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of approximately 0.4 compared to an EMT of over 7 mm. However, such low thickness rarely occurs, and any routine use of this parameter is regarded as not justified. The optimal endometrial thickness is 10mm. Nevertheless, in human a perfect synchrony is not necessary; if the endometrium is not
490:
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and some 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal endometrium. Just over 100 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the endometrium with only a handful genes being highly endometrium specific. The corresponding specific
701:
Without implantation of a fertilized egg, the endometrial lining is either reabsorbed (estrous cycle) or shed (menstrual cycle). In the latter case, the process of shedding involves the breaking down of the lining, the tearing of small connective blood vessels, and the loss of the tissue and blood
558:
species, for example, was easily explained by an increase in the vaginal population being able to seep into the cervical mucous. Another study highlighted the flaws of the earlier studies including cross-contamination. It was also argued that the evidence from studies using germ-free offspring of
736:
In humans, the cycle of building and shedding the endometrial lining lasts an average of 28 days. The endometrium develops at different rates in different mammals. Various factors including the seasons, climate, and stress can affect its development. The endometrium itself produces certain
570:
The normal dominance of
Lactobacilli in the vagina is seen as a marker for vaginal health. However, in the uterus this much lower population is seen as invasive in a closed environment that is highly regulated by female sex hormones, and that could have unwanted consequences. In studies of
1537:
Zieba, Agata; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Olovsson, Matts; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Oskarsson, Linda; Edlund, Karolina; Tolf, Anna; Uhlen, Mathias (2015-10-21). "The Human
Endometrium-Specific Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling".
1810:
Dreisler E, Poulsen LG, Antonsen SL, Ceausu I, Depypere H, Erel CT, Lambrinoudaki I, Pérez-López FR, Simoncini T, Tremollieres F, Rees M, Ulrich LG (2013). "EMAS clinical guide: Assessment of the endometrium in peri and postmenopausal women".
543:
ascending from the vagina. In the 1980s this view was challenged when it was shown that uterine infections could arise from weaknesses in the barrier of the cervical plug. Organisms from the vaginal microbiota could enter the uterus during
692:(hCG). hCG provides continued feedback throughout pregnancy by maintaining the corpus luteum, which will continue its role of releasing progesterone and estrogen. In case of implantation, the endometrial lining remains as
1485:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1047:
2010:
1. Gallos, I. D. et al. Optimal endometrial thickness to maximize live births and minimize pregnancy losses: Analysis of 25,767 fresh embryo transfers. Reprod. Biomed. Online 37, 542–548 (2018).
320:. In women of reproductive age, two layers of endometrium can be distinguished. These two layers occur only in the endometrium lining the cavity of the uterus, and not in the lining of the
491:
proteins are expressed in the glandular and stromal cells of the endometrial mucosa. The expression of many of these proteins vary depending on the menstrual cycle, for example the
685:. This changes the proliferative pattern of the endometrium to a secretory lining. Eventually, the secretory lining provides a hospitable environment for one or more blastocysts.
1035:
1015:
2235:
1079:
371:
and below the functional layer, is not shed at any time during the menstrual cycle. It contains stem cells that regenerate the functional layer, which develops on top of it.
706:. The entire process occurs over a period of several days. Menstruation may be accompanied by a series of uterine contractions; these help expel the menstrual endometrium.
552:
and miscarriages. Their findings were seen to be unreliable due to the possibility of cross-contamination in the sampling procedures used. The well-documented presence of
1003:
665:
The functional layer of the endometrial lining undergoes cyclic regeneration from stem cells in the basal layer. Humans, apes, and some other species display the
891:
ready to receive the embryo an ectopic pregnancy may occur. This consist of the implantation of the blast outside the uterus, which can be extremely dangerous.
139:
507:
protein that is required for female fertility, is expressed in endometrial stroma cells throughout the menstrual cycle. Certain specific proteins such as the
3144:
717:, the lining is often described as being atrophic. In contrast, endometrium that is chronically exposed to estrogens, but not to progesterone, may become
630:
upon its arrival in the uterus. The endometrium is central, echogenic (detectable using ultrasound scanners), and has an average thickness of 6.7 mm.
