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Entropic vector

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Software has been developed to automate the task of proving Shannon-type inequalities. Given an inequality, such software is able to determine whether the given inequality is a valid Shannon-type inequality (i.e., whether it contains the cone
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that subsets of one set of random variables may take. Understanding which vectors are entropic is a way to represent all possible inequalities between entropies of various subsets. For example, for any two random variables
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In 2000, Hammer et al. proved that indeed an inequality holds for entropic vectors if and only if the corresponding inequality in terms of Kolmogorov complexity holds up to logarithmic terms for all tuples of strings.
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can be expressed in terms of joint entropy and are thus related by the corresponding inequalities. Many inequalities satisfied by entropic vectors can be derived as linear combinations of a few basic ones, called
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is not polyhedral. Whether they can be characterized in some other way (allowing to effectively decide whether a vector is entropic or not) remains an open problem.
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The question of whether Shannon-type inequalities are the only ones, that is, whether they completely characterize the region
2444: 523: 4711: 3598:. In 2007, Matus proved that no finite set of linear inequalities is sufficient (to deduce all as linear combinations), for 746: 4304: 2119: 1344: 443: 177: 3532:
Further inequalities and infinite families of inequalities have been found. These inequalities provide outer bounds for
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satisfies essentially the same inequalities as entropy. Namely, denote the Kolmogorov complexity of a finite string
648: 4788: 3724: 3685: 3671: 3627: 3535: 2054: 3522:{\displaystyle 2I(X_{3};X_{4})\leq I(X_{1};X_{2})+I(X_{1};X_{3},X_{4})+3I(X_{3};X_{4}|X_{1})+I(X_{3};X_{4}|X_{2})} 3071: 2393: 2002: 1106: 4171: 2214: 1940: 996: 380: 4971: 4681:
if it can be obtained from a tuple of subgroups as above. The set of group-characterizable vectors is denoted
4491:). Thus any information-theoretic inequality implies a group-theoretic one. For example, the basic inequality 4022: 3789: 1289: 1241: 4851:. In other words, a linear inequality holds for all entropic vectors if and only if it holds for all vectors 1728: 1561: 4128: 271: 4494: 3787:
which additionally satisfy the following inequality (and those obtained by permuting variables), known as
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and hence characterized by the (infinitely many) linear inequalities it satisfies. Describing the region
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Zhang, Z.; Yeung, R.W. (1998). "On Characterization of Entropy Function via Information Inequalities".
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Zhang, Z.; Yeung, R.W. (1997). "A Non-Shannon-Type Conditional Inequality of Information Quantities".
928: 5749: 4756: 3976:{\displaystyle I(X_{1};X_{2})+I(X_{3};X_{4}\mid X_{1})+I(X_{3};X_{4}\mid X_{2})-I(X_{3};X_{4})\geq 0} 3035: 2964: 1179: 2172: 313:
variables, no finite set of linear inequalities is sufficient to characterize all entropic vectors.
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Matus, F. (1999). "Conditional independences among four random variables III: Final conclusion".
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Many inequalities can be derived as linear combinations of Shannon inequalities; they are called
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Group-characterizable vectors that come from an abelian group satisfy Ingleton's inequality.
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It turns out the converse is essentially true. More precisely, a vector is said to be
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of Shannon's information measures. The set of vectors that satisfies them is called
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is thus equivalent to characterizing all possible inequalities on joint entropies.
1283: 77:, their joint entropy (the entropy of the random variable representing the pair 3158:; however, it is still asymptotically true, meaning that the closure is equal: 5761: 5700: 5683: 5667: 5650: 5627: 3068:
in 1986. It is not hard to show that this is true for two variables, that is,
2263: 1280: 1849:), because any pair of random variables (independent or not) should satisfy 5840: 5823: 2383:{\displaystyle 3)\quad H(X_{I})+H(X_{J})\geq H(X_{I\cup J})+H(X_{I\cap J})} 5744: 5308:
noticed these notions behave similarly to Shannon entropy, for example:
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Linden; Winter (2005). "A New Inequality for the von Neumann Entropy".
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Equivalence of Two Proof Techniques for Non-Shannon-type Inequalities
4667:{\displaystyle |G|\cdot |G_{1}\cap G_{2}|\geq |G_{1}|\cdot |G_{2}|.} 4824:) is contained in the topological closure of the convex closure of 5565: 4459: 1435:(since each is uniformly distributed over a two-element set), and 743:
can be understood as the random variable representing the tuple
1842:{\displaystyle (0,1,1,3)^{\mathsf {T}}\not \in \Gamma _{2}^{*}} 1512:(since the two variables are independent, which means the pair 4232:. It is possible to construct a probability distribution for 3992:
Group-characterizable vectors and quasi-uniform distributions
3255:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}\neq \Gamma _{n}} 3064:, was first asked by Te Su Han in 1981 and more precisely by 5824:"Inequalities for Shannon Entropy and Kolmogorov Complexity" 5651:"A new class of non-Shannon-type inequalities for entropies" 1716:{\displaystyle v=(0,1,1,2)^{\mathsf {T}}\in \Gamma _{2}^{*}} 5559:. 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. 5719:. 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. 5601:. 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. 5110:(that is, the length of the shortest program that outputs 5422:{\displaystyle K(a)+K(b)\geq K(a,b)-O(\log |a|+\log |b|)} 3203:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{3}^{*}}}=\Gamma _{3}} 5541: 5540:
Pulikkoonattu, R.; E.Perron, E.; S.Diggavi, S. (2007).
