the Soviet system, but instead to claim the right to national
643:, whom communists had executed decades ago, was politically rehabilitated and his remains reburied on the 31st anniversary of his execution in the same plot after a funeral organized by, among others, opponents of the country's communist regime. Over 100,000 people are estimated to have attended Nagy's reinterment.
713:, the MDF formed a center-right coalition government with the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) to command a 60% majority in the parliament. Parliamentary opposition parties included SZDSZ, the Socialists (MSZP), and the Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz).
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Hungarian elites were in agreement that the country was undergoing a severe economic crisis which required radical reforms. However, they disagreed as to whether or not political democratization was a prerequisite for gaining public support for said reforms. Politically, the 1980s brought a wave of
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was the only set of economic reform in
Eastern Europe enacted after the wave of 1950s and 60s revolutions that survived past 1968. Despite this, it became the weakest point of Hungarian communism, and a pressure that contributed greatly to the transition to democracy. In 1968, the Central Committee
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The first free parliamentary election, held in May 1990, was a plebiscite of sorts on the communist past. The revitalized and reformed socialists performed poorly despite having more than the usual advantages of an "incumbent" party. Populist, center-right, and liberal parties fared best, with the
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The
Hungarian communist elite believed the economic crisis they faced could turn into social upheaval, which came on the backs of decreasing real wages, high inflation, and a mounting debt crisis. A survey from 1986 said that 61% of the Hungarian population described their position as hopeless or
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This created a complex and extremely trade-dependent national economy, which was thus vulnerable to general fluctuations in the world market, but also to changes in prices of Soviet-imported raw materials and energy resources. Hungary, being a resource-poor satellite of the USSR, was, for its
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expressed the attitude of many reformers by stating publicly that "the market economy is the only way to avoid a social catastrophe or a long, slow death." This fear that continued economic decline would lead to social upheaval is usually given as the main reason for the regime's decision to
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By the 1980s, Hungary began to suffer from inflation, which particularly hurt people on fixed incomes. Hungary ran a massive foreign debt, and poverty became widespread. Following the institutionalization of the NEM in the 1970s, price hikes became commonplace in
Hungary. However,
558:'s new policy of not using military action in the satellite states, and of permitting general sovereignty within the confines of each individual country, obeying popular public opinion was necessary. The imposition of order through military force was also out of the question.
735:. The total number of Soviet military and civilian personnel stationed in Hungary was around 100,000. The withdrawal was performed with 35,000 railway cars. Since 2001, by a special bill passed in the Hungarian Parliament, 16 June was declared a national memorial day.
551:'s Foreign Minister declared in September that it would not stop the thousands of East Germans fleeing to Austria. This reflected Hungary's general attitude towards the Soviet satellite setup: popular opinion was against communism, and Hungarians wanted independence.
677:. In a historic session from 16 October to 20 October, the parliament adopted a package of nearly 100 constitutional amendments providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election. The legislation transformed Hungary from a
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into the
Republic of Hungary, guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government. On 23 October 1989 at
173:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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507:, the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, handled them with adeptness, banking on his continuing political credibility. Kádár had proven his ability to "manage" the
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Hungary had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization during the 1980s, major reforms only occurred following the replacement of
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482:, political and economic forces within Hungary put pressure on Hungarian communism. These pressures contributed to the fall of socialism in Hungary in 1989.
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told the MSZMP's general secretary that "a
Hungarian soldier ordered to shoot on his own people would either shoot his commander or go home to his mother."
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as
General Secretary of the Communist Party (MSZMP) on 22 May 1988. That same year, the Parliament adopted a "democracy package", which included
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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
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a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article.
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was adopted which came into force on 1 January 2012.
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removal of Hungary's barbed wire fence with Austria
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614:Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary
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908:. New York: Oxford UP. pp.
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759:. In April 2011, a
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812:. New Series.
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2113:Yugoslav Wars
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2103:Neo-Stalinism
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2098:Neo-Sovietism
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1513:Zhelyu Zhelev
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1405:Strike action
1403:
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1347:Todor Zhivkov
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1166:Soviet Empire
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1127:International
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1013:
1003:. 8 May 2020.
1002:
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816:(145): 1–22.