3290:
548:
in the menstrual cycle. Further studies sought to identify microbiota specific to the uterus which would be of help in identifying cases of unsuccessful
1257:
948:
Endometrial thickness is also associated with live births in IVF. The live birth rate in a normal endometrium is halved when the thickness is <5mm.
1771:"Genome-based expression profiling as a single standardized microarray platform for the diagnosis of endometrial disorder: an array of 126-gene model"
941:
endometrium reflects the separation of the basal layer and the functional layer, and is also observed in the periovulatory period secondary to rising
869:
709:
If there is inadequate stimulation of the lining, due to lack of hormones, the endometrium remains thin and inactive. In humans, this will result in
2228:
563:
animals (germ-free) clearly showed the sterility of the uterus. The authors concluded that in light of these findings there was no existence of a
1412:"A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome"
246:
1158:"The evolution of menstruation: a new model for genetic assimilation: explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness"
2167:
115:
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2221:
2547:
1730:"Endometrial growth and uterine blood flow: a pilot study for improving endometrial thickness in the patients with a thin endometrium"
2208:
1286:
375:
In the absence of progesterone, the arteries supplying blood to the functional layer constrict, so that cells in that layer become
2980:
622:, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer. This represents an optimal environment for the
336:
is adjacent to the uterine cavity. This layer is built up after the end of menstruation during the first part of the previous
2625:
316:
reach from the endometrial surface through to the base of the stroma, which also carries a rich blood supply provided by the
2997:
2170:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The uterus, uterine tubes and ovary with associated structures."
753:
496:
134:
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1897:"The effect of endometrial thickness and pattern measured by ultrasonography on pregnancy outcomes during IVF-ET cycles"
906:
689:
3149:
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2338:
1846:
Kasius, A.; Smit, J. G.; Torrance, H. L.; Eijkemans, M. J. C.; Mol, B. W.; Opmeer, B. C.; Broekmans, F. J. M. (2014).
623:
2073:
Kuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration".
838:) resulting in endometrial sclerosis and adhesion formation partially or completely obliterating the uterine cavity.
641:
in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the
222:
in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the
2801:
2374:
2244:
973:
55:
2121:
Hamoda H (March 2022). "British
Menopause Society tools for clinicians: Progestogens and endometrial protection".
964:. Conversely, progestogens inhibit endometrial proliferation and carcinogenesis caused by estrogens and stimulate
39:
3191:
3139:
3078:
3043:
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861:
456:
349:
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344:(follicular phase of menstrual cycle), and later changes in this layer are engendered by progesterone from the
98:
1254:
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981:
842:
Thin endometrium may be defined as an endometrial thickness of less than 8 mm. It usually occurs after
808:
508:
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2191:
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110:
2176: – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Female Reproductive System uterus, endometrium"
3226:
3221:
2715:
1264:. School of Anatomy and Human Biology — The University of Western Australia Accessed 20061228 20:35
777:
492:
250:
Histology of the most superficial layer of the endometrium, consisting of a simple columnar epithelium.
1277:
Guyton AC, Hall JE, eds. (2006). "Chapter 81 Female
Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones".
767:(E): endometrial atypical hyperplasia (Left: HE × 10) and endometrial atypical cells (Right: HE × 200)
2756:
2736:
2710:
2292:
1074:
910:
545:
759:(A) proliferative endometrium (Left: HE × 400) and proliferative endometrial cells (Right: HE × 100)
688:
Upon fertilization, the egg may implant into the uterine wall and provide feedback to the body with
3269:
3264:
2353:
2187:
1573:
1106:"Isolation and culture of epithelial progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells from human endometrium"
980:
effects of progestogens in this tissue. These effects of progestogens and their protection against
742:
722:
591:
536:
293:
1205:
Bellofiore, N.; Ellery, S.; Mamrot, J.; Walker, D.; Temple-Smith, P.; Dickinson, H. (2016-06-03).