5156:, defined as the complexity of an encoding of the pair 602:{\displaystyle H(X_{i_{1}},X_{i_{2}},\dots ,X_{i_{k}})} 4746:{\displaystyle \Upsilon ^{n}\subseteq \Gamma _{n}^{*}} 822:{\displaystyle (X_{i_{1}},X_{i_{2}},\dots ,X_{i_{k}})} 5317: 5290: 5270: 5233: 5194: 5162: 5136: 5116: 5087: 5067: 5033: 4974: 4954: 4877: 4857: 4830: 4791: 4759: 4714: 4687: 4565: 4497: 4467: 4437: 4417: 4397: 4307: 4258: 4238: 4218: 4174: 4131: 4104: 4084: 4025: 4005: 3803: 3766: 3727: 3688: 3630: 3604: 3577: 3538: 3297: 3268: 3216: 3164: 3119: 3074: 3038: 3003: 2967: 2940: 2890: 2857: 2824: 2792: 2766: 2740: 2456: 2396: 2275: 2217: 2175: 2122: 2057: 2005: 1943: 1855: 1784: 1731: 1652: 1564: 1518: 1444: 1388: 1353: 1292: 1244: 1214: 1182: 1162: 1109: 1058: 999: 979: 931: 895: 861: 835: 749: 722: 651: 615: 526: 446: 383: 354: 334: 293: 180: 150: 123: 83: 43: 4380:{\displaystyle H(X_{I})=\log {\frac {|G|}{|G_{I}|}}} 2443:
It is equivalent to the inequality stating that the
2159:{\displaystyle I\subseteq J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,n\}} 1208:. Zhang and Yeung proved that it is not closed (for 513:{\displaystyle X_{i_{1}},X_{i_{2}},\dots ,X_{i_{k}}} 260:{\displaystyle H(X_{1},X_{2})\leq H(X_{1})+H(X_{2})} 5542:"Xitip - Information Theoretic Inequalities Prover" 3113:. For three variables, Zhang and Yeung proved that 5684:"On a new non-Shannon-type information inequality" 5421: 5296: 5276: 5256: 5215: 5180: 5148: 5122: 5102: 5073: 5039: 5019: 4960: 4940: 4863: 4843: 4816: 4777: 4745: 4700: 4666: 4548: 4483: 4450: 4423: 4403: 4379: 4290: 4244: 4224: 4204: 4160: 4117: 4090: 4070: 4011: 3975: 3779: 3752: 3713: 3655: 3616: 3590: 3563: 3521: 3280: 3254: 3202: 3150: 3105: 3056: 3016: 2985: 2953: 2915: 2876: 2843: 2810: 2778: 2752: 2723: 2432: 2382: 2247: 2203: 2158: 2108: 2040: 1988: 1918:Characterizing entropic vectors: the region Γ 1906: 1841: 1770: 1715: 1636: 1550: 1501: 1424: 1371: 1319: 1271: 1226: 1200: 1168: 1145: 1095: 1044: 985: 961: 917: 874: 847: 821: 735: 708: 637: 601: 512: 428: 369: 340: 305: 259: 163: 136: 109: 69: 5822:Hammer; Romashchenko; Shen; Vereshchagin (2000). 5264:(the length of the shortest program that outputs 4941:{\displaystyle h_{I}=\log {\frac {|G|}{|G_{I}|}}} 882:denotes a deterministic variable with entropy 0. 5527:"ITIP - Information Theoretic Inequality Prover" 4391:(The construction essentially takes an element 3151:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{3}^{*}\neq \Gamma _{3}} 287:. However, it has been proven that already for 5459: 5457: 1644:.) The corresponding entropic vector is thus: 709:{\displaystyle I=\{i_{1},i_{2},\dots ,i_{k}\}} 4968:goes over subsets of some tuple of subgroups 4817:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}} 3753:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{4}^{*}}}} 3714:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}} 3656:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{4}^{*}}}} 3564:{\displaystyle {\overline {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}} 2109:{\displaystyle 2)\quad H(X_{I})\leq H(X_{J})} 270:Other information-theoretic measures such as 8: 5599:Six New Non-Shannon Information Inequalities 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5175: 5163: 4199: 4181: 2427: 2409: 2242: 2224: 2153: 2135: 1366: 1354: 1140: 1116: 993:if there exists a tuple of random variables 956: 932: 703: 658: 3106:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{2}^{*}=\Gamma _{2}} 2433:{\displaystyle I,J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,n\}} 2041:{\displaystyle 1)\quad H(X_{\emptyset })=0} 1146:{\displaystyle I\subseteq \{1,2,\dots ,n\}} 5839: 5743: 5699: 5688:Communications in Information and Systems 5666: 5655:Communications in Information and Systems 5564: 5411: 5403: 5389: 5381: 5316: 5289: 5269: 5243: 5232: 5193: 5161: 5135: 5115: 5086: 5066: 5032: 5011: 4992: 4979: 4973: 4953: 4930: 4924: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4856: 4835: 4829: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4737: 4732: 4719: 4713: 4692: 4686: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4564: 4496: 4475: 4466: 4442: 4436: 4416: 4396: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4318: 4306: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4237: 4217: 4205:{\displaystyle I\subseteq \{1,\dots ,n\}} 4173: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4109: 4103: 4083: 4062: 4043: 4030: 4024: 4004: 3958: 3945: 3923: 3910: 3897: 3875: 3862: 3849: 3827: 3814: 3802: 3771: 3765: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3603: 3582: 3576: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3407: 3394: 3381: 3359: 3346: 3324: 3311: 3296: 3267: 3246: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3194: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3142: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3097: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3008: 3002: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2945: 2939: 2901: 2889: 2868: 2856: 2835: 