410:(targeting Gram-negative bacteria) are routine. Even though antibiotics can have negative impacts on the retina in high concentrations, since visual acuity worsens in 65% of endophthalmitis patients and prognosis gets poorer the longer an infection goes untreated, most medical professionals make the clinical judgment decision that immediate intervention with antibiotics is necessary. Fungal pathogens are treated with intravitreal injections of
37:
101:
exogenous mechanism. For people with suspected exogenous endophthalmitis, a biopsy (vitreous tap) and treatment with antibiotics (usually by injection) is usually the first line of treatment. Once the person's response to the antibiotics is assessed, different further treatment options may be considered including surgery.
278:. Whereas 0.9 to 10% of all penetrating eye trauma is complicated by exogenous endophthalmitis. Risk factors for the development of endophthalmitis after penetrating eye trauma include a delay (usually greater than 24 hours) in closure of the wound, metal objects being involved in the trauma, disruption of the
291:
Endogenous endophthalmitis is estimate to comprise 2-15% of all endophthalmitis. Diagnosis may be challenging as 30-60% of those with endogenous endophthalmitis are afebrile, with blood cultures being positive in only 30-55% of cases, and only 6% in those with candidal endophthalmitis. Fungal sources
252:
found that the most common source of infectious transmission following cataract surgery was attributed to a contaminated intaocular solution (i.e. irrigation solution, viscoelastic, or diluted antibiotic), although there is a large diversity of exogenous microorganisms that can travel via various
100:
Endophthalmitis requires immediate medical attention to ensure the condition is diagnosed as soon as possible and treatment is started in order to reduce the risk of the person losing vision in the eye. Treatment options depend on the cause and whether the condition is caused by an endogenous or
387:, antibiotics are not as effective at preventing this type of infection. Studies have demonstrated no difference between rates of infection with and without antibiotics when intravitreal injections are performed. There is evidence to suggest that a solution of
429:
In people with acute endophthalmitis, combined steroid treatment with antibiotics have been found to improve visual outcomes, versus patients only treated with antibiotics, but any improvements on the resolution acute endophthalmitis is unknown.
1110:
1091:
93:(organisms carried by blood vessels to the eye from another site of infection and is more common in people who have an immunocompromised state). Other non-infectious causes include toxins, allergic reactions, and retained intraocular
418:. Systemic antibiotics or anti-fungals are used in those with endogenous endophthalmitis with associated bactermia or fungemia. People with endophthalmitis may also require an urgent surgery (pars plana
402:
Urgent medical attention is required if a person has suspected endophthalmitis. Intravitreal injection of antibiotics are indicated in bacterial endophthalmitis. Intravitreal injections of
364:) with antibiotic injections (cefuroxime or penicillin) to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery compared with injections or eye drops alone. Periocular injection of
113:. Bacterial endophthalmitis more commonly presents with severe and sudden symptoms whereas fungal causes have a more insidious onset and severity, with 80% of ocular candidiasis (both
988:
Dossarps D, Bron AM, Koehrer P, Aho-Glélé LS, Creuzot-Garcher C (July 2015). "Endophthalmitis After
Intravitreal Injections: Incidence, Presentation, Management, and Visual Outcome".
945:
de Caro JJ, Ta CN, Ho HK, Cabael L, Hu N, Sanislo SR, et al. (June 2008). "Bacterial contamination of ocular surface and needles in patients undergoing intravitreal injections".
133:. 8-20% of endogenous endophthalmitis affect both eyes. In both endogenous and exogenous types of endophthalmitis, approximately 20% of people will experience severe vision loss.
340:
may be obtained and aid in the diagnosis. 30% of infectious endophthalmitis are culture negative, with cultures more commonly being negative in fungal causes of endophthalmitis.
271:
Causative organisms are not present in all cases. Endophthalmitis can emerge by entirely sterile means, e.g. an allergic reaction to a drug administered intravitreally.
2690:
2087:
2759:
2685:
394:
Intravenous antibiotics given prophylactically in those with penetrating eye trauma has shown a reduction in the incidence of exogenous endophthalmitis.
