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and transcriptional regulation is typically controlled by more than one activator. Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific
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Most enhanceosomes have been discovered pertaining to genes requiring tight regulation, like those associated with the cells defense system. Using more than one kind of transcriptional activator protein could help to ensure that a gene is not transcribed prematurely. Furthermore, the use
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of the target gene to begin transcription. The effectiveness of this is dependent on DNA conformation. As a result, the enhanceosome also recruits non histone architectural transcription factors, called
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structure. These factors do not bind to the enhancer, but instead are used to restructure the DNA to ensure that the genes can be accessed by the transcription factors.
148:, which assists in stabilizing the complex by promoting inter-protein interactions. The assembled enhanceosome recruits transcriptional machinery such as
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and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore, all the necessary activators need to be present for the enhanceosome to be formed and able to function.
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144:-2/c-Jun complex—cooperatively bind to the upstream enhancer region upon viral infection. The interaction is mediated by a fourth protein
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Cox, M. M., Doudna, J., & O’Donnell, M. (2015). Molecular
Biology Principles and Practice (2nd ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company.
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of multiple factors enables gene regulation through a combination of cellular stimuli that function through multiple
284:"Transcriptional Regulation by the Acetylation of Nonhistone Proteins in Humans – A New Target for Therapeutics"
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enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
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on DNA and helps to regulate the expression of a target gene.
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An enhanceosome is a protein complex that assembles at an
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is shown in orange (p105 subunit) and blue (p65 subunit).
393:"The transcriptional code of human IFN-β gene expression"
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gene, which is upregulated in cells that are infected by
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Molecule of the Month (February 2010) by David
Goodsell
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The best known example of the enhanceosome acts on the
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Structural model of the enhanceosome. Double-stranded
75:Once the enhanceosome has been formed, it recruits
227:"The Enhanceosome and Transcriptional Synergy"
178:Merika, Menie; Thanos, Dimitris (2001-04-01).
184:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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391:Ford, Ethan; Thanos, Dimitris (2010-03-01).
356:Panne, D (April 2008). "The enhanceosome".
282:Das, Chandrima; Kundu, Tapas (2005-03-01).
136:, an interferon activator protein such as
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92:, which are responsible for regulating
34:DNA binding domain is shown in purple;
399:. Chromatin in viral Gene Expression.
27:is shown in green and pink; the ATF-2/
358:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
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152:to the promoter region to initiate
90:high-mobility group (HMG) proteins
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60:transcription activator proteins
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244:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80893-4
225:Carey, Michael (1998-01-09).
196:10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00180-5
81:general transcription factors
409:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.01.010
132:. Three activator proteins—
36:interferon response factors
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370:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.12.002
300:10.1080/15216540500090629
38:are shown in beige; and
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180:"Enhanceosomes"
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160:References
140:, and the
40:NF kappa B
417:1874-9399
308:1521-6543
253:0092-8674
204:0959-437X
94:chromatin
54:Formation
458:Genetics
452:Category
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316:16036576
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112:Examples
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134:NF-ÎşB
123:human
117:INF-β
29:c-Jun
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413:ISSN
401:1799
374:PMID
338:ISBN
312:PMID
304:ISSN
257:PMID
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231:Cell
208:PMID
200:ISSN
100:Role
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