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higher renewable energy subsidies in three ways. It made consumption of energy cleaner due to moving for cleaner sources. Secondly, it helped increase the efficiency and third it resolved the issue of imbalanced distribution and consumption. However, from the
Chinese experience, there were challenges observed. These challenges included economic challenges like initially lower economic benefits for subsidies from renewable energy than for oil. Other challenges included a high cost of research and development, the uncertainty of cost and potentially high-risk investments. These factors make the development of renewable energy very dependent on government support. However, aims of phasing out fossil fuels and petroleum use may also present economic benefits such as increased investment. This strategy may help achieve social goals for example reduction in pollution which might translate to better environmental and health outcomes.
935:) emission in the ocean. Approximately 400 million tons of PW discharge is released annually from oil-fields in the North Sea, UK and Norwegian discharges combined. PW discharge is the largest emission event in the marine environment world and it is a result of offshore oil and gas production. The composition of materials in the PW depends on the characteristics of the region. However, PW mainly contains a mixture of a few select products such as formation water, oil, gas, brine water and added chemicals. Just like PW, formation water composition also depends on its surroundings although, it mainly consists of dissolved inorganic and organic compounds. PW was responsible for releasing 129 tons of PAHs in 2017. Due to the presence of harmful chemicals in PW, it is responsible for evoking toxic responses in the surrounding environment. For example, surveys done in the
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every region in the World. Natural gas is also seen as a potential alternative to oil. Natural gas is much cleaner than oil in terms of emissions. However natural gas has its limitation in terms of mass production. For example, in order to switch from crude oil to natural gas there are technical and network changes that need to occur before the implementation can be complete. Two possible strategies are to first develop the end use technology first or second is to completely change the fuel infrastructure.
550:
humans. Microplastics possess many risks to various organisms. They are known to disrupt algal feeding, increase mortality and lower fertility in copepods. Amongst mussels, microplastics are known to interrupt filtration and induce inflammatory responses. There is still a lack of data in how these particles ultimately affect humans because most marine organisms are gutted before consumed. In spite of that, their environmental effects are well documented and the extent of their damage is well understood.
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295:. The toxicity of oils can be understood using the toxic potential or the toxicity of each individual component of oil at the water solubility of that component. There are many methods that can be used to measure the toxicity of crude oil and other petroleum related products. Certain studies analyzing levels of toxicity can use the target lipid model or colorimetric analysis using colored-dyes in order to assess toxicity and
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pollution in urban areas. This increase in pollution has adverse effects on human health due to the toxicity of oil. A study investigating the effects of oil refineries in Taiwan. The study found an increased occurrence of premature births in mothers that lived in close proximity to oil refineries than mothers who lived away from oil refineries. There were also differences observed in sex ratios and the
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gasoline. The literature is mainly unclear what the GHG emission changes would be by adopting corn-based ethanol for biodiesel. Some studies report a 20% increase in GHG emissions and some report a 32% decrease. However, the actual number might be a 13% decrease in GHG emissions which is not a significant decrease. The future of biodiesel might be adopting
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939:(NCS) found that PAHs released by PW were responsible for biological changes in mussel and Atlantic cod. Formation of PAH burden caused DNA damage and digestive-gland histochemistry in mussel. PAHs also pose a serious threat to human health. Long term exposure to PAHs have been linked to a series of health problems such as
346:. Examples of adverse effects are oil emulsions in digestive systems in certain mammals might result in decreased ability to digest nutrients that might lead to death of certain mammals. Further symptoms include capillary ruptures and hemorrhages. Ecosystem food chains can be affected due to a decrease in
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Renewable energy alternatives also exist. These include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal and hydroelectricity as well as other sources. These sources are said to have much lower emissions, and almost minimal secondary by products. The production of renewable energy is projected to grow in nearly
482:
by transporting sequestered geologic carbon into the biosphere. The carbon is used by consumers in various forms and a large fraction is combusted into the atmosphere; thus creating massive amounts of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, as a waste product. Natural gas (mostly methane) is an even more
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which created laws which are designed to eventually phase out the use of petroleum, which is known as the 15-year plan. These policies have their benefits and their challenges and every country has had their different experiences. In China, positive benefits were observed in the energy system due to
988:
for a doubling of carbon dioxide. These numbers are troubling as the resulting climate change will cause more intense hurricanes and storms, increased droughts and heat waves, frequent flooding, and more severe wildfires. For low-income communities that have inadequate infrastructure, they are often
494:
of carbon dioxide and methane have increased about 50% and 150%, respectively, above their relatively stable levels of the prior 800,000+ years. Each is currently increasing at a rate of about 1% every year, since about half of the added carbon has been absorbed by Earth's land vegetation and ocean
1216:
can be created by cellulose instead of oil and plant fat can be substituted for oil to fuel cars. In order for biomass to succeed there needs to be an integration of different technologies to different biomass feedstock in to produce different bioproducts. Incentives for biomass are a decrease of
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might be an alternative to using petroleum. However, studies that concluded that corn-based ethanol uses less net energy do not factor in the co-products of production. Current corn-ethanol technologies are much less petroleum intensive than gasoline however have the GHG emission levels similar to
646:
is not complete and the chemical reaction leaves by-products which are not water or carbon dioxide. However, despite the large amounts of pollutants, there is variation in the amount and concentration of certain pollutants. In the refinement stages of petroleum also contributes to large amounts of
570:
Some harmful impacts of petroleum can be limited to the geographic locations where it is produced, consumed, and/or disposed. In many cases, the impacts may be reduced to safe levels when consumers practice responsible use and disposal. Producers of specific products can further reduce the impacts
533:
The majority of plastic is not recycled, and it fragments into smaller and smaller pieces over time. Microplastics are particles that are smaller than 5 mm in size. Microplastics are observable in air, water, and soil samples gathered from nearly every location on earth's surface, and also
684:(VOCs) are gases or vapours emitted by various solids and liquids. Petroleum hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel intruding into indoor spaces from underground storage tanks or brownfields threaten safety (e.g., explosive potential) and causes adverse health effects from inhalation.
549:
When particles are ingested by marine organisms they usually end up in tissues such as the digestive glands, circulatory system, gills and guts. When these organisms are consumed and shifted upwards in the food chain, they end up creating an exposure risk towards bigger organisms and ultimately
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There is also the potential to implement many technologies as safety measures to mitigate safety and health risks of the petroleum industry. These include measures to reduce oil spills, false floors to prevent gasoline drips in the water table and double-hulled tanker ships. A relatively new
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in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Other factors influencing the rate of
534:
increasingly within biological samplings. Long-term effects from the environmental buildup of plastic waste are under scientific evaluation but thus far mostly unknown. Microplastics are concern because they have a tendency to adsorb pollutants on their surface, as well as an ability to
739:
from the past 100 years and showed an increase in nitrous oxide emissions from combustion. The emissions were large enough to acidify the rainfall. The acid rain has adverse impacts on the larger ecosystem. For example, acid rain can kill trees, and can kill fish by acidifying lakes.
1211:
is becoming a potential option as a substitute for petroleum. This is due to the increased environmental impacts of petroleum and the desire to reduce the use of petroleum. Potential substitutes include cellulose from fibrous plant materials as a substitute for oil-based products.