125:
of the eye may be present. In endogenous endophthalmitis systemic signs and symptoms may be present, including fevers, chills, mental status changes,
839:"Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors"
1699:
312:
Endophthalmitis is clinically diagnosed based on signs, symptoms, eye and general examination, with the diagnosis being confirmed by intra-ocular
391:
and antibiotics applied pre-injection may be effective at preventing some cases of endophthalmitis in people undergoing intravitreal injections.
2707:
2702:
2527:
1280:
2567:
605:
Goldenberg DT, Harinandan A, Walsh MK, Hassan T (Spring 2010). "Serratia marcescens endophthalmitis after 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy".
2680:
662:"Clinical features of endophthalmitis clusters after cataract surgery and practical recommendations to mitigate risk: systematic review"
2675:
2562:
2129:
1379:
304:
also being important risk factors. The incidence of endophthalmitis associated with drug use has increased 4-fold from 2003 to 2016.
2290:
2430:
2395:
2970:
2488:
2400:
2390:
2119:
1666:
1645:
2483:
2374:
2240:
3245:
2881:
2572:
2557:
423:
1769:
1727:
1692:
1490:
888:"Antibioprophylaxis in Prevention of Endophthalmitis in Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
384:
2697:
2493:
2467:
2425:
2420:
2285:
2158:
2146:
2102:
1273:
356:
at the end of surgery, lowers the chance of endophthalmitis. Moderate evidence also supports antibiotic eye drops (
2764:
2163:
2876:
2670:
2517:
2362:
2109:
279:
2415:
2386:
2010:
1975:
1129:
328:
or a vitreous or aqueous aspirate). In cases of endogenous endophthalmitis (due to endogenous sources causing
288:
associated endophthalmitis is characterized by an especially fulminant clinical course and rapid vision loss.
426:
may be necessary to remove a severe and intractable infection which could result in a blind and painful eye.
2886:
2640:
2440:
1960:
1953:
1603:
1374:
313:
301:
1222:
1025:"Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure"
3155:
3125:
3060:
3055:
2782:
2060:
1925:
1685:
1434:
1369:
380:
also reduces the risk reduction of developing endophthalmitis following cataract surgery for some people.
275:
208:
180:
167:
483:
Muqit MM, Mehat M, Bunce C, Bainbridge JW, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (November 2022).
3240:
3098:
2774:
1593:
1303:
1266:
184:
348:
Different approaches have been suggested to prevent exogenous endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
2871:
2457:
2452:
2410:
2225:
2141:
1544:
899:
217:
3176:
3050:
2850:
2733:
2725:
2513:
2477:
2462:
2317:
2097:
1877:
1583:
1114:
254:
202:
2787:
2537:
2445:
2369:
2322:
2134:
2070:
2055:
1915:
1864:
1640:
1313:
970:
868:
837:
Endophthalmitis Study Group, European
Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons (June 2007).
709:
Shirodkar AR, Pathengay A, Flynn HW, Albini TA, Berrocal AM, Davis JL, et al. (March 2012).
691:
258:
153:
810:
Christy NE, Sommer A (August 1979). "Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis".
3130:
3027:
2792:
2652:
2435:
2092:
1998:
1363:
1180:
1140:
1054:
1005:
962:
927:
860:
819:
792:
740:
683:
622:
582:
514:
293:
274:
Exogenous endophthalmitis is estimated to occur in 0.04 to 0.1% of all cataract surgeries and
249:
234:
85:
or loss of the eye itself. Infection can be caused by bacteria or fungi, and is classified as
49:
109:
Symptoms of endophthalmitis include severe eye pain, vision loss, and intense redness of the
2918:
2908:
2754:
2729:
2662:
2628:
2547:
2178:
2168:
2065:
1920:
1807:
1797:
1628:
1557:
1480:
1044:
1036:
997:
954:
917:
907:
850:
782:
774:
730:
722:
673:
614:
574:
565:
Durand, Marlene L.; Barshak, Miriam B.; Sobrin, Lucia (21 December 2023). "Eye
Infections".