815:
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804:Balassa, Bela
799:
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757:United States
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724:
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711:József Antall
705:
697:
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689:
688:Mátyás Szűrös
685:
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604:Miklós Németh
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455:system change
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138:You can help
134:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2061:Later events
1977:Malta Summit
1809:Turkmenistan
1737:Soviet Union
1723:Soviet Union
1707:
1703:East Germany
1523:Meles Zenawi
1478:Sali Berisha
1428:Václav Havel
1375:Human chains
1282:Károly Grósz
1212:Khozraschyot
1103:Nomenklatura
1078:Eastern Bloc
1000:
991:
982:
972:
963:
957:
946:
933:
924:
918:
903:
895:
876:
868:
854:. New York:
849:
838:
813:
807:
798:
783:
775:
742:
726:
707:
672:
664:Iron Curtain
645:
639:
628:
596:
587:
585:
581:
560:Imre Pozsgay
553:
545:East Germany
537:West Germany
526:
501:
497:
489:
477:
436:
435:
425:
421:Eastern Bloc
417:Soviet Union
399:rule in the
395:
297:Participants
233:Part of the
189:edit summary
180:
147:
144:in Hungarian
139:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2037:August Coup
1890:South Yemen
1835:Afghanistan
1679:Central and
1672:by location
1576:Civic Forum
1463:Feng Congde
1438:Ion Iliescu
1423:Lech Wałęsa
1380:Magnitizdat
1342:Zhao Ziyang
1332:Heng Samrin
1292:Miloš Jakeš
1202:Perestroika
885:. pp.
858:. pp.
684:Kossuth tér
635:trade union
631:János Kádár
430:, known in
377:free market
358:multi-party
345:End of the
335:End of the
149:(June 2013)
2149:Categories
2078:Lustration
1952:Baltic Way
1903:Individual
1880:Mozambique
1819:Uzbekistan
1804:Tajikistan
1789:Kyrgyzstan
1784:Kazakhstan
1749:Azerbaijan
1728:Yugoslavia
1606:Solidarity
1566:Charter 77
1552:Opposition
1448:Wu'erkaixi
1414:Opposition
1361:Opposition
1352:Siad Barre
1297:Egon Krenz
1267:Ramiz Alia
1258:Government
1197:Uskoreniye
1129:background
1051:background
881:. Durham:
767:References
513:Khrushchev
342:in Hungary
279:1990-05-02
275:1988-05-22
69:newspapers
2118:Pink tide
1912:Jeltoqsan
1828:Elsewhere
1779:Lithuania
1631:Rastokhez
1571:New Forum
1554:movements
1453:Chai Ling
1063:Communism
856:Oxford UP
809:Economica
739:Aftermath
656:Hungarian
641:Imre Nagy
556:Gorbachev
460: or
432:Hungarian
415:. As the
397:Communist
323:reformers
303:Dissident
249:Imre Nagy
207:talk page
1875:Mongolia
1870:Ethiopia
1855:Cambodia
1759:Chechnya
1693:Bulgaria
1468:Tank Man
1458:Wang Dan
1443:Liu Gang
1400:Samizdat
1395:Protests
1234:Glasnost
1217:500 Days
1141:Cold War
1049:Internal
948:BBC News
846:(1989).
749:Visegrad
666:and the
652:Austrian
539:through
517:Brezhnev
287:Location
277: –
261:Budapest
183:provide
99:May 2011
2127:Related
1885:Somalia
1814:Ukraine
1794:Moldova
1769:Georgia
1764:Estonia
1754:Belarus
1744:Armenia
1718:Romania
1708:Hungary
1688:Albania
1596:Sąjūdis
1416:leaders
1363:methods
1260:leaders
1249:Đổi Mới
1190:Reforms
887:100–106
883:Duke UP
830:2551998
549:Hungary
541:Austria
529:Hungary
509:Kremlin
474:Prelude
449:
434:as the
330:Outcome
291:Hungary
273: (
205:to the
187:in the
146:.
83:scholar
1905:events
1840:Angola
1799:Russia
1774:Latvia
1713:Poland
1670:Events
1322:Ne Win
828:
733:Záhony
660:Sopron
379:system
315:Fidesz
313:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1860:China
1850:Burma
1845:Benin
826:JSTOR
554:With
505:Kádár
321:MSZMP
307:SZDSZ
167:DeepL
90:JSTOR
76:books
745:NATO
646:The
490:The
446:lit.
268:Date
181:must
179:You
160:View
62:news
1098:KGB
910:243
860:205
818:doi
670:.
515:to
470:).
311:MDF
169:or
45:by
2151::
999:.
981:.
945:.
824:.
814:37
790:24
694:.
309:,
259:,
1034:e
1027:t
1020:v
985:.
951:.
912:.
889:.
862:.
832:.
820::
792:.
654:-
468:'
462:'
458:'
452:'
444:(
317:)
281:)
216:.
209:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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