978:
emissions. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that attracts heat in order to keep Earth's temperature from below freezing but the excess amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from things like the petroleum industry have caused an imbalance. Swedish Nobel chemist
1019:, the start of the petroleum industry, the pH of the oceans has dropped from 8.21 to 8.10. It may not seem like much but this change shows a 30% increase in acidity which has caused a lot of problems for sea life. As Earth's oceans continue to acidify there are less
216:
Through its operations, the petroleum industry directly contributed about 8% (2.7 BT) of the 32.8 BT in 2017. Also, due to its intentional and other releases of natural gas, the industry directly contributed at least 79 million tons of methane (2.4 BT
2418:"Transfer of benzo[ a ]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants: Trophic transfer of microplastics and associated POPs"
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created a mathematical model that showed an increase of carbon dioxide results in an increase in surface temperature. Furthermore, these emissions are at a record high and the IPCC (2007) states that Earth's climate system will heat up by 3 degrees
1077:
indicates that traditional subsidies throughout the world amounted to about $ 400–600 Billion annually during years 2010–2015, and remained near $ 400 Billion in year 2018 with 40% going to oil. By comparison, a working group at the
2082:
Lin, Meng-Chaio; Chiu, Hui-Fen; Yu, Hsin-Su; Tsai, Shang-Shyue; Cheng, Bi-Hua; Wu, Trong-Neng; Sung, Fung-Sung; Yang, Chun-Yuh (2001). "Increased Risk of
Preterm Deliveries in Areas with Air Pollution From a Petroleum Refinery Plant in Taiwan".
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available for calcifying meaning that organisms have a hard time building and maintaining their shells and skeletons. Based on current levels of carbon dioxide Earth's oceans could have a pH level of 7.8 by the end of the 21st century.
41:
902:. Many of the same problems associated with natural petroleum exist with waste oil. When waste oil from vehicles drips out engines over streets and roads, the oil travels into the water table bringing with it such toxins as
4046:
Hekkert, Marko P.; Hendriks, Franka H.J.F.; Faaij, Andre P.C.; Neelis, Maarten L. (2005). "Natural gas as an alternative to crude oil in automotive fuel chains well-to-wheel analysis and transition strategy development".
525:
Petroleum has enabled plastics to be used to create a wide range and massive quantity of consumer items at extremely low production costs. Annual growth rates in production have been near 10%, and are driven largely by
3428:
Brooks, Steven J.; Harman, Christopher; Grung, Merete; Farmen, Eivind; Ruus, Anders; Vingen, Sjur; Godal, Brit F.; Baršienė, Janina; Andreikėnaitė, Laura; Skarphéðinsdóttir, Halldóra; Liewenborg, Birgitta (2011-03-09).
1445:
Stohl, A.; Klimont, Z.; Eckhardt, S.; Kupiainen, K.; Chevchenko, V.P.; Kopeikin, V.M.; Novigatsky, A.N. (2013), "Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions",
3391:
Proceedings of the 27th Annual
Aquatic Toxicity Workshop : October 1-4, 2000, St. John's, Newfoundland = Comptes rendus du 27e atelier annuel sur la toxicité aquatique: du 1 au 4 octobre 2000, St. John's,
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substances tend to have higher levels of toxicity than substances that are not very soluble in water. Generally oils that have longer carbon chains and with more benzene rings have higher levels of toxicity.
744:
are also destroyed by acid rain. Acid rain also leads to the corrosion of machinery and structures (large amounts of capital) and to the slow destruction of archeological structures like the marble ruins of
726:
from the sulfur in the oil. These by-products combine with water in the atmosphere to create acid rain. The increased concentrations of nitrates and other acidic substances have significant effects on the
1164:
Another option for conserving energy and phasing out petroleum use is adopting new technologies in order to increase efficiency. This can include changing production methods and modes of transportation.
1070:. Considering all forms of support, the largest assistance to fossil fuels arises from the failure of governments to pass along most costs from the environmental and human-health impacts of the waste.
3484:
Boström, Carl-Elis; Gerde, Per; Hanberg, Annika; Jernström, Bengt; Johansson, Christer; Kyrklund, Titus; Rannug, Agneta; Törnqvist, Margareta; Victorin, Katarina; Westerholm, Roger (June 2002).
2001:
Montagnolli, Renato Nallin; Lopes, Paulo Renato Matos; Bidoia, Ederio Dino (2015-02-01). "Screening the
Toxicity and Biodegradability of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by a Rapid Colorimetric Method".
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Di Toro, Dominic M.; McGrath, Joy A.; Stubblefield, William A. (2007-01-01). "Predicting the toxicity of neat and weathered crude oil: Toxic potential and the toxicity of saturated mixtures".
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long-term contamination is the continuous inputs of petroleum residues and the rate at which the environment can clean itself Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.
3933:
Farrell, Alexander E.; Plevin, Richard J.; Turner, Brian T.; Jones, Andrew D.; O'Hare, Michael; Kammen, Daniel M. (2006). "Ethanol Can
Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals".
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4019:
Chong, Zheng Rong; Yang, She Hern Bryan; Babu, Ponnivalavan; Linga, Praveen; Li, Xiao-Sen (2016). "Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges".
974:
The emissions from the extraction, refinement, transportation, and consumption of petroleum have caused changes in Earth's natural greenhouse gas levels, most significantly human
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1086:) during year 2017. The largest subsidizers were China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and India which together accounted for about 60% of the total.
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is where off-gasses that have biodegradable VOCs or inorganic air toxins are vented out through a biologically active material. This technology successfully used in
3414:
3048:
Nicodem, David E.; Fernandes, Conceicao; Guedes, Carmen L.B; Correa, Rodrigo J. (1997). "Photochemical processes and the environmental impact of petroleum spills".
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productivity therefore threatening certain species. Oil is "acutely lethal" to fish - that is, it kills fish quickly, at a concentration of 4000 parts per million (
3131:"Uptake and tissue distribution of C4–C7 alkylphenols in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Relevance for biomonitoring of produced water discharges from oil production"
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Emissions from the petroleum industry occur in every chain of the oil-producing process from the extraction to the consumption phase . In the extraction phase,
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Asim, Nilofar; Badiei, Marzieh; Torkashvand, Mohammad; Mohammad, Masita; Alghoul, Mohammad A.; Gasaymeh, Shawkat S.; Sopian, Kamaruzzaman (2021-02-15).
244:. Most alternative technologies for energy generation, transportation, and storage can only be realized at this time because of its diverse usefulness.
2885:
Tuccella, P.; Thomas, J. L.; Law, K. S.; Raut, J.-C.; Marelle, L.; Roiger, A.; Weinzierl, B.; Gon, H. A. C. Denier van der; Schlager, H. (2017-06-07).
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Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).
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306:, solubility, as well as chemical properties such as persistence. Increased weathering tends to decrease levels of toxicity as more soluble and lower
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354:) (0.4%). The toxicity of petroleum related products threaten human health. Many compounds found in oil are highly toxic and can cause cancer (
5275:
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Watts, Andrew J. R.; Lewis, Ceri; Goodhead, Rhys M.; Beckett, Stephen J.; Moger, Julian; Tyler, Charles R.; Galloway, Tamara S. (2014-08-05).
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Bautista, H.; Rahman, K. M. M. (2016). "Effects of Crude Oil
Pollution in the Tropical Rainforest Biodiversity of Ecuadorian Amazon Region".