698:. The decidua becomes part of the placenta; it provides support and protection for the gestation.
3259:
2806:
2677:
2517:
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2146:
2098:
1956:"Endometrial development in association with ovarian follicular waves during the menstrual cycle"
1659:
1519:
1234:
985:
957:
855:
813:
785:
1634:
Arias-Stella, J. (Jan 2002). "The Arias-Stella reaction: facts and fancies four decades after".
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which regenerate the functional layer. The functional layer thickens and then is shed during
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1983:
1967:
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1848:"Endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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2209:
Histology at utah.edu. Slide is proliferative phase - click forward to see secretory phase
2202:
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918:
865:
769:(F) endometrial carcinoma (Left: HE × 400) and endometrial cancer cells (Right: HE × 400).
761:(B) secretory endometrium (Left: HE × 10) and secretory endometrial cells (Right: HE × 10)
666:
615:
391:
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337:
266:
172:
45:
2196:
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763:(C) atrophic endometrium (Left: HE × 10) and atrophic endometrial cells (Right: HE × 10)
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occurs, the ovary (specifically the corpus luteum) will produce much larger amounts of
586:
516:
485:
463:
386:
It is possible to identify the phase of the menstrual cycle by reference to either the
321:
203:
882:
An endometrial thickness (EMT) of less than 7 mm decreases the pregnancy rate in
830:, occurs when the basal layer of the endometrium is damaged by instrumentation (e.g.,
3284:
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2784:
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by observing microscopic differences at each phase—for example in the ovarian cycle:
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317:
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211:
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1041:
Micrograph of decidualized endometrium due to exogenous progesterone. H&E stain.
284:
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765:(D) mixed endometrium (Left: HE × 10) and mixed endometrial cells (Right: HE × 10)
278:
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103:
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872:(EMAS) released Guidelines with detailed information to assess the endometrium.
792:
238:. The speculated presence of an endometrial microbiota has been argued against.
1104:
Gargett, C.E.; Schwab, K.E.; Zillwood, R.M.; Nguyen, H.P.; Wu, D. (June 2009).
788:
and it is important only in so far as it should not be misdiagnosed as cancer.
673:. In both cases, the endometrium initially proliferates under the influence of
2846:
2660:
2542:
2179:
2134:
2086:
1728:
Takasaki A, Tamura H, Miwa I, Taketani T, Shimamura K, Sugino N (April 2010).
1428:
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887:
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611:
564:
368:
262:
168:
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1979:
1922:
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1329:
1207:"First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)"
127:
2820:
2411:
2252:
2027:"Hormonal contraception and risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review"
1864:
1847:
1499:
942:
921:, it is favorable to have an endometrium of a thickness of between 7 and 14
847:
843:
827:
726:
714:
678:
634:
376:
215:
183:
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1997:
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17:
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is the growth of the endometrium into the muscle layer of the uterus (the
535:
The uterus and endometrium was for a long time thought to be sterile. The
3033:
3025:
2965:
2957:
2499:
2419:
1695:
1410:
Perez-Muñoz, ME; Arrieta, MC; Ramer-Tait, AE; Walter, J (28 April 2017).
976:
or decidualization. This is mediated by the progestogenic and functional
674:
642:
341:
305:
223:
182:. It has a basal layer and a functional layer: the basal layer contains
2043:
2026:
1679:"The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights"
1598:
Deligdisch, L. (1993). "Effects of hormone therapy on the endometrium".
348:(luteal phase). It is adapted to provide an optimum environment for the
3126:
1624:
William's
Gynecology, McGraw 2008, Chapter 8, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
1053:
Micrograph showing endometrial stromal condensation, a finding seen in
969:
933:(usually displayed as light) line in the middle surrounded by two more
805:
is the growth of tissue similar to the endometrium, outside the uterus.
