542:
51:
1272:
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relationship between a population of organisms and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as concentration of a chemical; or they might investigate the interaction between two populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship. For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by
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1127:
1965:
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1170:(NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for analysis of federal government actions (such as highway construction projects and land management decisions) in terms of specific environmental criteria. Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying the principles to local-scale actions. The upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before the fact of development actions.
963:
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2800:
2226:
183:
879:
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887:
1258:
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2269:
530:
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3546:
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193:
1286:
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As defined by the
Ecological Society of America, "Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them." Ecologists might investigate the
438:
Historical concern for environmental issues is well documented in archives around the world. Ancient civilizations were mainly concerned with what is now known as environmental science insofar as it related to agriculture and natural resources. Scholars believe that early interest in the environment
828:
for future use. This method is more eco-friendly and cheaper than manual cleanup or treatment of wastewaters. Most notably, the expansion of computer technology has allowed for large data collection, advanced analysis, historical archives, public awareness of environmental issues, and international
370:
almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well
577:
and water vapor were known to be greenhouse gases then). Nuclear development following the Second World War allowed environmental scientists to intensively study the effects of carbon and make advancements in the field. Further knowledge from archaeological evidence brought to light the changes in
424:
issues (for example) ecologists would be unlikely to study. In practice, there are considerable similarities between the work of ecologists and other environmental scientists. There is substantial overlap between ecology and environmental science with the disciplines of fisheries, forestry, and
473:
Although warfare and disease were of primary concern in ancient society, environmental issues played a crucial role in the survival and power of different civilizations. As more communities recognized the importance of the natural world to their long-term success, an interest in studying the
451:
observed the nearby river system in order to improve sanitation. This involved manipulating the flow of water to account for public health. In the
Western Hemisphere, numerous ancient Central American city-states collapsed around 1500 BCE due to soil erosion from intensive agriculture. Those
1378:
Environmental
Science: Iowa State University. Environmental Sciences provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to understand and mitigate hazards arising from anthropogenic and natural activities by focusing on key areas of environmental chemistry, earth sciences, environmental
718:
off the coast of Alaska and the resulting cleanup, involving the work of environmental scientists. After hundreds of oil wells were burned in combat in 1991, warfare between Iraq and Kuwait polluted the surrounding atmosphere just below the air quality threshold
1228:(EA), formed in 1996, is a public body for protecting and improving the environment and enforces the regulations listed on the communities and local government site. (formerly the office of the deputy prime minister). The agency was set up under the
769:, which sets concrete goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and restricts Earth's rise in temperature to a 2 degrees Celsius maximum. The agreement is one of the most expansive international efforts to limit the effects of global warming to date.
419:
refers only to the study of organisms and their interactions with each other as well as how they interrelate with environment. Ecology could be considered a subset of environmental science, which also could involve purely chemical or
837:
technology, monitors and regulates global fisheries. By tracking the path of fish through global markets, environmental scientists can observe whether certain species are being overharvested to the point of extinction. Additionally,
680:, India, harming hundreds of thousands of people living near the disaster site, the effects of which are still felt today. In a groundbreaking discovery in 1985, a British team of researchers studying Antarctica found evidence of a
829:
scientific communication. The ability to crowdsource on the
Internet, for example, represents the process of collectivizing knowledge from researchers around the world to create increased opportunity for scientific progress. With
513:
In the 1820s, scientists were studying the properties of gases, particularly those in the Earth's atmosphere and their interactions with heat from the Sun. Later that century, studies suggested that the Earth had experienced an
1119:
in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.
382:
requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of
795:
The 21st century is marked by significant technological advancements. New technology in environmental science has transformed how researchers gather information about various topics in the field. Research in engines,
780:, which killed a number of the company's workers and released large amounts of crude oil into the water. Furthermore, throughout this century, much of the world has been ravaged by widespread wildfires and
791:
A false color composite of the greater Boston area, created using remote sensing technology, reveals otherwise not visible characteristics about the land cover and the health of the surrounding ecosystems.
