Three Gorges Dam - Knowledge (XXG)

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are also used as ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines. The proportion of forested area in the region surrounding the Three Gorges Dam dropped from 20% in 1950 to less than 10% as of 2002, adversely affecting all plant species there. The region also provides habitats to hundreds of freshwater and terrestrial animal species. Freshwater fish are especially affected by dams due to changes in the water temperature and flow regime. Many other fish are injured in the hydroelectric plants' turbine blades. This is particularly detrimental to the region's ecosystem because the Yangtze River basin is home to 361 different fish species and accounts for 27% of China's endangered freshwater fish species. Other aquatic species have been endangered by the dam, particularly the baiji, or

834:, surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for a "Yangtze River Project". Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the US for training. The original plans called for the dam to employ a unique method for moving ships: the ships would enter locks at the dam's lower and upper ends and then cranes would move them from each lock to the next. Groups of craft would be lifted together for efficiency. It is not known whether this solution was considered for its water-saving performance or because the engineers thought the difference in height between the river above and below the dam too great for alternative methods. No construction work was performed because of the Nationalists' worsening situation in the Chinese Civil War. 2032:, a kind of elevator for vessels. The ship lift can lift ships of up to 3,000 tons. The vertical distance traveled is 113 m (371 ft), and the size of the ship lift's basin is 120 m × 18 m × 3.5 m (394 ft × 59 ft × 11 ft). The ship lift takes 30 to 40 minutes to transit, as opposed to the three to four hours for stepping through the locks. One complicating factor is that the water level can vary dramatically. The ship lift must work even if water levels vary by 12 m (39 ft) on the lower side, and 30 m (98 ft) on the upper side. 1490:

generation capacity of 88.2 TWh. In 2012, the dam's 32 generating units generated a record 98.1 TWh of electricity, which accounts for 14% of China's total hydro generation. Between 2012 (first year with all 32 generating units operating) and 2021, the dam generated an average of 97.22 TWh of electricity per year, higher than Itaipu dam's average of 89.22 TWh of electricity per year during the same period. Due to the extensive 2020 monsoon season rainfall, the annual production reached ~112 TWh that year, which broke the previous world record of annual production by Itaipu Dam equal to ~103 TWh.

1474: 1670: 1928: 1994:, but half as deep. Before the dam was constructed, the maximum freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18.0 million tonnes per year. From 2004 to 2007, a total of 198 million tonnes of freight passed through the locks. The freight capacity of the river increased six times and the cost of shipping was reduced by 25%. Originally, the total capacity of the ship locks was expected to reach 100 million tonnes per year. In 2022, their cargo turnover reached 159.65 million tons, with an annual increase of 6% over the past few years. 2326: 1458: 1689: 102: 2284: 1797: 1817: 1466: 1031: 2058:, the German firm that designed the ship lift, said it will take a vessel less than an hour to transit the lift. An article in Steel Construction says the actual time of the lift will be 21 minutes. It says that the expected dimensions of the 3,000 t (3 million kg) passenger vessels the ship lift's basin was designed to carry will be 84.5 by 17.2 by 2.65 metres (277.2 ft × 56.4 ft × 8.7 ft). The moving mass (including counterweights) is 34,000 tonnes. 2017: 1944: 1557: 1023: 1936: 130: 773: 85: 1549: 914: 8048: 7880: 1708:, as of April 2007, more than 50 new plants could treat 1.84 million tonnes per day, 65% of the total need. About 32 landfills were added, which could handle 7,664.5 tonnes of solid waste every day. Over one billion tons of wastewater are released annually into the river, which was more likely to be swept away before the reservoir was created. This has left the water stagnant, polluted and murky. 2340: 943: 1103: 7916: 7904: 7892: 928: 2354: 2212:, "proponents of strikes against the mainland apparently hope that merely presenting credible threats to China's urban population or high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam, will deter Chinese military coercion". Destroying the Three Gorges Dam has been a tactic discussed and debated in Taiwan since the early 1990s, when the dam was still in the planning phase. The notion that the 1054:. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station, with 34 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power generators, each with capacity of 50 MW, for a total of 22,500 MW. Among the 32 main generators, 14 are installed on the dam's north side, 12 on the south side, and the remaining six in the 2368: 1892:

water flow to less than 40,000 m/s (1.4 million cu ft/s) per second, raising the upstream water level from 145.13 m (476.1 ft) on August 1, to 152.88 m (501.6 ft) on August 8. A full 4.27 km (1.02 cu mi) of flood water was captured and the river flow was cut by as much as 15,000 m (530,000 cu ft) per second.

137: 109: 789: 2250:. The water is held back by the innate mass of the individual dam sections. As a result, damage to an individual section should not affect other parts of the dam. Zhang Boting, deputy secretary-general of China Society for Hydropower Engineering, suggested that concrete gravity dams such as the Three Gorges Dam are resistant to 1005:, and revenue from both before and after the dam had become fully operational. Additional charges were assessed as follows: every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam had to pay an extra ¥7.00 per MWh, and the other provinces had to pay an additional charge of ¥4.00 per MWh. No surcharge was imposed on the 2153:. Living conditions deteriorated for many, and hundreds of thousands of people could not find work. The older generation was particularly affected, but younger generations benefited from the educational and career opportunities afforded by moving to large cities with new, modern companies and schools. 2177:

The area which would fill with water behind the dam included locations with significant cultural history. The State Council authorized a ¥505 million archaeology salvage effort. Over the course of several years, archaeologists excavated 723 sites and conducted surface archaeology recovery missions at

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caused billions of dollars worth of damage, when 2,039 km (787 sq mi) of farmland were flooded. The flood affected more than 2.3 million people, killing 1,526. In early August 2009, the largest flood in five years passed through the dam site. During this flood, the dam limited the

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The Chinese government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion yuan (US$ 22.5 billion). By the end of 2008, spending had reached 148.365 billion yuan, of which 64.613 billion yuan was spent on construction, 68.557 billion yuan on relocating affected

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Erosion in the reservoir, induced by rising water, causes frequent major landslides that have led to noticeable disturbance in the reservoir surface, including two incidents in May 2009 when somewhere between 20,000 and 50,000 cubic metres (26,000 and 65,000 cu yd) of material plunged into

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On the south side, main generator No. 22 started up on June 11, 2007, and No. 15 became operational on October 30, 2008. The sixth (No. 17) began operation on December 18, 2007, raising capacity to 14.1 GW, exceeding that of Itaipu dam (14.0 GW) to become the world's largest

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in the underground plant began production. Each of the main water turbines has a capacity of 700 MW. Combining the capacity of the dam's 32 main turbines with the two smaller generators (50 MW each) that provide power to the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the Three

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Some 2007 reports claimed that Chongqing Municipality would encourage four million more people to move away from the dam to Chongqing's main urban area by 2020. The municipal government asserted that the relocation was driven by urbanization, rather than a direct result of the dam project, and that

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Concerns about the dam's impact on wildlife predate the National People's Congress's approval in 1992. This region has long been known for its rich biodiversity. It is home to 6,388 plant species, which belong to 238 families and 1,508 genera. Of these species, 57 are endangered. These rare species

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The dam discharges its reservoir during the dry season every year, between December and March. This increases the flow rate of the river downstream, providing fresh water for agricultural and industrial usage, and improving shipping conditions. The water level upstream drops from 175 to 145 m

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an additional 346 sites. Archaeologists recovered 200,000 artifacts of which 13,000 were considered as particularly historically or culturally notable. As part of this effort, the old Chongqing City Museum was replaced by the Chongqing China Sanxia Museum to house many of the recovered artifacts.

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During the November to May dry season, power output is limited by the river's flow rate, as seen in the diagrams on the right. When there is enough flow, power output is limited by plant generating capacity. The maximum power-output curves were calculated based on the average flow rate at the dam

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Shanghai, more than 1,600 km (990 mi) away, rests on a massive sedimentary plain. The "arriving silt – so long as it does arrive – strengthens the bed on which Shanghai is built ... the less the tonnage of arriving sediment the more vulnerable is this

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The Three Gorges Dam reached its design-maximum reservoir water level of 175 m (574 ft) for the first time on October 26, 2010, in which the intended annual power-generation capacity of 84.7 TWh was realized. It has a combined generating capacity of 22.5 gigawatts and a designed annual

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was out of service for more than 100 days. The 1954 flood carried 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of water. The dam could only divert the water above Chenglingji, leaving 30 to 40 km (7.2 to 9.6 cu mi) to be diverted. The dam cannot protect against some of the large

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The first north-side main generator (No. 2) started up on July 10, 2003. The north side became completely operational on September 7, 2005, with the implementation of generator No. 9. Full power (9,800 MW) was eventually achieved on October 18, 2006, after the water level reached

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approved the dam in 1992: of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted against, 664 abstained, and 25 members did not vote, giving the legislation an unusually low 67.75% approval rate. Construction started on December 14, 1994. The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but

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By August 16, 2011, the plant had generated 500 TWh of electricity. In July 2008 it generated 10.3 TWh of electricity, its first month over 10 TWh. On June 30, 2009, after the river flow rate increased to over 24,000 m/s, all 28 generators were switched on, producing only

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The dam was expected to provide 10% of China's power. However, electricity demand has increased more quickly than previously projected. Even fully operational and despite its size, on average, it supported only about 1.7% of electricity demand in China in the year of 2011, when the Chinese

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When the water level is at its maximum of 175 m (574 ft) above sea level, 110 m (361 ft) higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about 660 km (410 mi) in length and 1.12 km (3,675 ft) in width. It contains 39.3 km

1137:(abbreviated as VGS), and the Chinese company Oriental Motor. The technology transfer agreement was signed together with the contract. Most of the generators are water-cooled. Some of the newer ones are air-cooled, making them simpler in design and easier to manufacture and maintain. 1153:

When the last main generator (No. 27) finished its final test on May 23, 2012, the six underground main generators were all operational, raising the capacity to 22.5 GW. After nine years of construction, installation and testing, the power plant was fully operational by July 2012.

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with six additional generators, delayed full operation until 2012. The ship lift was completed in 2015. The dam raised the water level in the reservoir to 172.5 m (566 ft) above sea level by 2008 and to the designed maximum level of 175 m (574 ft) by 2010.

