126:. These include issues related to the depletion of finite resources and other harmful and permanent effects brought on to the environment by humans, as well as the ethical and practical problems raised by philosophies and practices of environmental conservation, restoration, and policy in general. Another question that has settled on the minds of modern environmental philosophers is "Do rivers have rights?" At the same time environmental philosophy deals with the value human beings attach to different kinds of environmental experience, particularly how experiences in or close to non-human environments contrast with urban or industrialized experiences, and how this varies across cultures with close attention paid to
55:
182:
human-environmental interactions that shape our world and lives. This has been alternately dubbed the postmodern, constructivist, and most recently post-naturalistic turn in environmental philosophy. Environmental aesthetics, design and restoration have emerged as important intersecting disciplines that keep shifting the boundaries of environmental thought, as have the science of climate change and biodiversity and the ethical, political and epistemological questions they raise.
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creatures created by natural evolution. It also takes issue with the attitude that "everything that exists is natural", as this provides us with no framework for judging a landfill as less natural than a forest. Instead, social ecology defines nature as a tendency in healthy ecosystems toward greater levels of diversity, complementarity, and freedom. Practices that are congruent with these principles are more natural than those that are not.
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178:. Since then, readings of environmental history and discourse have become more critical and refined. In this ongoing debate, a diversity of dissenting voices have emerged from different cultures around the world questioning the dominance of Western assumptions, helping to transform the field into a global area of thought.
154:. The movement was an attempt to connect with humanity's sense of alienation from nature in a continuing fashion throughout history. This was very closely related to the development at the same time of ecofeminism, an intersecting discipline. Since then its areas of concern have expanded significantly.
181:
In recent decades, there has been a significant challenge to deep ecology and the concepts of nature that underlie it, some arguing that there is not really such a thing as nature at all beyond some self-contradictory and even politically dubious constructions of an ideal other that ignore the real
162:
to
Malthusian applications of game theory or the question of how to put an economic value on nature's services. A major debate arose in the 1970s and 80s was that of whether nature has intrinsic value in itself independent of human values or whether its value is merely instrumental, with ecocentric
196:
In 1982, Murray
Bookchin described his philosophy of Social Ecology which provides a framework for understanding nature, our relationship with nature, and our relationships to each other. According to this philosophy, defining nature as "unspoiled wilderness" denies that humans are biological
30:
and humans' place within it. It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as "What do we mean when we talk about nature?" "What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or in itself?" "How should we respond to environmental challenges such as
157:
The field is today characterized by a notable diversity of stylistic, philosophical and cultural approaches to human environmental relationships, from personal and poetic reflections on environmental experience and arguments for
35:, pollution and climate change?" "How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology and development?" and "What is our place in the natural world?" Environmental philosophy includes
210:
In turn, Social
Ecology suggests addressing the root causes of environmental degradation requires creating a society that promotes decentralization, interdependence, and direct democracy rather than profit
245:
Policies must therefore be changed. These policies affect basic economic, technological, and ideological structures. The resulting state of affairs will be deeply different from the present.
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204:
Practices which simplify biodiversity and dominate nature (monocropping, overfishing, clearcutting, etc.) are linked to societal tendencies to simplify and dominate humanity.
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118:
Modern issues within environmental philosophy include but are not restricted to the concerns of environmental activism, questions raised by science and technology,
569:
The
Intrinsic Value of the Whole: Cognitive and Utilitarian Evaluative Processes as they Pertain to Ecocentric, Deep Ecological, and Ecopsychological "Valuing"
248:
The ideological change is mainly that of appreciating life quality (dwelling in situations of inherent value), rather than adhering to an increasingly higher
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Such societies create cultural institutions like poverty, racism, patriarchy, homophobia, and genocide from this same desire to simplify and dominate.
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Another debate that arose at this time was the debate over whether there really is such a thing as wilderness or not, or whether it is merely a
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Wadsworth
Publishing Company, ITP, An International Thomson Publishing Company, Belmont, California. A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.
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Those who subscribe to the foregoing points have an obligation directly or indirectly to try to implement the necessary changes.
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In 1984, George
Sessions and Arne Næss articulated the principles of the new Deep Ecology Movement. These basic principles are:
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of nature in contemporary language, which was later expounded upon by a number of theologians and philosophers including
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Richness and diversity of life forms contribute to the realization of these values and are also values in themselves.
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Environmental philosophy emerged as a branch of philosophy in 1970s. Early environmental philosophers include
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The flourishing of human life and cultures is compatible with a substantial decrease in the human population.
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Sarkar, 2012. "Environmental philosophy: from theory to practice," Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex.