573:. After a 1.3 degrees Celsius temperature anomaly was found in the Atlantic Ocean in the 1940s, however, scientists renewed their studies of gaseous heat trapping from the greenhouse effect (although only
526:
was introduced, although climate science was not yet recognized as an important topic in environmental science due to minimal industrialization and lower rates of greenhouse gas emissions at the time.
562:
In the 1900s, the discipline of environmental science as it is known today began to take shape. The century is marked by significant research, literature, and international cooperation in the field.
842:
allows for the detection of features of the environment without physical intervention. The resulting digital imagery is used to create increasingly accurate models of environmental processes,
692:
nuclear power plant in
Ukraine released radioactive waste to the public, leading to international studies on the ramifications of environmental disasters. Over the next couple of years, the
652:
Much of the interest in environmental science throughout the 1970s and the 1980s was characterized by major disasters and social movements. In 1978, hundreds of people were relocated from
452:
remaining from these civilizations took greater attention to the impact of farming practices on the sustainability of the land and its stable food production. Furthermore, in 1450 BCE the
505:, represents one of the earliest culminations of knowledge on the subject, providing a means to identify different species based partially on how they interact with their environment.
737:
The Paris
Agreement (formerly the Kyoto Protocol) is adopted in 2016. Nearly every country in the United Nations has signed the treaty, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
3449:
2307:
545:
Former
President Richard Nixon visits the site of the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, which received intense media coverage and inspired a multitude of environmental legislation.
350:
Environmental scientists seek to understand the earth's physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes, and to use that knowledge to understand how issues such as
816:(GIS) are used to observe sources of air or water pollution through satellites and digital imagery analysis. This technology allows for advanced farming techniques like
1891:
2808:
621:
endangered thousands of marine animals, both receiving prolific media coverage. Consequently, the United States passed an abundance of legislation, including the
553:
A team of
British researchers found a hole in the ozone layer forming over Antarctica, the discovery of which would later influence the Montreal Protocol in 1987.
2818:
820:
as well as monitoring water usage in order to set market prices. In the field of water quality, developed strains of natural and manmade bacteria contribute to
634:
609:
in 1968 in response to accelerating natural degradation. In 1969, environmental science once again became a household term after two striking disasters: Ohio's
222:
1039:
and water pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a
943:
radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to
757:
were founded to share knowledge and develop solutions around the world. Later, in 2008, the United
Kingdom became the first country to pass legislation (the
908:
Atmospheric sciences focus on the Earth's atmosphere, with an emphasis upon its interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences can include studies of
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2300:
1126:
3500:
2175:
1133:
707:
2828:
401:
of
Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study.
3596:
2823:
866:
to catch and discourage poachers and other illegal wildlife traffickers from killing endangered animals, proving useful for conservation efforts.
833:, data is released to the public for personal analyses which can later be shared as new information is found. Another technological development,
574:
374:
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a
1651:
2803:
2293:
1719:
1338:
642:
2273:
1884:
1190:
754:
626:
2708:
808:(i.e. wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal power) has significantly increased in recent years, indicating the beginnings of the
595:. Carson's writing led the American public to pursue environmental safeguards, such as bans on harmful chemicals like the insecticide
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2236:
2180:
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1728:
1408:
1333:
1167:
410:
215:
38:
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2185:
804:
has reduced the amount of carbon and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, investment in researching and developing
1842:
549:
309:) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of
3621:
2572:
2201:
917:
541:
160:
67:
710:(IPCC) as international communication focused on finding solutions for climate change and degradation. In the late 1980s, the
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3208:
2854:
2693:
2230:
2170:
1877:
1174:
772:
Most environmental disasters in this time period involve crude oil pollution or the effects of rising temperatures. In 2010,
1692:
668:
and the safety of nuclear energy. In response to landfills and toxic waste often disposed of near their homes, the official
3314:
2813:
2718:
2165:
813:
165:
3480:
3241:
2316:
618:
394:
208:
186:
149:
79:
3589:
2899:
2884:
2723:
2355:
2099:
797:
777:
750:
733:
359:
1421:
2688:
2340:
2021:
1954:
1217:
1089:
661:
637:(EPA) was formed, legitimizing the study of environmental science in government policy. In the next two years, the
1035:
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include
688:(CFCs), which were previously used in nearly all aerosols and refrigerants. Notably, in 1986, the meltdown at the
3737:
3616:
3356:
2847:
2668:
2119:
2011:
1328:
847:
746:
646:
457:
448:
363:
340:
124:
2648:
2370:
2094:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1486:
1323:
1313:
1141:
855:
784:, prompting regulations on the sustainable use of natural resources as determined by environmental scientists.