504:
496:
262:
225:
122:
97:. Intravitreal injections are a rare cause, with an incidence rate usually less than 0.05%.
78:
2985:
2949:
2913:
2532:
2357:
2344:
2278:
2235:
2153:
1965:
1897:
1817:
1802:
1661:
1248:
763:"Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery"
388:
369:
361:
321:
284:
142:
114:
1237:
903:
3215:
3067:
3012:
2855:
2623:
2552:
2334:
2304:
2250:
2204:
2075:
1948:
1882:
1872:
1509:
1440:
1049:
1024:
922:
887:
787:
762:
735:
710:
509:
484:
411:
337:
317:
190:
94:
1123:
1119:
761:
Gower EW, Lindsley K, Tulenko SE, Nanji AA, Leyngold I, McDonnell PJ (February 2017).
3234:
3135:
2990:
2930:
2647:
2595:
2542:
2472:
2381:
2268:
2245:
2173:
2082:
1887:
1792:
1514:
1485:
1323:
695:
451:
349:
196:
148:
89:(infection introduced by direct inoculation as in surgery or penetrating trauma), or
54:
1191:
974:
872:
678:
661:
3000:
2828:
2209:
2124:
2032:
1910:
1905:
1850:
1845:
1633:
1588:
1521:
1415:
1349:
1340:
1289:
1040:
778:
500:
415:
377:
357:
1134:
958:
912:
618:
3199:
3150:
3093:
3088:
3045:
3023:
2934:
2925:
2845:
2823:
2635:
2607:
2405:
2273:
2114:
1935:
1812:
1764:
1711:
1387:
1175:
886:
Benoist d'Azy C, Pereira B, Naughton G, Chiambaretta F, Dutheil F (2016-06-03).
407:
126:
110:
82:
74:
1145:
855:
838:
660:
Park J, Popovic MM, Balas M, El-Defrawy SR, Alaei R, Kertes PJ (January 2022).
3120:
3083:
3007:
2995:
2939:
2900:
2806:
2742:
2721:
2611:
1970:
1835:
1608:
1562:
1552:
1503:
1393:
1357:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1104:
1100:
1001:
726:
419:
403:
373:
365:
353:
329:
325:
90:
3171:
3145:
3019:
2965:
2953:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2352:
2050:
2027:
1840:
1787:
1782:
1759:
1677:
1567:
1451:
1446:
1253:
1242:
1186:
1151:
86:
70:
1058:
1009:
966:
931:
864:
796:
744:
687:
626:
586:
518:
578:
3210:
2975:
2509:
2312:
1943:
1474:
1403:
1217:
823:
333:
240:
118:
1083:
3037:
2980:
2522:
2329:
2260:
2230:
2220:
1827:
1598:
1398:
297:
73:, usually caused by an infection. It is a possible complication of all
36:
3140:
2042:
2019:
1739:
1095:
130:
711:"Delayed- versus acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery"
268:
Late-onset endophthalmitis is mostly caused by
Cutibacterium acnes.
3112:
1526:
1308:
485:"Early vitrectomy for exogenous endophthalmitis following surgery"
2192:
1754:
1495:
1318:
1156:
292:
of endogenous endophthalmitis are usually seen in those who are
3197:
2593:
1996:
1725:
1681:
1262:
1258:
1073:
450:
Oiseth S, Jones L, Maza E, eds. (10 November 2022).
3164:
3111:
3076:
3036:
2948:
2899:
2864:
2805:
2773:
2741:
2720:
2661:
2606:
2502:
2343:
2303:
2259:
2200:
2191:
2041:
2018:
2009:
1934:
1896:
1863:
1826:
1747:
1738:
1654:
1621:
1576:
1543:
1462:
1423:
1414:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1296:
1166:
1077:
48:
26:
21:
145:— Progression to involve all the coats of the eye.
2686:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
445:
443:
352:antibiotic injections into the eye, specifically
253:routes including the operating room environment,
69:, is inflammation of the interior cavity of the
600:
598:
596:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
406:(targeted against Gram-positive bacteria) and
1693:
1274:
1023:Emami S, Kitayama K, Coleman AL (June 2022).