738:
730:
694:
595:
288:
Low magnification micrograph of decidualized endometrium. H&E stain
610:, and functions to prevent adhesions between the opposed walls of the
511:
are also expressed in other types of female tissue types, such as the
152:
3244:
3110:
2937:
2789:
2771:
2687:
2642:
2605:
2593:
2583:
2568:
2427:
1971:
1304:"Reproductive tract microbiome in assisted reproductive technologies"
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817:
781:
741:
at different stages of the cycle and this affects other parts of the
703:
650:
646:
607:
560:
524:
512:
504:
353:
309:
231:
227:
179:
176:
74:
614:, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the
1222:
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2829:
2437:
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1769:
Tseng, L.; Chen, I.; Chen, M.; Yan, H.; Wang, C.; Lee, C. (2010).
1068:
893:
654:
520:
283:
256:
245:
235:
86:
2442:
500:
2217:
549:
210:. In most other mammals, the endometrium is reabsorbed in the
199:
191:
1462:"The human proteome in endometrium - The Human Protein Atlas"
503:
expressed in the secretory phase. Other proteins such as the
1574:"Dictionary - Normal: Endometrium - The Human Protein Atlas"
868:
can be used for the diagnosis of endometrial disorders. The
846:. Treatments that can improve endometrial thickness include
929:
configuration, which means that the endometrium contains a
1021:
Micrograph of decidualized endometrium due to exogenous
578:
is not the dominant type and there are higher levels of
1358:"Uterine Microbiota: Residents, Tourists, or Invaders?"
1009:
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma from biopsy. H&E stain.
48:(uterine tubes). (Endometrium labeled at center right.)
776:
can result in marked endometrial changes, known as an
1281:(11th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1018ff.
606:
The endometrium is the innermost lining layer of the
473:
Columnar. Also visible are arcuate vessels of uterus
2205:
at the
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
3237:
3171:
3125:
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2837:
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2528:
2498:
2455:
2410:
2362:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
1356:Baker, JM; Chase, DM; Herbst-Kralovetz, MM (2018).
1080:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
133:
121:
109:
97:
85:
80:
70:
65:
32:
190:in humans and some other mammals, including other
486:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
2116:
2114:
2112:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1677:Laganà, AS; Garzon, S; Götte, M (10 Nov 2019).
1302:Franasiak, Jason M.; Scott, Richard T. (2015).
1156:Emera, D; Romero, R; Wagner, G (January 2012).
669:, whereas most other mammals are subject to an
539:of mucosa was seen to prevent the entry of any
499:both expressed in the proliferative phase, and
1895:Zhao, Jing; Zhang, Qiong; Li, Yanping (2012).
784:. Historically, this change was diagnosed as
713:, or the absence of a menstrual period. After
292:The endometrium consists of a single layer of
2229:
1071:, also known as cytokine-like like protein 1.
27:Inner mucous membrane of the mammalian uterus
8:
2025:Mueck AO, Seeger H, Rabe T (December 2010).
1405:
1403:
1272:
1270:
300:on which it rests. The stroma is a layer of
1683:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1255:Blue Histology - Female Reproductive System
1250:
1248:
2834:
2825:
2573:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2236:
2222:
2214:
757:Histopathologic and cytopathologic images.
54:
38:
2042:
1987:
1930:
1912:
1863:
1786:
1745:
1704:
1694:
1437:
1427:
1383:
1373:
1319:
1181:
1129:
1099:
1097:
1095:
870:European Menopause and Andropause Society
1954:Baerwald, A. R.; Pierson, R. A. (2004).
945:levels, and disappears after ovulation.
752:
396:
1960:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1540:OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology
1351:
1349:
1347:
1151:
1149:
1091:
999:
356:. This layer is completely shed during
1901:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
988:caused by estrogens is referred to as
304:that varies in thickness according to
150:
60:Endometrium in the proliferative phase
29:
780:, that have an appearance similar to
324:where a potentially life-threatening
7:
3006:Infra-corporeal residual spongy part
702:that had constituted it through the
905:Observation of the endometrium by
834:) or infection (e.g., endometrial
820:of the human female genital tract.