660:
were found to be buried underground near residential areas. The next year, in 1979, the nuclear power plant on
129:
114:
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skeletons. This provides growing conditions for future generations and forms a habitat for many other species.
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3713:
3464:
3429:
3371:
2894:
2483:
2375:
2350:
2330:
2006:
1929:
1383:
1030:
867:
758:
657:
466:
119:
58:
196:
3582:
3284:
3251:
2999:
2929:
2738:
2663:
2643:
2592:
2587:
2365:
2063:
1318:
1050:
As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the habitat soil of an
809:
711:
601:
89:
31:
3725:
3406:
3246:
3218:
2949:
2508:
2503:
2460:
2360:
2028:
1277:
1085:
817:
801:
745:
is one of the most known topics. Since the 2000s, environmental scientists have focused on modeling the
693:
669:
488:
415:
In common usage, "environmental science" and "ecology" are often used interchangeably, but technically,
344:
332:
96:
3550:
1578:
870:
has also been used to predict the movement of animal populations and protect the habitats of wildlife.
470:, written between 77 and 79 ACE, which provided an overview of many related subsets of the discipline.
3424:
3396:
3297:
3275:
3233:
3133:
3004:
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2904:
2889:
2873:
2773:
2713:
2683:
2552:
2513:
2488:
2453:
2430:
2335:
2016:
2001:
1996:
1229:
956:
903:
367:
318:
139:
696:(previously known as the World Commission on Environment and Development) published a report titled
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3505:
3490:
3185:
3090:
3031:
3014:
2989:
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2345:
2089:
1914:
1154:
1096:
phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include
1014:
863:
846:, and much more. Advancements to remote sensing technology are particularly useful in locating the
653:
453:
306:
27:
The integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
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3533:
2789:
2256:
1777:
1614:
3684:
3526:
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3336:
3175:
3046:
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2793:
2547:
2261:
2144:
1817:
1365:
1249:
1225:
1116:
1055:
1051:
1036:
805:
689:
685:
375:
351:
302:
170:
1964:
1070:, plants, and ultimately pond-dwelling organisms that are the food of the endangered amphibian.
1803:
1693:"Technology can help us save the planet. But more than anything, we must learn to value nature"
787:
3256:
3076:
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2748:
2743:
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970:
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523:
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355:
322:
239:
134:
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The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School 1750-1800
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84:
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of the solvent to the specific soil type, and biologists would study the impacts upon soil
443:. As a result, in 2700 BCE the first legislation limiting deforestation was established in
3679:
3319:
3112:
3019:
2921:
2612:
2599:
2577:
2562:
2473:
2385:
2068:
1989:
1919:
1387:
1159:
1044:
1006:
990:
925:
921:
766:
681:
677:
622:
501:
461:
310:
50:
339:
for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment.
2405:
1455:
1232:
as an independent body and works closely with UK Government to enforce the regulations.