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Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m (2,554 yd; 1.451 mi) long and 185 m (607 ft) above sea level at its top. The project used 27.2 million m (35.6 million cu yd) of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), used 463,000

1990:). Each of them is made up of five stages, with transit time at around four hours. Maximum vessel size is 10,000 tons. The locks are 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5 m deep (918 × 114 × 16.4 ft). That is 30 m (98 ft) longer than those on the 1099:, the biggest of its kind, is 3.1/3 m in height; the outer diameter of the stator is 21.4/20.9 m, the inner diameter is 18.5/18.8 m, and the bearing load is 5,050/5,500 tonnes. Average efficiency is over 94%, with a maximum efficiency of 96.5% reached. 1074:

of the generators is 80.6 metres (264 ft). The flow rate varies between 600–950 cubic metres per second (21,000–34,000 cu ft/s) depending on the head available; the greater the head, the less water needed to reach full power. Three Gorges uses

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Earthfill south dam in foreground with view along main dam. The wall beyond is to separate spillway and turbine flows from the lock and ship lift upstream approach channel. A similar separation is used on the downstream side, seen partially in the preceding

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suggested that the Asia-Pacific region would gain about 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi) of forest by 2008. That is a significant change from the 13,000 km (5,000 sq mi) net loss of forest each year in the 1990s. This is largely due to

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Immediately after the reservoir was first filled, around 80 hairline cracks were observed in the dam's structure. Still, an experts group gave the project overall a good-quality rating. The 163,000 concrete units all passed quality testing, with normal

990:(3,600 PJ) of electricity, yielding 250 billion yuan; total cost recovery was thus expected to be completed ten years after the dam became fully operational. In fact, the entire cost of the Three Gorges Dam was recovered by December 20, 2013. 2674: 2005:

are the vulnerable hinged type, which, if damaged, could temporarily render the entire flight unusable. As there are separate sets of locks for upstream and downstream traffic, this system is more water efficient than bi-directional staircase locks.

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CTGC announced on January 6 that the Three Gorges ship lift with the maximum lifting height reaching 113 meters and allowing ships with displacement of 3000-ton passing the dam has conducted real vessel experiment successfully in late December last

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is intended to increase river shipping from ten million to 100 million tonnes annually; as a result transportation costs will be cut between 30 and 37%. Shipping will become safer, since the gorges are notoriously dangerous to navigate.

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per year on average, depending on the amount of precipitation in the river basin. After the extensive monsoon rainfalls of 2020, the dam's annual production reached nearly 112 TWh, breaking the previous world record of ~103 TWh set by

7705: 973:) of water and has a total surface area of 1,045 km (403 sq mi). On completion, the reservoir flooded a total area of 632 km (156,000 acres) of land, compared to the 1,350 km (330,000 acres) of reservoir created by the 1914:. The dam's reservoir rose nearly 3 m (9.8 ft) in 24 hours and reduced the outflow to 40,000 m/s (1.4 million cu ft/s) in discharges downstream, preventing any significant impact on the middle and lower river. 6355: 603:

In addition to generating electricity, the dam was designed to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity. By providing flood storage space, the dam reduces the potential for flooding downstream, which historically plagued the

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over an area of 193,000 km (74,500 sq mi), killing 33,169 people and forcing almost 18.9 million people to move. The flood waters covered Wuhan, a city of eight million people, for over three months, and the

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Municipality's 31.44 million people. These people were moved to new homes by the Chinese government, which considered the displacement justified by the flood protection provided for the communities downstream of the dam.

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of nuclear weapons policy includes whether to include narrow exceptions, such as acts that produce catastrophic consequences equivalent to that of a nuclear attack, including attacks intended to destroy the Three Gorges Dam.

6644:二、加快构建长期翻坝运输体系，并将疏港交通项目纳入三峡后扶规划。支持建设三峡大坝坝首太平溪至夷陵区张家口36.2公里的三峡翻坝高速公路江北段，与沪蓉高速公路互通；支持建设南北两岸三峡翻坝铁路，即夷陵太平溪港――宜昌火车东站――白洋田家河港88公里的北岸翻坝铁路，秭归茅坪港――宜昌火车南站――焦柳铁路枝城站95公里的南岸翻坝铁路；支持翻坝港口和翻坝物流园建设，加快形成完善的南北分流、水陆（铁）联运的翻坝转运格局，充分发挥长江黄金水道优势。 2038:

The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest of the project was officially opened on May 20, 2006. In November 2007, it was reported in the local media that construction of the ship lift started in October 2007.

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to destroy the Three Gorges Dam "ridiculous", saying missiles would deliver minimal damage to the reinforced concrete, and any attack attempts would have to go through multiple layers of ground and air defenses.

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An important function of the dam is to control flooding, which is a major problem for the seasonal river of the Yangtze. Millions of people live downstream of the dam, with many large, important cities like

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Model of the Three Gorges Dam showing the ship lift and the ship lock. The ship lift is to the right of the dam body with its own designated waterway. The ship locks are to the right (northeast) of the ship

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China's engineering marvel is unleashing a torrent of criticism. When it comes to global challenges, few are greater or more controversial than the construction of the massive Three Gorges Dam in Central

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During planning, it was estimated that 13 cities, 140 towns and 1,350 villages would be partially or completely flooded by the reservoir, amounting to roughly 1.5% of Hubei's 60.3 million people and

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Since the filling of the reservoir in 2003, the Three Gorges Dam has supplied an extra 11 km (2.6 cu mi) of fresh water to downstream cities and farms over the course of the dry season.

4619:[The 26 generating units of the Three Gorges Power Station are fully loaded for the first time since being put into operation] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. June 30, 2009. Archived from 3758:[The Three Gorges Project will be completed and accepted this year, including 8 special projects as well as hub projects] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. January 11, 2009. Archived from 6599: 1851:). This capacity will reduce the frequency of major downstream flooding from once every 10 years to once every 100 years. The dam is expected to minimize the effect of even a "super" flood. 3168:

Officials now use the deadly history of the Yangtze, China's longest river, to justify the country's riskiest and most controversial infrastructure project – the enormous Three Gorges Dam.

3029:[The road to reform and the opening up of the Three Gorges Project, a historical monument of independent innovation] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. February 3, 2009. Archived from 6359: 5446:[In the Hubei Province Three Gorges anti-pollution project three years invest the approximately 2,350,000,000 Yuan] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. April 19, 2007. Archived from 4354: 2051:

The report said the towers had reached 189 m (620 ft) of the anticipated 195 m (640 ft), the towers would be completed by June 2012 and the entire shiplift in 2015.

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paid a flat rate of ¥250 per MWh (US$ 35.7) until July 2, 2008. Since then, the price has varied by province, from ¥228.7 to ¥401.8 per MWh. Higher-paying customers, such as

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site, assuming the water level is 175 m and the plant gross efficiency is 90.15%. The actual power output in 2008 was obtained based on the monthly electricity sent to the grid.

3876:[Li Yongan: Our hydroelectric generator set has completely independent design and manufacture capabilities] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. August 28, 2008. Archived from 2696: 884: 5355:"Performance and application of a novel drainage anti-slide pile on accumulation landslide with a chair-like deposit-bedrock interface in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China" 4729: 7832: 7669: 1079:

with a diameter of 9.7/10.4 m (VGS design/Alstom's design) and a rotation speed of 75 revolutions per minute. This means that in order to generate power at 50

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bypassing the dam area altogether. Two short rail lines, one on each side of the river, are to be constructed. The 88-kilometre-long (55 mi) northern portage railway (

6474: 6059:[The Three Gorges Reservoir can drop to the flood limit water level of 145 meters as scheduled] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. February 19, 2009. Archived from 5720: 1573:, 366 grams of coal would produce 1 kWh of electricity during 2006. From 2003 to 2007, power production equaled that of 84 million tonnes of standard coal. 1482:

16,100 MW because the head available during flood season is insufficient. During an August 2009 flood, the plant first reached its maximum output for a short period.

4324: 965:), and moved about 102.6 million m (134.2 million cu yd) of earth. The concrete dam wall is 181 m (594 ft) high above the rock basis. 2506: 612:

on the river caused the deaths of up to 4 million people. As a result, China regards the project as a monumental social and economical success, with the design of

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The ship chamber is designed for passenger ships with a max. water displacement of 3000 tonnes, max. length of 84.5 m, max. width of 17.2 m and max. draught of 2.65 m.

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residents, and 15.195 billion yuan on financing. It was estimated in 2009 that the cost of construction would be fully recouped when the dam had generated 1,000

4125:[Unit No. 30 of Three Gorges Underground Power Station filled with water and started up] (in Chinese). Three Gorges Corporation. July 4, 2011. Archived from 7855: 2895: 2314:

Baihetan became fully operational in 2022. Wudongde was opened in June 2021. Another eight dams are in the midstream of the Jinsha and eight more upstream of it.

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Power distribution and transmission infrastructure cost about 34.387 billion yuan. Construction was completed in December 2007, one year ahead of schedule.

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Fravel, M. Taylor; Medeiros, Evan S. (October 2010). "China's Search for Assured Retaliation: The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure".

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annually. Because the flow is slower above the dam, much of this sediment settles there instead of flowing downstream, and there is less sediment downstream.

2401: 188: 6661:[Dam in Three Gorges railway preliminary work completed to start the implementation of water and railway transport] (in Chinese). October 12, 2012. 4416: 3253: 620:. However, the dam has led to some ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides, which have made it controversial domestically and abroad. 5939: 1803: 919:

Model of the Three Gorges Dam looking upstream, showing the dam body (middle left), the spillway (middle of the dam body) and the ship lift (to the right).

7301: 5394:"Influencing factors, deformation mechanism and failure process prediction for reservoir rock landslides: Tanjiahe landslide, three gorges reservoir area" 7865: 4869: 3089:[Visiting the Yunyang Guling Landslide Danger in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. April 9, 2009. Archived from 1570: 6589: 4959:[The Three Gorges sluice year transported goods volume may amount to 100,000,000 tons] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. January 23, 2007. 3818:[How much does it cost to build the Three Gorges Project?] (in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. April 20, 2003. Archived from 7621: 4447: 3452: 7111: 4839: 7476: 4386: 3620: 2965:[The Three Gorges Hydropower Station has brought huge economic benefits and the cumulative power generation has exceeded 300 billion kWh]. 2803: 2145:

Between 2002 and 2005, Canadian photographer Edward Burtynsky documented the impact of the project on the surrounding areas, including the town of

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suggests that the change of reservoir water level affects the gravity field in western Sichuan, which in turn affects the seismicity in that area.

880:, The Communist Party revived plans for the dam and proposed to start construction in 1986. It emphasized the need to develop hydroelectric power. 7710: 6381: 5177: 4483: 3753: 3084: 5881: 4346: 3314:[The Chinese Kuomintang, the People First Party, and the New Party delegation visited the Three Gorges Project] (in Chinese). Sina Corp. 2386: 3871: 2054:

As of May 2014, the ship lift was expected to be completed by July 2015. It was tested in December 2015 and announced complete in January 2016.

1796: 7954: 7700: 7644: 6718: 6419: 6054: 5441: 4614: 3589: 3474: 3024: 2852: 1910:, inflows at the Three Gorges Dam reached a peak of 70,000 m/s (2.5 million cu ft/s), exceeding the peak inflow during the 1026:

Electricity production in China by source. Compare: The fully completed Three Gorges dam contributes about 100 TWh of generation per year.