650:. 12th Edition. Mosby Elsevier, 2007. p. 834.
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
372:-suphadimidine eye drops and an intracameral
265:, autoclave solution, and cotton wool swabs.
8:
2760:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
648:Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology
2088:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1029:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
767:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
489:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3194:
2958:
2747:
2738:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2197:
2015:
2006:
1993:
1744:
1735:
1722:
1700:
1686:
1678:
1420:
1345:
1336:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1074:
843:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
666:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
35:
18:
1048:
921:
911:
854:
786:
734:
677:
508:
117:and endophthalmitis) being asymptomatic.
642:
640:
638:
636:
282:and a retained foreign body in the eye.
756:
754:
439:
7:
2568:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
478:
476:
474:
472:
456:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2691:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2528:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
2563:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
646:Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS.
14:
2291:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
990:American Journal of Ophthalmology
715:American Journal of Ophthalmology
607:Retinal Cases & Brief Reports
212:, other gram negative organisms.
2396:Central retinal artery occlusion
1324:Loss of function (Functio laesa)
2401:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2130:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1594:Increased vascular permeability
679:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000756
567:New England Journal of Medicine
257:machine, surgical instruments,
121:, or inflammatory cells in the
2431:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2391:Central retinal vein occlusion
2120:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1667:List of inflammatory disorders
1646:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1041:10.1002/14651858.CD012131.pub3
779:10.1002/14651858.CD006364.pub3
501:10.1002/14651858.CD013760.pub2
1:
2484:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2375:Posterior vitreous detachment
2241:Persistent pupillary membrane
2971:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2882:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2573:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2558:Persistent fetal vasculature
2489:Leber's congenital amaurosis
959:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31816b3180
913:10.1371/journal.pone.0156431
619:10.1097/ICB.0b013e31819955bf
200:, other streptococcal spp.,
1770:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3262:
2494:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2468:Central serous retinopathy
2286:Focal choroidal excavation
2159:Corneal neovascularization
1976:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
856:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.02.032
3206:
3193:
2961:
2877:Convergence insufficiency
2750:
2619:
2602:
2589:
2518:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2363:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2005:
1992:
1778:
1734:
1721:
1712:Diseases of the human eye
1002:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.04.013
727:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.029
43:
34:
2387:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1350:Plasma-derived mediators
164:Loss of eye architecture
44:Hypopyon with hazy media
2887:One and a half syndrome
2641:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1604:Leukocyte extravasation
812:Annals of Ophthalmology
385:intravitreal injections
376:injection with topical
314:microbiological culture
302:central venous catheter
276:intravitreal injections
161:Complete loss of vision
3126:Argyll Robertson pupil
1926:Periorbital cellulitis
1416:Cell-derived mediators
1249:Fungal Endophthalmitis
383:For people undergoing
209:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3099:Scintillating scotoma
2765:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2708:Toxic and nutritional
2681:posterior (PION)
2164:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1465:synthesized on demand
579:10.1056/NEJMra2216081
185:Staphylococcus aureus
75:intraocular surgeries
2872:Conjugate gaze palsy
2743:Paralytic strabismus
2676:anterior (AION)
2458:Retinitis pigmentosa
2453:Macular degeneration
2226:Intermediate uveitis
2142:Keratoconjunctivitis
1584:Acute-phase reaction
218:Herpes simplex virus
158:Impairment of vision
81:, and can result in
3246:Medical emergencies
3177:Childhood blindness
3156:Parinaud's syndrome
2726:Extraocular muscles
2514:Ocular hypertension
2478:Epiretinal membrane
2463:Retinal haemorrhage
2318:Congenital cataract
904:2016PLoSO..1156431B
259:topical anesthetics
203:Cutibacterium acnes
2703:Leber's hereditary
2370:Retinal detachment
2323:Childhood cataract
2135:Post-LASIK ectasia
1916:Orbital cellulitis
1865:Lacrimal apparatus
1641:C-reactive protein
1167:External resources
422:). In some cases,
255:phacoemulsifcation
154:Orbital cellulitis
129:or other signs of
105:Signs and symptoms
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3131:Marcus Gunn pupil
3107:
3106:
3028:Visual impairment
2895:
2894:
2801:
2800:
2788:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2716:
2715:
2653:Optic disc drusen
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2299:
2298:
2187:
2186:
2093:Corneal dystrophy
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1859:
1858:
1675:
1674:
1617:
1616:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1435:Lysosome granules
1232:
1231:
721:(3): 391–398.e2.