2823: 2791: 2765: 2739: 2457: 2455: 2395: 2365: 2337: 2315: 2293: 2274: 2248:{\displaystyle I\subseteq \{1,\dots ,n\}} 2216: 2186: 2174: 2121: 2097: 2075: 2056: 2023: 2004: 1989:{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\ldots ,X_{n}} 1980: 1961: 1948: 1942: 1854: 1833: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1783: 1761: 1760: 1730: 1707: 1702: 1688: 1687: 1651: 1563: 1539: 1526: 1517: 1443: 1387: 1352: 1343:be two independent random variables with 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1213: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1161: 1156:The set of all entropic vectors of order 1108: 1084: 1057: 1045:{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\ldots ,X_{n}} 1036: 1017: 1004: 998: 978: 930: 907: 902: 898: 897: 894: 866: 860: 834: 808: 803: 782: 777: 762: 757: 748: 727: 721: 697: 678: 665: 650: 626: 614: 588: 583: 562: 557: 542: 537: 525: 502: 497: 476: 471: 456: 451: 445: 429:{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\ldots ,X_{n}} 420: 401: 388: 382: 353: 333: 292: 248: 226: 204: 191: 179: 155: 149: 128: 122: 117:) is at most the sum of the entropies of 101: 88: 82: 61: 48: 42: 5717:Infinitely many information inequalities 5615:Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 5020:{\displaystyle G_{1},G_{2},\dots ,G_{n}} 4071:{\displaystyle G_{1},G_{2},\dots ,G_{n}} 1320:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}} 1272:{\displaystyle {\bar {\Gamma _{n}^{*}}}} 5828:Journal of Computer and System Sciences 5453: 5130:). The joint complexity of two strings 3210:. In 1998, Zhang and Yeung showed that 1771:{\displaystyle (0,1,1,3)^{\mathsf {T}}} 1637:{\displaystyle (0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1)} 28:. It represents the possible values of 4161:{\displaystyle \bigcap _{i\in I}G_{i}} 3624:variables. In other words, the region 2818:; for the other direction, substitute 1815: 1762: 1689: 7: 5868:A First Course in Information Theory 5810:A First Course in Information Theory 5797:A First Course in Information Theory 5784:A First Course in Information Theory 5649:Makarychev, K.; et al. (2002). 5581:A First Course in Information Theory 4549:{\displaystyle H(X,Y)\leq H(X)+H(Y)} 3721:are also known. One example is that 1928:Shannon-type inequalities and Γ 1907:{\displaystyle H(X,Y)\leq H(X)+H(Y)} 918:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2^{n}}} 5181:{\displaystyle \langle x,y\rangle } 3571:better than the Shannon-type bound 5443:Inequalities in information theory 4832: 4795: 4761: 4729: 4716: 4689: 4291:{\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}} 3768: 3731: 3692: 3634: 3579: 3542: 3243: 3220: 3191: 3168: 3139: 3121: 3094: 3076: 3040: 3005: 2969: 2942: 2024: 1825: 1699: 1502:{\displaystyle H(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y)=2} 1297: 1249: 1184: 842: 377:. For a tuple of random variables 14: 5852:Thomas M. Cover, Joy A. Thomas. 2262:says that an entropic vector is 1937:For a tuple of random variables 962:{\displaystyle \{1,2,\dots ,n\}} 5525:Yeung, R.W.; Yan, Y.O. (1996). 4778:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}^{*}} 3057:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}^{*}} 2986:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}^{*}} 2282: 2064: 2012: 1201:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}^{*}} 5854:Elements of information theory 5416: 5412: 5404: 5390: 5382: 5372: 5363: 5351: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5321: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5210: 5198: 5097: 5091: 4931: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4657: 4642: 4634: 4619: 4611: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4543: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4501: 4370: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4324: 4311: 3964: 3938: 3929: 3890: 3881: 3842: 3833: 3807: 3516: 3502: 3475: 3466: 3452: 3425: 3413: 3374: 3365: 3339: 3330: 3304: 2932:basic information inequalities 2701: 2695: 2686: 2668: 2659: 2647: 2638: 2626: 2610: 2592: 2583: 2571: 2562: 2550: 2534: 2516: 2507: 2495: 2482: 2464: 2445:conditional mutual information 2377: 2358: 2349: 2330: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2286: 2279: 2204:{\displaystyle H(X_{I})\geq 0} 2192: 2179: 2103: 2090: 2081: 2068: 2061: 2029: 2016: 2009: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1871: 1859: 1810: 1785: 1757: 1732: 1725:On the other hand, the vector 1684: 1659: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1601: 1595: 1583: 1577: 1565: 1558:is uniformly distributed over 1545: 1519: 1490: 1484: 1475: 1469: 1460: 1448: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1311: 1263: 1090: 1077: 1068: 1062: 816: 750: 632: 619: 596: 530: 364: 358: 254: 241: 232: 219: 210: 184: 1: 4844:{\displaystyle \Upsilon ^{n}} 4701:{\displaystyle \Upsilon ^{n}} 4431:uniformly at random and lets 4212:; this is also a subgroup of 3028:Non-Shannon-type inequalities 2916:{\displaystyle Z=X_{I\cap J}} 1551:{\displaystyle (X_{1},X_{2})} 1345:discrete uniform distribution 1096:{\displaystyle h(I)=H(X_{I})} 4809: 3745: 3706: 3648: 3556: 3234: 3182: 848:{\displaystyle I=\emptyset } 3780:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{4}} 3591:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}} 3017:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}} 2954:{\displaystyle \Gamma _{n}} 1996:, their entropies satisfy: 1425:{\displaystyle H(X)=H(Y)=1} 110:{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2}} 70:{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2}} 5911: 3672:quantum information theory 1778:is not entropic (that is, 5762:10.1007/s00220-005-1361-2 5701:10.4310/cis.2003.v3.n1.a4 5668:10.4310/cis.2002.v2.n2.a3 5628:10.1017/s0963548399003740 2928:Shannon-type inequalities 2390:,     for any 285:Shannon-type inequalities 5872:Information Inequalities 3760:contains all vectors in 3666:Analogous questions for 2116:,     for any 638:{\displaystyle H(X_{I})} 24:is a concept arising in 5856:New York: Wiley, 1991. 5500:IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 5466:IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 3617:{\displaystyle n\geq 4} 3281:{\displaystyle n\geq 4} 2877:{\displaystyle Y=X_{J}} 2844:{\displaystyle X=X_{I}} 1372:{\displaystyle \{0,1\}} 1227:{\displaystyle n\geq 3} 829:. For the empty subset 609:, or more concisely as 272:conditional information 5841:10.1006/jcss.1999.1677 5423: 5298: 5278: 5258: 5257:{\displaystyle K(x|y)} 5225:conditional complexity 5217: 5216:{\displaystyle K(x,y)} 5182: 5150: 5124: 5104: 5075: 5041: 5021: 4962: 4942: 4865: 4845: 4818: 4779: 4747: 4702: 4668: 4550: 4485: 4484:{\displaystyle aG_{i}} 4452: 4425: 4405: 4381: 4292: 4246: 4226: 4206: 4162: 4119: 4092: 4072: 4013: 3977: 3781: 3754: 3715: 3674:have been considered. 3657: 3618: 3592: 3565: 3523: 3282: 3256: 3204: 3152: 3107: 3058: 3018: 2987: 2955: 2917: 2878: 2845: 2812: 2780: 2754: 2725: 2434: 2384: 2249: 2205: 2160: 2110: 2042: 1990: 1908: 1843: 1772: 1717: 1638: 1552: 1503: 1426: 1373: 1321: 1273: 1228: 1202: 1170: 1147: 1097: 1046: 987: 963: 925:indexed by subsets of 919: 876: 849: 823: 737: 710: 639: 603: 514: 430: 371: 342: 307: 261: 165: 138: 111: 71: 5555:Kaced, Tarik (2013). 5424: 5299: 5279: 5259: 5218: 5183: 5151: 5125: 5105: 5076: 5059:Kolmogorov complexity 5054:Kolmogorov complexity 5042: 5022: 4963: 4943: 4866: 4846: 4819: 4780: 4753:. On the other hand, 4748: 4703: 4679:group-characterizable 4669: 4551: 4486: 4458:be the corresponding 4453: 4451:{\displaystyle X_{i}} 4426: 4406: 4382: 4293: 4247: 4227: 4207: 4163: 4120: 4118:{\displaystyle G_{I}} 4093: 4073: 4014: 3978: 3790:Ingleton's inequality 3782: 3755: 3716: 3682:Some inner bounds of 3658: 3619: 3593: 3566: 3524: 3283: 3257: 3205: 3153: 3108: 3059: 3019: 2988: 2956: 2918: 2879: 2846: 2813: 2811:{\displaystyle X,Y,Z} 2781: 2755: 2726: 2435: 2385: 2250: 2206: 2161: 2111: 2043: 1991: 1909: 1844: 1773: 1718: 1639: 1553: 1504: 1427: 1374: 1322: 1274: 1229: 1203: 1171: 1148: 1098: 1047: 988: 964: 920: 877: 875:{\displaystyle X_{I}} 850: 824: 738: 736:{\displaystyle X_{I}} 711: 640: 604: 515: 431: 372: 343: 328:of a random variable 308: 262: 166: 164:{\displaystyle X_{2}} 139: 137:{\displaystyle X_{1}} 112: 72: 5597:; Zeger, K. (2006). 5315: 5288: 5268: 5231: 5192: 5160: 5134: 5114: 5103:{\displaystyle K(x)} 5085: 5065: 5031: 4972: 4952: 4875: 4855: 4828: 4789: 4757: 4712: 4685: 4563: 4495: 4465: 4435: 4415: 4395: 4305: 4256: 4236: 4216: 4172: 4129: 4102: 4082: 4023: 4003: 3801: 3764: 3725: 3686: 3628: 3602: 3575: 3536: 3295: 3266: 3214: 3162: 3117: 3072: 3036: 3001: 2965: 2938: 2888: 2855: 2822: 2790: 2764: 2738: 2454: 2394: 2273: 2215: 2173: 2120: 2055: 2003: 1941: 1853: 1782: 1729: 1650: 1562: 1516: 1442: 1386: 1351: 1290: 1242: 1212: 1180: 1160: 1107: 1056: 997: 977: 929: 893: 859: 833: 747: 720: 649: 613: 524: 444: 381: 370:{\displaystyle H(X)} 352: 332: 291: 178: 148: 121: 81: 41: 5754:2005CMaPh.259..129L 5149:{\displaystyle x,y} 4808: 4774: 4742: 3744: 3705: 3668:von Neumann entropy 3647: 3555: 3233: 3181: 3134: 3089: 3053: 2982: 2779:{\displaystyle Y,Z} 2753:{\displaystyle X,Z} 1838: 1712: 1310: 1262: 1197: 326:information entropy 306:{\displaystyle n=4} 34:information entropy 5895:Information theory 5732:Commun. Math. Phys 5715:Matus, F. (2007). 5682:Zhang, Z. (2003). 