822:"The purposes of this Act are: (a) to protect the components of the environment that are within the legislative authority of Parliament from significant adverse environmental effects caused by a designated project; (b) to ensure that designated projects that require the exercise of a power or performance of a duty or function by a federal authority under any Act of Parliament other than this Act to be carried out, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (c) to promote cooperation and coordinated action between federal and provincial governments with respect to environmental assessments; (d) to promote communication and cooperation with aboriginal peoples with respect to environmental assessments; (e) to ensure that opportunities are provided for meaningful public participation during an environmental assessment; (f) to ensure that an environmental assessment is completed in a timely manner; (g) to ensure that projects, as defined in section 66, that are to be carried out on federal lands, or those that are outside Canada and that are to be carried out or financially supported by a federal authority, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (h) to encourage federal authorities to take actions that promote sustainable development in order to achieve or maintain a healthy environment and a healthy economy; and (i) to encourage the study of the cumulative effects of physical activities in a region and the consideration of those study results in environmental assessments."
565:(NEPA) in 1970, which made the preparation of environmental impact statements a requirement. In Australia, one might say that the EIA procedures were introduced at a State Level prior to that of the Commonwealth (Federal), with a majority of the states having divergent views to the Commonwealth. One of the pioneering states was New South Wales, whose State Pollution Control Commission issued EIA guidelines in 1974. At a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level, this was followed by passing of the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) in 1974. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) superseded the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) and is the current central piece for EIA in Australia on a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level. An important point to note is that this federal legislation does not override the validity of the States or Territories environmental and development assessments and approvals; rather the EPBC Act runs as a parallel to the State/Territory Systems. Overlap between federal and state requirements is addressed via bilateral agreements or one-off accreditation of state processes, as provided for in the EPBC Act.
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involved in collection of environmental data. However, no single organization in India tracks available data from these agencies and makes it available in one place in a form required by environmental impact assessment practitioners. Further, environmental data is not available in enhanced forms that improve the quality of the EIA. This makes it harder and more time-consuming to generate environmental impact assessments and receive timely environmental clearances from regulators. With this background, the
Environmental Information Centre (EIC) has been set up to serve as a professionally managed clearinghouse of environmental information that can be used by MoEF, project proponents, consultants, NGOs and other stakeholders involved in the process of environmental impact assessment in India. EIC caters to the need of creating and disseminating of organized environmental data for various developmental initiatives all over the country.
1905:
on the need to consider uncertainty at all stages of the decision-making process. In such a way decisions can be made with confidence or known uncertainty. These proposals are justified on data that shows that environmental assessments fail to predict accurately the impacts observed. Tenney et al. and Wood et al. have reported evidence of the intrinsic uncertainty attached to EIAs predictions from a number of case studies worldwide. The gathered evidence consisted of comparisons between predictions in EIAs and the impacts measured during, or following project implementation. In explaining this trend, Tenney et al. have highlighted major causes such as project changes, modelling errors, errors in data and assumptions taken and bias introduced by people in the projects analyzed. Some approaches to deal with uncertainty in EIA have been reviewed in.
1433:. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Parliament. The Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is tasked with implementing the Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA) - 1997, specifically Section 12 and Review of IEE/EIA Regulations 2000. This Directorate comprises two sections namely EIA or Monitoring and Environment Engineering And Technology Transfer. All public and private sector developmental projects that fall under any of the Schedules of Regulations have to obtain environmental approval in respect of their projects. The EIA/Monitoring Section also conducts post-environmental approval monitoring to ascertain the compliance status of the Environment Management Plan (EMP).
972:, dams, wind farms and power plants" no longer required any federal environmental assessment. She also claimed that because the CEAA 2012—which she claimed was rushed through Parliament—dismantled the CEAA 1995, the Oshawa ethanol plant project would no longer have a full federal environmental assessment. Mr. Peter Kent (Minister of the Environment) explained that the CEAA 2012 "provides for the Government of Canada and the Environmental Assessment Agency to focus on the large and most significant projects that are being proposed across the country." The 2,000 to 3,000-plus smaller screenings that were in effect under CEAA 1995 became the "responsibility of lower levels of government but are still subject to the same strict federal
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Conservation in 1982 to develop necessary instruments for integration of EIA in infrastructure development projects. However, the government of Nepal enunciated environment conservation-related policies in the seventh plan (NPC, 1985–1990). To enforce this policy and make necessary arrangements, a series of guidelines were developed, thereby incorporating the elements of environmental factors right from the project formulation stage of the development plans and projects and to avoid or minimize adverse effects on the ecological system. In addition, it has also emphasized that EIAs of industry, tourism, water resources, transportation, urbanization, agriculture, forest and other developmental projects be conducted.
1563:(CEQ), which oversees the administration of NEPA, issued regulations for implementing the NEPA in 1979. Eccleston reports that the NEPA regulations barely mention preparation of EAs. This is because the EA was originally intended to be a simple document used in relatively rare instances where an agency was not sure if the potential significance of an action would be sufficient to trigger preparation of an EIS. But today, because EISs are so much longer and complicated to prepare, federal agencies are going to great effort to avoid preparing EISs by using EAs, even in cases where the use of EAs may be inappropriate. The ratio of EAs that are being issued compared to EISs is about 100 to 1.
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years that can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario of the study area. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies are conducted over a short period of time and therefore the understanding of the environmental trends, based on a few months of primary data, has limitations. Ideally, the primary data must be considered along with the secondary data for complete understanding of the existing environmental status of the area. In many EIA studies, the secondary data needs could be as high as 80% of the total data requirement. EIC is the repository of one-stop secondary data source for environmental impact assessment in India.
109:
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transportation and use of pesticides or other hazardous materials, hazardous waste management and disposal... etc. Examples of “B” category activities include agro-industries, electrical transmission, renewable energy, rural electrification, tourism, rehabilitation or maintenance of highway or rural roads, rehabilitation or modification of existing industrial facilities... etc. Preparation of an EIA report is usually exempt for projects falling under category “C” which may have low to no impact on environment, such as small fish breeding ponds, institutional development, most human resources projects...etc.
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available for public commentary, and a similar time for any objection to improper process. Commenting on the Draft EA is typically done in writing or email, submitted to the lead action agency as published in the notice of availability. An EA does not require a public hearing for verbal comments. Following the mandated public comment period, the lead action agency responds to any comments, and certifies either a FONSI or a Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS in its public environmental review record. The preparation of an EIS then generates a similar but more lengthy, involved and expensive process.
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that the environmental protection bureau (EPB) may require the developer to do a make-up environmental assessment. If the developer does not complete this make-up assessment within the designated time, only then is the EPB authorized to fine the developer. Even so, the possible fine is capped at a maximum of about US$ 25,000, a fraction of the overall cost of most major projects. The lack of more stringent enforcement mechanisms has resulted in a significant percentage of projects not completing legally required environmental impact assessments prior to construction.
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the public and the relevant state, territory and
Commonwealth ministers, for comment on whether the project is likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance. The Department of the Environment and Energy assess the process and makes recommendation to the minister or the delegate for the feasibility. The final discretion on the decision remains of the minister, which is not solely based on matters of national environmental significance but also on the consideration of social and economic impact of the project.
1336:(1981), Law No.79 for protection and improvement of environment (1986), Environmental criteria for agricultural, industrial and public service projects (1990), Law No.3 for protection and improvement of environment (1997), Law No.2 for water systems protection (2001), Law No.44 for creation of Ministry of Environment instead of the council of protection and improvement of environment (2003), Law No.27 for environmental protection and improvement (2009), Law No.4 for protection of ambient air system (2012).
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1340:
improvement board in Iraqi
Kurdistan Region (2010). The board is responsible of issuing such certificate for all projects and activities except of petroleum operation which EIA process is organized and implemented by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Kurdistan Regional government. The same Iraqi environmental legislation mentioned is adopted but the procedure for EIA in Iraqi-Kurdistan region government may differ from the one in the Federal government of Iraq.
656:(EP&A Act) establishes two pathways for EIA. The first is under Division 5.2 of the EP&A Act, which provides for EIA of 'State Significant Infrastructure' projects (from June 2011, this Part replaced the previous Part 3A, which previously covered EIA of major projects). The second is under Part 4 of the EP&A Act dealing with development assessments for local, regional, and State Significant Developments (other than State Significant Infrastructure).
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of studies conducted and agencies and stakeholders consulted to reach these conclusions. The action agency must approve an EA before it is made available to the public. The EA is made public through notices of availability by local, state, or regional clearing houses, often triggered by the purchase of a public notice advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the proposed activity area.
786:, p. 245), "The basic concepts behind environmental assessment are simply stated: (1) early identification and evaluation of all potential environmental consequences of a proposed undertaking; (2) decision making that both guarantees the adequacy of this process and reconciles, to the greatest extent possible, the proponent's development desires with environmental protection and preservation."
976:." Anne Minh-Thu Quach, MP for Beauharnois—Salaberry, QC, argued that the mammoth budget bill dismantled 50 years of environmental protection without consulting Canadians about the "colossal changes they are making to environmental assessments." She claimed that the federal government is entering into "limited consultations, by invitation only, months after the damage was done."
1896:(EJ) concerns sufficiently. Yakuba writes "However, environmental history provides evidence that political process and special interests govern the attainment of the EJ goal by way of inadequate adherence to the NEPA provisions. Public participation (PP) is a principal requirement for achieving environmental justice and constitutes a pivotal determinant of EIA outcome."
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evaluation of impact is a result of its conducting. The key moment of the law on evaluation of impact on surroundings is a substitution of conclusion of state environmental expertise on the conclusion of evaluation of impact on surroundings. Business entity is forbidden to conduct or to start its planned activity without the conclusion of impact on surroundings.
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environmental assessment system. The process institutionalized the EIA process in development proposals and enactment, which makes the integration of IEE and EIA legally binding to the prescribed projects. The projects, requiring EIA or IEE, are included in
Schedules 1 and 2 of the EPR, 1997 (GoN/MoLJPA 1997).
1904:
Thissen and
Agusdinata have argued that little attention is given to the systematic identification and assessment of uncertainties in environmental studies which is critical in situations where uncertainty cannot be easily reduced by doing more research. In line with this, Maier et al. have concluded
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EIAs have been criticized for excessively limiting their scope in space and time. No accepted procedure exists for determining such boundaries. The boundary refers to 'the spatial and temporal boundary of the proposal's effects'. This boundary is determined by the applicant and the lead assessor, but
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The new law of
Ukraine on evaluation of impact on surroundings prescribes the requirements of environmental safety, rational use of national resources, minimizing of harmful impact on surroundings in the process of making managerial decisions about planned activity. The designing of the conclusion of
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was passed in 1991, an EIA was required as part of a resource consent application. Section 88 of the Act specifies that the AEE must include "such detail as corresponds with the scale and significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment". While there is no duty to consult any
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is in charge of issuing environmental compliance certificates based on an EIA report prepared by professional consultant and thoroughly reviewed by the MOE. Any project or activity prior to its establishment or even already existing project has to be approved and obtain such certificate from the MOE.