7043: 7016: 3502: 3216: 784:, Mao Zedong envisions "A Great Stone Wall, to catch the clouds and rains of Wushan as the fall" as "A Great lake shall rise upon the gorge!". 8087: 5972: 5582: 5331: 5118: 5093: 5031: 3936: 2762:[The mechanical and electrical equipment of the Three Gorges Underground Power Station is fully handed over and put into operation]. 2611: 2581: 2550: 1070:

The main generators each weigh approximately 6,000 tonnes and are designed to produce more than 700 MW of power each. The designed

3692: 2185:), which are outdoor museum parks. Recovered structures placed in such parks include temples, pavilions, houses, and bridges, among others. 101: 7649: 7577: 6754: 5083: 5047: 4791: 3731: 3276: 3113: 2411: 7498: 6198: 8122: 4140: 2688: 2205: 827: 7526: 7229: 6619: 6497: 5200: 4701: 4673: 2149:. Other photographers who recorded the change include Chengdu-based Muge, Paris-based Zeng Nian (originally from Jiangsu), and Israeli 8107: 8051: 7860: 7391: 6000: 4737: 3791: 3315: 2825:[All 26 units of power stations on left and right banks of the Three Gorges Project have been put into commercial operation]. 2646: 1748:, now extinct. In fact, Chinese Government scholars even claim that the Three Gorges Dam directly caused the extinction of the baiji. 7812: 7807: 6146: 5814:

Wang, Yaxiang; Cao, Ziyi; Pang, Zhaojun; Liu, Yan; Tian, Jiawei; Li, Juan; Yin, Lirong; Zheng, Wenfeng; Liu, Shan (January 1, 2022).

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reported that the first operational use of the lift was on September 18, 2016, when limited "operational testing" of the lift began.

1533: 1521: 5762: 4190: 3813: 3424: 2213: 1723: 6032: 5903: 4901: 4865: 4270: 4238: 3189: 6441: 6168: 5201:"Spatiotemporal characteristics of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges region (China) constrained by radar interferometry" 4298: 3966: 3643:[The Three Gorges completed the normal maintenance of the 172.5-meter water storage channel] (in Chinese). News.sohu.com. 6993: 5135: 4529: 4218: 4120: 3531:

An Examination of China's Three Gorges Dam Project Based on the Framework Presented in the Report of The World Commission on Dams

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located adjacent to the river. Large areas of farmland and China's most important industrial area are situated beside the river.

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Two hazards are uniquely identified with the dam: that sedimentation projections are not agreed upon, and that the dam sits on a

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convinced the government that it should restore tree cover, especially in the Yangtze's basin upstream of the Three Gorges Dam.

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Satellite map showing areas flooded by the Three Gorges reservoir. Compare November 7, 2006 (above) with April 17, 1987 (below).

8097: 7674: 7138: 6687: 6082: 5668: 4759: 4645: 4586: 4320: 4088: 4056: 4024: 3988: 2992: 2960: 2820: 2757: 2721: 2481: 2451: 2406: 2001:, whereby inner lock gate pairs serve as both the upper gate of the chamber below and the lower gate of the chamber above. The 129: 7171: 6110: 4923: 4817: 2295:, the upper course of the Yangtze River, authorities are building a series of dams on the Jinsha, including the now completed 1473: 7302:"China's Three Gorges Dam 'can survive nuclear attack' says nation's hydropower expert after academics raise safety concerns" 7070: 6330: 6277: 4558:"The 26 units of the left and right shore power stations of the Three Gorges Project were all put into commercial operation" 3998: 3911: 3416: 2731: 2517: 2396: 2061:

The trials of elevator finished in July 2016, the first cargo ship was lifted on July 15; the lift time comprised 8 minutes.

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The dam's body was completed in 2006; the power plant was completed and fully operational by 2012, when the last of the main

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in the mountain south of the dam. Annual electricity generation in 2018 was 101.6 TWh, which is 20 times more than the

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In 2005, NASA scientists calculated that the shift of water mass stored by the dams would increase the total length of the

7695: 7614: 3057:[There are 3.6 million square meters of landslides on the right bank of the Yangtze River in Yunyang, Chongqing]. 2114: 891: 635: 511: 361: 2641:[The Three Gorges Project's 2018 power generation and cargo volume through the gate set new historical records]. 1525: 803:(1919). He wrote that a dam capable of generating 30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the 6563: 4141:"Three Gorges underground power station water-filled start the third unit successfully put into operation in July plans" 3939:[Three Gorges Project and water and electricity unit survey] (in Chinese). 中华商务网讯. July 26, 2002. Archived from 2887: 2381: 2096: 838: 4954: 2122: 2024:, a kind of elevator, can lift vessels of up to 3,000 tonnes, at a fraction of the time to transit the staircase locks. 1927: 887:

became a center of opposition to the proposed dam. It convened panels of experts who recommended delaying the project.

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The giant Three Gorges Dam across China's Yangtze River has been mired in controversy ever since it was first proposed

3052: 7802: 3849: 3147: 2217: 6675:据透露，已经于去年底开工建设的紫云地方铁路,预计明年建成通车。紫云地方铁路接轨于国家铁路焦柳线枝江站，连接猇亭、白洋、姚家港三大开发区以及云池、白洋、田家河、姚家港四大港口，线路总长36.5公里，建成后年货运能力将达到1500万吨。 6662: 5599: 5353:

Luo, Shi-lin; Huang, Da; Peng, Jian-bing; Aierken, Ailifeila; Li, Zhao; Kuang, Xi-bin; Tomás, Roberto (March 2023).

3666: 8092: 7947: 2597: 7837: 4983: 3249: 7741: 7736: 7679: 4408: 2272: 1911: 1732: 1503: 858: 7448: 5931: 5525:

Wu, J.; Huang, J.; Han, X.; Xie, Z.; Gao, X. (2003). "Three-Gorges Dam – Experiment in Habitat Fragmentation?".

3594:[Three Gorges ship lift operation construction] (in Chinese). CnHubei. November 10, 2007. Archived from 7884: 7607: 7167: 6604:

A permanent shiplift on the Three Gorges Dam in central China's Hubei Province began trial operation on Sunday.

2311:

dams. The total capacity of those four dams is 38,500 MW, almost double the capacity of the Three Gorges.

1629: 866: 816: 617: 6967:

Umsiedlungen am Yangtze – ein Erfolg? Ausmaß und Folgen des Landnutzungswandels in der Drei-Schluchten-Region.

4469: 1095:. The electricity generated is then stepped up to 500 kV for transmission at 50 Hz. The generator's 17: 6970: 6890:"Muge travels the Yangtze River, tenderly photographing communities displaced by flooding - 1854 Photography" 600:

Gorges Dam is 22,500 MW. The last major component of the project, the ship lift, was completed in 2015.

8072: 7920: 7654: 5261:

Yin, Yueping; Huang, Bolin; Wang, Wenpei; Wei, Yunjie; Ma, Xiaohan; Ma, Fei; Zhao, Changjun (October 2016).

2345: 1688: 1677: 1055: 1006: 6250: 4439: 3444: 2283: 8102: 8077: 7759: 7664: 7630: 2997:[Our country's large-scale hydropower unit manufacturing has reached the world's advanced level]. 2391: 1952: 1728: 1499: 1047: 998: 808: 7103: 5988: 4843: 3560: 8132: 8082: 7940: 7470: 4376: 3624: 2795: 2221: 1752: 1745: 1465: 877: 6389: 5169: 3759: 3090: 5871: 5471: 5392:

Chen, Yushan; Zhang, Yeming; Wang, Li; Wang, Shimei; Tian, Dongfang; Zhang, Lun (September 15, 2022).

1943: 1816: 1585:. At current levels, 80% of the land in the area is eroding, depositing about 40 million tons of 1556: 1030: 7779: 7754: 5827: 5405: 5366: 5274: 3877: 862: 7817: 6728: 6060: 5447: 4620: 3595: 3480: 3030: 2860: 2181:

Recovered structures that were too large for museums were moved upland to reconstruction districts (

7784: 7552: 7047: 7020: 6838: 3506: 3237:...the 180-billion yuan ($ 26.3 billion) Three Gorges Dam project has been highly contentious. 3224: 2934: 2416: 2231: 1852: 1529: 1039: 1022: 873: 854: 777: 266: 7915: 7903: 7891: 3993:[The stability of domestically produced large-scale generator sets continues to improve]. 3940: 2016: 1935: 1532:(AC) lines to the Central China Grid have a total capacity of 12,000 MW. The DC transmission line 7774: 7764: 7726: 7369: 7324: 6445: 6411: 5853: 5635: 5550: 5354: 5023:

The River Dragon Has Come!: Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People

4029:[Unit 19 of the Three Gorges Right Bank Power Station has completed a 72-hour test run]. 3698: 1991: 1763: 850: 792:

Map of the location of the Three Gorges Dam and the most important cities along the Yangtze River

572: 467: 7581: 6750: 6145:[The Three Gorges ushered in 70,000 cubic meters / sec] (in Chinese). SINA Corporation. 5057: 4787: 3723: 3284: 3121: 2291:

In order to maximize the utility of the Three Gorges Dam and cut down on sedimentation from the

7504: 6202: 5263:"Reservoir-induced landslides and risk control in Three Gorges Project on Yangtze River, China" 4515: 1758:, many spend the winter in wetlands that the Three Gorges Dam will destroy. Populations of the 7200:"Just Two Missiles could blow up China's Three Gorges Dam and kill millions : Strategist" 6626: 5968: 5909: 5845: 5627: 5619: 5578: 5542: 5480: 5423: 5327: 5292: 5232: 5114: 5089: 5027: 5021: 3420: 3372: 2607: 2601: 2577: 2546: 2226: 2055: 1907: 1888: 1857: 1821: 1783: 728: 720: 609: 6941: 6863: 4166: 4144: 3364: 2567: 2230:

saying that the People's Republic of China would be "seriously on guard against threats from

8127: 7963: 7530: 7359: 7351: 7225: 6631: 6501: 5835: 5611: 5534: 5413: 5374: 5319: 5282: 5222: 5212: 5079: 4707: 4679: 3535: 2193: 1787: 1759: 1130: 737: 685: 613: 427: 7387: 6004: 3781: 3309: 2636: 2048:

reported that the four towers that are to support the ship lift had almost been completed.

772: 6624:[Hubei's Proposal: raise the Three Gorges dam-bypassing transportation capacity]. 6140: 2251: 2216:

would seek to destroy the dam provoked an angry response from the mainland Chinese media.

2189: 2076: 1106: 1076: 812: 744: 552: 477: 172: 84: 5750: 4196: 3819: 1477:

Three Gorges Dam Installed Units and Annual Electricity Production Over Years (2003–2023)

6026: 5831: 5409: 5370: 5278: 4895: 4873: 4264: 4242: 3181: 2726:[The last unit of the Three Gorges Project has completed its 72-hour test run]. 1548: 8023: 8003: 7993: 6915: 6594: 6449: 6176: 4292: 3962: 2308: 2239: 2161: 2110: 2100: 2063: 2035:

The ship lift's design uses a helical gear system, to climb or descend a toothed rack.