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Present human interference with the nonhuman world is excessive, and the situation is rapidly worsening.
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119:
458:
Weston, 1999. "An
Invitation to Environmental Philosophy," Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
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is a term used in environmental philosophy to describe the process of restoring the sacred quality of
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Building from this foundation, Bookchin argues that "The ecological crisis is a social crisis":
3000:
612:
Drengson, Inoue, 1995. "The Deep
Ecology Movement", North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, California.
512:
Drengson, Inoue, 1995. "The Deep
Ecology Movement," North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, California.
283:
is that nature has a sanctified aspect that has become lost in modern times as a result of the
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Zimmerman, Michael E., J. Baird
Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, John Clark. 1993.
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or deep ecology approaches emerging on the one hand versus consequentialist or pragmatist
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Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
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2019:
1969:
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292:
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84:
707:
Embracing Philanthropic Environmentalism: The Grand Responsibility of Stewardship,
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2004:
1974:
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40:
668:
619:
Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street, Bloomington, IN 47404-3797
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1989:
1893:
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1001:
948:
912:
816:
304:
23:
252:. There will be a profound awareness of the difference between big and great.
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1954:
1888:
1700:
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1016:
978:
288:
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1591:
730:
Wadsworth Publishing Company. An International Thomson Publishing Company
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2026:
2014:
1802:
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51:. Some of the main areas of interest for environmental philosophers are:
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1729:
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1449:
1444:
1403:
1225:
1071:
953:
641:
The Decline of Nature: Environmental History and the Western Worldview,
291:. These secular worldviews are said to be directly responsible for the
230:
The well-being and flourishing of human and non-human life have value.
2088:
2009:
1739:
1398:
1388:
1086:
988:
545:
276:
681:
Translated by D. Rothenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1904:
1566:
852:
66:, Beaufort04 Triennial of Contemporary Art, Wenduine, Belgium 2012
53:
772:
303:. This perspective emphasizes the significance of changing human
752:
Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology,
316:
2885:
2547:
1289:
827:
789:
631:
The Struggle for Nature: A Critique of Environmental Philosophy
1749:
686:
The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology,
785:
716:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632.
679:
Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy,
754:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
503:
Bookchin, 1982. "The Ecology of Freedom," Cheshire Books
660:
Mannison, D., M. McRobbie, and R. Routley (ed), 1980.
431:"International Association of Environmental Philosophy"
542:
Environmental Aesthetics in the Age of Climate Change
3386:
3288:
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3172:
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3061:
3008:
2919:
2797:
2697:
2659:
2606:
2573:
2564:
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2405:
2243:
2234:
2167:
1941:
1919:
1874:
1816:
1768:
1722:
1713:
1676:
1547:
1412:
1359:
1350:
1300:
1224:
1196:
1153:
1105:
1062:
1015:
987:
939:
911:
838:
555:
Environmental Ethics: An Introduction with Readings
311:principles and values that connect nature with the
735:Environmental Philosophy After the End of Nature,
527:Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence,
299:", which has ultimately resulted in the current
560:Callicott, J. Baird, and Michael Nelson, 1998.
307:of nature through the incorporation of various
174:with colonialist implications as suggested by
2897:
801:
8:
747:Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
669:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48856927.pdf
2904:
2890:
2882:
2570:
2561:
2544:
2240:
1947:
1719:
1356:
1297:
1286:
835:
824:
808:
794:
786:
745:An Invitation to Environmental Philosophy,
607:Deep Ecology: Living As if Nature Mattered
728:The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book,
584:Derr, Patrick, G, Edward McNamara, 2003.
400:
398:
615:Foltz, Bruce V., Robert Frodeman. 2004.
529:McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York.
394:
712:Sherer, D., ed, Thomas Attig. 1983.
609:, Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith, Inc.
588:Bowman & Littlefield Publishers.
726:VanDeVeer, Donald, Christine Pierce.
586:Case Studies in Environmental Ethics,
7:
3506:
778:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
672:A Hybrid Theory of Environmentalism
653:Light, Andrew, and Eric Katz,1996.
525:Armstrong, Susan, Richard Botzler.
688:New Haven: Yale University Press,
605:Devall, W. and G. Sessions. 1985.
373:List of environmental philosophers
323:first conceptualized the theme of
77:Moral status of animals and plants
14:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3053:Traditional ecological knowledge
2999:
2865:
2864:
2851:
773:"American Wilderness Philosophy"
702:Thomson-Wadsworth, United States
265:This section is an excerpt from
3351:Science, technology and society
698:Pojman, Louis P., Paul Pojman.