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was found to have breached the ordinance, and was declared unlawful. The appeal by the government was allowed in
September 2011. However, it was estimated that this EIA court case had increased the construction cost of the Hong Kong section of the bridge by HK$ 6.5 billion in money-of-the-day prices.
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There are strict civil and criminal penalties for the breach of EPBC Act. Depending on the kind of breach, civil penalty (maximum) may go up to $ 550,000 for an individual and $ 5.5 million for a body corporate, or for criminal penalty (maximum) of seven years imprisonment and/or penalty of $ 46,200.
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The EPBC Act comes into play when a person (a proponent) wants an action (often called "a proposal" or "a project") assessed for environmental impacts under the EPBC Act, he or she must refer the project to the
Department of the Environment and Energy (Commonwealth). This referral is then released to
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moved to significantly weaken NEPA. CEQ published a final rule which limits the duration of EAs to 1 year and EISs to 2 years. The rule also exempts a number of projects from review entirely and prevents the consideration of cumulative environmental impacts, including those caused by climate change.
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In Nepal, the government's
Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline of 1993 inspired the enactment of the Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1997 and the Environment Protection Rules (EPR) of 1997 (EPA and EPR have been enforced since 24 and 26 June 1997 respectively in Nepal) to internalizing the
1363:
The
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) experience in India indicates that the lack of timely availability of reliable and authentic environmental data has been a major bottleneck in achieving the full benefits of EIA. The environment being a multi-disciplinary subject, a multitude of agencies are
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In 2021, ESG reporting requirements changed in the EU and UK. The EU started enforcing the Sustainable Finance Disclosures Regulation (SFDR), which was created with the purpose of unifying climate risk disclosures across the private sector by 2023. It also requires businesses to report on "principal
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Development causes both direct and indirect effects. Consumption of goods and services, production, use and disposal of building materials and machinery, additional land use for activities of manufacturing and services, mining and refining, etc., all have environmental impacts. The indirect effects
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However, as there is no universal legislature or administration with a comprehensive mandate, most international treaties exist parallel to one another and are further developed without the benefit of consideration being given to potential conflicts with other agreements. There is also the issue of
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The Environmental Assessment includes a brief discussion of the purpose and need of the proposal and of its alternatives as required by NEPA 102(2)(E), and of the human environmental impacts resulting from and occurring to the proposed actions and alternatives considered practicable, plus a listing
1470:
The government's decision to hand over control over several important procedures, including state EIA in the field of all types of energy projects, to the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Control has caused major controversy and elicited criticism from environmental groups,
1370:
In 2020, the Government of India proposed a new EIA 2020 Draft, which was widely criticized for heavily diluting the EIA. Many Environmental groups started a campaign demanding the withdrawal of the Draft, in face of these campaigns, the Government of India resorted to banning/blocking the websites
2164:
Holder, J., (2004), Environmental Assessment: The Regulation of Decision Making, Oxford University Press, New York; For a comparative discussion of the elements of various domestic EIA systems, see Christopher Wood Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review (2 ed, Prentice Hall, Harlow,
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In 2006, the parliament committee on ecology in conjunction with the Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment, created a working group to prepare a number of amendments to existing legislation to cover such topics as stringent project documentation for building of potentially environmentally
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As of 2004, the state authority responsible for conducting the State EIA in Russia has been split between two Federal bodies: 1) Federal service for monitoring the use of natural resources – a part of the Russian Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment and 2) Federal Service for Ecological,
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The main environmental legislation in Iraq is: Law No.64 for cities and land use (1965), Law No.21 for noise prevention (1966), Law No.25 for system of rivers and other water resources protection (1967), Law No.99 for ionized radiation (1980), Law No.89 for public health (drinking water provision,
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Project Company. Although one month later (Note as a point of reference, that the typical EIA for a major project in the USA takes one to two years.), most of the 30 halted projects resumed their construction, reportedly having passed the environmental assessment, the fact that these key projects'
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In addition to this, the EPBC Act aims at providing a streamlined national assessment and approval process for activities. These activities could be by the Commonwealth, or its agents, anywhere in the world or activities on Commonwealth land; and activities that are listed as having a 'significant
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Meanwhile, Environmental Protection and Improvement Board in the regional government of Kurdistan in the northern Iraq (Erbil, Duhok, Sulaimany and Garmyan) is responsible of issuing Environmental compliance certificate, the board was established according to law No.3 Environmental protection and
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The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (EIA Law) requires that an environmental impact assessment be completed prior to project construction. However, if a developer completely ignores this requirement and builds a project without submitting an environmental impact statement, the only penalty is
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must be preceded by the NEPA process. Contrary to a widespread misconception, NEPA does not prohibit the federal government or its licensees/permittees from harming the environment, nor does it specify any penalty if an environmental impact assessment turns out to be inaccurate, intentionally or
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies need a significant amount of primary and secondary environmental data. Primary data are those collected in the field to define the status of the environment (like air quality data, water quality data etc.). Secondary data are those collected over the
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All projects are either classified as Annex 1 or Annex 2 projects. Those lying in Annex 1 are large scale developments such as motorways, chemical works, bridges, power stations, etc. These always require an EIA under the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (85,337,EEC as amended). Annex 2
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The Australian Government Minister for the Environment and Energy cannot intervene in a proposal if it has no significant impact on one of the eight matters of national environmental significance, regardless of any other undesirable environmental impacts. This is primarily due to the division of
1035:
The purpose of EIA is to ensure the protection and conservation of the environment and natural resources including human health aspects against uncontrolled development. The long-term objective is to ensure a sustainable economic development that meets present needs without compromising future
1027:
In June 1997, the responsibility of Egypt's first full-time Minister of State for Environmental Affairs was assigned as stated in the Presidential Decree no.275/1997. From thereon, the new ministry has focused, in close collaboration with the national and international development partners, on
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The EA becomes a draft public document when notice of it is published, usually in a newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the proposal. There is a 15-day review period required for an Environmental Assessment (30 days if exceptional circumstances) while the document is made
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of 1969 (NEPA), enacted in 1970, established a policy of environmental impact assessment for federal agency actions, federally funded activities or federally permitted/licensed activities that in the U. S. is termed "environmental review" or simply "the NEPA process." The law also created the
1327:
Examples of “A” category activities include dams and reservoirs, forestry production projects, industrial plants, irrigation, drainage and flood control, land clearance and leveling, port and harbor development, river basin development, thermal power and hydro-power development, manufacture,
1387:
In Nepal, EIA has been integrated in major development projects since the early 1980s. In the planning history of Nepal, the sixth plan (1980–85), for the first time, recognized the need for EIA with the establishment of Environmental Impact Study Project (EISP) under the Department of Soil
1031:
According to the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) was restructured with the new mandate to substitute the institution initially established in 1982. At the central level, EEAA represents the executive arm of the Ministry.
573:
The EPBC Act provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places. It defines this as matters of "national environmental significance". The following are the nine matters of such significance:
1442:
Technological and Nuclear Control. The two main pieces of environmental legislation in Russia are the Federal Law 'On Ecological Expertise', 1995 and the 'Regulations on Assessment of Impact from Intended Business and Other Activity on Environment in the Russian Federation', 2000.
640:(ACT). EIA in ACT was previously administered with the help of Part 4 of the Land (Planning and Environment) Act 1991 (Land Act) and Territory Plan (plan for land-use). Note that some EIA may occur in the ACT on Commonwealth land under the EPBC Act (Cth). Further provisions of the
442:. An EIA is prepared to estimate the effects of a proposed development or construction project. EIA provides technical evaluations that are intended to contribute to more objective decision making. In the United States, EIA obtained formal status in 1969, with the enactment of the
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For projects and plans which fit these criteria, an EIA report is required. The EIA report defines a.o. the proposed initiative, it makes clear the impact of that initiative on the environment and compares this with the impact of possible alternatives with less a negative impact.
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on September 1, 1987. The categories of projects which require an EIA are summarised in Dutch legislation, the Wet milieubeheer. The use of thresholds for activities makes sure that EIA is obligatory for those activities that may have considerable impacts on the environment.
1913:
Most recent analyses indicated that the persistent problem may have its roots in socio-cultural settings, and environment-nurturing cultural value should be regarded as one among major progressive cultures, and its implementation will need to engage the corporate sector.
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otherwise. NEPA requires that plausible statements as to the prospective impacts be disclosed in advance. The purpose of NEPA process is to ensure that the decision maker is fully informed of the environmental aspects and consequences prior to making the final decision.
422:, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made". EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to
398:
of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term
491:. Instead, information from similar EIAs, expert judgment and community sentiment are employed. Approximate reasoning methods known as fuzzy logic can be used. A fuzzy arithmetic approach has also been proposed and implemented using a software tool (TDEIA).
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EIA is generally used as a decision-aiding tool rather than decision-making tool, there is dissent that their influence on decisions is limited. Improved training for practitioners, guidance on bestpractice and continuing research have all been proposed.
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Macintosh, Andrew; Gibbons, Phillip; Jones, Judith; Constable, Amy; Wilkinson, Deb (2018). "Delays, stoppages and appeals: An empirical evaluation of the adverse impacts of environmental citizen suits in the New South Wales land and environment court".
469:(LCA) is used for identifying and measuring the impact of industrial products on the environment. These EIAs consider activities related to extraction of raw materials, ancillary materials, equipment; production, use, disposal and ancillary equipment.
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damaging objects as well as building of projects on the territory of protected areas. There has been some success in this area, as evidenced from abandonment of plans to construct a gas pipe-line through the only remaining habitat of the critically
964:", along with gutting existing laws and making cuts to science and research, "will be disastrous, not only for the environment but also for Canadians' health and economic prosperity." On 26 September 2012, Leslie argued that with the changes to the
450:(EIS)." An environmental assessment is a "mini-Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) designed to provide sufficient information to allow the agency to decide whether the preparation of a full-blown Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is necessary."
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Projects are classified into 3 categories; “A”, “B” and “C”. EIA reporting is usually obligatory for those projects and activities falling under categories “A” (large-scale) and “B” (small-scale) that may have considerable impacts on environment.
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The EIA process in Northern Territory is chiefly administered under the Environmental Assessment Act (EAA). Although EAA is the primary tool for EIA in Northern Territory, there are further provisions for proposals in the Inquiries Act 1985 (NT).
1861:, that environmental impact assessments "should be part of process from the beginning", as there are dangers if they are only addressed "after the drawing up of a business proposition or the proposal of a particular policy, plan or programme".