1755: 1720: 1681: 1517: 1071: 1002: 831: 487: 437: 380: 6985: 5508:

Environmental planning of large-scale water projects: The Three Gorges Dam case, China

5143: 4535: 4224: 4126: 2924: 2188:

Some sites could not be moved because of their location, size, or design, such as the

1520:(DC) lines to the East China Grid carry 7,200 MW: Three Gorges – Shanghai (3,000 MW), 8066: 7988: 7908: 7822: 7731: 6780: 6692:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. August 22, 2008. Archived from 5857: 5784: 5758: 5554: 4591:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. August 15, 2008. Archived from 4557: 2359: 1896:(574 to 476 ft), in preparation for the rainy season. The water also powers the 1878: 1604:

Some hydrologists expect downstream riverbanks to become more vulnerable to flooding.

1582: 987: 605: 596: 544: 537: 493: 449: 298: 7932: 7373: 7134: 6693: 6088: 5639: 4765: 4651: 4592: 4098: 4066: 4034: 4002: 3002: 2970: 2830: 2767: 2735: 2473: 2443: 913: 865:", a poem about his fascination with a dam on the Yangtze River. In 1958, after the 8033: 8013: 8008: 7896: 7160: 6567: 6118: 5724: 5615: 4927: 4813: 3694:三峡水库：世界淹没面积最大的水库 (Three Gorges reservoir: World submergence area biggest reservoir) 3529: 2617: 2421: 2373: 2331: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2258: 2150: 1897: 1874: 1673: 1615: 1611: 1102: 1088: 994: 962: 942: 846: 804: 692: 564: 460: 7080: 6326: 6273: 5378: 5311: 3900: 6303: 6228: 5962: 5572: 5323: 4501: 3638: 2257:

Debate among Chinese scholars and analysts about the basic principles of China's

993:

Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, profits from the

8018: 7259: 5287: 5262: 5199:

Tomás, R.; Li, Z.; Liu, P.; Singleton, A.; Hoey, T.; Cheng, X. (April 1, 2014).

4381: 3347: 2929:[The world's largest "ship lift" Three Gorges Dam successfully tested]. 2667:"China's Three Gorges Dam sets world hydropower production record – China Daily" 2339: 2304: 2247: 1862: 1779: 1716:

In 1997, the Three Gorges area had 10% forestation, down from 20% in the 1950s.

1084: 927: 896: 796: 659: 656: 584: 540: 288: 7281: 4061:[Unit 16 of Three Gorges Right Bank Power Station put into operation]. 2103:), below Yichang. The 95-kilometre-long (59 mi) southern portage railway ( 7998: 7978: 7161:"Annual report on the military power of the People's Republic of China (.pdf)" 6111:"Three Gorges Dam will meet the first large-scale flood since being completed" 5418: 5393: 2829:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. October 30, 2008. Archived from 2321: 2002: 1998: 1870: 1844: 1697: 1510:, receive priority. Nine provinces and two cities consume power from the dam. 1059: 974: 842: 589: 548: 168: 6201:. Missouri Chapter American Fisheries Society. April 20, 2002. Archived from 5849: 5623: 5484: 5427: 5296: 5236: 4816:(in Chinese). National Development and Reform Commission. December 20, 2007. 4097:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. August 22, 2008. Archived from 3376: 2543:

Engineering Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 2: Landslide Processes

1977: 1964: 203: 190: 5538: 4349:[Itaipu overtakes Three Gorges and resumes the lead in production]. 3001:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. March 10, 2009. Archived from 2367: 2353: 2138: 2086: 2029: 1882: 1848: 1701: 970: 372: 7328: 5816:"Influence of Three Gorges Dam on earthquakes based on GRACE gravity field" 5631: 5546: 4033:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. June 20, 2008. Archived from 3182:"Global Challenges: Ecological and Technological Advances Around the World" 3062: 2969:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. April 8, 2009. Archived from 815:, began preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges. In 1939, during the 7252:"Can Taiwanese missiles destroy Three Gorges Dam? Only tiny dents: expert" 5840: 5815: 5312:"Monitoring on Shuping Landslide in the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China" 4065:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. July 4, 2008. Archived from 2766:(in Chinese). China Three Gorges Corporation. July 5, 2012. Archived from 2424:, one of the leading engineers who designed the water turbines for the dam 1632:. In the first four months of 2010, there were 97 significant landslides. 1034:

Three Gorges Dam compared to all other Chinese hydroelectricity production

7983: 7355: 7286: 6656: 6415: 5644: 5217: 3371:. Vol. 148, no. 6. Bonnier Corporation. June 1946. p. 98. 2573: 2128:

In late 2012, preliminary work started along both future railway routes.

2118: 1947:

The other end of Three Gorges Dam lock; note the bridge in the background

1866: 1837: 1586: 1507: 1122: 706: 576: 455: 255: 7364: 6564:"Phase I Field Trial of Ship Lift at Three Gorges Dam Successfully Ends" 5020:

Qing, Dai; Thibodeau, John G.; Williams, Michael R; et al. (2016).

788: 7967: 6590:"World's largest shiplift starts operation at China's Three Gorges Dam" 5908:(in Chinese). Chn-consulate-sapporo.or.jp. May 16, 2006. Archived from 5693: 5227: 4991: 3539: 2146: 2095:) on the northern side of the Yangtze, just upstream from the dam, via 1833: 1590: 1134: 820: 556: 6723:[Towns in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Demolition Completed]. 7444: 4239:"Three Gorges Project Generates 78.29 Bln Kwh of Electricity in 2011" 2209: 2044: 1931:

Ship locks for river traffic to bypass the Three Gorges Dam, May 2004

1782:

and make the Earth slightly more round in the middle and flat on the

1114: 1096: 527: 5574:

Before the Deluge: The Vanishing World of the Yangtze's Three Gorges

5318:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 257–273, 4788:"Construction of the Three Gorges Project and Ecological Protection" 2160:

By June 2008, China had moved 1.24 million residents as far as

1516:

Power is distributed over multiple 500 kV transmission lines. Three

869:, some engineers who spoke out against the project were imprisoned. 6529:"Ship lift at Three Gorges Dam, China − design of steel structures" 6253:. Xinhua – China, World, Business, Sports, Photos and Video English 3786:[Official: Three Gorges Project recovers investment cost]. 2689:"Itaipu Ends 2016 with a Historic Production of 103.09 Million MWh" 1762:

are guaranteed to be "negatively affected" by the dam. In 2022 the

7599: 7319:

Pan, Zhenqiang (2016). "China's No First Use of Nuclear Weapons".

7044:"China warns of environmental "catastrophe" from Three Gorges Dam" 5506: 2282: 2015: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1829: 1815: 1775: 1687: 1668: 1555: 1547: 1472: 1464: 1456: 1126: 1101: 1051: 1029: 1021: 958: 787: 781: 771: 560: 497: 176: 3534:(MS paper). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 7553:"New mega hydropower station to begin operations – China.org.cn" 7017:"Millions more face relocation from Three Gorges Reservoir Area" 6498:"China shifts from follower to leader in hydropower development" 4195:(in Chinese). Chinaequip.gov.cn. January 8, 2010. Archived from 2569:

Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds

2164:

in Hebei Province, and the moves concluded the following month.

1766:

was declared extinct, with the last confirmed sighting in 2003.

1597: 1092: 7936: 7603: 5310:

Wang, Fawu; Zhang, Yeming; Huo, Zhitao; Peng, Xuanming (2009),

4093:[Three Gorges Unit 23 enters 72-hour trial operation]. 1939:

Construction of TGP ship locks at Yangtze River, September 1996

1843:

The reservoir's flood storage capacity is 22 km (5.3

7323:. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2157:

the people involved included other areas of the municipality.

1614:

sediment buildup causes biological damage and reduces aquatic

1118: 580: 283: 6566:. China Three Gorges Project. August 14, 2016. Archived from 4484:"Three Gorges crosses 100b kWh power generation mark in 2021" 4409:"China's Three Gorges project increases power output in 2017" 4347:"Itaipu bate Três Gargantas e reassume liderança em produção" 3621:"Water level at Three Gorges Project raised to full capacity" 5721:"Three Gorges Dam: A Blessing or an Environmental Disaster?" 5696:. American University, The School of International Service. 1635:

Some of the most famous landslides in the Three Gorges are:

1469:

Yangtze River flow rate comparing to the dam intake capacity

340:

27.2 million m (35.6 million cu yd)

4321:"China's Three Gorges dam 'breaks world hydropower record'" 3790:(in Chinese). 中新社 (China News Service). December 20, 2013. 3697:(in Chinese). Xinhua Net. November 21, 2003. Archived from 1959:

There are two series of ship locks installed near the dam (

1091:

of 0.9. The generator produces electrical power at 20

1080: 6087:(in Chinese). Ctgpc.com.cn. August 7, 2009. Archived from 2888:"Final Turbine at China's Three Gorges Dam Begins Testing" 849:

project nearby first, and economic problems including the

6251:"Shipping throughput of Three Gorges Dam hits new record" 1083:, the generator rotors have 80 poles. Rated power is 778 7580:. Water Power Magazine. January 10, 2007. Archived from 6356:"Three Gorges Dam Ship Lift, People's Republic of China" 4764:(in Chinese). Ctgpc.com.cn. July 4, 2008. Archived from 2099:

to the Baiyang Tianjiahe port facility in Baiyang Town (

1113:

The generators were manufactured by two joint ventures:

4377:"Three Gorges Project reaches 1 trillion kWh milestone" 1457: 42: 7529:. U.S. Embassy in China. March 7, 2003. Archived from 5267:

Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

6442:"Tower columns for Three Gorges shiplift to be built" 5932:"39.1931, 1935, 1954, 1998 年长江流域发生的4次大洪水造成了怎样的洪水灾害??" 4984:"Environmental controversy over the Three Gorges Dam" 3965:(in Chinese). Government of China. October 18, 2006. 2859:. Xinhua News Agency. October 7, 2008. Archived from 2853:"Three Gorges reservoir raises water to target level" 2566:

Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher G. (2013).

749: 725: 711: 697: 7527:"Beijing Environment, Science and Technology Update" 6527:

Jan Akkermann; Thomas Runte; Dorothea Krebs (2009).

6467:"Three Gorges Dam exceeds cargo target set for 2030" 3528:

Allin, Samuel Robert Fishleigh (November 30, 2004).

3304: 3302: 2645:(in Chinese). China News Service. January 10, 2019. 2474:"Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant, China" 1536:

to the South China Grid has a capacity of 3,000 MW.