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1864:"Wastes from the petroleum industries as sustainable resource materials in construction sectors: Opportunities, limitations, and directions"
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Different oils and petroleum-related products have different levels of toxicity. Levels of toxicity are influenced by many factors such as
3889:
Ouyang, Xiaoling; Lin, Boqiang (2014). "Impacts of increasing renewable energy subsidies and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies in China".
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Many countries across the World have subsidies and policies designed to reduce the use of petroleum and fossil fuels. Examples include
882:
Waste oil is oil containing not only breakdown products but also impurities from use. Some examples of waste oil are used oils such as
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5139:
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Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Goodhead, Rhys; Moger, Julian; Galloway, Tamara S. (2013-06-18).
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1181:. Some of the alternatives have their strengths and limitations that might impact on the possibility of adopting them in the future.
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Despite varying levels of toxicity amongst different variants of oil, all petroleum -derived products have adverse impacts on human
319:
is the petroleum-related product with the highest level of toxicity. Other substances other than benzene which are highly toxic are
3824:
3431:"Water Column Monitoring of the Biological Effects of Produced Water from the Ekofisk Offshore Oil Installation from 2006 to 2009"
2938:"Field Investigation of the Chemistry and Toxicity of TPH in Petroleum Vapors: Implications for Potential Vapor Intrusion Hazards"
1050:
for both consumers and producers by providing various forms of financial support to the industry. These include such traditional
906:. This poisons both soil and drinking water. Runoff from storms carries waste oil into rivers and oceans, poisoning them as well.
777:
into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually applied to
562:
Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as oil (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of
283:
Petroleum distillates can create a sheen on the surface of water as a thin layer creating an optical phenomenon called interphase.
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Panwar, N.L.; Kaushik, S.C.; Kothari, Surendra (2011). "Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review".
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Bautista, H.; Rahman, K.M.M. (25 January 2016). "Review On the
Sundarbans Delta Oil Spill: Effects On Wildlife and Habitats".
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emissions show that most emissions are being absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (
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2805:"Uptake and Effects of Microplastics on Cells and Tissue of the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an Experimental Exposure"
2630:"Uptake and Effects of Microplastics on Cells and Tissue of the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an Experimental Exposure"
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Petroleum is a complex mixture of many components . These components include straight chained, branched, cyclic, monocyclic
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and others report that oil & gas use comprises over 55% (18 billion tons) of the recorded 32.8 billion tons (BT) of CO
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Cherubini, Francesco (2010). "The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals".
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Prasad, M. S.; Kumari, K. (1987). "Toxicity of Crude Oil to the
Survival of the Fresh Water FishPuntius sophore (HAM.)".
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of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less
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3253:"Environmental impacts of produced water and drilling waste discharges from the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry"
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2145:"Benzene Exposure on a Crude Oil Production Vessel -- KIRKELEIT et al. 50 (2): 123 -- Annals of Occupational Hygiene"
1518:"Air pollution from vehicle-tailpipe emissions and diagnostic approaches through cyber–physical platform - a review"
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2575:"Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel"
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4233:--- 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill News, Information & Resources, 2008 Mississippi River Oil Spill Coverage
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3486:"Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air"
2887:"Air pollution impacts due to petroleum extraction in the Norwegian Sea during the ACCESS aircraft campaign"
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1015:. This increase in carbonic acid had dropped the pH of Earth's oceans, causing increased acidity. Since the
1011:, carbon dioxide enters our oceans where it reacts with the water molecules and produces a substance called
952:
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1536:"Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010"
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estimates that all support to the fossil-fuel industry totaled about $ 5.2 Trillion (6.4% of global
388:. "Studies have linked benzene exposure in the mere parts per billion (ppb) range to terminal leukaemia,
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96:. Their supply has grown quickly over the last 150 years to meet the demands of the rapidly increasing
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Alternatives to petroleum can include using other “cleaner” energy sources such as renewable energy,
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2985:; Stedman, D.H (1982). "Historic Evidence of Dramatic Increase in Nitrate Component of Acid Rain".
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Batel, Annika; Linti, Frederic; Scherer, Martina; Erdinger, Lothar; Braunbeck, Thomas (July 2016).
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extracted in the last 30 years exceeds the total amount extracted during all prior human history.
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2750:"Size-Dependent Effects of Micro Polystyrene Particles in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus"
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2185:"Benzene pollution - a health risk in Gulf BP Oil drilling disaster - La Leva di Archimede (ENG)"
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can pollute the air, water and soil at levels that are harmful to life, when improperly managed.
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1046:. Government's and economic institutions around the world lower prices and increase supplies of
1633:"Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The latest trends in energy and emissions in 2018"
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is responsible for increased occurrence of acid rain. Combustion causes an increased amount of
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3693:"Creating the Healthiest Nation: Water and Health Equity". American Public Health Association.
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3543:"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects"
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technology to produce biodiesel as that technology will contribute to a decrease in emissions
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Neff, Jerry; Lee, Kenneth; DeBlois, Elisabeth M. (2011), Lee, Kenneth; Neff, Jerry (eds.),
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control. There are lower costs and environmental benefits include low energy requirements
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of petroleum products are effective industry and consumer actions toward achieving better
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4171:"Bio filtration : An Innovative Air Pollution Control Technology for VOC emissions"
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1459:
5505:
5400:
5300:
5228:
4711:
4132:
3781:"Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates"
3518:
3485:
3186:"North sea produced water PAH exposure and uptake in early life stages of Atlantic Cod"
1734:
1699:
1599:
1118:
975:
948:
928:
915:
786:
778:
723:
623:
598:
487:
296:
156:
148:
112:
85:
3624:"Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives"
2859:
5609:
5599:
5488:
5443:
5423:
5245:
5020:
4450:
4399:
4150:
4078:
3470:
3108:
1895:
1349:"Frequent, routine flaring may cause excessive, uncontrolled sulfur dioxide releases"
1063:
1055:
1012:
899:
883:
732:
719:
627:
588:
512:
393:
367:
363:
210:
93:
57:
4119:
Zouboulis, Anastasios I.; Moussas, Panagiotis A.; Psaltou, Savvina G. (2019-01-01),
3978:
3541:
Kim, Ki-Hyun; Jahan, Shamin Ara; Kabir, Ehsanul; Brown, Richard J. C. (2013-10-01).
3277:
3252:
3210:
3185:
3154:
3069:
2598:
2246:
2112:
1152:
which switched from providing subsidies for fossil fuels to providing subsidies for
659:
blacken humans' and other animals' lungs and cause heart problems or death. Soot is
5181:
5176:
5164:
5124:
5109:
4797:
4499:
4187:
4170:
4105:
4032:
3647:
3016:
2449:
2126:
2038:
1978:
1185:
1047:
1008:
810:
802:
798:
648:
479:
190:
172:
116:
89:
4752:
3430:
3029:
1879:
3558:
3446:
1217:
carbon dioxide, need for a new energy supply and need to revitalize rural areas.
483:
potent greenhouse gas when it escapes into the atmosphere prior to being burned.
5295:
5250:
5119:
5092:
4382:
4218:
4060:
3323:
1235:
1174:
944:
940:
920:
822:
818:
774:
611:
500:
183:
101:
81:
4005:
3902:
2390:
2096:
1847:
1822:
5360:
4267:
3311:
3061:
2748:
Lee, Kyun-Woo; Shim, Won Joon; Kwon, Oh Youn; Kang, Jung-Hoon (October 2013).