797:, p. 5) who described "...environmental assessments as a planning tool with both an information-gathering and a decision-making component" that provide "...an objective basis for granting or denying approval for a proposed development."
1409:
person when making a resource consent application (Sections 36A and Schedule 4), proof of consultation is almost certain required by local councils when they decide whether or not to publicly notify the consent application under Section 93.
1889:-based approach that focused on much broader relationships among humans and the environment. As a result, alternatives that reduce the negative effects to the population of whole species, rather than local subpopulations, can be assessed.
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projects are smaller in scale than those referred to in Annex 1. Member States must determine whether these project shall be made subject to an assessment subject to a set of criteria set out in Annex 3 of codified Directive 2011/92/EU.
1404:(AEE). The first use of EIA's dates back to a Cabinet minute passed in 1974 called Environmental Protection and Enhancement Procedures. This had no legal force and only related to the activities of government departments. When the
1824:
1023:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EIA is implemented in Egypt under the umbrella of the Ministry of state for environmental affairs. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is responsible for the EIA services.
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international enforcement. This has led to duplications and failures, in part due to an inability to enforce agreements. An example is the failure of many international fisheries regimes to restrict harvesting practises.
839:
Environmental Lawyer Dianne Saxe argued that the CEAA 2012 "allows the federal government to create mandatory timelines for assessments of even the largest and most important projects, regardless of public opposition."
1524:(EIS). Federal or federalized actions expected to subject or be subject to significant environmental impacts will publish a Notice of Intent to Prepare an EIS as soon as significance is known. Certain actions of
5294:
5003:
813:(CEAA 2012) "and its regulations establish the legislative basis for the federal practice of environmental assessment in most regions of Canada." CEAA 2012 came into force July 6, 2012 and replaces the former
1544:(EA) is an environmental analysis prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require a more detailed
500:
At the end of the project, an audit evaluates the accuracy of the EIA by comparing actual to predicted impacts. The objective is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. Two primary considerations are:
2094:
1356:, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), Biological Diversity Act(2002). The responsible body for this is the Central Pollution Control Board.
3561:
1739:
This variety of state requirements produces voluminous data not just upon impacts of individual projects, but also in insufficiently researched scientific domains. For example, in a seemingly routine
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went through the procedure of environment impact assessment as required, while in some areas only 6–7% did so. This partly explains why China has witnessed so many mining accidents in recent years.
747:(WA) provides the legislative framework for the EIA process in Western Australia. The EPA Act oversees the planning and development proposals and assesses their likely impacts on the environment.
1379:
In Malaysia, Section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974 requires developments that have significant impact to the environment are required to conduct the Environmental impact assessment.
697:(SA). There are three levels of assessment possible under the Act in the form of an environment impact statement (EIS), a public environmental report (PER) or a Development Report (DR).
487:– EIA methods need measurement data to estimate values of impact indicators. However, many of the environment impacts cannot be quantified, e.g. landscape quality, lifestyle quality and
673:
There are four main EIA processes in Queensland. Firstly, under the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (IPA) for development projects other than mining. Secondly, under the Chapter 3 of the
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The National Environmental Act, 1998 requires environmental impact assessment for large scale projects in sensitive areas. It is enforced by the Central Environmental Authority.
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DIRECTIVE 2011/92/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of some public and private projects on the environment
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1802:
845:"Now that federal environmental assessments are gone, the federal government will only assess very large, very important projects. But it's going to do them in a hurry."
800:
Justice La Forest addressed his concerns about the implications of Bill C-45 regarding public navigation rights on lakes and rivers that would contradict previous cases.(
4989:
6597:
2304:
Peche, R., & Rodriguez, E., (2009) Environmental impact Assessment procedure: A new approach based on Fuzzy logic Environmental Impact Assessment review 29:275–283
1080:(2001/42/EC), which was amended by Directive 2014/52/EU of 16 April 2014. Under the EU directive, a compliant EIA must provide certain information in seven key areas:
446:(NEPA). EIAs have been used increasingly around the world. The number of environmental assessments filed every year "has vastly overtaken the number of more rigorous
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6120:
4001:
Maier, HR; Ascough, JC; Wattenbach, M; Renschler, CS; Labiosa, WB (2008). "Uncertainty in Environmental Decision Making: Issues, Challenges and Future Directions".
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415:
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2015:
1976:
205:
1801:
Environmental protection is inherently a cross-border issue and has led to the creation of transnational regulation via multilateral and bilateral treaties. The
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2003:
1821:
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EIA must be performed for new establishments or projects and for expansions or renovations of existing establishments according to the Law for the Environment.
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989:
545:
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in 1992 were key in the creation of about 1,000 international instruments that include at least some provisions related to the environment and its protection.
414:
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The
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775:"Environmental impact assessment is, in its simplest form, a planning tool that is now generally regarded as an integral component of sound decision-making."
225:
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through the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017, which also apply to projects serving national defence purposes in
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374:
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Lenzen, M.; Murray, S.; Korte, B.; Dey, C. (2003). "Environmental impact assessment including indirect effects—a case study using input-output analysis".
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Wolfrum, R., & Matz, N., (2003), Conflicts in International Environmental Law, Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrech
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1970:
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1352:(MoEFCC) of India has been in a great effort in Environmental Impact Assessment in India. The main laws in action are the Water Act(1974), the Indian
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powers between the states and the Federal government, and the Australian Government environment minister not being able to overturn a state decision.
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5779:
5499:
5123:
4970:
3341:
2424:
1717:, which led to construction on the highway being halted until the court's final decision. The case was settled prior to the court's final decision.
1418:
1885:
Broadening the scope of EIA can benefit the conservation of threatened species. Instead of concentrating on the project site, some EIAs employed a
6481:
5774:
5118:
4965:
1525:
1303:
6203:
6173:
5504:
3926:
Fernandes, João P. (2000). "EIA procedure, Landscape ecology and conservation management—Evaluation of alternatives in a highway EIA process".
3479:
1763:
Environmental threats do not respect national borders. International pollution can have detrimental effects on the atmosphere, oceans, rivers,
1721:
817:(1995). EA is defined as a planning tool to identify, understand, assess and mitigate, where possible, the environmental effects of a project.
6321:
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6266:
5519:
5197:
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4309:
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3062:
Directive 2014/52/EU amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment
2706:
2573:
2026:
1474:
The main problem concerning State EIA in Russia is the clear differentiation of jurisdiction between the two above-mentioned Federal bodies.
1430:
1183:
Using the windfarm example again, construction might take place outside of bird nesting seasons, or removal of hardstanding on a potentially
827:
809:
210:
3752:
Weiss, E., (1999), Understanding Compliance with International Environmental Agreements: The Bakers Dozen Myths, Univ Richmond L.R. 32, 1555
3232:
3155:
2818:
1015:. In fact, according to Wang, the rate of China's environmental laws and regulations that are actually enforced is estimated at barely 10%.
6799:
5614:
5462:
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CEQ (2020-07-16). "Update to the Regulations Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act; Final rule."
2841:
2626:
2140:
2060:
1997:
1729:
58:
3177:
3504:
2980:
2361:
Elliott, M. & Thomas, I. (2009), "Environment Impact Assessment in Australia: Theory and Practice, 5th Edn, Federation Press, Sydney"
1677:. Major proposed projects have been blocked because of an agency's failure to prepare an acceptable EIS. One prominent example was the
6113:
5467:
5113:
5098:
3694:
1694:
1583:
briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an EIS or a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
880:
6494:
6445:
5870:
5564:
5378:
5368:
5289:
5212:
4850:
3955:"Delivering Environmental Justice through Environmental Impact Assessment in the United States: The Challenge of Public Participation"
3569:
3520:
2102:
2044:
1075:
423:
400:
108:
2757:
705:
In Tasmania, an integrated system of legislation is used to govern development and approval process, this system is a mixture of the
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5398:
5383:
5217:
5165:
4337:
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1923:
1506:
1500:
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described environmental impact assessment in terms of the proper scope of federal jurisdiction with respect to environments matters,
562:
443:
76:
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2782:
6834:
6226:
5986:
5815:
5445:
5259:
5150:
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2084:
MacKinnon, A. J., Duinker, P. N., Walker, T. R. (2018). The Application of Science in Environmental Impact Assessment. Routledge.
1571:
The rule went into effect on September 14, 2020 and is the first update to the CEQ regulations since their promulgation in 1978.
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220:
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5012:
4714:
3651:
3512:
1795:
1515:
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956:
404:
367:
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defining environmental policies, setting priorities and implementing initiatives within a context of sustainable development.
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6707:
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5284:
5279:
4835:
3118:
1698:
1668:
1553:
1520:
1422:
1367:
EIC stores data in GIS format and makes it available to all environmental impact assessment studies and to EIA stakeholders.
597:
476:
447:
338:
215:
200:
418:(IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the
3092:
2955:
1036:
generations ability to meet their own needs. EIA is an important tool in the integrated environmental management approach.
6809:
6697:
6311:
6011:
5450:
5388:
4955:
4860:
1991:
1307:
6642:
5951:
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2559:
1674:
1405:
936:
731:
4304:
Fischer, T. B. (ed., 2016). Environmental Assessment. Critical Concepts of the Built Environment, Routledge, New York.
3766:
3148:"LCQ1: Judicial review case regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment reports of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge"
3039:
1070:
The initial Directive of 1985 and its three amendments have been codified in Directive 2011/92/EU of 13 December 2011.
50:
6829:
6672:
6565:
6528:
6502:
6405:
5895:
5808:
5417:
5301:
5058:
4865:
4497:
1958:
4021:"Uncertainty in environmental impact assessment predictions: the need for better communication and more transparency"
3405:
2341:
Wilson, L., (1998), A Practical Method for Environmental Impact Assessment Audits Environ Impact Assess Rev 18: 59–71
1767:, farmland, the weather and biodiversity. Global climate change is transnational. Specific pollution threats include
6814:
6612:
6556:
6490:
6390:
6369:
6047:
5961:
4830:
4482:
4060:
Wood, C; Dipper, B; Jones, C (2000). "Auditing the assessments of the environmental impacts of planning projects".
1320:
548:
is a sector-specific method for checking the quality of Environmental and Social assessments and management plans.
360:
5850:
4384:
735:(Vic) and the Ministerial Guidelines for Assessment of Environmental Effects (made under the s 10 of the EE Act).