562:The Great New Wilderness Debate
71:Defining environment and nature
664:Australian National University
643:Academica Press, Bethesda, MD
564:, University of Georgia Press.
1:
3192:Religion and environmentalism
476:Callicott & Nelson, 1998.
405:Belshaw, Christopher (2001).
3255:Environmental interpretation
2337:Ordinary language philosophy
485:Vogel, 1999; Keulartz, 1999.
74:How to value the environment
39:, environmental aesthetics,
3228:Environmental communication
2387:Contemporary utilitarianism
2302:Internalism and externalism
714:Ethics and the Environment,
26:that is concerned with the
3558:
3043:Environmental anthropology
1651:Svatantrika and Prasangika
674:, Essays in Philosophy, 3.
567:Conesa-Sevilla, J., 2006.
378:Environmental hermeneutics
264:
219:
189:
45:environmental hermeneutics
3481:
2997:
2845:
2560:
2543:
1950:
1296:
1285:
873:Philosophy of mathematics
863:Philosophy of information
834:
823:
684:Oelschlaeger, Max, 1993.
662:Environmental Philosophy,
301:environmental degradation
273:Resacralization of nature
267:Resacralization of nature
260:Resacralization of nature
192:Social ecology (Bookchin)
167:approaches on the other.
89:Aesthetic value of nature
33:environmental degradation
3542:Environmental philosophy
3458:Sustainable architecture
3396:Arts and Crafts movement
3260:Environmental journalism
3154:Environmental philosophy
2913:Environmental humanities
667:Matthews, Steve, 2002. [
655:Environmental Pragmatism
407:Environmental Philosophy
351:Environmental Philosophy
337:Rosemary Radford Ruether
20:Environmental philosophy
3280:Thematic interpretation
3233:Environmental education
3033:Ecological anthropology
2939:Environmental sculpture
2342:Postanalytic philosophy
2283:Experimental philosophy
629:Keulartz, Jozef, 1999.
598:DesJardins, Joseph R.,
186:Social ecology movement
3431:Landscape architecture
3378:Sustainability studies
3187:Environmental theology
2475:Social constructionism
1487:Hellenistic philosophy
903:Theoretical philosophy
878:Philosophy of religion
868:Philosophy of language
67:
49:environmental theology
3250:Environmental history
3149:Environmental justice
2858:Philosophy portal
2377:Scientific skepticism
2357:Reformed epistemology
883:Philosophy of science
733:Vogel, Steven, 1999.
700:Environmental Ethics,
540:Auer, Matthew, 2019.
216:Deep ecology movement
120:environmental justice
98:Restoration of nature
83:Environmentalism and
57:
3426:Environmental design
3306:Biophilia hypothesis
3144:Environmental ethics
3114:Aesthetics of nature
2278:Critical rationalism
1985:Edo neo-Confucianism
1829:Acintya bheda abheda
1808:Renaissance humanism
1519:School of the Sextii
893:Practical philosophy
888:Political philosophy
738:Environmental Ethics
600:Environmental Ethics
553:Benson, John, 2000.
366:Environmental Ethics
359:Environmental Values
37:environmental ethics
16:Branch of philosophy
3468:Sustainable fashion
1849:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1760:Korean Confucianism
1507:Academic Skepticism
657:, Psychology Press.
637:LaFreniere, Gilbert
557:, Psychology Press.
409:. Chesham: Acumen.
321:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
140:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
114:Contemporary issues
28:natural environment
3491:Environment portal
3463:Sustainable design
3096:Outdoor literature
3023:Cultural landscape
2949:Landscape painting
2470:Post-structuralism
2372:Scientific realism
2327:Quinean naturalism
2307:Logical positivism
2263:Analytical Marxism
1482:Peripatetic school
1394:Chinese naturalism
921:Aesthetic response
848:Applied philosophy
709:(McFarland, 2019).
617:Rethinking Nature,
250:standard of living
172:cultural construct
152:J. Baird Callicott
103:future generations
80:Endangered species
68:
3529:
3528:
3421:Educational trail
3411:Ecological design
3270:Outdoor education
3265:Environmental law
3197:Spiritual ecology
3159:Predation problem
2986:Site-specific art
2934:Environmental art
2879:
2878:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2258:Analytic feminism
2230:
2229:
2192:Kierkegaardianism
2154:Transcendentalism
2114:Neo-scholasticism
1960:Classical Realism
1937:
1936:
1709:
1708:
1524:Neopythagoreanism
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
898:Social philosophy
128:indigenous people
101:Consideration of
22:is the branch of
3549:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3401:Acoustic ecology
3134:Ecophenomenology
3119:Critical realism
3018:Cultural ecology
3003:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2571:
2562:
2545:
2435:Frankfurt School
2382:Transactionalism
2332:Normative ethics
2312:Legal positivism
2288:Falsificationism
2273:Consequentialism
2268:Communitarianism
2241:
2109:New Confucianism
1948:
1755:Neo-Confucianism
1720:
1529:Second Sophistic
1514:Middle Platonism
1357:
1298:
1287:
1130:Epiphenomenalism
997:Consequentialism
931:Institutionalism
836:
825:
810:
803:
796:
787:
782:
550:, 11 (18), 5001.