2222:
2207:"Natural radioactivity and trace metals in crude oils: implication for health"
2014:
1911:"What oil and gas companies are doing to promote environmental sustainability"
1778:
1560:
1535:
1114:
794:
741:
664:
643:
355:
311:
303:
237:
186:
3655:
3566:
3509:
3454:
3388:
N.L.), Aquatic
Toxicity Workshop (27th : 2000 : St. John's (2000).
3229:
3162:
2922:
2836:
2781:
2749:
2726:
2661:
2629:
2606:
2551:
2496:
2230:
2065:
2022:
1962:
1887:
1468:
1385:
5594:
5483:
5129:
4437:
3954:
3501:
3400:
2206:
2161:
2144:
1724:
1603:
1276:
1227:
1178:
1051:
1020:
891:
887:
876:
866:
826:
790:
771:
762:
707:
693:
385:
384:
count in humans, which would leave people exposed to it more susceptible to
377:
343:
332:
328:
194:
136:
77:
73:
45:
3970:
3574:
3527:
3462:
3316:
Produced Water: Environmental Risks and
Advances in Mitigation Technologies
3296:
3237:
3170:
2960:
2844:
2789:
2734:
2669:
2614:
2559:
2504:
2441:
2238:
2170:
2104:
2030:
1970:
1743:
789:, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of
279:
4393:
4196:
2913:
593:
541:
403:
which are released during mining. High concentration of these elements in
5015:
4509:
4432:
3287:
3220:
3007:
2903:
2886:
2520:"Uptake and Retention of Microplastics by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas"
1478:
1286:
1109:
to realize accurate prices would have their most direct effects from the
1102:
895:
853:
814:
806:
639:
229:
168:
2803:
von Moos, Nadia; Burkhardt-Holm, Patricia; Köhler, Angela (2012-09-27).
2628:
von Moos, Nadia; Burkhardt-Holm, Patricia; Köhler, Angela (2012-10-16).
2417:
1700:"Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain"
5310:
5260:
5040:
4069:
3962:
3709:"Ocean acidification | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"
2804:
2717:
1231:
1213:
1208:
985:
903:
845:
702:
Trees killed by acid rain, an unwanted side effect of burning petroleum
631:
619:
373:
320:
316:
241:
221:-equivalent) that same year; an amount equal to about 14% of all known
213:
continue to rise nearly every year: from 1.7% to 33.1 BT in 2018.
164:
3184:
Nepstad, Raymond; Hansen, Bjørn Henrik; Skancke, Jørgen (2021-01-01).
2828:
2773:
2708:
2653:
2543:
2488:
1579:"Data and Statistics: CO₂ emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017"
447:
have been caused by different sources ramping up one after the other (
40:
5134:
4414:
2998:
2433:
1954:
1494:"Gas flaring: An industry practice faces increasing global attention"
1226:
technology that can mitigate air pollution is called bio-filtration.
1157:
768:
750:
736:
660:
359:
339:
324:
3389:
2684:
2519:
2464:
2395:. SAPEA (Scientific Advice for Policy by European Academies). 2019.
1038:
Modern human societies utilize cheap and abundant energy to promote
4223:
1093:, accurate prices could act to drive more responsible industry and
821:) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as
205:
released into the atmosphere from all energy sources in year 2017.
3919:
Article on Sweden's Phasing Out of Petrol Use (www.guardian.co.uk)
3803:"OECD: Fossil fuel subsidies added up to at least $ 373bn in 2015"
3251:
Bakke, Torgeir; Klungsøyr, Jarle; Sanni, Steinar (December 2013).
2261:"The Syrian Job: Uncovering the Oil Industry's Radioactive Secret"
2205:
Ajayi, T. R.; Torto, N.; Tchokossa, P.; Akinlua, A. (2009-02-01).
1149:
919:
870:
782:
697:
592:
557:
540:
516:
404:
347:
278:
236:, petroleum enables many consumer chemicals and products, such as
108:
92:
sources that enable numerous aspects of modern daily life and the
51:
39:
28:
3825:"Fossil fuel consumption subsidies bounced back strongly in 2018"
3084:"Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill"
1239:
1074:
746:
715:
711:
656:
642:. When oil or petroleum distillates are combusted, usually the
376:
is present in both crude oil and gasoline and is known to cause
206:
4756:
4240:
3596:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | NOAA Climate.gov"
2392:
A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society
3129:
Sundt, Rolf C.; Baussant, Thierry; Beyer, Jonny (2009-01-01).
849:
4236:
3312:"Produced Water: Overview of Composition, Fates, and Effects"
3083:
4215:
from the State of New Department of Environmental Protection
2143:
Kirkeleit, J.; Riise, T.; Bråtveit, M.; Moen, B. E. (2005).
545:
Microplastics can be found in the ocean and marine habitats.
3847:"Fossil fuels are underpriced by a whopping $ 5.2 trillion"
1678:"Tracking Fuel Supply - Methane emissions from oil and gas"
728:
151:
are global changes enhanced by the industry's emissions of
3756:"EPA VOC and Methane Standards for Oil and Gas Facilities"
931:(PW) discharges from petroleum extraction results in PAH (
490:
began circa 1750–1850 with growing wood and coal use, the
123:
stages of oil and gas. Some industry by-products, such as
2573:
Lusher, A. L.; McHugh, M.; Thompson, R. C. (2013-02-15).
1608:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel"
1262:
Environmental impact of the petroleum industry in Nigeria
989:
less likely to recover from infrastructure damage due to
478:
Petroleum extraction disrupts the equilibrium of earth's
4219:
Safety Data Sheet -- Crude Oil (fscimage.fishersci.com)
1325:"EPA enforcement targets flaring efficiency violations"
4631:
International Conference on Population and Development
3758:. Harvard Law - Environmental & Energy Law Program
3630:. Atmospheric Environment - Fifty Years of Endeavour.
3435:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
2465:"Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?"
2313:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CH4 Concentrations"
2287:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Concentrations"
2003:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
399:
Fossil gas and oil naturally contain small amounts of
5571:
4125:
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Second Edition)
2860:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?"
2085:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A
1113:
of the industry. By contrast, the objective of some
4224:
Beyond Katrina: Disaster on the Gulf Coast Continues
5409:
5197:
4860:
4790:
4684:
4609:
4561:
4540:
4423:
4369:
4320:
4274:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1121:mechanisms is to enforce pricing accuracy from the
380:in humans. The compound is also known to lower the
3754:Hana Vizcarra and Robin Just (27 September 2017).
3617:
3615:
1758:"Methane Tracker - Country and regional estimates"
1401:Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences
1354:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000-10-01
1330:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012-08-01
1073:Accounting by the International Energy Agency and
4121:"Groundwater and Soil Pollution: Bioremediation☆"
1781:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01
1760:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01
1680:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01
1656:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2020-01-01
1635:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-03-01
844:. Spilt oil penetrates into the structure of the
225:and natural emissions of the potent warming gas.
2880:
2878:
530:plastics for which improper disposal is common.
499:has also been so rapid that the total amount of
327:(BETX). Substances with the lowest toxicity are
209:use comprised most of the remaining 45%. Total
4175:Journal of Air and Waste Management Association
3928:
3926:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3030:Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
5616:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
3823:Wataru Matsumura and Zakia Adam (2019-06-13).