573:(25): 2363–2375.
452:"Endophthalmitis"
294:immunocompromised
250:systematic review
235:Toxoplasma gondii
60:
59:
16:Medical condition
3253:
3195:
2959:
2950:Vision disorders
2909:Refractive error
2851:Brown's syndrome
2807:Other strabismus
2793:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2783:Oculomotor (III)
2755:Ophthalmoparesis
2748:
2739:
2730:Binocular vision
2663:Optic neuropathy
2629:optic papillitis
2617:
2604:
2591:
2480:(Macular pucker)
2198:
2179:Band keratopathy
2016:
2007:
1994:
1921:Orbital lymphoma
1808:Blepharophimosis
1798:Blepharochalasis
1745:
1736:
1723:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1629:Full blood count
1558:Epithelioid cell
1467:
1428:
1421:
1346:
1337:
1314:Swelling (Tumor)
1304:Flushing (Rubor)
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
979:
978:
942:
936:
935:
925:
915:
883:
877:
876:
858:
834:
828:
827:
818:(8): 1261–1265.
807:
801:
800:
790:
758:
749:
748:
738:
706:
700:
699:
681:
657:
651:
644:
631:
630:
602:
591:
590:
562:
523:
522:
512:
495:(11): CD013760.
480:
467:
466:
464:
462:
447:
263:intraocular lens
123:anterior chamber
79:cataract surgery
39:
19:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3202:
3181:
3160:
3103:
3072:
3032:
2986:Color blindness
2952:
2944:
2891:
2865:Other binocular
2860:
2797:
2769:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2712:
2657:
2610:
2598:
2577:
2533:Ocular hypotony
2498:
2358:Chorioretinitis
2339:
2295:
2279:Chorioretinitis
2255:
2236:Rubeosis iridis
2214:
2183:
2154:Corneal opacity
2110:Corneal ectasia
2037:
2001:
1980:
1966:Pseudopterygium
1930:
1892:
1855:
1822:
1818:Ankyloblepharon
1774:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1676:
1671:
1662:Lymphadenopathy
1650:
1613:
1572:
1531:
1463:
1458:
1441:biogenic amines
1424:
1410:
1328:
1292:
1287:
1238:Endophthalmitis
1233:
1228:
1227:
1212:Endophthalmitis
1162:
1161:
1086:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1035:(6): CD012131.
1022:
1021:
1017:
996:(1): 17–25.e1.
987:
986:
982:
944:
943:
939:
898:(6): e0156431.
885:
884:
880:
836:
835:
831:
809:
808:
804:
773:(2): CD006364.
760:
759:
752:
708:
707:
703:
659:
658:
654:
645:
634:
604:
603:
594:
564:
563:
526:
482:
481:
470:
460:
458:
449:
448:
441:
436:
400:
389:povidone-iodine
370:chloramphenicol
362:chloramphenicol
346:
322:vitreous humour
310:
285:Bacillus cereus
181:N. meningitidis
176:
143:Panophthalmitis
139:
115:chorioretinitis
107:
77:, particularly
63:Endophthalmitis
22:Endophthalmitis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3216:Onchocerciasis
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3068:Quadrantanopia
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:Oguchi disease
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2856:Duane syndrome
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2624:Optic neuritis
2620:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Phthisis bulbi
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Coats' disease
2433:
2428:
2426:of prematurity
2423:
2418:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2335:Ectopia lentis
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2193:Vascular tunic
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:Photokeratitis
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1949:Conjunctivitis
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:Dacryocystitis
1880:
1875:
1873:Dacryoadenitis
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:Prostaglandins
1512:
1510:Leukotriene B4
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1137:
1126:
1107:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:Classification
1071:
1070:External links
1068:
1065:
1064:
1015:
980:
953:(6): 877–883.