25:
3291:Mammal female reproductive system
749:Diseases related with endometrium
1788:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.130
1747:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.062
1648:10.1097/00125480-200201000-00003
1321:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.012
1046:
1034:
1014:
1002:
956:Estrogens stimulate endometrial
3002:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
1825:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.011
1279:Textbook of Medical Physiology
590:species. Half of the cases of
340:. Proliferation is induced by
1:
1122:10.1095/biolreprod.108.075226
826:, also known as intrauterine
598:attached to the endometrium.
497:thyrotropin-releasing hormone
269:endometrium due to exogenous
907:transvaginal ultrasonography
729:can also induce endometrial
690:human chorionic gonadotropin
3150:Internal urethral sphincter
909:is used when administering
480:Gene and protein expression
455:Columnar. Also visible are
3312:
2245:Female reproductive system
974:endometrial transformation
901:endometrium measuring 7mm.
483:
3155:External urethral orifice
3145:External sphincter muscle
3140:Internal urethral orifice
2949:Vestibular gland openings
2911:Posterior labial arteries
2174:Histology image: 18902loa
2135:10.1177/20533691211058030
2087:10.1080/13697130500148875
1852:Human Reproduction Update
1429:10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4
862:Gene expression profiling
457:arcuate vessels of uterus
145:
53:
37:
3069:Superficial dorsal veins
3059:Internal pudendal artery
2168:Anatomy figure: 43:05-15
1914:10.1186/1477-7827-10-100
1375:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00208
968:of the endometrium into
3222:Uterine venous plexuses
3084:Internal pudendal veins
2882:Posterior labial nerves
1775:Fertility and Sterility
1500:10.1126/science.1260419
1362:Frontiers in Immunology
1308:Fertility and Sterility
1110:Biology of Reproduction
982:endometrial hyperplasia
809:Endometrial hyperplasia
594:showed a polymicrobial
275:oral contraceptive pill
2916:Posterior labial veins
2887:Anterior labial nerves
2716:Pubocervical ligaments
2203:Histology image: 20_01
1174:10.1002/bies.201100099
990:endometrial protection
952:Endometrial protection
915:in vitro fertilization
902:
884:in vitro fertilization
770:
531:Microbiome speculation
289:
281:
254:
171:layer, along with its
147:Anatomical terminology
3227:Vaginal venous plexus
2711:Uterosacral ligaments
1865:10.1093/humupd/dmu011
1552:10.1089/omi.2015.0115
897:
778:Arias-Stella reaction
756:
649:and nutrition to the
493:progesterone receptor
484:Further information:
287:
260:
249:
230:and nutrition to the
3270:Uterotubal junctions
2872:Posterior commissure
2737:Urogenital diaphragm
2626:Supravaginal portion
2548:Vesicular appendages
2513:Suspensory ligaments
2457:Fallopian tubes
1696:10.3390/ijms20225615
1578:www.proteinatlas.org
1466:www.proteinatlas.org
1075:Endometrial ablation
911:fertility medication
546:uterine contractions
379:and die, leading to
3265:Vesicouterine pouch
3016:Commissure of bulbs
2981:Suspensory ligament
2867:Anterior commissure
2490:Intramural segments
2370:Germinal epithelium
2354:Perivitelline space
2044:10.1677/ERC-10-0076
2031:Endocr Relat Cancer
1217:(1): 40.e1–40.e11.
824:Asherman's syndrome
816:is the most common
743:reproductive system
725:with highly potent
723:oral contraceptives
721:. Long-term use of
592:bacterial vaginitis
308:influences. In the
294:columnar epithelium
261:High magnification
92:tunica mucosa uteri
3260:Rectouterine pouch
2986:Fundiform ligament
2802:Support structures
2757:Bartholin's glands
2706:Cardinal ligaments
2518:Pampiniform plexus
2349:Membrana granulosa
2123:Post Reprod Health
1260:2007-02-21 at the
986:endometrial cancer
972:, which is termed
937:(darker) lines. A
903:
856:sildenafil citrate
814:Endometrial cancer
786:endometrial cancer
771:
367:, adjacent to the
352:and growth of the
328:may occur nearby.