6637:
6486:
6350:
5687:
5639:
5534:
5427:
5311:
4810:
3743:
Sands, P., (1989), The Environment, Community and International Law, Harvard International Law Lournal, 393, p402
3074:
2998:
2388:
1772:
1306:
had to change its plan and build the railway underground. In April 2011, the EIA of the Hong Kong section of the
916:
862:
343:
251:
143:
1579:
The Environmental Assessment is a concise public document prepared by the federal action agency that serves to:
6667:
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6507:
6420:
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5274:
5090:
4790:
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2049:
2038:
1946:
1933:
1333:
1056:
407:
forming a part of project approval and decision-making. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of
288:
2545:
1000:
A joint investigation by SEPA and the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2004 showed that 30–40% of the mining
4265:
2313:
Duarte O. (2000) TĂ©cnicas Difusas en la EvaluaciĂłn de Impacto Ambiental. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada
868:
6722:
6712:
6662:
6306:
6301:
6077:
6067:
6006:
6001:
5946:
5739:
5677:
5080:
4625:
4517:
4492:
4472:
3808:
Jay, S.; Jones, C.; Slinn, P.; Wood, C. (2007). "Environmental Impact Assessment: Retrospect and Prospect".
1964:
1748:
1706:
768:
530:
526:
439:
411:
regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.
5890:
3891:
Shepherd, A.; Ortolano, L. (1996). "Strategic environmental assessment for sustainable urban development".
3669:
3061:
2761:
2326:
1007:
SEPA alone cannot guarantee the full enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, observed Professor
6804:
6716:
6687:
6449:
6256:
5915:
5682:
5509:
4880:
4805:
4785:
4734:
4729:
4507:
4104:
2267:
2228:
1426:
1299:
1063:) was first introduced in 1985, amended in 1997, amended again in 2003 following EU signature of the 1998
969:
932:
403:" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state. It is a tool of
3627:
3348:
2577:
2421:
522:
or with a simpler approach comparing what actually occurred against the predictions in the EIA document.
6677:
6476:
6395:
6286:
6251:
5991:
5905:
5065:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4602:
4502:
1893:
1295:
427:
328:
293:
4343:
Ruddy, T. F.; Hilty, L. M. (2008). "Impact assessment and policy learning in the European Commission".
3046:
889:
3266:
1798:
on April 26, 1986, is a stark reminder of the devastating effects of transboundary nuclear pollution.
992:(SEPA) used the legislation to halt 30 projects in 2004, including three hydro-power plants under the
6682:
6617:
6191:
6057:
5996:
5976:
5925:
5865:
5667:
5435:
5075:
5041:
5031:
4915:
4855:
4825:
4694:
4655:
4630:
4595:
4572:
4477:
4352:
4116:
4069:
4032:
3900:
3865:
3817:
2279:
2240:
2055:
1827:(Espoo Convention) was negotiated to provide an international legal framework for transboundary EIA.
1744:
1001:
395:
138:
3471:
3316:"Environmental Websites Leading The Movement Against India's Controversial New Proposal Are Blocked"
2984:
895:
6652:
6602:
6561:
6296:
6169:
5966:
5729:
5722:
5662:
5599:
5559:
5554:
5229:
4487:
3721:, Earth Metrics Inc. Prepared for the city of Monterey and State of California Clearinghouse (1992)
1247:
1073:
In 2001, the issue was enlarged to include the assessment of plans and programmes by the so-called
779:
764:
466:
276:
256:
164:
6736:
4931:
2698:
2660:
636:
EIA provisions within Ministerial Authorities in the ACT are found in the Chapters 7 and 8 of the
6740:
6512:
6440:
6345:
6291:
6042:
6026:
6021:
5831:
5744:
5702:
5697:
5657:
5609:
5373:
5145:
4935:
4689:
4404:
4165:
4085:
3632:
3225:
3147:
1985:
1952:
1791:
1686:
1678:
1452:
1055:
has established a mix of mandatory and discretionary procedures to assess environmental impacts.
924:
408:
241:
159:
2837:
2737:
2622:
1874:
of development can be much higher than the direct effects examined by an EIA. Proposals such as
1471:
which have blamed the government for giving nuclear power industry control over the state EIA.
17:
6692:
6430:
6360:
6330:
6276:
6155:
6129:
5845:
5619:
5494:
5440:
5239:
5224:
4890:
4885:
4817:
4635:
4590:
4577:
4532:
4333:
4305:
4295:
3587:
3565:
3501:
3134:
2509:
2098:
2020:
1852:
1697:
over its denial of the club's request to issue a supplemental EIS addressing air emissions of
1528:
1184:
1090:
Break the project down into its key components, i.e. construction, operations, decommissioning
1064:
973:
951:
940:
606:
Water resources, in relation with coal seam gas development and large coal mining development.
488:
303:
133:
100:
4143:
3687:
3250:"INSTRUCTIONS (NO. 1) OF 2013 ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PETROLEUM OPERATIONS"
2679:
2641:
2229:"Aggregating and evaluating the results of different Environmental Impact Assessment methods"
1728:
imposing EIS requirements for particular state actions. Some of those state laws such as the
6241:
6087:
5941:
5594:
5574:
5569:
5544:
5343:
5316:
4895:
4870:
4759:
4610:
4537:
4360:
4211:
4155:
4124:
4077:
4040:
3966:
3935:
3908:
3873:
3825:
3731:
3611:
3016:
2287:
2248:
1459:
1272:
920:
534:
333:
3688:"Sive, D. & Chertok, M., "Little NEPAs" and Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures"
1747:, information came to light that led to the official federal endangered species listing of
6410:
6340:
6246:
6216:
6165:
6160:
6144:
6098:
6072:
6016:
5707:
5624:
5604:
5584:
5484:
5333:
4754:
4741:
4719:
4704:
4615:
4527:
3655:
3508:
3273:
3122:
3050:
2428:
2330:
2032:
1783:
519:
128:
3986:
Thissen, WIH; Agusdinata, DB (2008). "Handling deep uncertainties in impact assessment".
4547:
4356:
4120:
4073:
4036:
3988:
In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the IAIA May 5–9, 2008, Perth, Australia
3904:
3869:
3821:
3763:"Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991)"
2283:
2244:
1882:
cause wide-ranging national and international effects, which should be covered in EIAs.
877:
Clean Energy Project (JRP) 8.5 months; Deep Geologic Repository Project (JRP) 17 months;
855:
On 3 August 2012 the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency designated nine projects:
6281:
6136:
5956:
5734:
5629:
5529:
5457:
4900:
3719:
Environmental Impact Report for the Pebble Beach Properties project by Del Monte Forest
3614:
3584:
Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments: A User's Guide to Best Professional Practices
3562:
Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments: A User's Guide to Best Professional Practices
2502:
2227:
Daniel, Stavros E; Tsoulfas, Giannis T; Pappis, Costas P; Rachaniotis, Nikos P (2004).
2009:
1857:
1814:
1702:
1155:
1052:
318:
3939:
3912:
3877:
3382:"Assessing the Application and Assessment of Environmental Effects | Quality Planning"
6788:
6627:
6082:
5717:
5672:
5652:
5474:
5249:
4910:
4840:
4797:
4764:
4749:
4567:
4522:
4184:"Transmission Siting in the Western United States: Getting Green Electrons to Market"
4169:
4089:
3201:
2268:"A proposed impact assessment method for genetically modified plants (As-GMP method)"
1097:
298:
179:
4389:
3646:
1163:
Example: in a windfarm development a significant impact may be collisions with birds
6607:
6221:
5410:
5405:
5393:
5353:
5338:
5026:
4699:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4405:
UNU Open Educational Resource on EIA: A Course Module, Wiki and Instructional Guide
4160:
1848:
1810:
1780:
1776:
1682:
1567:
1455:
1188:
993:
947:
644:(Cth) may also be applicable particularly to national land and "designated areas".
323:
174:
43:
4981:
3547:
3524:
3115:
2927:
2903:
2879:
2855:
2252:
1222:
Some developers see the EIA as a starting block for poor environmental management
1160:
The matrix is a tool used in the systematic examination of potential interactions
6231:
6186:
5524:
5479:
5348:
5321:
4667:
4562:
2951:
2753:
2733:
1870:
in practice, almost all EIAs address only direct and immediate on-site effects.
1690:
1267:
The EU Directives concerning environmental impact assessment are implemented in
483:
4427:
4379:
4364:
4215:
4128:
4045:
4020:
3829:
2783:"Statement by Official Opposition Environment critic Megan Leslie on Earth Day"
2595:. Basics of Environmental Assessment. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency.
2291:
1180:
Best working with the developer with this section as they know the project best
438:
Environmental impact assessments commenced in the 1960s, as part of increasing
6571:
6355:
5920:
5589:
4709:
4582:
4105:"Coping with uncertainty in environmental impact assessments: Open techniques"
3381:
2387:, Australia: The Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts,
1752:
1205:
This section is a summary that does not include jargon or complicated diagrams
1126:
List of all aspects of the environment that may be affected by the development
1008:
874:
419:
271:
246:
169:
3795:
Young, O., (1999), The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes,
2035: – Estimation of risk associated with exposure to a given set of hazards
1673:
The adequacy of an environmental impact statement (EIS) can be challenged in
681:(Qld) (State Development Act) for 'significant projects'. Finally, under the
6657:
6581:
6471:
6466:
6385:
6380:
6261:
5900:
5712:
5358:
4414:
4144:"The semiconducting principle of monetary and environmental values exchange"
3796:
3762:
2983:. XIV International Conference "Danube-River of Cooperation". Archived from
2749:
2063: – Agency of the United Nations focused on solving environmental issues
1879:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1725:
1710:
1251:
1177:
Using this information in ways to avoid negative impacts should be developed
1101:
677:(Qld) (EP Act) for some mining and petroleum activities. Thirdly, under the
538:
261:
4081:
3017:"Environmental Impact Assessment - EIA - Environment - European Commission"
1548:. The certified release of an Environmental Assessment results in either a
3971:
3954:
1892:
There has also been criticism of EIAs in the United States not addressing
1518:
an Environmental Assessment (EA) is compiled to determine the need for an
1199:
The EIA is in the public domain and be used in the decision-making process
1136:
This section is best carried out with the help of local experts, e.g. the
757:
Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transportation)
584:
Wetlands of international importance (listed under the Ramsar Convention);
458:
General and industry specific assessment methods are available including:
6632:
6622:
5860:
5244:
4684:
1875:
859:
348:
313:
308:
281:
184:
1825:
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
1589:
facilitate the preparation of an EIS when a FONSI cannot be demonstrated
1514:, which promulgated regulations to codify the law's requirements. Under
561:
The history of EIA in Australia could be linked to the enactment of the
89:
Assessment of the environmental consequences of a decision before action
5885:
5539:
5489:
5269:
3516:
2745:
2095:
Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to Best Professional Practices
1927:
1886:
1764:
1268:
1115:
1093:
For each component list all of the sources of environmental disturbance
908:
426:
in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed
266:
4268:, 1 SCR 3 (23 January 1992), Supreme Court of Canada (Canada)
2382:
6400:
6271:
5981:
5800:
5363:
4262:
Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transport)
3291:"Why EIA 2020 is a sure-shot recipe for more environmental disasters"
915:
Saxe compares these timelines with environmental assessments for the
904:
3628:"Trump Weakens Major Conservation Law to Speed Construction Permits"
3371:
LAWS OF MALAYSIA ACT A636 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (AMENDMENT) ACT 1985
1174:
Once section 4 is complete, it is obvious where impacts are greatest
1096:
For each component all the inputs and outputs must be listed, e.g.,
642:
Australian Capital Territory (Planning and Land Management) Act 1988
3539:
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. "NEPA and Agency Planning."