937:
878:
849:(6): 978–988.
829:
802:
750:
701:
672:(1): 100–112.
652:
632:
613:(2): 140–142.
592:
524:
468:
438:
437:
435:
432:
412:amphotericin B
399:
396:
345:
342:
338:blood cultures
318:aqueous humour
309:
306:
246:
245:
230:
221:
214:
191:S. epidermidis
175:
172:
171:
170:
165:
162:
159:
156:
151:
146:
138:
135:
106:
103:
95:foreign bodies
83:loss of vision
58:
57:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Adie syndrome
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Achromatopsia
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:Anisometropia
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Accommodation
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Optic atrophy
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Keratomycosis
2546:
2544:
2543:Globe rupture
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Macular edema
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Retinoschisis
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Choroideremia
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Iridodialysis
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Arcus senilis
2172:
2170:
2169:Haab's striae
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Corneal ulcer
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:acanthamoebic
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Fibrous tunic
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:Xerophthalmia
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Lagophthalmos
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Fever (Calor)
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
653:
649:
643:
641:
639:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
477:
475:
473:
469:
457:
453:
446:
444:
440:
433:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
395:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Perioperative
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:extracted by
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
286:
281:
277:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
229:spp. Fusarium
228:
227:
222:
219:
215:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:S. pneumoniae
195:
192:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
173:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Corneal ulcer
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:Complications
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:endophthalmia
64:
56:
55:Ophthalmology
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:Endophthalmia
29:
25:
20:
3241:Eye diseases
3026: /
3022: /
3001:Monochromacy
2933: /
2829:Heterophoria
2817: /
2516: /
2512: /
2416:hypertensive
2389: /
2210:Ciliary body
2125:Keratoglobus
2033:Episcleritis
1911:Enophthalmos
1906:Exophthalmos
1851:Trichomegaly
1846:Distichiasis
1748:Inflammation
1634:Leukocytosis
1589:Vasodilation
1522:Nitric oxide
1502:
1473:
1464:
1439:
1425:
1386:
1362:
1319:Pain (Dolor)
1290:Inflammation
1247:
1236:
1216:
1205:
1185:
1174:
1150:
1139:
1128:
1109:
1090:
1032:
1028:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
950:
946:
940:
895:
891:
881:
846:
842:
832:
815:
811:
805:
770:
766:
718:
714:
704:
669:
665:
655:
647:
610:
606:
570:
566:
492:
488:
459:. Retrieved
455:
428:
424:evisceration
416:voriconazole
401:
393:
382:
378:levofloxacin
358:levofloxacin
347:
311:
290:
283:
273:
270:
267:
247:
239:
233:
224:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
108:
99:
66:
62:
61:
3151:Cycloplegia
3094:Photophobia
3089:Hemeralopia
3046:Hemianopsia
3024:Vision loss
2935:Aniseikonia