5419: 5294: 5274: 5254: 5213: 5178: 5146: 5120: 5100: 5071: 5037: 5017: 4958: 4938: 4861: 4841: 4814: 4794: 4775: 4760: 4743: 4728: 4708:. As said above, 4698: 4664: 4546: 4481: 4448: 4421: 4401: 4377: 4288: 4242: 4222: 4202: 4158: 4147: 4115: 4088: 4068: 4009: 3987:Entropy and groups 3973: 3777: 3750: 3730: 3711: 3691: 3653: 3633: 3614: 3588: 3561: 3541: 3519: 3278: 3252: 3219: 3200: 3167: 3148: 3120: 3103: 3075: 3066:Nicholas Pippenger 3054: 3039: 3014: 2983: 2968: 2951: 2913: 2874: 2841: 2808: 2776: 2750: 2721: 2719: 2430: 2380: 2260:Shannon inequality 2245: 2201: 2156: 2106: 2038: 1986: 1904: 1839: 1824: 1768: 1713: 1698: 1634: 1548: 1499: 1422: 1369: 1317: 1296: 1269: 1248: 1224: 1198: 1183: 1166: 1143: 1093: 1042: 983: 959: 915: 872: 845: 819: 733: 706: 635: 599: 510: 426: 367: 338: 303: 276:mutual information 257: 161: 134: 107: 67: 26:information theory 5512:10.1109/18.681320 5478:10.1109/18.641561 5306:Andrey Kolmogorov 5297:{\displaystyle y} 5277:{\displaystyle x} 5223:. Similarly, the 5188:, can be denoted 5123:{\displaystyle x} 5074:{\displaystyle x} 5040:{\displaystyle G} 4961:{\displaystyle I} 4936: 4864:{\displaystyle h} 4812: 4424:{\displaystyle G} 4404:{\displaystyle a} 4375: 4252:random variables 4245:{\displaystyle n} 4225:{\displaystyle G} 4132: 4091:{\displaystyle G} 4012:{\displaystyle G} 3748: 3709: 3651: 3559: 3237: 3185: 2447:is non-negative: 1314: 1266: 1169:{\displaystyle n} 986:{\displaystyle n} 341:{\displaystyle X} 280:total correlation 22:entropic function 5902: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5747: 5745:quant-ph/0406162 5727: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5506:(4): 1440–1452. 5495: 5482: 5481: 5472:(6): 1982–1986. 5461: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5407: 5393: 5385: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5015: 4997: 4996: 4984: 4983: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4898: 4887: 4886: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4622: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4323: 4322: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4268: 4267: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4048: 4047: 4035: 4034: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4010: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3949: 3928: 3927: 3915: 3914: 3902: 3901: 3880: 3879: 3867: 3866: 3854: 3853: 3832: 3831: 3819: 3818: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3699: 3690: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3540: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3437: 3436: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3386: 3385: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3350: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3133: 3128: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3088: 3083: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2616: 2540: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2348: 2347: 2320: 2319: 2298: 2297: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2080: 2079: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2028: 2027: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1966: 1965: 1953: 1952: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1531: 1530: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1103:for each subset 1102: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1022: 1021: 1009: 1008: 992: 990: 989: 984: 968: 966: 965: 960: 924: 922: 921: 916: 914: 913: 912: 911: 901: 881: 879: 878: 873: 871: 870: 854: 852: 851: 846: 828: 826: 825: 820: 815: 814: 813: 812: 789: 788: 787: 786: 769: 768: 767: 766: 742: 740: 739: 734: 732: 731: 715: 713: 712: 707: 702: 701: 683: 682: 670: 669: 644: 642: 641: 636: 631: 630: 608: 606: 605: 600: 595: 594: 593: 592: 569: 568: 567: 566: 549: 548: 547: 546: 519: 517: 516: 511: 509: 508: 507: 506: 483: 482: 481: 480: 463: 462: 461: 460: 436:, we denote the 435: 433: 432: 427: 425: 424: 406: 405: 393: 392: 376: 374: 373: 368: 347: 345: 344: 339: 312: 310: 309: 304: 266: 264: 263: 258: 253: 252: 231: 230: 209: 208: 196: 195: 170: 168: 167: 162: 160: 159: 143: 141: 140: 135: 133: 132: 116: 114: 113: 108: 106: 105: 93: 92: 76: 74: 73: 68: 66: 65: 53: 52: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5885: 5884: 5866:Raymond Yeung. 5849: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5812:, Theorem 16.22 5807: 5803: 5799:, Theorem 16.16 5794: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5593:Dougherty, R.; 5592: 5591: 5587: 5578: 5574: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5439: 5313: 5312: 5286: 5285: 5266: 5265: 5229: 5228: 5227:can be denoted 5190: 5189: 5158: 5157: 5132: 5131: 5112: 5111: 5083: 5082: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5029: 5028: 5007: 4988: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4950: 4949: 4920: 4914: 4899: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4853: 4852: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4787: 4786: 4755: 4754: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4646: 4623: 4600: 4587: 4561: 4560: 4493: 4492: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4413: 4412: 4393: 4392: 4359: 4353: 4338: 4314: 4303: 4302: 4278: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4234: 4233: 4214: 4213: 4170: 4169: 4148: 4127: 4126: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4080: 4079: 4058: 4039: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3954: 3941: 3919: 3906: 3893: 3871: 3858: 3845: 3823: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3723: 3722: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3626: 3625: 3600: 3599: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3534: 3533: 3506: 3491: 