1001:, loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks, 7846: 7793: 7719: 7688: 7637: 6003:(in Chinese). CTGPC. April 20, 2002. Archived from 5989:

Consequences of the Three Gorges Project, in German

4440:"Three Gorges Dam generates record amount of power" 799:envisioned a large dam across the Yangtze River in 743: 736: 719: 705: 691: 684: 679: 667: 648: 634: 625: 486: 476: 466: 448: 436: 426: 418: 413: 405: 397: 389: 379: 367: 357: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 294: 282: 277: 262: 251: 243: 235: 227: 219: 182: 164: 156: 69: 6713: 6711: 6302:. China Three Gorges Project. 2002. Archived from 6227:. China Three Gorges Project. 2002. Archived from 5643: 5470: 3899:Morioka, Matthew; Abrishamkar, Alireza; Kay, Yve. 3584: 3582: 2238:advisor Sung Chao-wen, called the notion of using 885:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4926:(in Chinese). NDRC. March 7, 2007. Archived from 4730:"China's Three Gorges sets new production record" 2716: 2714: 7202:. Defence News. January 18, 2018. Archived from 6350: 6348: 5168:Richard Jones, Michael Sheridan (May 30, 2010). 1692:Collecting garbage at the dam's southeast corner 7856:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation 7503:(in Chinese). chinapower.com.cn. Archived from 2075:Plans also exist for the construction of short 776:In his poem "Swimming" (1956), engraved on the 7069:Guo Jinjia; Yang Shanyin (November 16, 2007). 6969:– Spiegel der Forschung 1/20: S. 50–63, 2010. 6454:The entire shiplift will be completed in 2015. 5785:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth" 5520: 5518: 5088:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 228. 5052:[Concern about the Three Gorges Dam]. 3728:International Water Power and Dam Construction 3667:"Three Gorges Dam Project – Quick Facts" 2287:Longitudinal profile of upstream Yangtze River 348:116,000 m/s (4,100,000 cu ft/s) 18:Environmental issues with the Three Gorges Dam 7948: 7615: 7500:中国三峡总公司拟在金沙江上建４座梯级水电站总装机容量为３８５０万千瓦_中国电力网新闻中心 6916:"Zeng Nian: Remembering the Three Gorges Dam" 5163: 5161: 5136:"No Casualties in Three Gorges Dam Landslide" 5056:(in Chinese). August 31, 2007. Archived from 3346:. National Academy of Science. Archived from 2882: 2880: 2878: 2104: 2090: 2080: 895:additional projects, such as the underground 654: 640: 579:), the Three Gorges Dam generates 95±20 73: 8: 6839:"Edward Burtynsky: Three Gorges Dam Project" 6779:. MWC News. October 13, 2007. Archived from 6630:(in Chinese). March 17, 2013. Archived from 4563:(in Chinese). CRI online. October 30, 2008. 4143:(in Chinese). Fenghuang Wang. Archived from 3479:(in Chinese). News.rednet.cn. Archived from 3061:(in Chinese). April 10, 2009. Archived from 2402:List of largest hydroelectric power stations 1125:, and the Chinese company Harbin Motor; and 7194: 7192: 6727:(in Chinese). July 24, 2008. Archived from 5669:"Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'" 5566: 5564: 2028:In addition to the canal locks, there is a 1786:. A study published in 2022 in the journal 563:province, central China, downstream of the 385:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 26: 7955: 7941: 7933: 7622: 7608: 7600: 6175:(in Chinese). May 30, 2007. Archived from 5170:"Chinese dam causes quakes and landslides" 4870:Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering 4650:(in Chinese). Ctgpc.com.cn. Archived from 4534:(in Chinese). ctgpc.com.cn. Archived from 3842:"China's Three Gorges Dam, by the Numbers" 3718: 3716: 3615: 3613: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2501: 2499: 1571:National Development and Reform Commission 1161: 676: 616:large turbines and a move toward limiting 258:203 billion (US$ 31.765 billion) 66: 7363: 6614: 6612: 6602:from the original on September 18, 2016. 6327:"China's west seeks to impress investors" 6274:"China's west seeks to impress investors" 5839: 5417: 5286: 5226: 5216: 4706:(in Chinese). Sgcc.com.cn. Archived from 4678:(in Chinese). Sgcc.com.cn. Archived from 4640: 4638: 3438: 3436: 3148:"Untamed Waterways Kill Thousands Yearly" 2815: 2813: 2246:The Three Gorges Dam is a steel-concrete 1704:and its suburban areas. According to the 1608:biggest of Chinese cities to inundation". 5600:"Three-Gorges Dam: Risk to Ancient Fish" 5511:(MA thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. 3406: 1540:electricity demand reached 4,692.8 TWh. 136: 108: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 8113:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012 7711:State Electricity Regulatory Commission 7321:Understanding: Chinese Nuclear Thinking 6942:"Nadav Kander: Yangtze: The Long River" 6819:from the original on September 24, 2015 5180:from the original on September 18, 2011 4790:. Chinagate.com.cn. November 27, 2007. 3561:"Three Gorges Dam now at full capacity" 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3256:from the original on September 12, 2009 3192:from the original on September 24, 2009 2434: 1087:, with a maximum of 840 MVA and a 28: 7701:National Nuclear Safety Administration 7451:from the original on December 28, 2010 6665:from the original on September 4, 2015 6333:from the original on November 24, 2008 6280:from the original on November 24, 2008 5109:Segers, Henrik; Martens, Koen (2005). 4820:from the original on December 21, 2007 4502:"长江电力：2022年总发电量1855.81亿千瓦时同比减少10.92%" 3673:from the original on November 25, 2010 2941:from the original on February 22, 2016 2660: 2658: 2656: 2649:from the original on January 10, 2019. 2631: 2629: 2627: 1861:tributaries downstream, including the 1684:, a few kilometres upstream of the dam 801:The International Development of China 727: 622: 8118:Hydroelectric power stations in Hubei 7232:from the original on February 9, 2009 7133:C.Michael Hogan. Andy Burnham (ed.). 7114:from the original on December 4, 2007 6920:Angkor Photo Festival & Workshops 6777:"China dam to displace millions more" 6477:from the original on October 16, 2015 5719:Theuerkauf, Ethan (October 2, 2007). 5700:from the original on December 6, 2000 5667:Toy, Mary-Anne (September 27, 2007). 5316:Environmental Science and Engineering 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 4963:from the original on December 7, 2008 4904:from the original on January 17, 2012 4794:from the original on October 10, 2010 4567:from the original on February 8, 2009 4357:from the original on January 16, 2016 4301:from the original on January 13, 2014 4273:from the original on January 20, 2013 3413:An Ecological History of Modern China 3277:"China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire" 3215:Gerin, Roseanne (December 11, 2008). 3114:"China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire" 845:supported the project, but began the 7: 7650:China Beijing Environmental Exchange 7479:from the original on August 15, 2009 7046:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from 7019:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from 6541:from the original on October 6, 2016 6500:. China Economic Net. Archived from 6300:"Its Buildings with Biggest Indices" 6225:"Its Buildings with Biggest Indices" 5795:from the original on August 10, 2017 5469:Collins, Peter (November 15, 2007). 5111:The River at the Center of the World 5085:The River at the Center of the World 4956:长江电力(600900)2008年上半年发电量完成情况公告 – 证券之星 4560:三峡工程左右岸电站26台机组全部投入商业运行 – 中国报道 – 国际在线 3794:from the original on August 16, 2016 3623:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from 3455:from the original on January 6, 2010 2412:List of dams and reservoirs in China 1706:Ministry of Environmental Protection 1696:The dam catalyzed improved upstream 1461:Three Gorges Dam annual power output 819:, Japanese military forces occupied 59:Dam in Yiling District, Hubei, China 7177:from the original on August 6, 2009 7104:"More bid farewell to Three Gorges" 7015:Wang Hongjiang (October 11, 2007). 6940:Dykstra, Jean (December 27, 2012). 6448:. February 27, 2012. Archived from 6035:from the original on April 22, 2009 4450:from the original on March 21, 2019 3337:Wolman, Abel; Lyles, W. H. 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Archived from 7226:"Troops sent to protect China dam" 7141:from the original on June 10, 2011 7042:Jiang Yuxia (September 26, 2007). 6996:from the original on March 9, 2008 6986:"Millions forced out by China dam" 6422:from the original on July 18, 2008 6412:"China Completes Three Gorges Dam" 6169:"Yangtze as a vital logistics aid" 6149:from the original on July 22, 2010 5942:from the original on July 24, 2010 5884:from the original on July 19, 2011 4736:. January 10, 2013. Archived from 4419:from the original on March 3, 2018 4389:from the original on March 1, 2017 4327:from the original on March 3, 2016 3917:from the original on March 7, 2012 3734:from the original on June 14, 2011 3647:from the original on June 11, 2011 3443:Steven Mufson (November 9, 1997). 3318:from the original on June 11, 2011 3158:from the original on March 6, 2012 3146:Laris, Michael (August 17, 1998). 2387:South–North Water Transfer Project 1820:Water level and inflow during the 1729:China's large reforestation effort 57: 7866:Electric power companies of China 7135:"Shen Nong Gorge Hanging Coffins" 6496:Wang Yichen (February 17, 2016). 5765:from the original on May 16, 2023 5205:Geophysical Journal International 3969:from the original on May 31, 2007 3445:"The Yangtze Dam: Feat or Folly?" 2484:from the original on May 28, 2018 1889:In 1998, a flood in the same area 1724:Food and Agriculture Organization 1163:Annual production of electricity 1013:Power generation and distribution 444:Maximum: 113 m (371 ft) 8047: 8046: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7879: 7878: 6757:from the original on May 5, 2015 5142:. CRIEnglish.com. Archived from 4982:Topping, Audrey Ronning (1996). 4438:Zhang, Jie (December 21, 2018). 3873:李永安:我水轮发电机组已具完全自主设计制造能力_财经频道_新华网 2898:from the original on May 4, 2011 2603:Renewable Energy: A First Course 2545:. Springer. 2014. p. 1415. 2366: 2352: 2338: 2324: 1806:Panorama of the Three Gorges Dam 1795: 1751:Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining 941: 926: 912: 442:Rated: 80.6 m (264 ft) 223:Flood control, power, navigation 135: 128: 107: 100: 83: 7833:Ultra-high-voltage transmission 6965:Christoph Seeber, Lorenz King: 6117:. July 10, 2010. Archived from 2794:Acker, Fabian (March 2, 2009). 2407:List of power stations in China 1908:South China floods in July 2010 1628:the flooded Wuxia Gorge of the 1150:hydro power plant by capacity. 1141:Generator installation progress 1038:Power generation is managed by 872:During China's emphasis on the 7578:"Beyond Three Gorges in China" 6388:. May 21, 2006. Archived from 6382:"Three Gorges Dam ready to go" 5616:10.1126/science.302.5648.1149b 4872:. May 25, 2006. Archived from 3999:China Three Gorges Corporation 3848:. June 9, 2006. Archived from 3724:"Beyond Three Gorges in China" 3417:University of Washington Press 3112:Yang, Lin (October 12, 2007). 2734:. May 24, 2012. Archived from 2732:China Three Gorges Corporation 2397:List of largest power stations 2234:terrorists". Former Taiwanese 1600:downstream has three effects: 1044:China Three Gorges Corporation 750: 726: 712: 698: 655: 641: 532: 523: 515: 371:39.3 km (31,900,000 271:China Three Gorges Corporation 74: 1: 7696:China Atomic Energy Authority 7282:"台灣射彈攻擊三峽大壩？綠網民遭專家打臉直轟：軍事白癡！" 