290:
282:
255:
198:, some species of
3278:
3277:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3074:Deep dorsal veins
3054:Arteries of bulbs
2998:Corpora cavernosa
2921:Interlabial sulci
2862:Labiocrural folds
2815:
2814:
2750:Vestibular glands
2745:
2744:
2563:
2562:
2530:Wolffian vestiges
2508:Ovarian ligaments
2451:
2450:
2327:Follicular antrum
2081:(Suppl 1): 3–63.
1494:(6220): 1260419.
996:Additional images
917:. At the time of
645:, which supplies
637:, the glands and
509:estrogen receptor
477:
476:
326:ectopic pregnancy
302:connective tissue
226:, which supplies
218:, the glands and
208:Cairo spiny mouse
196:Old World monkeys
161:
160:
156:
16:(Redirected from
3303:
3182:Ovarian arteries
3115:Tunica albuginea
2877:Dartos muliebris
2835:
2826:
2574:
2385:Cumulus oophorus
2375:Tunica albuginea
2332:Follicular fluid
2276:
2267:
2258:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2197:gnidation/role02
2180:Swiss embryology
2155:
2154:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1972:10.1002/uog.1123
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1600:Modern Pathology
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1314:(6): 1364–1371.
1299:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1116:(6): 1136–1145.
1101:
1050:
1038:
1018:
1006:
774:Chorionic tissue
677:. However, once
429:Follicular phase
397:
334:functional layer
153:edit on Wikidata
58:
42:
30:
21:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3255:Perineal sponge
3250:Urethral sponge
3233:
3202:Spiral arteries
3159:
3121:
3044:Dorsal arteries
3021:Pars intermedia
2952:
2938:Vaginal orifice
2811:
2766:
2741:
2720:
2701:Broad ligaments
2696:Round ligaments
2682:
2637:
2559:
2538:Gartner's ducts
2524:
2494:
2447:
2406:
2358:
2247:
2242:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1636:Adv Anat Pathol
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1546:(11): 659–668.
1536:
1535:
1531:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1262:Wayback Machine
1253:
1246:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1019:
1010:
1007:
998:
966:differentiation
954:
919:embryo transfer
878:
876:Embryo transfer
866:cDNA microarray
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
751:
667:menstrual cycle
663:
616:menstrual cycle
604:
533:
517:fallopian tubes
488:
482:
414:Menstrual phase
338:menstrual cycle
322:fallopian tubes
318:spiral arteries
244:
173:mucous membrane
157:
61:
49:
46:fallopian tubes
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3197:Vaginal artery
3194:
3192:Arcuate artery
3189:
3187:Uterine artery
3184:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Urethral crest
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:Pudendal nerve
3096:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3079:Veins of bulbs
3076:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:Perineal nerve
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Pudendal cleft
2849:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2762:Skene's glands
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Zona pellucida
2341:
2339:Corona radiata
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2162:External links
2160:
2157:
2156:
2108:
2058:
2037:(4): R263–71.
2012:
2003:
1966:(4): 453–460.
1946:
1887:
1858:(4): 530–541.
1838:
1802:
1781:(1): 114–119.
1761:
1734:Fertil. Steril
1720:
1669:
1626:
1617:
1590:
1565:
1529:
1477:
1453:
1399:
1343:
1294:
1287:
1266:
1244:
1223:10.1101/056895
1197:
1145:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
997:
994:
978:antiestrogenic
962:carcinogenesis
953:
950:
877:
874:
840:
839:
821:
811:
806:
800:
750:
747:
662:
659:
603:
600:
587:Staphylococcus
541:microorganisms
532:
529:
481:
478:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:Ischemic phase
460:
459:
453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
373:
372:
361:
314:tubular glands
243:
240:
204:elephant shrew
159:
158:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Ovarian veins
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Clitoral hood
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Dorsal nerves
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Deep arteries
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Ootidogenesis
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:Oocytogenesis
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Hemorrhagicum
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:(2): 181–90.