3734:"IMF: Low oil prices will spur global economy"
3671:"Air Pollution: Current and Future Challenges"
1257:Environmental impact of the oil shale industry
407:is a technological and environmental concern.
18:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
4768:
4252:
3914:
3912:
521:Microplastics in Mljet National Park, Croatia
111:and non-toxic waste are generated during the
36:of gas from offshore oil extraction platforms
8:
3703:
3701:
3699:
1823:"How big is the energy efficiency resource?"
1654:"Methane Tracker - Methane from oil and gas"
1267:Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
910:Produced water and drilling waste discharges
731:of rainfall. Data samples analyzed from the
366:. Crude oil and petroleum distillates cause
4656:United Nations world population conferences
4213:Information about petroleum spills in water
3413:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2343:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
2077:
2075:
781:oil spills, where oil is released into the
4775:
4761:
4753:
4569:Population and housing censuses by country
4259:
4245:
4237:
1424:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
1105:. Eliminating subsidies and implementing
189:is the largest contributor to the ongoing
5286:Environmental issues in the United States
4186:
4068:
3774:
3772:
3517:
3318:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3–54,
3286:
3276:
3219:
3209:
3006:
2912:
2902:
2716:
2365:"The known unknowns of plastic pollution"
2160:
2138:
2136:
1846:
1733:
1723:
1698:Alvarez, R.A.; et al. (2018-07-13).
1672:
1670:
1573:
1571:
1559:
1477:
1467:
430:Carbon dioxide emissions and partitioning
396:diseases within 5-15 years of exposure."
5271:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4292:Estimates of historical world population
3994:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3891:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2319:. Published online at OurWorldInData.org
2293:. Published online at OurWorldInData.org
1614:. Published online at OurWorldInData.org
1529:
1527:
358:) as well as other diseases. Studies in
5578:
3622:Ramanathan, V.; Feng, Y. (2009-01-01).
2685:"Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton"
1311:Business and Economics Research Advisor
1297:
5276:Effects of climate change on livestock
4127:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 369–381,
3779:David Cody; et al. (2019-05-02).
3406:
2809:Environmental Science & Technology
2754:Environmental Science & Technology
2689:Environmental Science & Technology
2634:Environmental Science & Technology
2524:Environmental Science & Technology
2469:Environmental Science & Technology
2422:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
2340:A Short Introduction to Climate Change
1943:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
1421:A Short Introduction to Climate Change
3086:. NOAA Ocean Media Center. 2010-03-16
2870:from the original on 15 January 2024.
2311:Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020).
2285:Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020).
2211:Environmental Geochemistry and Health
1581:. International Energy Agency (Paris)
1307:"History of the Oil and Gas Industry"
825:, or the spill of any oily refuse or
626:, but various other pollutants like
566:(rectangles barely visible in chart).
7:
5530:
5386:Tropical cyclones and climate change
4725:
2858:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2021).
1169:Substitution of other energy sources
970:Attribution of recent climate change
412:Radioactive waste § Oil and gas
362:link proximity to oil refineries to
5419:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
4661:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
4169:Leson, Gero; Winer, Arthur (1991).
2054:Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica
1204:Use of biomass instead of petroleum
4133:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11246-1
2463:Rillig, Matthias C. (2012-06-19).
2149:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1252:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
886:, transmission oil, brake fluids,
72:is extensive and expansive due to
25:
5066:pharmaceuticals and personal care
4553:Population and Development Review
3490:Environmental Health Perspectives
1277:Environmental issues of oil sands
1089:According to the theory of ideal
767:An oil spill is the release of a
5593:
5581:
5541:
5540:
5529:
5217:decline in amphibian populations
4922:Deforestation and climate change
4737:
4736:
4724:
4601:Population concern organizations
4307:Projections of population growth
4094:Energy Conversion and Management
3105:"State of Maine (www.maine.gov)"
1801:"To Get Wind Power You Need Oil"
1305:The Library of Congress (2006).
456:
436:
293:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
270:Environmental issues with energy
5351:Land surface effects on climate
4808:Environmental impact assessment
4784:Human impact on the environment
4702:Human impact on the environment
4636:Population Action International
3801:Jocelyn Temperly (2018-02-28).
3395:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
3278:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.012
3211:10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105203
3155:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.012
2599:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028
310:substances are removed. Highly
4651:United Nations Population Fund
4188:10.1080/10473289.1991.10466898
4106:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.015
4033:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.061
3869:"How does carbon trading work"
3867:Teresa Hartmann (2017-09-28).
3648:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063
2940:. Hawai'i Department of Health
1827:Environmental Research Letters
1492:Michael Stanley (2018-12-10).
1374:International Research Journal
1066:, and the removal of existing
634:. Certain by-products include
1:
5222:decline in insect populations
3827:. International Energy Agency
3783:. International Monetary Fund
3257:Marine Environmental Research
3190:Marine Environmental Research
2127:"Petroleum Solvents Overview"
1880:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125459
1868:Journal of Cleaner Production
1062:, research & development
100:, creativity, knowledge, and
3732:Paul Davidson (2015-04-14).
3559:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019
3447:10.1080/15287394.2011.550566
1779:"Methane Tracker - Analysis"
1282:List of environmental issues
1144:Conservation and phasing out
651:of the children. Also, fine
258:environmental sustainability
182:Among all human activities,
4676:World Population Foundation
4666:World Population Conference
4579:World population milestones
4123:, in Nriagu, Jerome (ed.),
4061:10.1016/j.enpol.2003.08.018
3324:10.1007/978-1-4614-0046-2_1
1821:Amory Lovins (2018-09-18).
1080:International Monetary Fund
937:Norwegian Continental Shelf
842:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
199:International Energy Agency
5632:
4548:Population and Environment
4006:10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037
3903:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.013
3845:Umair Irfan (2019-05-19).
3669:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-27).
2097:10.1080/152873901753246232
1833:(9). IOP Science: 090401.
1799:Vaclav Smil (2016-02-29).
1272:Energy and the environment
1132:
1031:
1000:
967:
913:
864:
832:Major oil spills include,
811:refined petroleum products
760:
706:The combustion process of
691:
682:Volatile organic compounds
674:
586:
554:Local and regional impacts
510:
497:growth in annual emissions
420:
409:
267:
125:volatile organic compounds
107:Substantial quantities of
5524:
5459:Environmental engineering
5306:Environmental degradation
5083:fishing down the food web
4720:
4458:Human population planning
4282:Demographics of the world
3547:Environment International
3135:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2579:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2223:10.1007/s10653-008-9155-z
2015:10.1007/s00244-014-0112-9
1561:10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y
1156:. Other examples include
1068:environmental protections
933:Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbon
875:Waste oil in the form of
492:atmospheric concentration
5464:Environmental mitigation
5321:Greenhouse gas emissions
5281:Environmental insecurity
4463:Compulsory sterilization
2959:U.S.EPA (11 June 2015).
2066:10.1002/aheh.19870150106
1848:10.1088/1748-9326/aad965
1469:10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013
1386:10.18454/IRJ.2016.43.143
254:minimizing waste impacts
167:, and micro-particulate
5511:Sustainable consumption
4852:Social ecology (ethics)
4405:Malthusian growth model
3955:10.1126/science.1121416
3628:Atmospheric Environment
3502:10.1289/ehp.110-1241197
3062:10.1023/A:1005802027380
2337:Eggleton, Tony (2013).