3478: 3456: 3441: 3428: 3403: 3390: 3377: 3355: 3342: 3320: 3307: 3293: 3292: 3264: 3263: 3242: 3212: 3211: 3190: 3160: 3159: 3138: 3115: 3114: 3093: 3070: 3069: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2963: 2962: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2820: 2819: 2788: 2787: 2762: 2761: 2736: 2735: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2704: 2614: 2613: 2538: 2537: 2485: 2452: 2451: 2392: 2391: 2361: 2333: 2311: 2289: 2271: 2270: 2213: 2212: 2182: 2171: 2170: 2169:In particular, 2118: 2117: 2093: 2071: 2053: 2052: 2019: 2001: 2000: 1976: 1957: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1851: 1850: 1809: 1780: 1779: 1756: 1727: 1726: 1683: 1648: 1647: 1560: 1559: 1535: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1440: 1439: 1384: 1383: 1349: 1348: 1333: 1288: 1287: 1240: 1239: 1210: 1209: 1178: 1177: 1158: 1157: 1105: 1104: 1080: 1054: 1053: 1032: 1013: 1000: 995: 994: 975: 974: 971:entropic vector 927: 926: 903: 896: 891: 890: 862: 857: 856: 831: 830: 804: 799: 778: 773: 758: 753: 745: 744: 723: 718: 717: 693: 674: 661: 647: 646: 622: 611: 610: 584: 579: 558: 553: 538: 533: 522: 521: 498: 493: 472: 467: 452: 447: 442: 441: 416: 397: 384: 379: 378: 350: 349: 330: 329: 319: 289: 288: 244: 222: 200: 187: 176: 175: 151: 146: 145: 124: 119: 118: 97: 84: 79: 78: 57: 44: 39: 38: 18:entropic vector 12: 11: 5: 5908: 5906: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5874:, 2002, Print 5870:, Chapter 12, 5864: 5848: 5847: 5834:(2): 442–464. 5814: 5801: 5788: 5775: 5738:(1): 129–138. 5722: 5707: 5674: 5661:(2): 147–166. 5641: 5622:(3): 269–276. 5604: 5585: 5583:, Theorem 14.7 5572: 5547: 5532: 5517: 5483: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5293: 5273: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5119: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5070: 5055: 5052: 5036: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4957: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4860: 4838: 4834: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4695: 4691: 4675: 4674: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4445: 4441: 4420: 4400: 4389: 4388: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4241: 4221: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4112: 4108: 4087: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4019:and subgroups 4008: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3774: 3770: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3679: 3676: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3585: 3581: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3029: 3026: 3011: 3007: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2961:; it contains 2948: 2944: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2732: 2731: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1433: 1432: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1332: 1329: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1176:is denoted by 1165: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 982: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 910: 906: 900: 869: 865: 844: 841: 838: 818: 811: 807: 802: 798: 795: 792: 785: 781: 776: 772: 765: 761: 756: 752: 730: 726: 705: 700: 696: 692: 689: 686: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 657: 654: 634: 629: 625: 621: 618: 598: 591: 587: 582: 578: 575: 572: 565: 561: 556: 552: 545: 541: 536: 532: 529: 505: 501: 496: 492: 489: 486: 479: 475: 470: 466: 459: 455: 450: 423: 419: 415: 412: 409: 404: 400: 396: 391: 387: 366: 363: 360: 357: 337: 318: 315: 302: 299: 296: 268: 267: 256: 251: 247: 243: 240: 237: 234: 229: 225: 221: 218: 215: 212: 207: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 183: 158: 154: 131: 127: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 64: 60: 56: 51: 47: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5907: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5880:0-306-46791-7 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5862:0-471-06259-6 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5408: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5291: 5271: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5226: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5117: 5094: 5088: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5034: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4955: 4925: 4921: 4905: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4858: 4836: 4804: 4799: 4770: 4765: 4738: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4693: 4680: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4556:implies that 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4443: 4439: 4418: 4398: 4364: 4360: 4344: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4239: 4219: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4110: 4106: 4085: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3970: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3772: 3740: 3735: 3701: 