5694:"Three Gorges Dam Case Study" 5379:10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.105199 4472:. Sina Corp. January 7, 2020. 4001:. May 5, 2008. Archived from 3640:三峡完成172.5米蓄水中游航道正常维护(图)-搜狐新闻 3275:Lin Yang (October 12, 2007). 3180:Grant, Stan (June 18, 2005). 2442:Ma, Yue (November 26, 2010). 2115:Yichang South Railway Station 1812:Floods, agriculture, industry 1731:. This accelerated after the 1534:HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong 1522:HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou 961:of steel (enough to build 63 569:world's largest power station 64:Dam in Yiling District, Hubei 8088:2008 establishments in China 7475:(in Chinese). Aqsiq.gov.cn. 7102:Liang Chao (July 15, 2004). 7079:(in Chinese). Archived from 6325:MacKie, Nick (May 4, 2005). 6272:MacKie, Nick (May 4, 2005). 5472:"Falling here, rising there" 5324:10.1007/978-3-642-00132-1_11 4223:(in Chinese). Archived from 4171:(in Chinese). Cepn.sp.com.cn 3340:John Lucian Savage Biography 2382:Baiheliang Underwater Museum 2097:Yichang East Railway Station 316:2,335 m (7,661 ft) 7419:Electronic Data Interchange 7228:. BBC. September 14, 2004. 6444:. Yichang, Hubei Province. 5288:10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.08.001 4897:能源局:2011年全社会用电量累计达46928亿千瓦时 4842:. ABB Group. Archived from 1560:Flood mark on Yangtze river 876:during its early period of 857:slowed progress. After the 8149: 8123:Underground power stations 7706:SASAC of the State Council 5967:. Earthscan. p. 184. 5398:Frontiers in Earth Science 5026:. Routledge. p. 160. 4470:"三峡工程2019年运行情况良好综合效益显著发挥" 3250:""Swimming" by Mao Zedong" 2606:. CRC Press. p. 219. 2113:(upstream of the dam) via 904:Composition and dimensions 892:National People's Congress 116:Location in Hubei Province 8108:Dams on the Yangtze River 8042: 7974: 7874: 7137:. The Megalithic Portal. 6914:jess (December 5, 2014). 6803:"2012 Hydropower Roadmap" 5571:Chetham, Deirdre (2002). 5419:10.3389/feart.2022.974301 5359:Computers and Geotechnics 4220:峡 – 葛洲坝梯级电站全年发电1006.1亿千瓦时 3054:重庆云阳长江右岸现360万方滑坡险情-地方-人民网 2132:Displacement of residents 2105: 2091: 2081: 1912:1998 Yangtze River floods 1853:The river flooded in 1954 1733:1998 Yangtze River floods 1577:Erosion and sedimentation 1504:China Southern Power Grid 1042:, a listed subsidiary of 859:1954 Yangtze River Floods 839:1949 Communist Revolution 830:'s head design engineer, 761: 675: 630: 401:600 km (370 mi) 94: 89:The dam in September 2009 82: 7499: 7471: 7390:. International Rivers. 7306:South China Morning Post 7168:US Department of Defense 7071: 6753:. International Rivers. 6719: 6688: 6657: 6620: 6534:. Steel construction 2. 6471:South China Morning Post 6142:三峡迎来7万立方米/秒特大洪峰规模超1998年 6141: 6083: 6055: 6027: 5904: 5872: 5442: 5113:. Springer. p. 73. 5048: 4955: 4896: 4760: 4702: 4674: 4646: 4615: 4587: 4559: 4531:三峡电站持续安稳运行累计发电突破5000亿千瓦时 4530: 4294:三峡工程2013年建设运行情况良好发挥综合效益 4293: 4265: 4219: 4191: 4167: 4121: 4089: 4057: 4025: 3989: 3872: 3814: 3782: 3754: 3693: 3639: 3590: 3475: 3411:Harrell, Stevan (2023). 3310: 3085: 3053: 3025: 2993: 2961: 2925: 2821: 2758: 2722: 2638:三峡工程2018年发电量、过闸货运量刷新历史纪录 2637: 2218:People's Liberation Army 1526:HVDC Gezhouba – Shanghai 867:Hundred Flowers Campaign 817:Second Sino-Japanese War 650:Traditional Chinese 618:greenhouse gas emissions 409:175 m (574 ft) 332:115 m (377 ft) 308:181 m (594 ft) 144:Three Gorges Dam (China) 39:latest accepted revision 7921:Renewable energy portal 6725:The Wall Street Journal 6452:on September 27, 2013. 5873:三峡工程的防洪作用将提前两年实现-经济-人民网 5539:10.1126/science.1083312 5054:The Wall Street Journal 2450:. Stanford University. 2346:Renewable energy portal 2123:Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway 1847:; 18 million 1678:source water protection 1651:Qianjiangping landslide 1056:underground power plant 1007:Tibet Autonomous Region 823:and surveyed the area. 636:Simplified Chinese 468:Installed capacity 324:40 m (131 ft) 236:Construction began 8098:Dams completed in 2008 7803:HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai 7794:Electricity generation 7675:List of power stations 7344:International Security 6598:. September 18, 2016. 6358:. 2013. Archived from 6031:(in Chinese). Gov.cn. 6028:经过不懈努力三峡枢纽主体工程建设任务提前完成 5905:三峡工程防洪、通航、发电三大效益提前全面发挥 5577:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4488:waterpowermagazine.com 4266:2012年三峡工程建设与运行管理成效十分显著 3026:一座自主创新历史丰碑三峡工程的改革开放之路 2822:三峡工程左右岸电站26台机组全部投入商业运行 2507:"Three Gorges Project" 2392:Energy policy of China 2288: 2275:within design limits. 2196:, part of the cliffs. 2025: 1978:30.83667°N 111.01944°E 1948: 1940: 1932: 1824: 1693: 1685: 1561: 1553: 1500:State Grid Corporation 1478: 1470: 1462: 1110: 1035: 1027: 999:China Development Bank 861:, in 1956, Mao wrote " 809:Nationalist government 793: 785: 671:Three Gorges Great Dam 488:Annual generation 362:Three Gorges Reservoir 345:Spillway capacity 252:Construction cost 204:30.82306°N 111.00333°E 7838:Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC 7645:Carbon trading scheme 6843:MacKenzie Art Gallery 6658:三峡翻坝铁路前期工作启动建成实现水铁联运 6173:China Economic Review 5841:10.1515/geo-2022-0350 5443:湖北省三峡治污项目三年内投入约23.5亿元 4840:"Three Gorges, China" 4616:三峡电站26台发电机组投产后首次满负荷发电 4227:on September 1, 2011. 3483:on September 27, 2011 3476:1992年4月3日全国人大批准兴建三峡工程 3227:on September 22, 2009 3059:People's Daily Online 2480:. February 21, 2020. 2286: 2019: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1819: 1753:critically endangered 1746:Chinese river dolphin 1691: 1672: 1559: 1551: 1476: 1468: 1460: 1105: 1033: 1025: 878:Reform and Opening Up 791: 775: 406:Normal elevation 284:Type of dam 7356:10.1162/ISEC_a_00016 7262:on December 27, 2021 7083:on November 19, 2007 6992:. October 12, 2007. 6894:www.1854.photography 6864:"Photographs: China" 6504:on February 18, 2016 6231:on November 21, 2008 6205:on November 18, 2008 6063:on February 28, 2009 5912:on December 25, 2007 5751:"Chinese Paddlefish" 5731:on February 22, 2008 5610:(5648): 1149b–1151. 4994:on November 25, 1996 4768:on February 10, 2009 4654:on September 8, 2011 4516:"2023年三峡枢纽通过货运量再创新高" 4069:on February 10, 2009 4026:三峡右岸电站19号机组完成72小时试运行 3730:. January 10, 2007. 3627:on October 29, 2010. 3217:"Rolling on A River" 3033:on February 28, 2009 2937:. January 14, 2016. 2796:"Taming the Yangtze" 2266:Structural integrity 2173:Cultural and history 2085:) will run from the 1951:The installation of 1544:Environmental impact 478:Capacity factor 419:Commission date 7533:on October 11, 2007 7507:on February 8, 2009 7447:. Living On Earth. 7421:. Awesome Library. 7290:. November 6, 2017. 7072:重庆澄清"三峡库区二次移民四百万"传闻 7023:on October 16, 2007 6783:on October 14, 2007 6731:on December 6, 2008 6696:on December 7, 2008 6392:on December 3, 2008 6306:on October 23, 2013 6115:easyseosolution.com 5832:2022OGeo...14..350W 5755:www.iucnredlist.org 5533:(5623): 1239–1240. 5450:on December 7, 2008 5410:2022FrEaS..10.4301C 5371:2023CGeot.15505199L 5279:2016JRMGE...8..577Y 5140:Xinhua News Network 4846:on October 13, 2007 4740:on January 15, 2013 4682:on January 30, 2009 4675:国家电网公司-主要水电厂来水和运行情况 4595:on December 7, 2008 4518:. January 11, 2024. 4415:. January 4, 2017. 4245:on October 23, 2013 4168:中国电力新闻网 – 电力行业的门户网站 4101:on January 20, 2012 4037:on December 7, 2008 4005:on December 7, 2008 3943:on December 7, 2008 3880:on December 7, 2008 3852:on January 14, 2019 3762:on February 8, 2009 3701:on October 12, 2007 3598:on December 7, 2008 3449:The Washington Post 3365:"China's Dream Dam" 3287:on October 13, 2007 3152:The Washington Post 2863:on January 10, 2010 2833:on February 9, 2009 2723:三峡工程最后一台机组结束72小时试运行 2695:. January 3, 2017. 2417:Three Gorges Museum 2236:Ministry of Defense 2232:Taiwan independence 1983:30.83667; 111.01944 1974: / 1657:Ganjingzi landslide 1639:Huangtupo landslide 1530:alternating current 1164: 1109:at Three Gorges Dam 1040:China Yangtze Power 1018:Generating capacity 874:Four Modernizations 855:Cultural Revolution 520:traditional Chinese 398:Maximum length 381:Catchment area 368:Total capacity 267:China Yangtze Power 209:30.82306; 111.00333 200: / 29:Page version status 7964:Hydroelectric dams 7847:State-owned energy 7770:Petroleum industry 7660:Electricity sector 7445:"Three Gorges Dam" 7415:"Three Gorges Dam" 7388:"Three Gorges Dam" 6975:(PDF; 1,1 MB) 6751:"Three Gorges Dam" 6570:on August 14, 2016 6446:Xinhua News Agency 6199:"Three Gorges Dam" 6056:三峡水库可如期消落至145米汛限水位 6001:"Three Gorges Dam" 5961:Dai, Qing (1994). 5648:on October 8, 2019 5218:10.1093/gji/ggu017 4924:"Three Gorges Dam" 4866:"Three Gorges Dam" 4814:"Three Gorges Dam" 4538:on October 2, 2011 4504:. January 5, 2023. 4147:on October 4, 2011 3963:"Three Gorges Dam" 3901:"Three Gorges Dam" 3509:on January 1, 2017 3005:on October 2, 2011 2973:on October 2, 2011 2926:世界最大“升船电梯”三峡大坝试验成功 2894:. April 27, 2011. 2857:news.xinhuanet.com 2448:large.stanford.edu 2444:"Three Gorges Dam" 2289: 2224:was quoted in the 2214:military in Taiwan 2042:In February 2012, 2026: 1992:St Lawrence Seaway 1949: 1941: 1933: 1918:Navigating the dam 1825: 1770:Terrestrial impact 1764:Chinese paddlefish 1694: 1686: 1660:Tanjiahe landslide 1562: 1554: 1479: 1471: 1463: 1162: 1111: 1048:Central Enterprise 1036: 1028: 851:Great Leap Forward 794: 786: 573:installed capacity 512:simplified Chinese 321:Width (crest) 35: 8093:Dam controversies 8060: 8059: 7930: 7929: 7308:. March 22, 2016. 7206:on March 30, 2019 6946:Photographmag.com 6621:湖北议案提案：提升三峡翻坝转运能力 6362:on April 21, 2016 6179:on August 7, 2010 5974:978-1-85383-187-4 5964:Yangtze! Yangtze! 5584:978-1-4039-6428-1 5505:Li, Long (1989). 5333:978-3-642-00131-4 5120:978-1-4020-3745-0 5095:978-0-8050-5508-5 5080:Winchester, Simon 5033:978-1-315-50276-2 4930:on March 10, 2007 4876:on April 29, 2007 4490:. March 14, 2022. 4385:. March 1, 2017. 4353:(in Portuguese). 4199:on April 29, 2010 4129:on July 14, 2011. 3124:on March 31, 2009 3093:on April 11, 2009 3065:on April 13, 2009 2693:Itaipu Bunacional 2643:news.china.com.cn 2613:978-1-4665-9944-4 2583:978-0-12-417019-3 2552:978-3-319-09057-3 2227:China Youth Daily 2208:reported that in 2200:National security 2192:site high in the 1858:Jingguang Railway 1822:2020 China floods 1700:treatment around 1654:Qingshi landslide 1642:Shuping landslide 1569:According to the 1455: 1454: 1158:Output milestones 1146:156 meters. 997:, loans from the 969:(31,900,000 765: 764: 757: 756: 686:Standard Mandarin 504: 503: 390:Surface area 329:Width (base) 278:Dam and spillways 244:Opening date 239:December 14, 1994 147:Show map of China 119:Show map of Hubei 47:17 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 8140: 8050: 8049: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7934: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7881: 7828:Three Gorges Dam 7796:and transmission 7749: 7742:Hydroelectricity 7680:Renewable energy 7624: 7617: 7610: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7584:on June 14, 2011 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6982: 6976: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6868:Edward Burtynsky 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6473:. May 23, 2014. 6463: 6457: 6456: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6418:. May 20, 2006. 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6386:The Taipei Times 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6121:on July 23, 2010 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6091:on July 28, 2011 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6007:on April 7, 2007 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5843: 5820:Open Geosciences 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5727:. Archived from 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5642:. Archived from 5598:Xie, P. (2003). 