2129:. www.burke-eisner.com.
1725:10.1126/science.aar7204
1418:Eggleton, Tony (2013).
953:gastrointestinal cancer
809:, as well as spills of
797:, pipelines, railcars,
5454:Ecological engineering
5234:runaway climate change
4532:Zero population growth
4527:Sustainable population
4451:Malthusian catastrophe
4410:Overshoot (population)
4287:Demographic transition
3871:. World Economic Forum
3362:. 2018. Archived from
3035:June 13, 2010, at the
1084:gross domestic product
925:
879:
703:
602:
567:
546:
522:
392:, and other blood and
284:
228:Along with fuels like
61:
49:
37:
4837:List of global issues
4641:Population Connection
4505:Mere addition paradox
4344:Physiological density
2162:10.1093/annhyg/mei065
1034:Fossil fuel subsidies
1017:Industrial Revolution
923:
874:
701:
596:
573:life cycle assessment
561:
544:
520:
469:Global Carbon Project
449:Global Carbon Project
282:
234:liquified natural gas
55:
43:
32:
5439:Community resilience
5239:in the United States
5207:Biodiversity threats
4880:cannabis cultivation
4847:Planetary boundaries
4813:Environmental issues
4803:Ecological footprint
4671:World Population Day
4626:Church of Euthanasia
4515:Non-identity problem
4490:Political demography
4446:Human overpopulation
3496:(suppl 3): 451–488.
2904:10.1525/elementa.124
1909:twall (2022-12-08).
1060:depletion allowances
1054:as direct payments,
577:environmental design
401:radioactive elements
323:, methylbenzene and
66:environmental impact
5501:Restoration ecology
5434:Climate engineering
5371:Ocean acidification
5361:Loss of green belts
5331:Holocene extinction
5326:Habitat destruction
5001:Environmental crime
4520:Reproductive rights
4351:Population dynamics
4302:Population momentum
3947:2006Sci...311..506F
3640:2009AtmEn..43...37R
3269:2013MarER..92..154B
3202:2021MarER.16305203N
3147:2009MarPB..58...72S
2821:2012EnST...4611327V
2815:(20): 11327–11335.
2766:2013EnST...4711278L
2760:(19): 11278–11283.
2701:2013EnST...47.6646C
2646:2012EnST...4611327V
2640:(20): 11327–11335.
2591:2013MarPB..67...94L
2536:2014EnST...48.8823W
2481:2012EnST...46.6453R
1839:2018ERL....13i0401L
1716:2018Sci...361..186A
1552:2014ClCh..122..229H
1460:2013ACP....13.8833S
1139:Energy conservation
1044:political stability
1003:Ocean acidification
997:Ocean acidification
145:ocean acidification
5516:Waste minimization
5474:Mitigation banking
5469:Industrial ecology
5429:Cleaner production
5381:Resource depletion
4917:Corporate behavior
4875:animal agriculture
4646:Population Matters
4361:Population pyramid
4339:Population density
4334:Population decline
4229:2019-10-13 at the
3360:Norsk olje og gass
1534:Heede, R. (2014).
1448:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
1186:corn-based ethanol
1135:Sustainable energy
1091:market competition
926:
880:
838:Gulf War oil spill
799:offshore platforms
704:
603:
568:
547:
523:
463:Partitioning of CO
390:Hodgkin's lymphoma
285:
179:kill many people.
177:tailpipe emissions
76:having many uses.
70:petroleum industry
62:
50:
38:
5569:
5568:
5391:Water degradation
5266:Ecological crisis
5212:biodiversity loss
5011:Industrialisation
4996:Genetic pollution
4842:Impact assessment
4750:
4749:
4621:7 Billion Actions
4495:Population ethics
4388:Carrying capacity
4297:Population growth
4142:978-0-444-63952-3
3941:(5760): 506–508.
3805:. CarbonBrief.org
3333:978-1-4614-0046-2
2961:"Vapor Intrusion"
2864:Our World in Data
2829:10.1021/es302332w
2774:10.1021/es401932b
2709:10.1021/es400663f
2695:(12): 6646–6655.
2654:10.1021/es302332w
2544:10.1021/es501090e
2530:(15): 8823–8830.
2489:10.1021/es302011r
2475:(12): 6453–6454.
2402:978-3-9820301-0-4
2317:Our World in Data
2291:Our World in Data
1915:Plant Engineering
1710:(6398): 186–188.
1612:Our World in Data
1454:(17): 8833–8855,
1191:cellulose ethanol
991:climate disasters
924:North Sea Oil Rig
848:of birds and the
618:release not only
606:Exhaust emissions
191:buildup of carbon
44:A beach after an
16:(Redirected from
5623:
5598:
5597:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5532:
5366:Phosphorus cycle
5346:Land consumption
5341:Land degradation
5316:Freshwater cycle
5115:Overexploitation
5088:marine pollution
4895:cocoa production
4777:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4697:Green Revolution
4478:Two-child policy
4473:One-child policy
4396:
4356:Population model
4312:World population
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4181:(8): 1045–1054.
4166:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4100:(7): 1412–1421.
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4000:(3): 1513–1524.
3989:
3983:
3982:
3930:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3592:
3579:
3578:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3441:(7–9): 582–604.
3425:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3369:on June 23, 2022
3368:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3223:
3213:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3045:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
2999:10.1038/298460a0
2983:Brimblecombe, P.
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2720:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2434:10.1002/etc.3361
2428:(7): 1656–1666.
2413:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:. www.laleva.org
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2042:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1955:10.1897/06174r.1
1938:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1546:(1–2): 229–241.
1531:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1154:renewable energy
1123:consumption side
1095:consumer choices
981:Svante Arrhenius
564:renewable energy
460:
440:
423:Greenhouse gases
417:Greenhouse gases
382:white blood cell
364:premature births
308:molecular weight
297:biodegradability
153:greenhouse gases
133:sulfur compounds
98:human population
56:Accumulation of
21:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5580:
5572:
5570:
5565:
5520:
5479:Organic farming
5405:
5396:Water pollution
5376:Ozone depletion
5356:Loss and damage
5256:Desertification
5193:
5105:Overconsumption
5026:cleaning agents
4927:Energy industry
4890:meat production
4856:
4786:
4781:
4751:
4746:
4716:
4680:
4614:
4612:
4605:
4557:
4536:
4485:Overconsumption
4468:Family planning
4425:
4419:
4392:
4376:
4373:
4365:
4327:
4324:
4316:
4270:
4265:
4231:Wayback Machine
4209:
4204:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4143:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3991:
3990:
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3924:
3917:
3910:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3866:
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3852:
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3844:
3843:
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3822:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3600:www.climate.gov
3594:
3593:
3582:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3405:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3050:Biogeochemistry
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:Wayback Machine
3028:
3024:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2267:. 29 April 2020
2259:
2258:
2254:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1803:. IEEE Spectrum
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1540:Climatic Change
1533:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1248:
1223:
1221:Safety measures
1206:
1171:
1146:
1141:
1133:Main articles:
1131:
1056:tax preferences
1040:economic growth
1036:
1030:
1005:
999:
972:
966:
961:
918:
912:
869:
863:
834:Lakeview Gusher
765:
759:
696:
690:
679:
677:Vapor intrusion
673:
671:Vapor intrusion
636:carbon monoxide
608:
591:
585:
556:
515:
509:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
466:
461:
453:
452:
446:
443:Emissions of CO
441:
432:
431:
425:
419:
414:
277:
275:Toxic compounds
272:
266:
220:
204:
193:in the Earth's
162:
141:Climate warming
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5629:
5627:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5590:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5537:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:Sustainability
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5401:Water scarcity
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Nitrogen cycle
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5301:Forest dieback
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5229:Climate change
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:nanotechnology
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:on marine life
4822:
4821:
4820:
4818:list of issues
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4712:Sustainability
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4685:Related topics
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4574:Largest cities
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4394:I = P × A × T
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4207:External links
4205:
4203:
4202:
4161:
4141:
4111:
4084:
4055:(5): 579–594.