2029: – Contamination assessment for US real estate, known as 'ESA'
1602:
The structure of a generic Environmental Assessment is as follows:
6548:
5855:
1276:
1130:
3202:"Law No.27 of 2009 for protection and improvement of environment"
2474:. Environmental Rights in Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Butterworths.
1466:
Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Control
6236:
4291:
2323:
1932:
Environmental impact assessments can delay and increase cost of
1137:
6102:
5804:
4985:
4431:
4418:
3342:"Environmental quality act, 1974 (amendment, 1985) section 34A"
1813:(UNCED or Rio Summit, Rio Conference, or Earth Summit) held in
1202:
It is important that the information is available to the public
1148:
The word significant is crucial here as the definition can vary
1133:, flora, air, soil, water, humans, landscape, cultural heritage
1059:(85/337/EEC) on Environmental Impact Assessments (known as the
518:
Audits can be performed either as a rigorous assessment of the
6533:
3846:, paragraph 183, published 24 May 2015, accessed 30 April 2024
3441:"Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedure in Sri Lanka"
2659:
Agency, Canadian Environmental Assessment (13 December 2010).
1118:
power station, will the fuel be sourced locally or nationally?
533:
may be applied to decide whether to reject, modify or require
26:
4385:
European Commission-funded project on Impact Assessment Tools
3406:"DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT / MONITORING"
3093:"Survey: 9 in 10 investors do not trust corporate ESG claims"
2678:
Agency, Canadian Environmental Assessment (19 January 2012).
2448:
The Government of Western Australia, viewed 9 September 2010,
683:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
4323:
Environmental Impact Assessment: Practice and Participation,
2981:"Environmental Impact Assessment and European Community Law"
2408:
The Northern Territory Government, viewed 10 September 2010,
2384:
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act
2130:"Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment Best Practice"
1811:
United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
1216:
This section is to advise any areas of weakness in knowledge
430:
and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.
4409:
4390:
Environmental Impact Assessment at the University of Sydney
3734:: August 2, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 148, Pages 39326-39337)
3267:"Demystifying the Environmental Clearance Process in India"
3226:"Environmental Legislation guides in Kurdistan Region-Iraq"
3043:
2324:"Environmental Impact Assessment at University of Granada."
1586:
Demonstrate compliance with the act when no EIS is required
1446:
Federal Service for monitoring the use of natural resources
693:
The local governing tool for EIA in South Australia is the
611:
impact' on matters of 'national environment significance'.
590:
Migratory species protected under international agreements;
508:– to examine the accuracy of predictions and explain errors
2640:
Agency, Canadian Environmental Assessment (19 July 2010).
2593:"What is the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012?"
2576:. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Archived from
2470:
Cotton, Roger; Emond, D. Paul (1981). John Swaigen (ed.).
1145:
Description of the significant effects on the environment
1011:, director of the centre to help environmental victims at
719:
Resource Management and Planning Appeals Tribunal Act 1993
4410:
ELM EIA Law Matrix ~ Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide
4253:
514:– to assess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts
2642:"Marathon Platinum Group Metals and Copper Mine Project"
679:
State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971
4394:
4236:
Environmental Policy and NEPA: Past, Present and Future
2928:"Ministry of Environment - EEAA > Services > EIA"
2904:"Ministry of Environment - EEAA > Services > EIA"
2880:"Ministry of Environment - EEAA > Services > EIA"
2856:"Ministry of Environment - EEAA > Services > EIA"
1994: – Analysis of the global environment of a company
1981:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1732:
refer to the required environmental impact study as an
707:
Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994
54:
4395:
International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)
4247:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–120.
3648:
Sierra Club v. United States Army Corps of Engineers,
2420:
The Environment Defenders, viewed 10 September 2010,
1967: – Measure used to evaluate environmental change
587:
Listed threatened species and ecological communities;
4399:
2819:"Environmental protection in China: the role of law"
1715:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
729:
The EIA process in Victoria is intertwined with the
6590:
6547:
6521:
6419:
6329:
6143:
6035:
5934:
5838:
5638:
5426:
5089:
5019:
4775:
4555:
4465:
4400:
Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment
1350:
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
954:'s recent changes to "fish habitat protection, the
931:(9 May 1977), worked extremely hard to ensure that
3500:United States. National Environmental Policy Act,
2838:"China Improves Enforcement of Environmental Laws"
2800:
2798:
2796:
2623:"Federal environmental assessments will be rushed"
2501:
1803:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
1681:landfill and highway development in and along the
1229:adverse impacts" for society and the environment.
1208:It should be understood by the informed lay-person
1087:Description of actual project and site description
886:Jackpine Mine Expansion Project (JRP) 11.5 months;
4003:Publications from USDA-ARS/UNL Faculty. Paper 399
3658:701 F.2d 1011, 18 ERC 1748. (2d Cir., 02/25/1983)
3560:Eccleston, Charles H. and J. Peyton Doub (2010).
3137:, updated 15 March 2019, accessed 22 October 2019
1154:The most frequent method used here is use of the
901:Frontier Oil Sands Mine Project (JRP) 8.5 months;
541:coverage to a project, based on predicted harms.
4245:Environmental Law: Oceana's Legal Almanac Series
4062:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
1219:It can be used to focus areas of future research
871:Metals and Copper Mine Project (JRP): 13 months;
475:– Specific methods available to perform EIAs of
6648:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
4316:Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment
2616:
2614:
2137:International Association for Impact Assessment
2006: – Framework to assess hydropower projects
1822:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's
843:
820:
773:
603:Nuclear actions (including uranium mining); and
416:International Association for Impact Assessment
3429:Department of Environmental Protection, Russia
2041: – Reviews infrastructure and development
2016:List of international environmental agreements
2012: – Environmental impact assessment method
1977:Environmental, social and corporate governance
1400:In New Zealand, EIA is usually referred to as
1289:Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance 1997
1111:Examine alternatives that have been considered
6114:
5816:
4997:
4443:
4314:Glasson, J; Therivel, R; Chadwick A. (2005).
4254:"NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act"
4014:
4012:
2560:"Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012"
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2004:Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol
2000: – Evaluates impact of urban development
1949: – Evaluates economic effect of an event
1013:China University of Political Science and Law
997:construction was ever suspended was notable.
990:State Environmental Protection Administration
546:Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol
368:
8:
4330:Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment,
4019:Tenney, A; Kværner, J; Gjerstad, KI (2006).
3582:Eccleston, Charles; Doub, J. Peyton (2012).
2416:
2414:
1632:Alternatives, including the Proposed Action
654:Environment Planning and Assessment Act 1979
4243:Rychlak, Ronald J.; Case, David W. (2010).
2202:
2190:
2179:Environmental movement in the United States
2023: – Original landscape formed by nature
783:
6121:
6107:
6099:
5823:
5809:
5801:
5004:
4990:
4982:
4450:
4436:
4428:
4415:
3717:C.M. Hogan, G. Deghi, M. Papineau et al.,
2508:. Toronto, Ontario: Emond‑Montgomery Ltd.
2439:The Law Handbook, viewed 9 September 2010,
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
1971:Environmental policy of the European Union
1049:Environmental policy of the European Union
911:Shallow Gas Infill Project (JRP) 5 months.
898:Gold-Copper Mine Project (JRP) 7.5 months;
810:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2012
375:
361:
91:
5515:Environmental issues in the United States
4288:Environmental impact assessment handbook,
4159:
4044:
3970:
2974:
2972:
1319:The Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the
1047:A wide range of instruments exist in the
801:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
6053:Earth systems engineering and management
5500:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4234:Clark, Ray; Canter, Larry, eds. (1997).
3410:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
2979:Watson, Michael (November 13–15, 2003).
2214:
1805:(UNCHE or Stockholm Conference) held in
1550:Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
1419:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
1213:Lack of know-how/technical difficulties
1076:Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
711:Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993
6482:Pollutant release and transfer register
4332:Vols 1 & 2. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
4238:. Boca Raton, Florida: St. Lucie Press.
4025:Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
2077:
1961: – Aims to benefit the environment
1294:The original proposal to construct the
1108:Alternatives that have been considered
790:
233:
192:
151:
115:
99:
5505:Effects of climate change on livestock
4345:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
4204:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
4109:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
3928:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
3893:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
3858:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
3810:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
3472:"Evaluation of impact on surroundings"
2760:from the original on 16 January 2013.
2629:from the original on 24 November 2012.
2504:Environmental Assessment Law in Canada
2272:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
1689:. Another prominent case involved the
939:'s land resulted in benefits to those
206:International environmental agreements
6825:Environmental social science concepts
6267:Principles for Responsible Investment
3953:Yakubu, Okhumode (28 February 2018).
3158:from the original on January 19, 2012
3154:. www.info.gov.hk. October 26, 2011.
2322:ARAI Research Group, Granada, Spain.
2027:Phase I environmental site assessment
1973: – Environment protection policy
1638:Mitigation Common to All Alternatives
1287:EIA in Hong Kong is regulated by the
1187:site might take place outside of the
966:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
962:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
950:issued a statement claiming that the
828:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
815:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
794:
7:
6756:
5759:
5615:Tropical cyclones and climate change
3482:from the original on 1 December 2017
3451:from the original on 3 November 2016
2719:
2625:. Environmental Law and Litigation.
2605:
2574:"Basics of Environmental Assessment"
2266:Hitzschky, K.; Silviera, J. (2009).
2061:United Nations Environment Programme
1998:Healthy development measurement tool
1730:California Environmental Quality Act
1546:Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
968:that came into effect 6 July 2012, "
715:State Policies and Projects Act 1993
563:U.S. National Environment Policy Act
226:Supranational environmental agencies
5648:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
2804:Megan Leslie ({{{year}}}).
2457:
2391:from the original on 7 October 2013
1695:Nevada Department of Transportation
1402:Assessment of Environmental Effects
1302:failed to get through EIA, and the
865:Joint Review Panel (JRP) 18 months;
760:
6446:Environmental full-cost accounting
5871:Environmental full-cost accounting
4286:Carroll, B. and Turpin T. (2009).
