622:, these are arranged in three layers. The first are positioned directly above the neural spines, with one ossicle per vertebra beginning with the first dorsal vertebra and continuing into the anterior caudal series, and fusion of the ossicles and neural spines beginning with the third dorsal vertebra. The ossicles of the second layer are positioned in the spaces in between those of the first, beginning with the space in front of the first-layer ossicle of the ninth dorsal vertebra. The ossicles of the third layer are positioned above those of the second layer, and span the distance between adjacent neural spines beginning with the tenth and eleventh dorsal vertebrae.
3258:
2527:
3264:
3409:
2538:
58:
2544:
3252:
2017:
424:
2533:
2011:
40:
2023:
3421:
598:
holotype shows fractures in the distal phalanges of the second and fourth digits and kinks in the distal phalanges of the first and third. Because the fractures and kinks run along a single line but do not extend into the matrix, and there are neither known fossils of scavengers from the assemblage where the specimen was found nor
709:
on the other. According to the authors, this diversity "further enhances morphological, and hence behavioral, variations among hupehsuchians" and "likely enabled hupehsuchians to divide resources, which allowed them, in turn, to have a high taxonomic diversity within a limited geographic area."
688:
was therefore coeval with up to five closely related animals in the
Nanzhang-Yuan'an paleoenvironment. Chen et al. (2014) speculate that their coexistence may be explained by resource partitioning facilitated by body size disparity, dividing hupehsuchians into three distinct "size classes" with
597:
in the hindlimbs). This is a common feature of secondarily aquatic tetrapods in general, in which the limbs are adapted for steering and/or propulsion through water rather than walking and supporting the body against unidirectional gravity in a terrestrial environment. The left forelimb of the
435:
has a superficially bird-like skull, with an elongate, narrowly tapered, edentulous snout that contributes more than half of its total length. The genus is distinguished from other hupehsuchians in part by the shape and arrangement of bones in its skull roof: its
479:, although sclerotic rings have not been found for either animal. Paleontologists have not reached a consensus on the function of the hupehsuchian "beak," although one paper argues it was used in lunge feeding, as in modern pelicans.
355:, and excavated by Chinese paleontologists Xiao-hong Chen and Long Cheng in 2011. Despite being exposed at the surface when discovered, the specimen is largely articulated and moderately complete, preserving much of the head,
319:." (The Greek name for Sobek is a common element of scientific names for animals that resemble crocodiles, and is often translated as “crocodile” in this context, but hupehsuchians are not close relatives of
753:
are sufficiently large to have caused the bite wound seen in the left forelimb of WGSC V26003, corroborating this picture of the assemblage's paleoecology. On this basis, they suggest that the
262:
Hupehsuchidae. A pathology on the left forelimb of the holotype was interpreted by its discoverers as a bite wound from a larger marine reptile, and used to argue an early onset for modern
1350:
Chen, C & Chen, X & Cheng, L & Yan, C. (2016). Nanzhang-Yuan'an Fauna, Hubei province and its significance for biotic recovery. Dizhi Xuebao/Acta
Geologica Sinica. 90. 409-420.
549:, the width of the overlapping region is about one-third the width of the individual elements, and the trunk also has a third row of non-overlapping gastral elements along the midline.
905:
Wu, X-C.; Zhao, L-J.; Sato, T.; Gu, S-X.; Jin, X-S. (2015). "A new specimen of
Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Young, 1972 (Diapsida, Hupehsuchia) from the Triassic of Hubei, China".
656:
is a member of the
Nanzhang-Yuan'an fauna, which includes all animals discovered in the same part of the Jialingjiang Formation. This includes all known hupehsuchians, namely
427:
Top: the skull of the WGSC V260003. Bottom: annotated drawing of the skull, showing the rectangular frontals in red, and the posteriorly shifted parietal bones in pale yellow.
1488:
Young C-C (1972) A thalattosaur from
Nanzhang, Hubei. In: Young C-C, Dong Z-M, editors. Aquatic reptiles from the Triassic of China. Peking: Academia Sinica. pp.17–27.
222:, whose members are characterized by toothless beak-like snouts, a row of dermal plates along their backs, and aquatic adaptations including paddle-shaped limbs and
3366:
382:
by paleontologists Xiao-hong Chen, Ryosuke Motani, Long Cheng, Da-yong Jiang, and
Olivier Rieppel. It was the fourth hupehsuchian to be formally named, following
1042:
Young C-C (1972) Hupehsuchus nanchangensis. In: Young C-C, Dong Z-M, editors. Aquatic reptiles from the
Triassic of China. Peking: Academia Sinica. pp. 28–34.
1555:
335:," meaning "neck." Thus the generic name can be translated as “early Hubei crocodile,” and the full binomial name as “short-necked early Hubei crocodile.”
1074:
Carroll, R. L.; Dong, Z-m. (1991). "Hupehsuchus, an enigmatic aquatic reptile from the
Triassic of China, and the problem of establishing relationships".