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3376:
3341:
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3203:
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2758:
2211:
2206:
1746:
1305:
1263:
1112:
1059:
944:
936:
932:
913:
909:
843:
839:
821:
781:
776:
was responsible for the largest American oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, known as the
762:
672:
was started by a Black community in North Carolina in 1982. Two years later, the toxic
638:
610:
606:
566:
519:
439:
began around 6000 BCE when ancient civilizations in Israel and Jordan collapsed due to
398:
336:
242:
72:
962:
741:
Many niche disciplines of environmental science have emerged over the years, although
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3605:
3346:
3309:
3138:
3085:
2768:
2698:
2655:
2622:
2607:
2425:
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2073:
1934:
1846:
1213:
1063:
994:
952:
948:
830:
591:
586:
492:
440:
421:
389:
384:
274:
17:
1748:
Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling
878:
3689:
3674:
3485:
3324:
3161:
3080:
3069:
3054:
2979:
2557:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2129:
2058:
1949:
1299:
1101:
966:
859:
570:
537:, in 1962, bringing the study of environmental science to the forefront of society.
464:
somewhat addressed the environmental concerns of ancient civilizations in the text
378:
approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive
294:
286:
761:) that aims to reduce carbon dioxide output to a specified threshold. In 2016 the
1043:
containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon
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3669:
3414:
3366:
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3302:
3292:
3104:
3094:
2525:
2420:
1079:
886:
742:
444:
258:
254:
2285:
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and encouraging global cooperation to minimize potential damages. In 2002, the
565:
In the early 20th century, criticism from dissenters downplayed the effects of
3659:
3654:
3419:
3169:
3147:
3122:
3117:
2567:
2440:
1239:
1173:
One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of
891:
882:
Blue Marble composite images generated by NASA in 2001 (left) and 2002 (right)
834:
825:
282:
664:
in Pennsylvania suffered a meltdown and raised concerns about the dangers of
456:
on the Greek island of Crete declined due to deforestation and the resulting
3664:
3391:
3213:
3193:
3156:
3152:
2870:
2114:
1984:
1944:
1939:
1753:
1158:
Environmental science examines the effects of humans on nature, such as the
1097:
1067:
1018:
1010:
998:
715:
630:
614:
496:
326:
290:
270:
262:
1615:"Celebrating 50 years of the IES: A brief history of environmental science"
585:
Environmental science was brought to the forefront of society in 1962 when
529:
1652:"Cutting Through Environmental Issues: Technology as a double-edged sword"
1527:"History of the Study of Climate Change in Field of Environmental Science"
495:
as a way to classify all living organisms, influenced by earlier works of
3165:
2542:
1863:
1093:
940:
579:
518:
and that warming of the Earth was partially due to what are now known as
314:
1869:
393:
along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the
3649:
3644:
3329:
3198:
3142:
3126:
3059:
2053:
2048:
1979:
1924:
1197:
1183:
1180:
1115:
by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining
1108:
1040:
1002:
983:
515:
416:
298:
278:
266:
250:
246:
30:"Environmental research" redirects here. For the Elsevier journal, see
1179:
Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/
969:
of a coral reef. Corals adapt and modify their environment by forming
1205:
1845:. Ministry of communities & Local Government, UK. Archived from
447:. Two hundred years later, in 2500 BCE, a community residing in the
2839:
1359:
1153:
961:
885:
877:
786:
732:
548:
540:
528:
1054:
of amphibian. As a method to resolve or understand the extent of
920:
of airborne contaminants, sound propagation phenomena related to
366:
influence and affect the natural systems and processes of earth.
3574:
1806:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. 2007.
1137:
800:, and decreasing emissions from vehicles since the times of the
3578:
2843:
2289:
1873:
1380:
676:
gas was released to the public from a power plant disaster in
596:
569:. At this time, few researchers were studying the dangers of
1804:"A Citizen's Guide to the National Environmental Policy Act"
1379:
engineering, atmospheric sciences, and sustainable systems.
1021:
would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.
589:
published an influential piece of environmental literature,
1062:
would be implemented. Chemists would then characterize the
773:
1403:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), Mariner Books, 2002,
721:
1650:
Austin, David; Marauley, Molly K. (1 December 2001).
321:. Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and
3473:
3442:
3405:
3283:
3274:
3232:
3184:
3045:
2920:
2913:
2633:
2413:
2323:
2194:
2158:
2082:
1972:
1907:
714:company was fined for spilling large quantities of
1745:
533:Rachel Carson published her groundbreaking novel,
684:, inspiring global agreements banning the use of
1843:"Communities and Local Government: Environment"
633:was celebrated worldwide and the United States
343:focuses on design and technology for improving
645:(UNEP) in Stockholm, Sweden to address global
629:. The following year, in 1970, the first ever
3590:
3450:Geographic data and information organizations
2855:
2301:
1885:
1583:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1579:"Milestones in EPA and Environmental History"
216:
8:
955:add additional breadth in understanding the
364:effects of global warming and climate change
3597:
3583:
3575:
3280:
2917:
2862:
2848:
2840:
2308:
2294:
2286:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1422:"Environmental issues are part of history"
223:
209:
45:
3501:National Council for Geographic Education
1619:The Institution of Environmental Sciences
1350:
1058:and subsurface transport of solvent, a
57:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1487:"Classics of Environmental Literature"
1866:– Global Development Research Center
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
708:International Panel on Climate Change
7:
3732:
3545:
2244:
1720:Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion
1691:Lambertini, Marco (23 August 2018).
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1339:List of environmental studies topics
1001:would describe the flora and fauna,
643:United Nations Environment Programme
192:
3557:
2268:
1191:San Francisco International Airport
755:Institute of Air Quality Management
627:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
478:Beginnings of environmental science
1723:(4th ed.). author-published.
1420:Kovarik, Bill (9 September 2022).
854:through image analysis across the
25:
1334:Glossary of environmental science
1168:National Environmental Policy Act
725:s believed was life-threatening.
613:caught fire due to the amount of
474:environment came into existence.
411:Glossary of environmental science
39:Environmental Science (Community)
3731:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3521:
3520:
3496:International Geography Olympiad
2799:
2798:
2788:
2404:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2225:
2224:
1963:
1613:Karr, Katherine (January 2022).
1298:
1284:
1270:
1256:
1242:
1125:
1111:, calculations would be made of
947:fluxes, and specialists such as
578:climate over time, particularly
191:
182:
181:
49:
2573:Science, technology and society
2202:Human impact on the environment
1864:Glossary of environmental terms
1175:Environmental Impact Statements
1150:Regulations driving the studies
1005:would analyze the transport of
939:of atmospheric circulation and
918:atmospheric dispersion modeling
810:divestment from fossil fuel use
635:Environmental Protection Agency
387:'s landmark environmental book
37:For the TV series episode, see
3209:Geographic information science
2110:Public transport encouragement
1525:Mason, Matthew (August 2014).
1204:Expansion of the metropolitan
1107:As an example study, of soils
814:Geographic information systems
670:Environmental Justice Movement
1:
3315:Geographic information system
1782:Ecological Society of America
1358:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2008).
1200:, Metro Transportation system
1177:prepared under NEPA such as:
935:phenomena, physicists create
848:nonpoint sources of pollution
3242:Environmental social science
2317:Environmental social science
1381:http://www.ensci.iastate.edu
395:1969 Santa Barbara oil spill
2356:Environmental communication
2100:Natural resource management
1390:(Accessed 17 February 2010)
751:Society for the Environment
360:natural resource management
3781:
2341:Environmental anthropology
1090:environmental soil science
1077:
1028:
981:
931:Taking the example of the
901:
602:The Tragedy of the Commons
599:. Another important work,
408:
371:as quantitative analysis.