1818:
1814:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1740:(6): 1851–8.
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:(1): 94–106.
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1288:9780721602400
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:H&E stain
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:proliferation
951:
949:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:, such as in
912:
908:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
880:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
803:Endometriosis
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
699:
697:
696:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:estrous cycle
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:blood vessels
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:estrous cycle
617:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
581:Streptococcus
577:
576:Lactobacillus
574:
573:endometriosis
568:
566:
562:
557:
556:
555:Lactobacillus
551:
547:
542:
538:
537:cervical plug
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
479:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
392:uterine cycle
389:
388:ovarian cycle
384:
382:
378:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
350:implantation
347:
346:corpus luteum
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
280:
279:H&E stain
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
253:
252:H&E stain
248:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:blood vessels
217:
213:
212:estrous cycle
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:is the inner
166:
154:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3217:Uterine vein
3172:Blood supply
2899:Labia minora
2852:Labia majora
2655:
2402:Retia ovarii
2379:
2287:
2195:
2129:(1): 40–46.
2126:
2122:
2078:
2074:
2034:
2030:
2006:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1689:(22): 5615.
1686:
1682:
1672:
1642:(1): 12–23.
1639:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1419:
1415:
1365:
1361:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1278:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1168:(1): 26–35.
1165:
1161:
1113:
1109:
1023:progesterone
989:
955:
947:
938:
926:
904:
898:
881:
879:
860:
841:
836:tuberculosis
772:
735:
719:hyperplastic
708:
700:
693:
687:
683:progesterone
664:
632:
624:implantation
605:
585:
579:
575:
569:
553:
534:
489:
445:Luteal phase
436:Intermediate
385:
381:menstruation
374:
364:
358:menstruation
333:
291:
271:progesterone
267:decidualized
188:menstruation
164:
162:
116:A09.1.03.027
91:
2673:Parametrium
2666:Perimetrium
2656:Endometrium
2621:External os
2616:Internal os
2475:Infundibula
2075:Climacteric
1583:28 December
939:triple-line
931:hyperechoic
927:triple-line
899:Triple-line
793:Adenomyosis
409:Epithelium
365:basal layer
165:endometrium
81:Identifiers
44:Uterus and
33:Endometrium
18:Endometrial
3285:Categories
2847:Mons pubis
2807:Epithelium
2678:Epithelium
2661:Myometrium
2555:Paroophora
1907:(1): 100.
1471:2017-09-25
1416:Microbiome
1086:References
935:hypoechoic
888:odds ratio
852:L-arginine
797:myometrium
727:progestins
711:amenorrhea
628:blastocyst
612:myometrium
565:microbiome
369:myometrium
263:micrograph
184:stem cells
169:epithelial
3178:Arteries
3040:Arteries
2926:Vestibule
2688:Ligaments
2543:Epoophora
2500:Ligaments
2412:Oogenesis
2280:Follicles
2151:244749616
1980:0960-7692
1923:1477-7827
1874:1355-4786
1508:0036-8075
1422:(1): 48.
1330:0015-0282
1239:196624853
1162:BioEssays
943:estradiol
848:Vitamin E
844:menopause
828:adhesions
715:menopause
679:ovulation
635:pregnancy
439:Columnar
406:Thickness
377:ischaemic
312:, simple
296:plus the
242:Structure
216:pregnancy
214:. During
177:mammalian
175:, of the
3034:Frenulum
2958:Clitoris
2904:Frenulum
2821:External
2795:Fornices
2480:Fimbriae
2470:Ampullae
2420:Oogonium
2303:Albicans
2253:Internal
2143:34841960
2103:24616324
2095:16112947
2053:20870686
1998:15343603
1941:23190428
1882:24664156
1833:23619009
1813:Maturita
1797:19328470
1756:19200982
1715:31717614
1664:26249687
1656:11756756
1560:26488136
1516:25613900
1448:28454555
1394:29552006
1338:26597628
1258:Archived
1231:27503621
1192:22057551
1140:19228591
1063:See also
739:hormones
675:estrogen
643:placenta
602:Function
342:estrogen
306:hormonal
224:placenta
206:and the
3127:Urethra
3090:Nerves
2725:General
2601:Isthmus
2577:Regions
2397:Medulla
2320:Interna
2315:Externa
2271:Ovaries
1989:2891966
1932:3551825
1706:6888544
1612:8426860
1488:Science
1439:5410102
1385:5840171
1368:: 208.