2926:Astigmatism
2846:Cyclotropia
2824:Hypertropia
2636:Papilledema
2608:Optic nerve
2441:Sickle cell
2421:Purtscher's
2406:Retinopathy
2274:Choroiditis
2115:Keratoconus
1936:Conjunctiva
1813:Xanthelasma
1765:Blepharitis
1504:eicosanoids
1388:coagulation
1176:MedlinePlus
408:ceftazidime
368:along with
232:Parasites:
168:Enucleation
127:hypotension
111:conjunctiva
27:Other names
3235:Categories
3200:Infections
3121:Anisocoria
3084:Asthenopia
3077:subjective
3061:homonymous
3056:bitemporal
3008:Nyctalopia
2996:Dichromacy
2940:Presbyopia
2901:Refraction
2722:Strabismus
2612:Optic disc
1971:Pinguecula
1836:Trichiasis
1609:Chemotaxis
1563:Giant cell
1553:Macrophage
1394:Factor XII
1364:complement
1358:Bradykinin
1207:Patient UK
1141:DiseasesDB
434:References
420:vitrectomy
404:vancomycin
374:cefuroxime
366:penicillin
354:cefuroxime
344:Prevention
330:bacteremia
326:vitrectomy
316:(with the
179:Bacteria:
91:endogenous
3172:Nystagmus
3146:Mydriasis
3020:Blindness
2966:Amblyopia
2954:Blindness
2914:Hyperopia
2839:Exophoria
2834:Esophoria
2819:Exotropia
2815:Esotropia
2353:Retinitis
2051:Keratitis
2028:Scleritis
1961:Pterygium
1841:Madarosis
1788:Ectropion
1783:Entropion
1760:Chalazion
1568:Granuloma
1475:cytokines
1452:Serotonin
1447:Histamine
1426:preformed
1333:Mechanism
1254:eMedicine
1243:eMedicine
1192:emerg/880
1187:eMedicine
1152:SNOMED CT
696:237574618
398:Treatment
308:Diagnosis
248:A recent
216:Viruses:
87:exogenous
50:Specialty
3211:Trachoma
2976:Diplopia
2671:Ischemic
2596:Pathways
2510:Glaucoma
2411:diabetic
2313:Cataract
2251:Synechia
2103:Meesmann
2071:Exposure
2056:herpetic
1954:allergic
1944:Chemosis
1878:Epiphora
1404:Thrombin
1297:Symptoms
1218:Orphanet
1059:35665485
1010:25892127
975:25819637
967:18536606
932:27257676
892:PLOS ONE
873:37697458
865:17531690
797:28192644
745:22030353
688:34538777
627:25390387
587:38118024
519:36398614
334:fungemia
300:use and
241:Toxocara
119:Hypopyon
3051:binasal
3038:Anopsia
2981:Scotoma
2775:palsies
2538:Red eye
2523:Floater
2330:Aphakia
2261:Choroid
2231:Hyphema
2221:Uveitis
1828:Eyelash
1655:General
1599:Exudate
1545:Chronic
1399:Plasmin
1201:oph/706
1198:oph/394
1195:oph/393
1157:1847009
1135:D009877
1050:9169535
923:4892688
900:Bibcode
788:5375161
736:3381653
510:9672977
461:19 July
298:IV drug
296:, with
226:Candida
223:Fungi:
3141:Miosis
2919:Myopia
2698:Kjer's
2446:photic
2345:Retina
2098:Fuchs'
2066:fungal
2043:Cornea
2020:Sclera
1803:Ptosis
1740:Eyelid
1728:Adnexa
1527:Kinins
1223:199323
1181:001626
1057:
1047:
1008:
973:
965:
947:Retina
930:
920:
871:
863:
824:318049
822:
795:
785:
743:
733:
694:
686:
625:
585:
517:
507:
131:sepsis
3165:Other
3113:Pupil
2503:Other
2147:sicca
1999:Globe
1898:Orbit
1622:Tests
1577:Other
1491:TNF-α
1481:IFN-Îł
1341:Acute
1146:30828
1124:360.1
1120:360.0
1105:H44.1
1101:H44.0
971:S2CID
869:S2CID
692:S2CID
174:Cause
65:, or
2305:Lens
2205:Iris
1755:Stye
1496:IL-1
1486:IL-8
1130:MeSH
1115:9-CM
1055:PMID
1033:2022
1006:PMID
963:PMID
928:PMID
861:PMID
820:PMID
793:PMID
771:2017
741:PMID
684:PMID
623:PMID
583:PMID
515:PMID
493:2022
463:2021
280:lens
1380:MAC
1375:C5a
1252:at
1241:at
1111:ICD
1092:ICD
1045:PMC
1037:doi
998:doi
994:160
955:doi
918:PMC
908:doi
851:doi
783:PMC
775:doi
731:PMC
723:doi
719:153
674:doi
615:doi
575:doi
571:389
505:PMC
497:doi
414:or
360:or
336:),
332:or
320:or
71:eye
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1370:C3
1221::
1210::
1190::
1179::
1155::
1144::
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992:.
969:.
961:.
951:28
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