36:
29:
3703:
3630:
3612:
3516:
3357:Global Positioning System
2880:
2784:
2402:
2220:
2012:Environmental engineering
1961:
1329:Environmental informatics
1224:In England and Wales the
1166:In the United States the
747:effects of climate change
647:environmental degradation
458:environmental degradation
341:Environmental engineering
335:incorporates more of the
325:approach to the study of
2371:Environmental psychology
2095:Environmental technology
2044:Environmental toxicology
2039:Environmental statistics
2034:Environmental humanities
1324:Environmental statistics
1314:Environmental monitoring
1017:pollution emissions and
856:electromagnetic spectrum
487:In 1735, the concept of
3465:National mapping agency
3430:Survey (human research)
3372:Participant observation
2376:Environmental sociology
2351:Environmental economics
2331:Ecological anthropology
2007:Environmental economics
1930:Environmental chemistry
1386:27 January 2020 at the
1031:Environmental chemistry
1025:Environmental chemistry
868:Artificial intelligence
778:Deepwater Horizon spill
722:environmental scientist
682:hole in the ozone layer
658:carcinogenic pollutants
619:Santa Barbara oil spill
3455:Geographical societies
3252:Landscape architecture
2366:Environmental politics
2064:Sustainability science
1717:Beychok, M.R. (2005).
1319:Environmental planning
1163:
974:
894:
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862:technology is used in
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32:Environmental Research
3760:Environmental science
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3247:Environmental studies
3219:Statistical geography
3100:Environmental science
2461:Ecological humanities
2361:Environmental history
2029:Environmental studies
1901:Environmental science
1744:Turner, D.B. (1994).
1531:Environmental Science
1491:Environmental history
1460:Environmental history
1426:Environmental history
1278:Earth sciences portal
1157:
1086:environmental geology
965:
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818:precision agriculture
802:Industrial Revolution
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694:Brundtland Commission
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489:binomial nomenclature
434:Ancient civilizations
345:environmental quality
333:Environmental studies
327:environmental systems
236:Environmental science
97:Environmental studies
18:Environmental Science
3460:Geoscience societies
3425:Interview (research)
3397:Land change modeling
3298:Computer cartography
3276:Techniques and tools
3134:Earth system science
2553:Integrated geography
2431:Behavioral geography
2336:Ecological economics
2017:Environmental health
2002:Environmental design
1997:Ecological economics
1818:"Environment Agency"
1697:World Economic Forum
1230:Environment Act 1995
1162:in the United States
1084:Geosciences include
957:atmospheric dynamics
904:Atmospheric sciences
898:Atmospheric sciences
617:in its waters and a
368:Environmental issues
3635:Atmospheric science
3506:Spatial citizenship
3491:Geographers on Film
3481:Geography education
3091:Atmospheric science
2824:Research institutes
2346:Environmental crime
2186:Environment by year
2176:Research institutes
2090:Energy conservation
1915:Atmospheric science
1493:. 14 September 2014
1218:Arlington, Virginia
1208:MBTA transit system
1196:Development of the
864:wildlife management
824:, the treatment of
686:chlorofluorocarbons
605:, was published by
454:Minoan civilization
307:atmospheric science
3685:Physical geography
3387:Statistical survey
3337:Geologic modelling
3176:Quaternary science
2794:Environment portal
2548:Industrial ecology
2262:Environment portal
2145:Water purification
1849:on 12 August 2007.
1778:"What is ecology?"
1366:Ashgate Publishing
1250:Environment portal
1226:Environment Agency
1164:
1117:sediment transport
1056:soil contamination
1052:endangered species
1037:soil contamination
975:
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449:Indus River Valley
380:environmental laws
376:multi-disciplinary
352:alternative energy
303:physical geography
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3257:Landscape ecology
3077:Coastal geography
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2676:Green criminology
2436:Community studies
2391:Political ecology
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2105:Pollution control
1189:Expansion of the
1064:molecular bonding
971:calcium carbonate
704:Montreal Protocol
699:Our Common Future
674:methyl isocyanate
666:radioactive waste
662:Three Mile Island
656:, New York after
580:ice core sampling
524:greenhouse effect
491:is introduced by
356:pollution control
347:in every aspect.