1211:bioRxiv
1183:3528014
1131:2849811
970:decidua
925:with a
832:D&C
731:atrophy
695:decidua
633:During
596:biofilm
521:ovaries
423:Absent
390:or the
104:D004717
71:Part of
66:Details
3296:Pelvis
3245:G-spot
3208:Veins
3118:Septum
3111:Fascia
3065:Veins
3030:Corona
2772:Vagina
2732:Glands
2643:Layers
2606:Cervix
2594:Fundus
2589:Cavity
2569:Uterus
2465:Isthmi
2428:Oocyte
2390:Stroma
2380:Cortex
2310:Thecae
2298:Luteum
2288:Corpus
2262:Adnexa
2190:, and
2182:(from
2149:
2141:
2101:
2093:
2051:
1996:
1986:
1978:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1880:
1872:
1831:
1795:
1754:
1713:
1703:
1662:
1654:
1610:
1558:
1524:802377
1522:
1514:
1506:
1446:
1436:
1392:
1382:
1336:
1328:
1285:
1237:
1229:
1190:
1180:
1138:
1128:
1055:menses
886:by an
864:using
818:cancer
782:cancer
704:vagina
651:embryo
647:oxygen
608:uterus
561:axenic
525:breast
513:cervix
354:embryo
310:uterus
298:stroma
232:embryo
228:oxygen
202:, the
180:uterus
75:Uterus
3238:Other
3026:Glans
3010:Angle
2976:Bulbs
2971:Crura
2943:Hymen
2931:Fossa
2839:Labia
2830:Vulva
2790:Walls
2785:Rugae
2780:Canal
2633:Horns
2611:Canal
2485:Ostia
2438:Ootid
2363:Other
2147:S2CID
2099:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1520:S2CID
1235:S2CID
1069:CYTL1
661:Cycle
655:fetus
626:of a
505:HOX11
468:27–28
452:Thick
449:15–27
400:Phase
236:fetus
151:[
140:17742
87:Latin
2993:Body
2966:Root
2651:Wall
2584:Body
2443:Ovum
2139:PMID
2091:PMID
2049:PMID
1994:PMID
1976:ISSN
1937:PMID
1919:ISSN
1878:PMID
1870:ISSN
1829:PMID
1793:PMID
1752:PMID
1711:PMID
1652:PMID
1608:PMID
1585:2022
1556:PMID
1512:PMID
1504:ISSN
1444:PMID
1390:PMID
1334:PMID
1326:ISSN
1283:ISBN
1227:PMID
1188:PMID
1136:PMID
984:and
960:and
854:and
653:and
584:and
523:and
501:PAEP
495:and
433:5–14
420:Thin
403:Days
363:The
332:The
234:and
192:apes
163:The
128:3521
111:TA98
99:MeSH
2131:doi
2083:doi
2039:doi
1984:PMC
1968:doi
1927:PMC
1909:doi
1860:doi
1821:doi
1783:doi
1742:doi
1701:PMC
1691:doi
1644:doi
1548:doi
1496:doi
1492:347
1434:PMC
1424:doi
1380:PMC
1370:doi
1316:doi
1312:104
1219:doi
1215:216
1178:PMC
1170:doi
1126:PMC
1118:doi
618:or
550:IVF
417:1–5
277:).
265:of
200:bat
135:FMA
123:TA2
3287::
2194:)
2192:UF
2188:UB
2186:,
2184:UL
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2137:.
2127:28
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