3257:
3451:
3353:
757:
of modern marine ecosystems, in which the diet of apex predators includes secondarily aquatic tetrapods, was already present in the Early
Triassic.
1392:
Song, Huyue; Tong, Jinnan; Algeo, Thomas J.; Horacek, Micha; Qiu, Haiou; Song, Haijun; Tian, Li & Chen, Zhong-Qiang (2013). "Large vertical δC
3461:
267:
701:
further elucidated hupehsuchian morphological disparity by establishing a spectrum of forelimb shapes, with the broad, fan-like "paddles" of
3446:
1396:
gradients in Early
Triassic seas of the South China craton: Implications for oceanographic changes related to Siberian Traps volcanism".
745:, the pachypleurosaurs were likely to have preyed on smaller marine reptiles, including hupehsuchians. According to the discoverers of
498:, and distinguishes it from other hupehsuchians, along with the features of the skull roof discussed above. Like other hupehsuchians,
3466:
2526:
1217:"The enigmatic marine reptile Nanchangosaurus from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China and the phylogenetic affinity of Hupehsuchia"
642:, Chen et al. more specifically attribute the horizon of the holotype to the Upper Spathian (latest Olenekian). At this time, the
467:
parts of the frontals (i.e., the regions closest to the jaw joint) are tapered and extend towards the back of the skull. Based on
1548:
634:
was discovered is an exposure of the Jialingjiang Formation, a laminated limestone sequence determined in a 2002 survey to be
410:
similar to that found in the earliest tetrapods was partially described in 2003, but has yet to be fully described or named).
1432:
407:
3263:
1378:
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart.
737:. Noting the presence of pachypleurosaurs and the absence of fish among the Nanzhang-Yuan'an fauna, the authors who named
718:
406:
was first described in 1991, but not named until 2015 after the discovery of better holotype material; a sixth taxon with
367:
part of the tail. However, several of the preserved elements have been extensively damaged by erosion, including the left
3399:
942:"An Early Triassic sauropterygian and associated fauna from South China provide insights into Triassic ecosystem health"
57:
2537:
1541:
3300:
994:"A carapace-like bony 'body tube' in an Early Triassic marine reptile and early onset of marine tetrapod predation"
2543:
3456:
727:
638:
in age (252.7 Ma to 247.2 Ma according to the International Stratigraphic Commission). In their paper describing
1360:
Li, J; Liu, J; Li, C; Huang, Z (2002). "The horizon and age of the marine reptiles from Hubei Province, China".
3295:
3251:
1274:
Motani, Ryosuke; Chen, Xiao-hong; Jiang, Da-yong; Cheng, Long; Tintori, Andrea; Rieppel, Olivier (2015-03-10).
371:, and other elements were completely destroyed by erosion before discovery, including the tips of the jaws.
240:, WGSC (Wuhan Centre of Geological Survey, China) V26003. It is the smallest known hupehsuchian along with
3441:
3321:
2016:
2010:
561:
are similar to those of other hupehsuchians in the large size ratio of the distal elements (including the
3379:
3290:
733:
251:
160:
646:, where the modern Jialingjiang Formation is found, was largely submerged on the eastern margin of the
2364:
2286:
2234:
1405:
1287:
1228:
1125:
1083:
856:
137:
2022:
3413:
2650:
2493:
1640:
464:
2507:
2763:
2182:
2067:
1817:
1702:
1689:
1652:
1564:
1519:
922:
647:
491:
52:
3384:
3371:
2532:
1338:
Motani R (2009) The evolution of marine reptiles. Evolution: Education and Outreach 2: 224–235.
494:
comprising only six vertebrae. The shortness of its neck is the basis of its specific epithet,
3081:
2956:
2921:
2877:
2402:
1782:
1452:
1321:
1303:
1256:
1194:
1153:
1025:
884:
843:
Chen, X.-H.; Motani, R.; Cheng, L.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O. (2014). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.).