4103:Cardenas, IC; Halman, JIM (2016).
2789:from the original on 21 June 2017.
2045:Strategic environmental assessment
1724:that have adopted "little NEPAs,"
1304:Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation
1291:, which became effective in 1998.
632:Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
401:strategic environmental assessment
25:
5295:pharmaceuticals and personal care
4380:European Commission - EIA website
3439:Central Environmental Authority.
2680:"Frontier Oil Sands Mine Project"
2489:. Toronto, Ontario: Butterworths.
2487:Environmental Approvals in Canada
2052: – Aspect of UK planning law
1988: – Risk management framework
1924:Justice delayed is justice denied
1507:National Environmental Policy Act
1501:National Environmental Policy Act
929:Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry
881:Enbridge Northern Gateway Project
745:Environmental Protection Act 1986
675:Environmental Protection Act 1994
638:Planning and Development Act 2007
444:National Environmental Policy Act
6755:
6746:
6745:
6735:
6320:
6227:Extended producer responsibility
5987:Extended producer responsibility
5770:
5769:
5758:
5446:decline in amphibian populations
5151:Deforestation and climate change
4941:
4940:
4930:
4546:
4252:Kershner, Jim (27 August 2011).
4188:46 Idaho L. Rev. 379 (2009-2010)
3676:from the original on 2011-06-29.
3238:from the original on 2017-01-10.
3214:from the original on 2017-09-01.
3190:from the original on 2017-08-31.
2844:from the original on 2007-02-04.
2825:from the original on 2012-05-16.
2709:from the original on 2017-03-08.
1561:Council on Environmental Quality
1512:Council on Environmental Quality
1354:Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972)
1171:This is where EIA is most useful
685:(Cth) for 'controlled actions'.
424:account for environmental values
107:
57:, and discuss this issue on the
42:may have confusing or ambiguous
31:
6795:Environmental impact assessment
6436:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
5881:Environmental management system
5876:Environmental impact assessment
5580:Land surface effects on climate
5037:Environmental impact assessment
5013:Human impact on the environment
4715:Science, technology and society
3769:from the original on 2013-01-26
3700:from the original on 2012-10-04
3445:Central Environmental Authority
3135:Environmental Impact Assessment
2958:from the original on 2013-01-01
2738:"The Berger Report is released"
2472:Environmental Impact Assessment
1955: – Non-market public goods
1516:United States environmental law
1123:Description of the environment
957:Navigable Waters Protection Act
780:Supreme Court Justice La Forest
448:Environmental Impact Statements
388:Environmental impact assessment
124:Environmental impact assessment
18:Environmental Impact Assessment
6708:Socially responsible marketing
6703:Socially responsible investing
4161:10.17811/ebl.10.3.2021.284-290
4148:Economics and Business Letters
3670:"Lawsuit pits risks and roads"
2621:Saxe, Dianne (9 August 2012).
2093:Eccleston, Charles H. (2011).
1669:Environmental impact statement
1663:Environmental impact statement
1521:Environmental Impact Statement
598:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
477:genetically modified organisms
339:Right to a healthy environment
1:
6698:Socially responsible business
5451:decline in insect populations
3940:10.1016/S0195-9255(00)00060-3
3913:10.1016/S0195-9255(96)00071-6
3878:10.1016/S0195-9255(02)00104-X
3626:Friedman, Lisa (2020-07-15).
2533:. Ottawa: Information Canada.
2529:La Forest, GĂ©rard V. (1973).
2253:10.1016/j.ecolind.2004.01.003
1992:Global environmental analysis
1649:Consultation and Coordination
1308:Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge
1151:'Significant' must be defined
627:The State and Territory Level
211:Environmental laws by country
6643:Environmental pricing reform
6174:environmental responsibility
4459:Environmental social science
3541:Code of Federal Regulations,
3116:List of criteria for EIA/SEA
2485:Jeffery, Michael I. (1989).
1196:Non-technical summary (EIS)
732:Environment Effects Act 1978
6800:Economics of sustainability
6673:Market governance mechanism
6529:Global Reporting Initiative
6499:standards and certification
6406:Social return on investment
5896:Integrated chain management
4498:Environmental communication
3668:Ritter, John (2003-06-03).
3075:"EUR-Lex – 32001L0042 – EN"
2999:"EUR-Lex - 31985L0337 – EN"
2661:"Pierre River Mine Project"
1959:Environmental impact design
1741:Environmental Impact Report
1734:environmental impact report
1615:Purpose and Need for Action
1084:Description of the project
473:Genetically modified plants
394:) is the assessment of the
6856:
6613:Community interest company
6557:Community-based monitoring
6391:Genuine progress indicator
5962:Eco-industrial development
4483:Environmental anthropology
4365:10.1016/j.eiar.2007.05.001
4216:10.1016/j.eiar.2018.01.001
4129:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.02.006
4046:10.3152/147154606781765345
3899:(4–6). Elsevier: 321–335.
3830:10.1016/j.eiar.2006.12.001
3386:www.qualityplanning.org.nz
2292:10.1016/j.eiar.2009.02.006
1979: – Business framework
1921:
1666:
1646:Environmental Consequences
1641:Comparison of Alternatives
1498:
1431:Ministry of Climate Change
1321:federal government of Iraq
593:Commonwealth marine areas;
578:World Heritage properties;
479:include GMP-RAM and INOVA.
396:environmental consequences
6731:
6638:Environmental degradation
6487:Sustainability accounting
6351:Ethical positioning index
6318:
5753:
5688:Environmental engineering
5535:Environmental degradation
5312:fishing down the food web
4926:
4544:
4425:
4420:Links to related articles
3530:Approved January 1, 1970.
2817:Wang, Alex (2007-02-05).
2699:"Frontier Oil Sands Mine"
2118:. Routledge. p. 227.
1773:radioactive contamination
1759:Transboundary application
1067:, and once more in 2009.
946:On 22 April 2013, NDP MP
917:Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
863:Northern Gateway Pipeline
581:National Heritage places;
344:War and environmental law
252:Climate change litigation
144:Environmental cleanup law
6820:Environmental monitoring
6668:Health impact assessment
6539:Sustainability reporting
6508:Toxics Release Inventory
6302:Transparency (behavioral
6277:Social impact assessment
6166:Corporate accountability
6063:Ecological modernization
5972:Ecological modernization
5911:Life-cycle cost analysis
5693:Environmental mitigation
5550:Greenhouse gas emissions
5510:Environmental insecurity
4513:Environmental psychology
3934:(6). Elsevier: 665–680.
3864:(3). Elsevier: 263–282.
3816:(4). Elsevier: 289–300.
2703:majorprojects.alberta.ca
2697:Alberta, Government of.
2544:Gazette (18 July 2012).
2116:Encyclopedia of the City
2050:Sustainability appraisal
2039:Social impact assessment
1947:Economic impact analysis
1934:environmentally friendly
1705:in the case of widening
1566:In July 2020, President
1542:environmental assessment
1536:Environmental assessment
1334:environmental monitoring
652:In New South Wales, the
531:polluter pays principles
465:– Product environmental
409:administrative procedure
405:environmental management
289:Environmental personhood
221:Environmental ministries
6835:Sustainable development
6723:Supply chain management
6663:Global justice movement
6462:profit-and-loss account
6078:Sustainable development
6068:Environmental economics
6007:Precautionary principle
6002:Polluter pays principle
5947:Cradle-to-cradle design
5740:Sustainable consumption
5081:Social ecology (ethics)
4518:Environmental sociology
4493:Environmental economics
4473:Ecological anthropology
4005:. USDA-ARS/UNL Faculty.
2203:Rychlak & Case 2010
2191:Clark & Canter 1997
1965:Environmental indicator
1713:. The case reached the
1406:Resource Management Act
869:Marathon Platinum Group
789:La Forest referred to (
784:Cotton & Emond 1981
769:Supreme Court of Canada
660:Northern Territory (NT)
440:environmental awareness
6688:SDG Publishers Compact
6450:Environmental conflict
6257:Organizational justice
6048:Design for environment
5916:Material flow analysis
5683:Ecological engineering
5463:runaway climate change
4508:Environmental politics
4082:10.1080/09640560010757
2836:Gu, Lin (2005-09-29).
2785:. NDP. 22 April 2013.
2139:. 1999. Archived from
1427:Government of Pakistan
1298:overground across the
1129:Example: populations,
933:industrial development
847:
824:
777:
739:Western Australia (WA)
569:The Commonwealth Level
216:Environmental lawsuits
201:Environmental journals
6840:Technology assessment
6678:Product certification
6477:Life-cycle assessment
6396:Performance indicator
6287:Social responsibility
6252:Organizational ethics
6182:social responsibility
5992:Industrial metabolism
5906:Life-cycle assessment
5851:Cost–benefit analysis
5066:List of global issues
4603:Ecological humanities
4503:Environmental history
4142:Vuong, Q.-H. (2021).
3972:10.3390/challe9010009
3178:"EIA process in Iraq"
2500:Emond, D. P. (1978).
2233:Ecological Indicators
2114:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1922:Further information:
1894:environmental justice
1777:debris in outer space
1296:Lok Ma Chau Spur Line
1002:construction projects
648:New South Wales (NSW)
428:environmental studies
329:Public trust doctrine
294:Environmental justice
152:Natural resources law
116:Pollution control law
6810:Environmental design
6683:Public participation
6618:Conflict of interest
6208:inequality in the UK
6200:in the United States
6192:Environmental racism
6058:Ecological economics
5997:Industrial symbiosis
5977:Efficient energy use
5926:Stakeholder analysis
5866:Ecological footprint
5668:Community resilience
5468:in the United States
5436:Biodiversity threats
5109:cannabis cultivation
5076:Planetary boundaries
5042:Environmental issues
5032:Ecological footprint
4695:Integrated geography
4573:Behavioral geography
4478:Ecological economics
3322:. Vice. 14 July 2020
2056:True cost accounting
1794:, precipitated by a
1749:Hickman's potentilla
1745:Monterey, California
695:Development Act 1993
689:South Australia (SA)
139:Waste management law
55:improve this article
6653:Ethical consumerism
6603:Benefit corporation
6495:metrics and indices
6297:Sullivan principles
6212:injustice in Europe
5967:Eco-industrial park
5730:Restoration ecology
5663:Climate engineering
5600:Ocean acidification
5590:Loss of green belts
5560:Holocene extinction
5555:Habitat destruction
5230:Environmental crime
4966:Research institutes
4488:Environmental crime
4357:2008EIARv..28...90R
4318:. London: Routledge
4121:2016EIARv..60...24C
4074:2000JEPM...43...23W
4037:2006IAPA...24...45T
3905:1996EIARv..16..321S
3870:2003EIARv..23..263L
3822:2007EIARv..27..287J
2665:www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca
2531:Water Law in Canada
2284:2009EIARv..29..348J
2245:2004EcInd...4..125D
804:, pp. 178–80)
467:life cycle analysis
463:Industrial products
277:Environmental crime
257:Earth jurisprudence
193:Reference materials
165:Water resources law
95:Part of a series on
6830:Sustainable design
6741:Environment portal
6513:Triple bottom line
6441:Emission inventory
6346:Double bottom line
6292:Stakeholder theory
6043:Cleaner production
6027:Waste valorization
6022:Waste minimisation
5891:Input–output model
5832:Industrial ecology
5745:Waste minimization
5703:Mitigation banking
5698:Industrial ecology
5658:Cleaner production
5610:Resource depletion
5146:Corporate behavior
5104:animal agriculture
4936:Environment portal
4690:Industrial ecology
4321:Hanna, K. (2009).