4038:
4021:Applied Energy
4011:
3984:
3922:
3908:
3881:
3859:
3837:
3815:
3793:
3768:
3746:
3724:
3695:
3686:
3661:
3611:
3580:
3533:
3476:
3420:
3380:
3353:"MILJØRAPPORT"
3344:
3332:
3302:
3243:
3176:
3121:
3096:
3075:
3056:(2): 121–138.
3040:
3022:
2974:
2951:
2928:
2914:2027.42/146562
2874:
2850:
2795:
2740:
2675:
2620:
2565:
2510:
2455:
2408:
2401:
2382:
2371:. 3 March 2018
2356:
2349:
2329:
2303:
2277:
2252:
2197:
2176:
2132:
2118:
2091:(8): 637–644.
2071:
2044:
2009:(2): 342–353.
1984:
1926:
1901:
1854:
1813:
1791:
1770:
1749:
1690:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1600:Hannah Ritchie
1591:
1567:
1523:
1509:
1484:
1437:
1430:
1410:
1391:
1364:
1340:
1316:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1228:Bio filtration
1222:
1219:
1205:
1202:
1170:
1167:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1127:
1119:carbon trading
1101:and long-term
1032:Main article:
1029:
1026:
1021:carbonate ions
1007:Following the
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
976:carbon dioxide
968:Main article:
965:
964:Climate change
962:
960:
959:Global impacts
957:
929:Produced water
916:Produced water
914:Main article:
911:
908:
865:Main article:
862:
859:
787:coastal waters
761:Main article:
758:
755:
724:sulfur dioxide
692:Main article:
689:
686:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
628:nitrous oxides
624:carbon dioxide
607:
604:
599:diesel exhaust
587:Main article:
584:
581:
555:
552:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
488:industrial age
464:
462:
455:
454:
444:
442:
435:
434:
433:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:Main article:
418:
415:
276:
273:
265:
264:General Issues
262:
218:
202:
160:
157:carbon dioxide
149:sea level rise
121:transportation
86:primary energy
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5628:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:Reforestation
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:Cultured meat
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Birth control
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Deforestation
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5021:Manufacturing
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:nuclear power
4967:
4965:
4964:fracking (US)
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4743:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Bennett's law
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4613:organizations
4608:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Kaya identity
4398:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:Energy Policy
4042:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4027:: 1633–1652.
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3288:11250/2508041
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3221:11250/2723189
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3111:on 2010-10-21
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3008:2027.42/62831
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:Elem Sci Anth
2888:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2369:The Economist
2366:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:9781107618763
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:11250/2383886
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1431:9781107618763
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1407:(2): 249–254.
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1380:(43): 93–96.
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:and maintain
1041:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:carbonic acid
1010:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
963:
958:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
900:synthetic oil
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:hydraulic oil
878:
873:
868:
860:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:drilling rigs
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
743:
738:
734:
733:United States
730:
725:
722:, along with
721:
720:nitrous oxide
717:
713:
709:
700:
695:
687:
685:
683:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:Air pollution
583:Air pollution
582:
580:
578:
574:
565:
560:
553:
551:
543:
539:
537:
536:bioaccumulate
531:
529:
519:
514:
513:Microplastics
507:Microplastics
506:
504:
502:
501:fossil carbon
498:
493:
489:
484:
481:
470:
459:
450:
439:
424:
416:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:immune system
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
368:birth defects
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
281:
274:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
223:anthropogenic
214:
212:
208:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:world economy
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
58:plastic waste
54:
47:
42:
35:
31:
27:
19:
5182:urban sprawl
5177:Urbanization
5125:Particulates
5110:Overdrafting
4825:Human impact
4798:Anthropocene
4729:
4541:Publications
4500:Antinatalism
4438:
4415:World3 model
4275:Major topics
4178:
4174:
4164:
4154:, retrieved
4124:
4114:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4024:
4020:
4014:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3938:
3934:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3862:
3851:. Retrieved
3840:
3829:. Retrieved
3818:
3807:. Retrieved
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3760:. Retrieved
3749:
3738:. Retrieved
3727:
3716:. Retrieved
3713:www.noaa.gov
3712:
3689:
3678:. Retrieved
3674:
3664:
3634:(1): 37–50.
3631:
3627:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3438:
3434:
3423:
3392:Newfoundland
3390:
3383:
3373:February 25,
3371:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3359:
3347:
3337:, retrieved
3315:
3305:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3141:(1): 72–79.
3138:
3134:
3124:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3099:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3025:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2931:
2894:
2890:
2863:
2853:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2585:(1): 94–99.
2582:
2578:
2568:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2339:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2290:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2217:(1): 61–69.
2214:
2210:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2179:
2155:(2): 123–9.
2152:
2148:
2121:
2088:
2084:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2006:
2002:
1949:(1): 24–36.
1946:
1942:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1752:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1658:. Retrieved
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1611:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1543:
1539:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1499:. World Bank
1487:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1356:. Retrieved
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1300:
1224:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1147:
1099:reduce waste
1088:
1072:
1048:fossil fuels
1037:
1009:carbon cycle
1006:
993:as quickly.
973:
927:
881:
831:
766:
705:
680:
665:carcinogenic
653:particulates
649:birth weight
609:
601:from a truck
569:
548:
532:
524:
485:
480:carbon cycle
477:
398:
372:
356:carcinogenic
337:
301:
286:
246:Conservation
227:
215:
181:
173:black carbon
106:
90:raw material
63:
26:
5588:Environment
5296:Externality
5291:Coral reefs
5251:Defaunation
5120:Overgrazing
5093:overfishing
5073:Marine life
4947:electricity
4870:Agriculture
4424:Society and
4383:Biocapacity
4070:1874/385276
3897:: 933–942.
3736:. USA Today
3263:: 154–169.
2993:: 460–463.
2718:10871/19651
1238:mainly for
1236:Netherlands
1175:natural gas
1111:supply side
1107:carbon fees
823:bunker fuel
775:hydrocarbon
742:Coral reefs
612:gas venting
579:practices.
495:sinks. The
238:fertilizers
184:fossil fuel
137:spilled oil
102:consumerism
82:natural gas
60:on a beach.
5561:mitigation
5556:assessment
5551:by country
5449:Decoupling
5411:Mitigation
5140:Reservoirs
5061:pesticides
5006:Explosives
4984:reservoirs
4885:irrigation
4611:Events and
4426:population
4372:Population
4323:Population
4268:Population
4156:2021-02-11
3875:2020-02-11
3853:2020-02-11
3831:2020-02-15
3809:2020-02-15
3787:2020-02-11
3762:2020-02-08
3740:2020-02-15
3718:2020-12-08
3680:2020-12-08
3605:2020-12-08
3339:2021-02-21
3196:: 105203.