323:interdisciplinary
240:interdisciplinary
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2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:environmental
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:environmental
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:environmental
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:environmental
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2656:Ecopsychology
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:Architecture
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:environmental
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Anthrozoology
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Human ecology
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2074:Urban ecology
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1763:1-56670-023-X
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1730:0-9644588-0-2
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1585:. 20 May 2020
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1456:"Prehistoric"
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:0-618-24906-0
1406:
1402:
1401:Silent Spring
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:Interstate 66
1209:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:air pollution
992:
985:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
897:
893:
888:
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
831:crowdsourcing
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
735:
728:
726:
723:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
592:Silent Spring
588:
587:Rachel Carson
583:
581:
576:
572:
568:
563:
557:
551:
543:
536:
535:Silent Spring
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
508:
506:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
482:
477:
475:
471:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
441:deforestation
433:
428:
426:
423:
422:public health
418:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:
390:Silent Spring
386:
385:Rachel Carson
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:Enlightenment
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:plant science
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
190:
188:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Article index
159:
158:
157:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
81:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3690:Soil science
3675:Oceanography
3639:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3486:Geo-literacy
3443:Institutions
3325:Internet GIS
3285:Quantitative
3162:Soil science
3099:
3081:Oceanography
3070:Zoogeography
3055:Biogeography
2930:Agricultural
2694:occupational
2689:epidemiology
2660:Engineering
2558:Permaculture
2521:Ethnobiology
2498:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2229:
2130:Road ecology
2083:Applications
2059:Radioecology
2022:epidemiology
1955:Soil science
1950:Oceanography
1900:
1847:the original
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1747:
1739:
1718:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1495:. Retrieved
1490:
1464:. Retrieved
1459:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1400:
1395:
1374:
1360:
1353:
1223:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1106:
1102:oceanography
1100:, including
1083:
1049:
1034:
987:
967:Biodiversity
930:
907:
890:The Earth's
806:clean energy
794:
771:
740:
729:21st century
712:Exxon Valdez
697:
651:
641:created the
600:
590:
584:
571:fossil fuels
564:
561:
558:20th century
534:
512:
509:19th century
500:
499:. His text,
486:
483:18th century
472:
465:
437:
414:
388:
373:
349:
331:
295:soil science
287:oceanography
235:
234:
144:
107:
68:Human impact
43:
3695:Volcanology
3670:Meteorology
3563:WikiProject
3415:Ethnography
3407:Qualitative
3367:Map algebra
3362:Hydrography
3303:Web mapping
3293:Cartography
3105:Climatology
3095:Meteorology
2950:Development
2705:Management
2649:sustainable
2421:Agroecology
2274:WikiProject
2120:Remediation
1935:Geosciences
1908:Main fields
1080:Geosciences
1074:Geosciences
924:, and even
916:phenomena,
910:meteorology
826:wastewaters
765:became the
743:climatology
706:formed the
522:(GHG). The
445:Mesopotamia
405:Terminology
317:during the
265:(including
259:mathematics
255:meteorology
125:Engineering
90:Stewardship
59:Environment
3754:Categories
3660:Glaciology
3655:Geophysics
3420:Geopoetics
3234:Integrated
3170:Edaphology
3148:Glaciology
3123:Geophysics
3118:Geobiology
3005:Settlement
2995:Population
2965:Historical
2935:Behavioral
2895:Philosophy
2664:ecological
2618:metabolism
2568:Sexecology
2465:Economics
2449:ecological
2441:Demography
2237:scientists
1345:References
1142:Garzweiler
1140:mining at
1068:arthropods
1019:geologists
1011:physicists
999:biologists
892:atmosphere
874:Components
858:. Lastly,
835:blockchain
654:Love Canal
425:wildlife.