3696: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3643: 3638: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3583: 3551: 3546: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3247: 3239: 3229: 3224: 3195: 3187: 3177: 3172: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3067: 3049: 3044: 3027: 3025: 3009: 2994: 2978: 2973: 2946: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2786:of the tuple 2773: 2770: 2767: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2198: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2035: 2032: 2020: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1723: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1645: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1347:over the set 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1306: 1301: 1285: 1282: 1258: 1253: 1237: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1193: 1188: 1163: 1154: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 980: 972: 969:is called an 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 908: 904: 888: 883: 867: 863: 839: 836: 809: 805: 800: 796: 793: 790: 783: 779: 774: 770: 763: 759: 754: 728: 724: 698: 694: 690: 687: 684: 679: 675: 671: 666: 662: 655: 652: 627: 623: 616: 589: 585: 580: 576: 573: 570: 563: 559: 554: 550: 543: 539: 534: 527: 503: 499: 494: 490: 487: 484: 477: 473: 468: 464: 457: 453: 448: 439: 438:joint entropy 421: 417: 413: 410: 407: 402: 398: 394: 389: 385: 361: 355: 335: 327: 323: 316: 314: 300: 297: 294: 286: 281: 277: 273: 249: 245: 238: 235: 227: 223: 216: 213: 205: 201: 197: 192: 188: 181: 174: 173: 172: 156: 152: 129: 125: 102: 98: 94: 89: 85: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 5871: 5867: 5853: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5778: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5716: 5710: 5694:(1): 47–60. 5691: 5687: 5677: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5595:Freiling, C. 5588: 5580: 5575: 5556: 5550: 5535: 5520: 5503: 5499: 5469: 5465: 5431: 5057: 5049: 4871:of the form 4678: 4676: 4390: 3995: 3788: 3681: 3678:Inner bounds 3665: 3531: 3031: 2995: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2733: 2442: 2259: 2257: 2168: 1936: 1930: 1920: 1724: 1646: 1511: 1434: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1155: 970: 886: 884: 440:of a subset 320: 284: 269: 21: 17: 15: 5027:in a group 3996:Consider a 3792:for entropy 2211:, for any 1234:), but its 348:is denoted 5449:References 4785:(and thus 4298:such that 2264:submodular 1052:such that 317:Definition 5636:121634597 5566:1302.2994 5401:⁡ 5379:⁡ 5367:− 5346:≥ 5176:⟩ 5164:⟨ 5002:… 4895:⁡ 4833:Υ 4810:¯ 4805:∗ 4796:Γ 4771:∗ 4762:Γ 4739:∗ 4730:Γ 4726:⊆ 4717:Υ 4690:Υ 4639:⋅ 4616:≥ 4598:∩ 4580:⋅ 4517:≤ 4334:⁡ 4273:… 4191:… 4179:⊆ 4141:∈ 4134:⋂ 4053:… 3968:≥ 3933:− 3917:∣ 3869:∣ 3769:Γ 3746:¯ 3741:∗ 3732:Γ 3707:¯ 3702:∗ 3693:Γ 3649:¯ 3644:∗ 3635:Γ 3609:≥ 3580:Γ 3557:¯ 3552:∗ 3543:Γ 3334:≤ 3273:≥ 3244:Γ 3240:≠ 3235:¯ 3230:∗ 3221:Γ 3192:Γ 3183:¯ 3178:∗ 3169:Γ 3140:Γ 3136:≠ 3131:∗ 3122:Γ 3095:Γ 3086:∗ 3077:Γ 3050:∗ 3041:Γ 3006:Γ 2979:∗ 2970:Γ 2943:Γ 2906:∩ 2712:≥ 2690:− 2663:− 2605:∣ 2587:− 2578:∣ 2557:∣ 2523:∣ 2511:− 2502:∣ 2477:∣ 2419:… 2407:⊆ 2370:∩ 2342:∪ 2325:≥ 2234:… 2222:⊆ 2196:≥ 2145:… 2133:⊆ 2127:⊆ 2085:≤ 2025:∅ 1971:… 1875:≤ 1835:∗ 1826:Γ 1709:∗ 1700:Γ 1696:∈ 1312:¯ 1307:∗ 1298:Γ 1264:¯ 1259:∗ 1250:Γ 1219:≥ 1194:∗ 1185:Γ 1132:… 1114:⊆ 1027:… 973:of order 948:… 885:A vector 843:∅ 794:… 688:… 574:… 488:… 411:… 214:≤ 5889:Category 5786:, p. 386 5770:13279358 5437:See also 4948:, where 3262:for all 1822:∉ 716:. Here 645:, where 5808:Yeung. 5795:Yeung. 5782:Yeung. 5750:Bibcode 5579:Yeung. 4125:denote 1379:. Then 1331:Example 1279:, is a 1236:closure 322:Shannon 144:and of 30:Shannon 5878:  5860:  5768:  5634:  5284:given 4098:. Let 1281:convex 5766:S2CID 5740:arXiv 5632:S2CID 5561:arXiv 4460:coset 3998:group 278:, or 5876:ISBN 5858:ISBN 4168:for 2760:and 2258:The 1335:Let 1284:cone 16:The 5836:doi 5758:doi 5736:259 5696:doi 5663:doi 5624:doi 5508:doi 5474:doi 5398:log 5376:log 5304:). 5081:as 4892:log 4411:of 4331:log 4078:of 3670:in 3024:). 2930:or 2923:). 889:in 520:as 324:'s 32:'s 20:or 5891:: 5832:60 5830:. 5826:. 5764:. 5756:. 5748:. 5734:. 5690:. 5686:. 5657:. 5653:. 5630:. 5618:. 5504:44 5502:. 5486:^ 5470:43 5468:. 5456:^ 5047:. 3794:: 2993:. 2884:, 2851:, 2266:: 2255:. 1914:. 1238:, 1153:. 855:, 274:, 171:: 5844:. 5838:: 5772:. 5760:: 5752:: 5742:: 5704:. 5698:: 5692:3 5671:. 5665:: 5659:2 5638:. 5626:: 5620:8 5569:. 5563:: 5544:. 5529:. 5514:. 5510:: 5480:. 5476:: 5417:) 5413:| 5409:b 5405:| 5395:+ 5391:| 5387:a 5383:| 5373:( 5370:O 5364:) 5361:b 5358:, 5355:a 5352:( 5349:K 5343:) 5340:b 5337:( 5334:K 5331:+ 5328:) 5325:a 5322:( 5319:K 5292:y 5272:x 5252:) 5249:y 5245:| 5241:x 5238:( 5235:K 5211:) 5208:y 5205:, 5202:x 5199:( 5196:K 5173:y 5170:, 5167:x 5144:y 5141:, 5138:x 5118:x 5098:) 5095:x 5092:( 5089:K 5069:x 5035:G 5013:n 5009:G 5005:, 4999:, 4994:2 4990:G 4986:, 4981:1 4977:G 4956:I 4932:| 4926:I 4922:G 4917:| 4910:| 4906:G 4902:| 4889:= 4884:I 4880:h 4859:h 4837:n 4800:n 4766:n 4734:n 4721:n 4694:n 4662:. 