5595: 5589: 5588: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5258: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5017: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4990:. 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Archived from 4235: 4229: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4090:三峡23号机组进入72小时试运行 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3905: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3822:on April 7, 2007 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3505:. Archived from 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3408: 3381: 3380: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3353:on June 7, 2011. 3352: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3283:. Archived from 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3252:. Marxists.org. 3246: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3223:. Archived from 3212: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3120:. Archived from 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2931:news.cnhubei.com 2921: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2892:InventorSpot.com 2884: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2770:on April 5, 2013 2759:三峡地下电站机电设备全面移交投产 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2633: 2622: 2621: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2574:Elsevier Science 2563: 2557: 2556: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2523:on March 5, 2014 2522: 2516:. Archived from 2511: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2478:Power Technology 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2439: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2109:) will run from 2108: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2077:portage railways 2071:Portage railways 1997:These locks are 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1799: 1788:Open Geosciences 1760:Yangtze sturgeon 1719:Research by the 1665:Waste management 1648:Xintan landslide 1645:Outang landslide 1528:(1,200 MW). The 1524:(3,000 MW), and 1173:installed units 1165: 1131:General Electric 1077:Francis turbines 1050:administered by 945: 930: 916: 753: 752: 732: 731: 730: 715: 714: 701: 700: 677: 663: 662: 644: 643: 626:Three Gorges Dam 623: 614:state-of-the-art 534: 525: 517: 508:Three Gorges Dam 215: 214: 212: 211: 210: 205: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 148: 139: 138: 132: 120: 111: 110: 104: 87: 78: 77: 76: 70:Three Gorges Dam 67: 21: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8038: 7970: 7961: 7931: 7926: 7870: 7848: 7842: 7818:HVDC Tian–Guang 7795: 7789: 7747: 7715: 7684: 7670:Energy security 7633: 7631:Energy in China 7628: 7598: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7235: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7050:on May 27, 2011 7041: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7014: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6888:Fletcher, Gem. 6887: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6690: 6689:三峡四期移民工程通过阶段性验收 6686: 6685: 6681: 6668: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6635: 6634:on May 10, 2013 6622: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6507: 6505: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5260: 5259: 5244: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5146:on May 23, 2009 5133: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5060:on May 20, 2008 5050: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5019: 5018: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4988:The Earth Times 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4710:on July 1, 2009 4704: 4703:国家电网公司-国调直调信息系统 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4623:on July 5, 2009 4617: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4589: 4588:三峡电站月发电量首过百亿千瓦时 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4123: 4122:三峡地下电站30号机组充水启动 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3669:. ibiblio.org. 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3410: 3409: 3384: 3369:Popular Science 3363: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3195: 3193: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3161: 3159: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3127: 3125: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2738:on May 12, 2013 2724: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2625: 2614: 2598:Ehrlich, Robert 2596: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2514:chincold.org.cn 2509: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2281: 2268: 2252:nuclear strikes 2240:cruise missiles 2202: 2194:Shen Nong Gorge 2190:hanging coffins 2175: 2170: 2134: 2089:port facility ( 2073: 2012: 1999:staircase locks 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1925: 1920: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1778:'s day by 0.06 1772: 1741: 1714: 1667: 1625: 1596:The absence of 1579: 1567: 1546: 1496: 1172: 1160: 1143: 1107:Francis turbine 1068: 1020: 1015: 1003:corporate bonds 983: 954: 953: 952: 951: 950: 946: 937: 936: 935: 931: 922: 921: 920: 917: 906: 813:Chiang Kai-shek 807:. In 1932, the 770: 713:ㄙㄢㄒㄧㄚˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄅㄚˋ 668:Literal meaning 553:Yiling District 543:that spans the 458: 443: 337:Dam volume 269:(subsidiary of 208: 206: 202: 199: 194: 191: 189: 187: 186: 173:Yiling District 152: 151: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 140: 123: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 90: 72: 71: 65: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8146: 8144: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8073:Locks of China 8065: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7888: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7748:power stations 7746:Hydroelectric 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7655:Climate change 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7595: 7569: 7544: 7518: 7490: 7472:三峡工程质量处于良好受控状态 7462: 7436: 7413:Adams, Jerry. 7405: 7379: 7334: 7311: 7293: 7273: 7243: 7217: 7188: 7152: 7125: 7094: 7077:People's Daily 7061: 7034: 7007: 6977: 6958: 6932: 6906: 6880: 6855: 6830: 6812:. p. 37. 6794: 6768: 6742: 6707: 6679: 6648: 6627:People's Daily 6608: 6595:Shanghai Daily 6581: 6555: 6519: 6488: 6458: 6433: 6403: 6373: 6344: 6317: 6291: 6264: 6242: 6216: 6190: 6160: 6132: 6102: 6074: 6046: 6018: 5992: 5980: 5973: 5953: 5936:People's Daily 5923: 5895: 5880:(in Chinese). 5878:People's Daily 5863: 5826:(1): 453–461. 5806: 5776: 5742: 5711: 5685: 5659: 5590: 5583: 5560: 5514: 5497: 5461: 5433: 5384: 5345: 5332: 5302: 5273:(5): 577–595. 5242: 5211:(1): 213–232. 5191: 5157: 5126: 5119: 5101: 5094: 5071: 5039: 5032: 5005: 4974: 4941: 4915: 4900:(in Chinese). 4887: 4868:(in Chinese). 4857: 4831: 4805: 4779: 4751: 4721: 4693: 4665: 4634: 4606: 4578: 4549: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4475: 4461: 4430: 4400: 4368: 4338: 4312: 4297:(in Chinese). 4284: 4269:(in Chinese). 4256: 4230: 4210: 4182: 4158: 4132: 4112: 4080: 4048: 4016: 3997:(in Chinese). 3980: 3954: 3937:"三峡工程及其水电机组概况" 3928: 3908:eng.hawaii.edu 3891: 3863: 3833: 3805: 3773: 3745: 3712: 3684: 3658: 3630: 3609: 3578: 3567:. July 3, 2012 3552: 3520: 3494: 3466: 3432: 3425: 3382: 3356: 3329: 3298: 3267: 3241: 3221:Beijing Review 3207: 3172: 3138: 3104: 3086:探访三峡库区云阳故陵滑坡险情 3076: 3044: 3016: 2984: 2952: 2935:Chutian Jinbao 2933:(in Chinese). 2909: 2874: 2844: 2809: 2781: 2749: 2730:(in Chinese). 2710: 2680: 2652: 2623: 2612: 2589: 2582: 2576:. p. 44. 2558: 2551: 2534: 2495: 2465: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2363: 2349: 2335: 2319: 2316: 2280: 2277: 2267: 2264: 2201: 2198: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2133: 2130: 2072: 2069: 2064:Shanghai Daily 2011: 2008: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1813: 1810: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1771: 1768: 1756:Siberian crane 1740: 1737: 1721:United Nations 1713: 1710: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1609: 1605: 1578: 1575: 1566: 1563: 1545: 1542: 1518:direct current 1495: 1492: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1156: 1142: 1139: 1072:hydraulic head 1067: 1064: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 988:terawatt-hours 982: 979: 947: 940: 939: 938: 932: 925: 924: 923: 918: 911: 910: 909: 908: 907: 905: 902: 832:John L. Savage 769: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 747: 741: 740: 738:other Mandarin 734: 733: 723: 717: 716: 709: 703: 702: 695: 689: 688: 682: 681: 680:Transcriptions 673: 672: 669: 665: 664: 652: 646: 645: 638: 632: 631: 628: 627: 597:water turbines 502: 501: 490: 484: 483: 480: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 452: 446: 445: 440: 438:Hydraulic head 434: 433: 430: 424: 423: 420: 416: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 296: 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 275: 274: 264: 260: 259: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 184: 180: 179: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 143: 134: 133: 127: 126: 125: 124: 115: 106: 105: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 63: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8145: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103:Dams in China 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8078:Yangtze River 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7909:Energy portal 7905: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823:HVDC Zhoushan 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665:Energy policy 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7491: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7463: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7406: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7126: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7095: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7065: 7062: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7035: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7008: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6907: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6881: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6489: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6318: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6133: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6090: 6086: 6084:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 6078: 6075: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6019: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5896: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5764: 5760: 5759:IUCN Red List 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5498: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477:The Economist 5473: 5465: 5462: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4888: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4767: 4763: 4761:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 4755: 4752: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4694: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4653: 