4292:Thomas Telford Ltd
3654:2004-03-28 at the
3633:The New York Times
3507:2013-05-16 at the
3272:2015-02-21 at the
3121:2011-07-24 at the
3049:2017-09-07 at the
2987:on March 28, 2007.
2840:. China Features.
2427:2011-07-16 at the
2329:2014-10-25 at the
2205:, p. 111-120.
1986:Equator Principles
1953:Environmental good
1851:notes in his 2015
1792:Chernobyl disaster
1699:particulate matter
1624:Public Involvement
1621:Decision Framework
1437:Russian Federation
974:environmental laws
925:Royal Commissioner
892:Project: 8 months;
717:(Tas) (SPPA), and
713:(Tas) (LUPA Act),
709:(Tas) (EMPC Act),
525:After an EIA, the
242:Administrative law
160:Species protection
49:Please review the
6815:Environmental law
6782:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6693:Social enterprise
6598:Bangladesh Accord
6458:management system
6454:impact assessment
6431:Carbon accounting
6361:Impact assessment
6312:UN Global Compact
6204:in Western Europe
6156:Aarhus Convention
6096:
6095:
5952:Dematerialization
5846:Agent-based model
5798:
5797:
5620:Water degradation
5495:Ecological crisis
5441:biodiversity loss
5240:Industrialisation
5225:Genetic pollution
5071:Impact assessment
4979:
4978:
4818:Green criminology
4578:Community studies
4533:Political ecology
4328:Petts, J. (ed.),
4310:978-1-138-77776-7
4300:978-0-7277-3509-6
3608:Federal Register,
3280:, January 2, 2015
3079:eur-lex.europa.eu
3003:eur-lex.europa.eu
2580:on 5 August 2014.
2021:Natural landscape
1853:encyclical letter
1751:, a rare coastal
1722:state governments
1371:of these groups.
1252:Dutch legislation
1185:contaminated land
1065:Aarhus Convention
1051:. Among them the
952:Harper government
941:indigenous people
937:Aboriginal people
890:Pierre River Mine
489:social acceptance
385:
384:
304:International law
134:Water quality law
101:Environmental law
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
6847:
6759:
6758:
6749:
6748:
6739:
6324:
6242:Little Eichmanns
6123:
6116:
6109:
6100:
6088:Urban metabolism
5942:Circular economy
5825:
5818:
5811:
5802:
5773:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5595:Phosphorus cycle
5575:Land consumption
5570:Land degradation
5545:Freshwater cycle
5344:Overexploitation
5317:marine pollution
5124:cocoa production
5006:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4866:natural resource
4550:
4538:Regional science
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4416:
4368:
4269:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4220:
4219:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:Federal Register
3728:
3722:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3617:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3579:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3347:. Archived from
3346:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2379:
2362:
2359:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2082:
1982:
1809:in 1972 and the
1796:nuclear accident
1743:for the city of
1460:Russian Far East
1273:Northern Ireland
1233:Annexed projects
921:Thomas R. Berger
883:(JRP) 18 months;
851:
830:
793:, 1.2,1.4) and (
669:Queensland (QLD)
552:Around the world
535:strict liability
377:
370:
363:
334:Rights of nature
111:
92:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
35:
34:
27:
21:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6727:
6586:
6543:
6517:
6422:
6415:
6411:Whole-life cost
6341:Corporate crime
6332:
6325:
6316:
6247:Loss and damage
6217:Ethical banking
6161:Climate justice
6148:
6139:
6127:
6097:
6092:
6073:Green chemistry
6031:
6017:Waste hierarchy
5930:
5834:
5829:
5799:
5794:
5749:
5708:Organic farming
5634:
5625:Water pollution
5605:Ozone depletion
5585:Loss and damage
5485:Desertification
5422:
5334:Overconsumption
5255:cleaning agents
5156:Energy industry
5119:meat production
5085:
5015:
5010:
4980:
4975:
4922:
4771:
4742:Systems ecology
4726:Sustainability
4720:science studies
4705:Rural sociology
4551:
4542:
4528:Human geography
4461:
4456:
4421:
4376:
4371:
4342:
4282:
4280:Further reading
4277:
4272:
4266:1992 CanLII 110
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3656:Wayback Machine
3645:
3641:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3559:
3555:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3509:Wayback Machine
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3478:. Eric Firado.
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3278:NUJS LAW REVIEW
3274:Wayback Machine
3265:Shibani Ghosh,
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3133:UK Government,
3132:
3128:
3123:Wayback Machine
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:, 16 April 2014
3060:
3056:
3051:Wayback Machine
3038:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2932:www.eeaa.gov.eg
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2908:www.eeaa.gov.eg
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2884:www.eeaa.gov.eg
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2860:www.eeaa.gov.eg
2854:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2806:Question period
2803:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:Wayback Machine
2419:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:Wayback Machine
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2033:Risk assessment
1980:
1942:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1867:
1842:
1837:
1784:ozone depletion
1761:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1618:Proposed Action
1600:
1577:
1538:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1439:
1429:managed by the
1415:
1398:
1385:
1377:
1346:
1332:sanitation and
1317:
1285:
1275:, Scotland and
1265:
1244:
1242:The Netherlands
1235:
1045:
1021:
982:
970:seismic testing
853:
849:
837:
832:
826:
753:
741:
727:
703:
671:
662:
650:
634:
629:
571:
559:
554:
520:null hypothesis
498:
456:
436:
381:
129:Air quality law
90:
83:
72:
66:
63:
51:Manual of Style
48:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6787:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6753:
6743:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6534:GxP guidelines
6531:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6367:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Social justice
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6189:
6184:
6178:responsibility
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6140:
6137:accountability
6128:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6103:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6036:Related fields
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6012:Rebound effect
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5957:Eco-efficiency
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5766:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Sustainability
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5630:Water scarcity
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:Nitrogen cycle
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Forest dieback
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5458:Climate change
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:nanotechnology
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5059:on marine life
5051:
5050:
5049:
5047:list of issues
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:Environmental
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4374:External links
4372:
4370:
4369:
4340:
4326:
4325:2nd ed. Oxford
4319:
4312:
4302:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4193:
4175:
4154:(3): 284–290.
4134:
4095:
4052:
4008:
3993:
3978:
3945:
3918:
3883:
3848:
3842:Pope Francis,
3835:
3800:
3788:
3779:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3679:
3660:
3639:
3618:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3570:978-1439808825
3553:
3532:
3521:42 U.S.C.
3493:
3462:
3431:
3422:
3397:
3373:
3364:
3333:
3307:
3282:
3258:
3241:
3217:
3193:
3169:
3152:Press Releases
3139:
3126:
3108:
3084:
3066:
3054:
3032:
3008:
2990:
2968:
2943:
2919:
2895:
2871:
2847:
2828:
2809:
2792:
2774:
2736:(9 May 1977).
2724:
2712:
2689:
2684:www.ceaa.gc.ca
2670:
2651:
2646:www.ceaa.gc.ca
2632:
2610:
2598:
2583:
2565:
2551:
2536:
2521:
2514:
2492:
2477:
2462:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2410:
2401:
2363:
2343:
2334:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2278:(6): 348–368.
2258:
2239:(2): 125–138.
2219:
2207:
2195:
2193:, p. 199.
2183:
2167:
2157:
2146:on May 7, 2012
2121:
2106:
2103:978-1439828731
2086:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2010:Leopold matrix
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1866:
1863:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1815:Rio de Janeiro
1760:
1757:
1703:air pollutants
1701:and hazardous
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1537:
1534:
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1425:agency of the
1414:
1411:
1397:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1345:
1342:
1316:
1313:
1284:
1281:
1264:
1263:United Kingdom
1261:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:Leopold matrix
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:Example: in a
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1053:European Union
1044:
1041:
1020:
1017:
981:
978:
913:
912:
902:
899:
896:New Prosperity
893:
887:
884:
878:
872:
866:
842:
836:
833:
819:
802:La Forest 1973
752:
749:
743:Part 4 of the
740:
737:
726:
725:Victoria (VIC)
723:
702:
701:Tasmania (TAS)
699:
670:
667:
661:
658:
649:
646:
633:
630:
628:
625:
608:
607:
604:
601:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
570:
567:
558:
555:
553:
550:
516:
515:
509:
497:
494:
493:
492:
480:
470:
455:
452:
435:
432:
383:
382:
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Law of the sea
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
285:
284:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Bankruptcy law
244:
236:
235:
234:Related topics
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
195:
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190:
189:
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182:
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136:
131:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
88:
85:
84:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6852:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6805:Ecotoxicology
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6769:
6768:Organizations
6766:
6764:
6763:
6754:
6752:
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6666:
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6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
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6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Disinvestment
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6576:certification
6573:
6570:
6567:
6566:certification
6563:
6562:Environmental
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
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6509:
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6483:
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6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
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6465:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6421:Environmental
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6365:environmental
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6323:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
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6300:
6298:
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6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
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6265:
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6260:
6258:
6255:
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6230:
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6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
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6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:environmental
6131:
6124:
6119:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:Urban ecology
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5718:Reforestation
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Cultured meat
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Birth control
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Deforestation
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:Manufacturing
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:nuclear power
5196:
5194:
5193:fracking (US)
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4917:
4916:environmental
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:environmental
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:environmental
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4826:environmental
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4811:environmental
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4798:Ecopsychology
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:Architecture
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:environmental
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Anthrozoology
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Human ecology
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4338:0-632-04772-0
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
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4138:
4135:
4130:
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4118:
4114:
4110:
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4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
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4047:
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4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
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3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
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3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3768:
3765:. Unece.org.
3764:
3758:
3755:
3749:
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3740:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:. USA Today.
3671:
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3661:
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3650:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3593:9781439808825
3589:
3586:. CRC Press.
3585:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3354:on 2011-07-21
3350:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3295:Money Control
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2885:
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2875:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:As It Happens
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:CEAA (2012).