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
477:
474:
468:
465:
459:
456:
450:
447:
441:
440:
438:
437:
427:
421:
420:
402:
287:of contemporary
108:Ecophenomenology
59:Marco Casagrande
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3477:
3382:
3373:Spirit of place
3356:science studies
3340:common property
3336:Property theory
3331:Popular science
3321:Natural history
3284:
3275:Psychogeography
3206:
3168:
3100:
3057:
3004:
2995:
2991:Sustainable art
2981:Sculpture trail
2915:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2852:
2850:
2829:
2793:
2693:
2655:
2602:
2556:
2555:
2527:
2516:Russian cosmism
2489:
2485:Western Marxism
2450:New Historicism
2415:Critical theory
2401:
2397:Wittgensteinian
2293:Foundationalism
2226:
2163:
2144:Social contract
2000:Foundationalism
1933:
1915:
1899:Illuminationism
1884:Aristotelianism
1870:
1859:Vishishtadvaita
1812:
1764:
1705:
1672:
1543:
1472:Megarian school
1467:Eretrian school
1408:
1369:Agriculturalism
1346:
1292:
1273:
1220:
1192:
1149:
1101:
1058:
1042:Incompatibilism
1011:
983:
935:
907:
830:
819:
814:
771:
768:
677:Næss, A. 1989.
522:
520:Further reading
517:
516:
511:
507:
502:
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489:
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471:
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429:
428:
424:
417:
404:
403:
396:
391:
386:
346:
341:
340:
329:Alister McGrath
325:resacralization
270:
262:
224:
218:
194:
188:
165:anthropocentric
144:Richard Routley
136:
116:
92:Intrinsic value
17:
12:
11:
5:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
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3493:
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3333:
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3311:Do it yourself
3308:
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3298:
3296:Animal studies
3292:
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2159:Utilitarianism
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858:Metaphilosophy
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766:External links
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743:Weston, 1999.
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705:Sarvis, Will.
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694:978-0300053708
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649:978-1933146409
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333:Sallie McFague
285:secularization
279:. The primary
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3448:Nature center
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2798:Miscellaneous
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1168:Particularism
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3453:New Urbanism
3153:
3124:Deep ecology
3105:
3086:Geocriticism
3076:Ecocriticism
3048:Ethnoecology
3038:Ecosemiotics
2959:conservation
2863:
2849:
2520:
2511:Postcritique
2501:Kyoto School
2460:Posthumanism
2440:Hermeneutics
2295: /
2236:Contemporary
2212:Newtonianism
2175:Cartesianism
2134:Reductionism
1970:Conservatism
1965:Collectivism
1903:
1631:Sarvāstivadā
1609:Anekantavada
1534:Neoplatonism
1502:Epicureanism
1435:Pythagoreans
1374:Confucianism
1340:Contemporary
1330:Early modern
1234:Anti-realism
1188:Universalism
1145:Subjectivism
941:Epistemology
776:
751:
744:
740:24 (1):23-39
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434:. Retrieved
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319:philosopher
225:
222:Deep ecology
199:
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117:
85:deep ecology
61:
19:
18:
3473:Themed walk
3202:Stewardship
3182:Ecotheology
3129:Ecofeminism
2954:Photography
2506:Objectivism
2445:Neo-Marxism
2407:Continental
2317:Meta-ethics
2297:Coherentism
2202:Hegelianism
2139:Rationalism
2099:Natural law
2079:Materialism
2005:Historicism
1975:Determinism
1866:Navya-Nyāya
1641:Sautrāntika
1636:Pudgalavada
1572:Vaisheshika
1425:Presocratic
1325:Renaissance
1264:Physicalism
1249:Materialism
1155:Normativity
1140:Objectivism
1125:Emergentism
1115:Behaviorism
1064:Metaphysics
1030:Determinism
969:Rationalism
494:Auer, 2019.
305:perceptions
295:crisis in "
211:extraction.