4649: 4647:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 4641: 4639: 4635: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4607: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4579: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4550: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4356: 4352: 4351:itaipu.gov.br 4348: 4342: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4257: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4183: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4058:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 4052: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3990:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 3984: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3806: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3783:官方:三峡工程回收投资成本 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3685: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3597: 3593: 3591:三峡升船机开工建设_荆楚网 3585: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3503:"人民网 – 404页面" 3498: 3495: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3426:9780295751719 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3017: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2994:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 2988: 2985: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2962:中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 2956: 2953: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2360:Energy portal 2355: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2279:Upstream dams 2278: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2168:Other effects 2167: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:seismic fault 1576: 1574: 1572: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 980: 978: 976: 972: 966: 964: 963:Eiffel Towers 960: 944: 929: 915: 903: 901: 898: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 826:In 1944, the 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 790: 783: 779: 774: 767: 760: 751:сань ся да ба 748: 746: 742: 739: 735: 729: 724: 722: 718: 710: 708: 704: 696: 694: 690: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 658: 653: 651: 647: 639: 637: 633: 629: 624: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:Yangtze Plain 601: 598: 593: 591: 586: 582: 578: 575:(22,500 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545:Yangtze River 542: 539: 538:hydroelectric 535: 529: 521: 513: 509: 499: 495: 491: 489: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 469: 465: 462: 457: 453: 451: 447: 441: 439: 435: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414:Power Station 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 299:Yangtze River 297: 293: 290: 287: 285: 281: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 131: 103: 93: 86: 81: 68: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8133:Megaprojects 8083:Gravity dams 8029:Three Gorges 8028: 7919: 7907: 7897:China portal 7895: 7883: 7827: 7588:November 23, 7586:. Retrieved 7582:the original 7572: 7560:. Retrieved 7557:china.org.cn 7556: 7547: 7535:. Retrieved 7531:the original 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7505:the original 7493: 7481:. Retrieved 7465: 7453:. Retrieved 7439: 7427:. Retrieved 7418: 7408: 7396:. Retrieved 7382: 7365:1721.1/60548 7350:(2): 48–87. 7347: 7343: 7337: 7320: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7285: 7276: 7266:December 27, 7264:. Retrieved 7260:the original 7255: 7246: 7236:November 23, 7234:. Retrieved 7220: 7208:. Retrieved 7204:the original 7179:. Retrieved 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7128: 7116:. Retrieved 7107: 7097: 7085:. Retrieved 7081:the original 7076: 7064: 7054:November 23, 7052:. Retrieved 7048:the original 7037: 7025:. Retrieved 7021:the original 7010: 6998:. Retrieved 6989: 6980: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6951:February 14, 6949:. Retrieved 6945: 6935: 6925:February 14, 6923:. Retrieved 6919: 6909: 6899:February 14, 6897:. Retrieved 6893: 6883: 6873:February 14, 6871:. Retrieved 6867: 6858: 6848:February 14, 6846:. 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Retrieved 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6119:the original 6114: 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6089:the original 6077: 6065:. Retrieved 6061:the original 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6005:the original 5995: 5983: 5963: 5956: 5944:. Retrieved 5935: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5910:the original 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5877: 5866: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5799:November 10, 5797:. Retrieved 5788: 5779: 5767:. Retrieved 5754: 5745: 5733:. Retrieved 5729:the original 5725:The Flat Hat 5714: 5702:. Retrieved 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5672: 5662: 5650:. Retrieved 5645:the original 5607: 5603: 5593: 5573: 5530: 5526: 5507: 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5476: 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5448:the original 5436: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5337:, retrieved 5315: 5305: 5270: 5266: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5182:. Retrieved 5173: 5148:. Retrieved 5144:the original 5139: 5134:Yang, Sung. 5129: 5110: 5104: 5084: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5053: 5042: 5022: 4996:. Retrieved 4992:the original 4987: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4932:. Retrieved 4928:the original 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4890: 4878:. Retrieved 4874:the original 4860: 4850:November 23, 4848:. Retrieved 4844:the original 4834: 4824:December 20, 4822:. Retrieved 4808: 4796:. Retrieved 4782: 4770:. Retrieved 4766:the original 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4738:the original 4733: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4708:the original 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680:the original 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4652:the original 4625:. Retrieved 4621:the original 4609: 4597:. Retrieved 4593:the original 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4536:the original 4524: 4510: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4464: 4452:. Retrieved 4443: 4433: 4421:. Retrieved 4412: 4403: 4391:. Retrieved 4380: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4350: 4341: 4329:. Retrieved 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4259: 4247:. Retrieved 4243:the original 4233: 4225:the original 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4197:the original 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4135: 4127:the original 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4099:the original 4095:ctgpc.com.cn 4094: 4083: 4071:. Retrieved 4067:the original 4063:ctgpc.com.cn 4062: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4031:ctgpc.com.cn 4030: 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 4003:the original 3995:ctgpc.com.cn 3994: 3983: 3971:. Retrieved 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941:the original 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3907: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3878:the original 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3850:the original 3845: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3820:the original 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3787: 3776: 3764:. Retrieved 3760:the original 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3727: 3703:. Retrieved 3699:the original 3687: 3677:November 23, 3675:. Retrieved 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3633: 3625:the original 3600:. Retrieved 3596:the original 3569:. Retrieved 3564: 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3530: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3507:the original 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3481:the original 3469: 3459:November 23, 3457:. Retrieved 3448: 3412: 3368: 3359: 3348:the original 3339: 3332: 3320:. Retrieved 3289:. Retrieved 3285:the original 3280: 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3244: 3236: 3229:. Retrieved 3225:the original 3220: 3210: 3201: 3194:. Retrieved 3185: 3175: 3167: 3160:. Retrieved 3151: 3141: 3133: 3126:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3117: 3107: 3095:. Retrieved 3091:the original 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3063:the original 3058: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3019: 3007:. Retrieved 3003:the original 2999:ctgpc.com.cn 2998: 2987: 2975:. Retrieved 2971:the original 2967:ctgpc.com.cn 2966: 2955: 2945:February 15, 2943:. Retrieved 2930: 2900:. Retrieved 2891: 2867:November 23, 2865:. Retrieved 2861:the original 2856: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2831:the original 2827:ctgpc.com.cn 2826: 2800:IET magazine 2799: 2772:. Retrieved 2768:the original 2763: 2752: 2740:. Retrieved 2736:the original 2727: 2701:. Retrieved 2692: 2683: 2671:spglobal.com 2670: 2642: 2618:Google Books 2616:– via 2602: 2592: 2568: 2561: 2542: 2537: 2525:. Retrieved 2518:the original 2513: 2486:. Retrieved 2477: 2468: 2458:February 13, 2456:. Retrieved 2447: 2437: 2422:Liang Weiyan 2374:Water portal 2332:China portal 2313: 2293:Jinsha River 2290: 2269: 2259:no first use 2256: 2245: 2225: 2203: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2159: 2155: 2151:Nadav Kander 2144: 2135: 2127: 2074: 2062: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2013: 1996: 1958: 1950: 1905: 1902: 1900:downstream. 1898:Gezhouba Dam 1894: 1887: 1842: 1826: 1780:microseconds 1773: 1750: 1742: 1718: 1715: 1712:Forest cover 1695: 1682:Maoping Town 1674:Zigui County 1634: 1626: 1616:biodiversity 1595: 1580: 1568: 1538: 1515: 1512: 1497: 1494:Distribution 1488: 1484: 1480: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1112: 1089:power factor 1069: 1037: 995:Gezhouba Dam 992: 984: 967: 955: 889: 882: 871: 847:Gezhouba Dam 836: 825: 805:Three Gorges 800: 795: 780:Memorial in 693:Hanyu Pinyin 602: 594: 571:in terms of 565:Three Gorges 531: 507: 505: 461:Francis-type 432:Conventional 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 7755:Natural gas 7537:January 20, 7329:resrep26903 7181:January 28, 7145:January 20, 7118:January 20, 7108:China Daily 7027:January 20, 7000:January 20, 6823:February 9, 6700:December 6, 6481:October 12, 5704:January 20, 5228:10045/36409 5184:January 25, 4744:January 10, 4734:Hydro World 4599:December 6, 4571:December 6, 4444:China Daily 4413:GBTimes.com 4382:China Daily 4331:January 15, 4305:January 13, 4277:January 19, 4249:January 12, 4105:December 6, 4041:December 6, 3921:February 2, 3910:. CEE 491. 3884:December 6, 3571:December 7, 3565:China Daily 3540:10919/37152 3415:. Seattle: 3291:October 13, 2837:December 6, 2273:deformation 2248:gravity dam 1981: / 1906:During the 897:power plant 797:Sun Yat-sen 699:Sānxiá Dàbà 608:. In 1931, 585:electricity 541:gravity dam 533:Sānxiá Dàbà 492:101.6 289:Gravity dam 231:Operational 207: / 195:111°00′12″E 183:Coordinates 8067:Categories 8024:Xiangjiaba 8004:Guanyinyan 7994:Longkaikou 7737:Geothermal 7483:August 16, 7256:taiwannews 6720:三峡库区城镇完成拆迁 6574:August 14, 6125:October 8, 6095:August 16, 5678:October 8, 5652:October 8, 5490:October 8, 5365:: 105199. 5176:. 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