4658:| 4652:2 4648:G 4643:| 4635:| 4629:1 4625:G 4620:| 4612:| 4606:2 4602:G 4593:1 4589:G 4584:| 4576:| 4572:G 4568:| 4544:) 4541:Y 4538:( 4535:H 4532:+ 4529:) 4526:X 4523:( 4520:H 4514:) 4511:Y 4508:, 4505:X 4502:( 4499:H 4477:i 4473:G 4469:a 4444:i 4440:X 4419:G 4399:a 4387:. 4371:| 4365:I 4361:G 4356:| 4349:| 4345:G 4341:| 4328:= 4325:) 4320:I 4316:X 4312:( 4309:H 4284:n 4280:X 4276:, 4270:, 4265:1 4261:X 4240:n 4220:G 4200:} 4197:n 4194:, 4188:, 4185:1 4182:{ 4176:I 4154:i 4150:G 4144:I 4138:i 4111:I 4107:G 4086:G 4064:n 4060:G 4056:, 4050:, 4045:2 4041:G 4037:, 4032:1 4028:G 4007:G 3971:0 3965:) 3960:4 3956:X 3952:; 3947:3 3943:X 3939:( 3936:I 3930:) 3925:2 3921:X 3912:4 3908:X 3904:; 3899:3 3895:X 3891:( 3888:I 3885:+ 3882:) 3877:1 3873:X 3864:4 3860:X 3856:; 3851:3 3847:X 3843:( 3840:I 3837:+ 3834:) 3829:2 3825:X 3821:; 3816:1 3812:X 3808:( 3805:I 3773:4 3736:4 3697:n 3639:4 3612:4 3606:n 3584:n 3547:n 3517:) 3512:2 3508:X 3503:| 3497:4 3493:X 3489:; 3484:3 3480:X 3476:( 3473:I 3470:+ 3467:) 3462:1 3458:X 3453:| 3447:4 3443:X 3439:; 3434:3 3430:X 3426:( 3423:I 3420:3 3417:+ 3414:) 3409:4 3405:X 3401:, 3396:3 3392:X 3388:; 3383:1 3379:X 3375:( 3372:I 3369:+ 3366:) 3361:2 3357:X 3353:; 3348:1 3344:X 3340:( 3337:I 3331:) 3326:4 3322:X 3318:; 3313:3 3309:X 3305:( 3302:I 3299:2 3276:4 3270:n 3248:n 3225:n 3196:3 3188:= 3173:3 3144:3 3126:3 3099:2 3091:= 3081:2 3045:n 3010:n 2974:n 2947:n 2909:J 2903:I 2899:X 2895:= 2892:Z 2870:J 2866:X 2862:= 2859:Y 2837:I 2833:X 2829:= 2826:X 2806:Z 2803:, 2800:Y 2797:, 2794:X 2774:Z 2771:, 2768:Y 2748:Z 2745:, 2742:X 2715:0 2702:) 2699:Z 2696:( 2693:H 2687:) 2684:Z 2681:, 2678:Y 2675:, 2672:X 2669:( 2666:H 2660:) 2657:Z 2654:, 2651:Y 2648:( 2645:H 2642:+ 2639:) 2636:Z 2633:, 2630:X 2627:( 2624:H 2621:= 2611:) 2608:Z 2602:Y 2599:, 2596:X 2593:( 2590:H 2584:) 2581:Z 2575:Y 2572:( 2569:H 2566:+ 2563:) 2560:Z 2554:X 2551:( 2548:H 2545:= 2535:) 2532:Z 2529:, 2526:Y 2520:X 2517:( 2514:H 2508:) 2505:Z 2499:X 2496:( 2493:H 2490:= 2483:) 2480:Z 2474:Y 2471:; 2468:X 2465:( 2462:I 2428:} 2425:n 2422:, 2416:, 2413:1 2410:{ 2404:J 2401:, 2398:I 2378:) 2373:J 2367:I 2363:X 2359:( 2356:H 2353:+ 2350:) 2345:J 2339:I 2335:X 2331:( 2328:H 2322:) 2317:J 2313:X 2309:( 2306:H 2303:+ 2300:) 2295:I 2291:X 2287:( 2284:H 2280:) 2277:3 2243:} 2240:n 2237:, 2231:, 2228:1 2225:{ 2219:I 2199:0 2193:) 2188:I 2184:X 2180:( 2177:H 2154:} 2151:n 2148:, 2142:, 2139:1 2136:{ 2130:J 2124:I 2104:) 2099:J 2095:X 2091:( 2088:H 2082:) 2077:I 2073:X 2069:( 2066:H 2062:) 2059:2 2036:0 2033:= 2030:) 2021:X 2017:( 2014:H 2010:) 2007:1 1982:n 1978:X 1974:, 1968:, 1963:2 1959:X 1955:, 1950:1 1946:X 1931:n 1921:n 1902:) 1899:Y 1896:( 1893:H 1890:+ 1887:) 1884:X 1881:( 1878:H 1872:) 1869:Y 1866:, 1863:X 1860:( 1857:H 1830:2 1816:T 1811:) 1807:3 1804:, 1801:1 1798:, 1795:1 1792:, 1789:0 1786:( 1763:T 1758:) 1754:3 1751:, 1748:1 1745:, 1742:1 1739:, 1736:0 1733:( 1704:2 1690:T 1685:) 1681:2 1678:, 1675:1 1672:, 1669:1 1666:, 1663:0 1660:( 1657:= 1654:v 1632:) 1629:1 1626:, 1623:1 1620:( 1617:, 1614:) 1611:0 1608:, 1605:1 1602:( 1599:, 1596:) 1593:1 1590:, 1587:0 1584:( 1581:, 1578:) 1575:0 1572:, 1569:0 1566:( 1546:) 1541:2 1537:X 1533:, 1528:1 1524:X 1520:( 1497:2 1494:= 1491:) 1488:Y 1485:( 1482:H 1479:+ 1476:) 1473:X 1470:( 1467:H 1464:= 1461:) 1458:Y 1455:, 1452:X 1449:( 1446:H 1420:1 1417:= 1414:) 1411:Y 1408:( 1405:H 1402:= 1399:) 1396:X 1393:( 1390:H 1367:} 1364:1 1361:, 1358:0 1355:{ 1341:Y 1339:, 1337:X 1302:n 1254:n 1222:3 1216:n 1189:n 1164:n 1141:} 1138:n 1135:, 1129:, 1126:2 1123:, 1120:1 1117:{ 1111:I 1091:) 1086:I 1082:X 1078:( 1075:H 1072:= 1069:) 1066:I 1063:( 1060:h 1038:n 1034:X 1030:, 1024:, 1019:2 1015:X 1011:, 1006:1 1002:X 981:n 957:} 954:n 951:, 945:, 942:2 939:, 936:1 933:{ 909:n 905:2 899:R 887:h 868:I 864:X 840:= 837:I 817:) 810:k 806:i 801:X 797:, 791:, 784:2 780:i 775:X 771:, 764:1 760:i 755:X 751:( 729:I 725:X 704:} 699:k 695:i 691:, 685:, 680:2 676:i 672:, 667:1 663:i 659:{ 656:= 653:I 633:) 628:I 624:X 620:( 617:H 597:) 590:k 586:i 581:X 577:, 571:, 564:2 560:i 555:X 551:, 544:1 540:i 535:X 531:( 528:H 504:k 500:i 495:X 491:, 485:, 478:2 474:i 469:X 465:, 458:1 454:i 449:X 422:n 418:X 414:, 408:, 403:2 399:X 395:, 390:1 386:X 365:) 362:X 359:( 356:H 336:X 301:4 298:= 295:n 255:) 250:2 246:X 242:( 239:H 236:+ 233:) 228:1 224:X 220:( 217:H 211:) 206:2 202:X 198:, 193:1 189:X 185:( 182:H 157:2 153:X 130:1 126:X 103:2 99:X 95:, 90:1 86:X 63:2 59:X 55:, 50:1 46:X

Index

information theory
Shannon
information entropy
conditional information
mutual information
total correlation
Shannon
information entropy
joint entropy
closure
convex
cone
discrete uniform distribution
submodular
conditional mutual information
Nicholas Pippenger
von Neumann entropy
quantum information theory
Ingleton's inequality
group
coset
Kolmogorov complexity
conditional complexity
Andrey Kolmogorov
Inequalities in information theory


doi
10.1109/18.641561

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