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2546:"Regulations"
2540:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2515:9780920722008
2511:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:EDO factsheet
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:Kershner 2011
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:for example,
2176:
2171:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2150:September 15,
2142:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:. Chapter 5.
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:stratospheric
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1756:
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1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:U.S. Route 95
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:New York City
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:federal court
1670:
1662:
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1640:
1637:
1634:
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1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:Introduction
1608:
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1523:
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1513:
1508:
1502:
1495:United States
1494:
1492:
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1483:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
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1412:
1410:
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1403:
1395:
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1314:
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1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:air pollution
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:EIA Directive
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
856:
852:
846:
841:
834:
831:
829:
823:
818:
816:
812:
811:
805:
803:
798:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
738:
736:
734:
733:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
691:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
668:
666:
659:
657:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
575:
568:
566:
564:
556:
551:
549:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:precautionary
523:
521:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
490:
486:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Insurance law
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
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245:
243:
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227:
224:
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219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
183:
181:
180:Fisheries law
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
142:
140:
137:
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110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
94:
93:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
52:
46:
45:
44:abbreviations
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
6760:
6633:Eco-labeling
6608:Child labour
6503:supply chain
6501: /
6497: /
6493: /
6489: /
6460: /
6456: /
6453:
6452: /
6448: /
6364:
6222:Ethical code
6210: /
6206: /
6202: /
6198: /
6194: /
6180: /
6176: /
6172: /
6168: /
5875:
5411:urban sprawl
5406:Urbanization
5354:Particulates
5339:Overdrafting
5070:
5054:Human impact
5036:
5027:Anthropocene
4836:occupational
4831:epidemiology
4802:Engineering
4700:Permaculture
4663:Ethnobiology
4348:
4344:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4287:
4261:
4244:
4235:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4151:
4147:
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4112:
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4098:
4068:(1): 23–47.
4065:
4061:
4055:
4031:(1): 45–56.
4028:
4024:
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3927:
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3757:
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3389:. Retrieved
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3349:the original
3336:
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3096:
3087:
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3069:
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3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3021:ec.europa.eu
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2985:the original
2960:. Retrieved
2952:"About MSEA"
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
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2922:
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2863:. Retrieved
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2741:
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2471:
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2148:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2124:
2115:
2109:
2089:
2080:
2066:
1931:
1912:
1903:
1891:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1849:Pope Francis
1847:
1843:
1829:
1819:
1800:
1762:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1719:
1683:Hudson River
1672:
1657:
1635:Alternatives
1601:
1592:
1578:
1568:Donald Trump
1565:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1504:
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1481:
1473:
1469:
1456:Amur leopard
1449:
1440:
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1390:
1386:
1378:
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1366:
1362:
1358:
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1330:
1326:
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1293:
1288:
1286:
1266:
1257:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1189:rainy season
1074:
1072:
1069:
1060:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1006:
999:
994:Three Gorges
987:
983:
965:
961:
955:
948:Megan Leslie
945:
914:
854:
848:
844:
838:
825:
821:
814:
808:
806:
799:
791:Jeffery 1989
788:
778:
774:
756:
754:
744:
742:
730:
728:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
694:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
672:
663:
653:
651:
641:
637:
635:
621:
617:
613:
609:
572:
560:
543:
524:
517:
511:
505:
499:
482:
472:
462:
457:
437:
413:
391:
387:
386:
324:Property law
175:Forestry law
123:
73:
67:October 2016
64:
41:
6713:Stakeholder
6491:measurement
6232:Externality
6187:Dirty hands
5525:Externality
5520:Coral reefs
5480:Defaunation
5349:Overgrazing
5322:overfishing
5302:Marine life
5176:electricity
5099:Agriculture
4847:Management
4791:sustainable
4563:Agroecology
4351:(2–3): 90.
3844:Laudato si'
3545:40 CFR
3525:§ 4321
3502:P.L. 91-190
3415:19 December
3162:October 27,
2754:CBC Radio 1
2734:Allan McFee
2562:. GC. 2012.
2395:9 September
1900:Uncertainty
1858:Laudato si'
1691:Sierra Club
1396:New Zealand
1300:Long Valley
1248:implemented
1168:Mitigation
850:Dianne Saxe
765:La Forest J
484:Fuzzy logic
420:biophysical
6789:Categories
6717:engagement
6572:Fair trade
6423:accounting
6356:Higg Index
6333:accounting
6149:principles
5921:MET Matrix
5790:mitigation
5785:assessment
5780:by country
5678:Decoupling
5640:Mitigation
5369:Reservoirs
5290:pesticides
5235:Explosives
5213:reservoirs
5114:irrigation
4806:ecological
4760:metabolism
4710:Sexecology
4607:Economics
4591:ecological
4583:Demography
4210:: 94–103.
3959:Challenges
3773:2013-01-03
3704:2013-01-03
3511:, 83
3486:1 November
3455:1 November
3391:2022-06-18
3358:2011-02-15
3320:Vice India
3102:2021-08-18
3026:2022-06-15
2962:2013-01-03
2937:2022-06-29
2913:2022-06-29
2889:2022-06-29
2865:2022-06-29
2767:9 December
2762:transcript
2072:References
1936:projects.
1788:oil spills
1786:and toxic
1753:wildflower
1726:state laws
1693:suing the
1612:Background
1453:endangered
1009:Wang Canfa
835:Opposition
795:Emond 1978
512:Management
506:Scientific
272:Energy law
170:Mining law
6658:Euthenics
6623:Disasters
6582:ISO 19011
6522:Reporting
6472:ISO 14031
6467:ISO 14000
6386:ISO 45001
6381:ISO 26000
6262:Pollution
6196:in Russia
6170:behaviour
5901:ISO 14000
5713:Recycling
5379:Transport
5364:Quarrying
5359:Pollution
5218:transport
5208:petroleum
5203:oil shale
5166:biodiesel
4877:Planning
4856:fisheries
4786:landscape
4755:geography
4626:education
4170:239719169
4115:: 24–39.
4090:134202298
3797:MIT Press
3470:MCL LLC.
2750:CBC Radio
2720:Saxe 2012
2606:CEAA 2012
1880:shipyards
1840:Influence
1835:Criticism
1807:Stockholm
1769:acid rain
1711:Las Vegas
1654:Procedure
1598:Structure
1478:Sri Lanka
1423:executive
1283:Hong Kong
1140:in the UK
1102:hydrology
1100:, noise,
1078:Directive
1057:Directive
557:Australia
539:insurance
496:Follow-up
262:Earth law
59:talk page
6751:Category
6549:Auditing
6370:equality
5935:Concepts
5861:Ecolabel
5775:Category
5399:shipping
5384:aviation
5270:plastics
5260:concrete
5245:Land use
5161:biofuels
5129:palm oil
4971:Scholars
4961:Journals
4951:Concepts
4946:Category
4891:regional
4886:land use
4685:Forestry
4290:2nd ed.
3965:(1): 9.
3767:Archived
3695:Archived
3674:Archived
3652:Archived
3505:Archived
3480:Archived
3449:Archived
3270:Archived
3233:Archived
3209:Archived
3185:Archived
3156:Archived
3119:Archived
3097:edie.net
3047:Archived
2956:Archived
2954:. EEAA.
2842:Archived
2823:Archived
2787:Archived
2758:Archived
2707:Archived
2627:Archived
2458:SCC 1992
2425:Archived
2389:archived
2327:Archived
1940:See also
1876:airports
1765:aquifers
1720:Several
1709:through
1529:agencies
1413:Pakistan
1375:Malaysia
1246:EIA was
988:China's
960:and the
860:Enbridge
761:SCC 1992
349:Wild law
314:Land use
309:Land law
282:poaching
185:Game law
6762:Commons
6715: (
6591:Related
6574: (
6564: (
6363: (
6307:social)
5886:EIO-LCA
5764:Commons
5540:Erosion
5490:Ecocide
5428:Effects
5374:Tourism
5307:fishing
5265:fashion
5188:fashion
5141:Bitcoin
5020:General
4956:Degrees
4907:Policy
4896:spatial
4822:Health
4776:Applied
4765:studies
4750:ecology
4735:studies
4730:science
4678:zoology
4673:ecology
4651:justice
4646:studies
4641:science
4587:Design
4556:Related
4353:Bibcode
4264:,
4227:Sources
4117:Bibcode
4070:Bibcode
4033:Bibcode
3990:. IAIA.
3901:Bibcode
3866:Bibcode
3818:Bibcode
3528:et seq.
3476:MCL LLC
3326:15 July
3300:15 July
3044:Eur-Lex
2746:Toronto
2280:Bibcode
2241:Bibcode
1928:Lawfare
1909:Culture
1887:habitat
1679:Westway
1606:Summary
1575:Content
1526:federal
1486:Ukraine
1458:in the
1269:England
1116:biomass
927:of the
909:Cenovus
782:cited (
767:of the
721:(Tas).
454:Methods
434:History
267:Ecocide
53:, help
6401:SA8000
6375:social
6331:Social
6272:Racism
6145:Ethics
6130:Social
5982:Exergy
5768:
5757:
5329:Mining
5183:energy
5091:Causes
4911:energy
4861:forest
4841:public
4746:Urban
4668:botany
4656:racism
4631:ethics
4616:thermo
4611:energy
4466:Fields
4336:
4308:
4298:
4168:
4088:
3590:
3568:
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2101:
1918:Delays
1790:. The
1627:Issues
1552:or an
1421:is an
905:EnCana
875:Site C
751:Canada
5856:DPSIR
5839:Tools
5723:urban
5394:roads
5285:paper
5280:paint
4901:urban
4871:waste
4275:Notes
4166:S2CID
4086:S2CID
3730:U.S.
3698:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3615:43304
3513:Stat.
3352:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3253:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
3229:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
3205:(PDF)
3188:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
3042:from
2732:Host:
2144:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
1865:Scope
1383:Nepal
1344:India
1277:Wales
1131:fauna
1019:Egypt
980:China
6237:Harm
6132:and
5389:rail
5171:coal
5134:(US)
4334:ISBN
4306:ISBN
4296:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3548:1501
3488:2017
3457:2016
3417:2022
3328:2020
3302:2020
3164:2011
2769:2011
2510:ISBN
2397:2010
2175:See,
2152:2020
2099:ISBN
1926:and
1820:The
1559:The
1505:The
1417:The
1348:The
1315:Iraq
1138:RSPB
807:The
596:the
544:The
529:and
6147:and
5418:War
4636:law
4361:doi
4212:doi
4156:doi
4125:doi
4078:doi
4041:doi
3967:doi
3936:doi
3909:doi
3874:doi
3826:doi
3610:85
3517:852
2288:doi
2249:doi
1878:or
1685:in
1554:EIS
1540:An
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537:or
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