160:panpsychism
41:ecofeminism
3436:assessment
3406:Biomimicry
3346:Sexecology
3243:arts-based
3106:Philosophy
3063:Literature
2805:Amerindian
2712:Australian
2651:Vietnamese
2631:Indonesian
2180:Kantianism
2129:Positivism
2119:Pragmatism
2094:Naturalism
2074:Liberalism
2052:Subjective
1990:Empiricism
1894:Avicennism
1839:Bhedabheda
1723:East Asian
1646:Madhyamaka
1626:Abhidharma
1492:Pyrrhonism
1259:Nominalism
1254:Naturalism
1183:Skepticism
1173:Relativism
1163:Absolutism
1092:Naturalism
1002:Deontology
974:Skepticism
959:Naturalism
949:Empiricism
913:Aesthetics
817:Philosophy
577:, 22 (2),
436:2008-07-30
384:References
297:modern man
289:worldviews
281:assumption
95:Wilderness
24:philosophy
3416:Ecomuseum
3368:Slow food
3301:Bioethics
3081:Ecopoetry
2964:landscape
2684:Pakistani
2646:Taiwanese
2593:Ethiopian
2566:By region
2552:By region
2367:Scientism
2362:Systemics
2222:Spinozism
2149:Socialism
2084:Modernism
2047:Objective
1955:Anarchism
1889:Averroism
1778:Christian
1730:Neotaoism
1701:Zurvanism
1691:Mithraism
1686:Mazdakism
1457:Cyrenaics
1384:Logicians
1017:Free will
979:Solipsism
926:Formalism
639:F, 2007.
369:(journal)
354:(journal)
309:religious
293:spiritual
148:Arne Næss
3536:Category
3516:Journals
3501:Category
3441:planning
3174:Religion
3139:Ecosophy
2974:wildlife
2944:Land art
2929:Crop art
2870:Category
2825:Yugoslav
2815:Romanian
2722:Scottish
2707:American
2636:Japanese
2616:Buddhist
2598:Africana
2588:Egyptian
2430:Feminist
2352:Rawlsian
2347:Quietism
2245:Analytic
2197:Krausism
2104:Nihilism
2069:Kokugaku
2032:Absolute
2027:Idealism
2015:Humanism
1803:Occamism
1770:European
1715:Medieval
1661:Yogacara
1621:Buddhist
1614:Syādvāda
1497:Stoicism
1462:Cynicism
1450:Sophists
1445:Atomists
1440:Eleatics
1379:Legalism
1320:Medieval
1244:Idealism
1198:Ontology
1178:Nihilism
1082:Idealism
840:Branches
829:Branches
344:See also
63:Sandworm
3521:Degrees
3511:Commons
3388:Applied
3325:museums
3289:Related
3010:Culture
2820:Russian
2789:Spanish
2784:Slovene
2774:Maltese
2769:Italian
2749:Finland
2717:British
2699:Western
2689:Turkish
2674:Islamic
2669:Iranian
2621:Chinese
2608:Eastern
2575:African
2522:more...
2207:Marxism
2037:British
1980:Dualism
1876:Islamic
1834:Advaita
1824:Vedanta
1798:Scotism
1793:Thomism
1735:Tiantai
1678:Persian
1666:Tibetan
1656:Śūnyatā
1597:Cārvāka
1587:Ājīvika
1582:Mīmāṃsā
1562:Samkhya
1477:Academy
1430:Ionians
1404:Yangism
1361:Chinese
1352:Ancient
1315:Western
1310:Ancient
1269:Realism
1226:Reality
1216:Process
1097:Realism
1077:Dualism
1072:Atomism
954:Fideism
317:Iranian
2969:nature
2779:Polish
2759:German
2754:French
2739:Danish
2729:Canada
2679:Jewish
2641:Korean
2626:Indian
2168:People
2089:Monism
2042:German
2010:Holism
1943:Modern
1921:Jewish
1844:Dvaita
1817:Indian
1740:Huayan
1592:Ajñana
1549:Indian
1414:Greco-
1399:Taoism
1389:Mohism
1335:Modern
1302:By era
1291:By era
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313:divine
277:nature
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3315:ethic
3238:adult
3211:Other
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2764:Greek
2744:Dutch
2734:Czech
2583:Bantu
2020:Anti-
1567:Nyaya
1557:Hindu
1417:Roman
1211:Event
853:Logic
579:26-42
389:Notes
1911:Sufi
1745:Chan
1604:Jain
1577:Yoga
1107:Mind
1047:Hard
1035:Hard
756:ISBN
718:ISBN
690:ISBN
645:ISBN
621:ISBN
590:ISBN
531:ISBN
411:ISBN
335:and
2921:Art
2185:Neo
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