3115:2010-10-16
3090:2010-04-30
2944:8 December
2323:2020-02-09
2297:2020-02-09
2271:2020-05-19
2191:2010-06-07
1920:2023-06-13
1874:: 125459.
1807:2020-02-09
1785:2020-02-09
1764:2020-02-09
1684:2020-02-09
1660:2020-02-09
1639:2020-02-09
1618:2020-02-09
1585:2020-02-09
1503:2020-02-08
1358:2020-02-08
1334:2020-02-08
1293:References
1129:Mitigation
1115:carbon tax
840:, and the
757:Oil spills
644:combustion
597:Petroleum
528:single-use
486:Since the
410:See also:
386:infections
304:weathering
268:See also:
250:efficiency
187:combustion
175:. Vehicle
117:refinement
113:extraction
5484:Recycling
5150:Transport
5135:Quarrying
5130:Pollution
4989:transport
4979:petroleum
4974:oil shale
4937:biodiesel
4707:Migration
4584:6 billion
4151:239112021
4079:155030566
3849:. vox.com
3656:1352-2310
3567:0160-4120
3553:: 71–80.
3510:0091-6765
3471:205865843
3455:1528-7394
3409:cite book
3230:0141-1136
3163:0025-326X
2963:. U.S.EPA
2923:2325-1026
2837:0013-936X
2782:0013-936X
2727:0013-936X
2662:0013-936X
2607:0025-326X
2552:0013-936X
2497:0013-936X
2265:DeSmog UK
2231:1573-2983
2060:: 29–36.
2023:0090-4341
1963:1552-8618
1896:230552246
1888:0959-6526
1604:Max Roser
1179:biodiesel
1052:subsidies
1028:Subsidies
892:crankcase
888:motor oil
877:motor oil
867:Waste oil
861:Waste oil
827:waste oil
813:(such as
791:crude oil
772:petroleum
763:Oil spill
729:pH levels
708:petroleum
694:Acid rain
688:Acid rain
663:causing (
378:leukaemia
344:ecosystem
333:motor oil
329:crude oil
211:emissions
195:biosphere
78:Crude oil
74:petroleum
46:oil spill
5610:Category
5546:Category
5170:shipping
5155:aviation
5041:plastics
5031:concrete
5016:Land use
4932:biofuels
4900:palm oil
4742:Category
4510:Natalism
4433:Eugenics
4227:Archived
3979:16061891
3971:16439656
3575:24013021
3528:12060843
3463:21391100
3401:46839398
3297:24119441
3238:33160645
3171:18945454
3070:97354477
3033:Archived
2868:Archived
2845:22963286
2790:23988225
2735:23692270
2670:22963286
2615:23273934
2560:24972075
2505:22676039
2442:26752309
2247:30306228
2239:18320332
2171:16371415
2113:29365261
2105:11766170
2031:25537922
1971:17269456
1744:29930092
1606:(2020).
1287:Peak oil
1246:See also
1234:and the
1214:Plastics
1103:scarcity
898:oil and
896:gear box
815:gasoline
640:methanol
632:aerosols
571:through
342:and the
289:aromatic
242:plastics
230:gasoline
169:aerosols
129:nitrogen
5574:Portals
5535:Commons
5311:Erosion
5261:Ecocide
5199:Effects
5145:Tourism
5078:fishing
5036:fashion
4959:fashion
4912:Bitcoin
4791:General
4731:Commons
4374:ecology
4325:biology
4197:1958341
3963:3843407
3943:Bibcode
3935:Science
3636:Bibcode
3519:1241197
3265:Bibcode
3198:Bibcode
3143:Bibcode
3017:4120204
2967:13 June
2817:Bibcode
2762:Bibcode
2697:Bibcode
2642:Bibcode
2587:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2477:Bibcode
2450:4300481
2375:17 June
2039:5249816
1979:7499541
1835:Bibcode
1735:6223263
1712:Bibcode
1704:Science
1548:Bibcode
1456:Bibcode
1232:Germany
1209:Biomass
986:Celsius
949:bladder
904:benzene
854:buoyant
846:plumage
795:tankers
620:methane
616:flaring
374:Benzene
325:xylenes
321:toluene
317:Benzene
312:soluble
165:methane
68:of the
34:Flaring
5600:Energy
5539:
5528:
5100:Mining
4954:energy
4862:Causes
4441:genics
4195:
4149:
4139:
4077:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3675:US EPA
3654:
3573:
3565:
3526:
3516:
3508:
3469:
3461:
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2987:Nature
2936:HDOH.
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2843:
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2103:
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2029:
2021:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1894:
1886:
1742:
1732:
1428:
1313:(5/6).
1184:Using
1158:Sweden
1064:grants
819:diesel
779:marine
769:liquid
751:Greece
737:Europe
661:cancer
360:Taiwan
340:health
252:, and
197:. The
163:) and
147:, and
135:, and
131:&
119:, and
5494:urban
5165:roads
5056:paper
5051:paint
4562:Lists
4147:S2CID
4075:S2CID
3975:S2CID
3959:JSTOR
3467:S2CID
3367:(PDF)
3356:(PDF)
3066:S2CID
3013:S2CID
2446:S2CID
2243:S2CID
2109:S2CID
2035:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1497:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1150:China
1097:that
894:oil,
807:wells
793:from
783:ocean
405:brine
348:algae
171:like
155:like
109:toxic
5160:rail
4942:coal
4905:(US)
4193:PMID
4137:ISBN
3967:PMID
3652:ISSN
3571:PMID
3563:ISSN
3524:PMID
3506:ISSN
3459:PMID
3451:ISSN
3415:link
3397:OCLC
3375:2021
3328:ISBN
3293:PMID
3234:PMID
3226:ISSN
3167:PMID
3159:ISSN
2969:2015
2946:2012
2919:ISSN
2841:PMID
2833:ISSN
2786:PMID
2778:ISSN
2731:PMID
2723:ISSN
2666:PMID
2658:ISSN
2611:PMID
2603:ISSN
2556:PMID
2548:ISSN
2501:PMID
2493:ISSN
2438:PMID
2397:ISBN
2377:2018
2345:ISBN
2235:PMID
2227:ISSN
2167:PMID
2101:PMID
2027:PMID
2019:ISSN
1967:PMID
1959:ISSN
1884:ISSN
1740:PMID
1426:ISBN
1240:odor
1137:and
1117:and
1075:OECD
945:skin
941:lung
805:and
749:and
747:Rome
735:and
716:wood
714:and
712:coal
657:soot
638:and
630:and
622:and
614:and
575:and
331:and
291:and
240:and
232:and
207:Coal
88:and
84:are
80:and
64:The
5189:War
4439:Dys
4183:doi
4129:doi
4102:doi
4065:hdl
4057:doi
4029:doi
4025:162
4002:doi
3951:doi
3939:311
3899:doi
3644:doi
3555:doi
3514:PMC
3498:doi
3494:110
3443:doi
3320:doi
3283:hdl
3273:doi
3216:hdl
3206:doi
3194:163
3151:doi
3058:doi
3003:hdl
2995:doi
2991:298
2909:hdl
2899:doi
2825:doi
2770:doi
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2485:doi
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2157:doi
2093:doi
2062:doi
2011:doi
1951:doi
1876:doi
1872:284
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