409:See also:
397:, and the
362:, and the
283:mineralogy
130:Humanities
115:Consulting
3665:Hydrology
3474:Education
3392:Surveying
3214:Geomatics
3194:Geodesign
3186:Technical
3157:Limnology
3153:Hydrology
3032:Strategic
3015:Transport
2990:Political
2980:Marketing
2940:Cognitive
2871:Geography
2735:Planning
2714:fisheries
2644:landscape
2613:geography
2484:education
2115:Recycling
1985:Chemistry
1945:Limnology
1940:Hydrology
1754:CRC Press
1702:2 October
1661:2 October
1656:Brookings
1624:2 October
1589:2 October
1536:2 October
1497:2 October
1466:3 October
1431:2 October
1144:, Germany
1136:Open-pit
1098:hydrology
716:crude oil
690:Chernobyl
631:Earth Day
615:pollution
497:Aristotle
354:systems,
291:limnology
271:chemistry
263:geography
120:Education
3714:Category
3527:Category
3166:Pedology
3047:Physical
3010:Regional
3000:Religion
2985:Military
2975:Language
2970:Internet
2955:Economic
2945:Cultural
2914:Branches
2885:Glossary
2829:Scholars
2819:Journals
2809:Concepts
2804:Category
2749:regional
2744:land use
2543:Forestry
2231:Category
2195:See also
2181:Glossary
2171:Journals
1384:Archived
1236:See also
1216:through
1094:volcanic
1003:chemists
941:infrared
702:and the
625:and the
315:medicine
187:Category
3738:Commons
3650:Geology
3645:Geodesy
3617:Outline
3551:Commons
3330:Web GIS
3199:Geodesy
3143:Geology
3127:Geodesy
3060:Ecology
3037:Tourism
2905:Outline
2890:History
2814:Degrees
2765:Policy
2754:spatial
2680:Health
2634:Applied
2623:studies
2608:ecology
2593:studies
2588:science
2536:zoology
2531:ecology
2509:justice
2504:studies
2499:science
2445:Design
2414:Related
2250:Commons
2166:Degrees
2054:Physics
2049:Geodesy
1980:Biology
1925:Ecology
1198:Houston
1184:Estuary
1181:Tijuana
1109:erosion
1041:solvent
984:Ecology
978:Ecology
516:Ice Age
429:History
417:ecology
299:geology
279:zoology
267:ecology
251:biology
247:physics
197:Commons
145:Science
3726:Portal
3539:Portal
3027:Social
2960:Health
2874:topics
2769:energy
2719:forest
2699:public
2604:Urban
2526:botany
2514:racism
2489:ethics
2474:thermo
2469:energy
2324:Fields
1827:12 May
1822:GOV.UK
1788:20 May
1784:. 2020
1760:
1727:
1407:
1210:, and
1206:Boston
678:Bhopal
305:, and
238:is an
171:Portal
140:Policy
80:Issues
3622:Index
3020:Urban
2922:Human
2900:Index
2759:urban
2729:waste
2159:Lists
1990:green
1045:biota
991:water
166:Lists
1829:2021
1790:2020
1758:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1704:2022
1663:2022
1626:2022
1591:2022
1538:2022
1499:2022
1468:2022
1433:2022
1405:ISBN
1138:coal
993:and
951:and
313:and
301:and
261:and
2494:law
1015:air
597:DDT
135:Law
3756::
3155:/
3141:/
3125:/
3111:/
3107:/
3093:/
3079:/
1820:.
1780:.
1756:.
1695:.
1671:^
1654:.
1634:^
1617:.
1599:^
1581:.
1546:^
1529:.
1507:^
1489:.
1476:^
1458:.
1441:^
1424:.
1364:.
1221:.
1202:,
1194:,
1187:,
1104:.
1092:,
1088:,
1047:.
997:,
928:.
912:,
812:.
774:BP
649:.
582:.
329:.
297:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
3598:e
3591:t
3584:v
3172:)
3168:/
3164:(
2863:e
2856:t
2849:v
2309:e
2302:t
2295:v
1893:e
1886:t
1879:v
1831:.
1792:.
1766:.
1733:.
1706:.
1665:.
1628:.
1593:.
1540:.
1501:.
1470:.
1435:.
1368:.
959:.
224:e
217:t
210:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