461:
344:
1276:"Lunge feeding in early marine reptiles and fast evolution of marine tetrapod feeding guilds"
3201:
3150:
3118:
3001:
2806:
2662:
2607:
2161:
2098:
1511:
1444:
1413:
1311:
1295:
1246:
1236:
1184:
1143:
1133:
1091:
1015:
1005:
963:
953:
914:
874:
864:
290:
259:
3425:
3044:
3036:
3028:
2986:
2890:
2838:
2739:
2500:
2479:
2472:
2350:
2329:
2189:
1899:
1860:
1826:
1798:
1747:
723:
714:
668:
658:
523:
519:
515:
468:
396:
384:
360:
356:
242:
216:
212:
1409:
1291:
1232:
1129:
1087:
860:
3194:
3187:
3159:
2928:
2866:
2859:
2822:
2815:
2794:
2689:
2635:
2392:
2372:
2342:
2294:
2278:
2261:
2214:
2122:
2114:
2107:
1873:
1316:
1275:
1251:
1216:
1148:
1113:
1020:
993:
968:
941:
879:
844:
348:
312:
282:
208:
30:
3435:
3180:
3058:
2965:
2944:
2748:
2681:
2671:
2628:
2588:
2130:
2082:
2053:
2040:
1970:
1842:
1835:
1758:
742:
643:
582:
503:
437:
368:
352:
247:
1417:
926:
845:"A Small Short-Necked Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of Hubei Province, China"
3139:
3132:
3111:
3096:
3051:
3021:
2906:
2852:
2725:
2462:
2410:
2310:
2302:
2270:
2227:
2173:
2147:
1928:
1921:
1881:
1849:
1791:
1515:
1114:"A New Specimen of Carroll's Mystery Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of China"
680:
570:
514:, the second segments appear throughout the dorsal series beginning with the third
449:
423:
402:
255:
227:
918:
3344:
1241:
1138:
1010:
869:
3014:
2979:
2898:
2704:
2697:
2574:
2561:
2486:
2421:
2380:
2317:
2241:
1771:
1727:
1716:
1609:
1052:
Wang, K (1959). "Ueber eine neue fossile Reptiliform von Provinz Hupeh, China".
674:
578:
574:
566:
507:
390:
375:
219:
112:
3208:
3166:
3073:
3066:
2972:
2913:
2780:
2621:
2595:
2357:
2203:
2196:
1948:
1939:
1888:
1625:
1594:
958:
542:
320:
200:
1456:
1307:
3103:
3088:
2936:
2755:
1908:
1448:
1431:
Chen, Xiaohong; Sander, P. Martin; Cheng, Long & Wang, Xiaofeng (2013).
635:
618:
has a series of dermal plates or ossicles along the midline of its back. In
602:
evidence of scavenging in any other part of the carcass, the discoverers of
599:
562:
374:
The genus was named and formally diagnosed in a 2014 paper published in the
223:
69:
1470:
Young, C-C (1965). "On the new nothosaurs from Hupeh and Kweichou, China".
1325:
1260:
1198:
1157:
1095:
1029:
888:
400:
in 1959, and the sixth hupehsuchian to be given a full formal description (
39:
3338:
3125:
2249:
2074:
1588:
754:
379:
364:
263:
237:
89:
3358:
3173:
1955:
1600:
1523:
204:
99:
1299:
606:
conclude that this pathology represents a bite wound from a predator.
1582:
1533:
594:
298:
79:
3315:
1189:
1172:
1076:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
684:, and the unnamed polydactylous taxon partially described in 2003.
590:
422:
316:
286:
196:
586:
506:
consisting of a first segment that begins above the base of the
323:, the order that includes modern crocodiles.) The specific name
285:: ἠώς), meaning "early" or "dawn;" "Hupeh," an anglicisation of
3319:
3279:
2559:
2038:
1687:
1575:
1537:
1433:"A new Triassic primitive ichthyosaur from Yuanan, South China"
713:
Other members of the Nanzhang-Yuan'an fauna include the basal
363:, and left forelimb, and parts of the left hindlimb and the
211:) of Hubei Province, located in Central China. The genus is
1215:
Chen X-h, Motani R; Cheng, L; Jiang D-y, Rieppel O (2014).
1112:
Chen X-h, Motani R; Cheng, L; Jiang D-y, Rieppel O (2015).
992:
Chen, X; Motani, R; Cheng, L; Jiang, D; Rieppel, O (2014).
697:
sharing the smallest size class. The 2015 redescription of
250:
analyses have repeatedly recovered it as the second-most
490:
has the shortest known neck among hupehsuchians, with a
475:
was determined to have a smaller relative eye size than
440:
are further towards the back of the skull than those of
1502:(Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China".
3397:
510:
and a second segment that begins above the first. In
3328:
3149:
3000:
2955:
2876:
2836:
2805:
2778:
2738:
2723:
2670:
2649:
2605:
2572:
2460:
2420:
2391:
2328:
2260:
2213:
2172:
2145:
2097:
2051:
1969:
1938:
1907:
1898:
1859:
1825:
1816:
1781:
1757:
1726:
1700:
1651:
1624:
1498:Rieppel, Olivier (1998). "The systematic status of
1173:"A polydactylous amniote from the Triassic period"
1069:
1067:
343:WGSC V26003 was discovered in Yangping, a town in
705:on one end and the narrow, pointed "flippers" of
581:in the hindlimbs) to the proximal elements (the
246:, measuring about 40 cm (16 in) long.
1549:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
8:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
452:are narrow and rectangular. In contrast, in
541:has a row of boomerang-shaped, overlapping
3316:
3276:
3006:
2882:
2844:
2833:
2786:
2735:
2731:
2656:
2646:
2613:
2580:
2569:
2556:
2457:
2334:
2219:
2153:
2094:
2059:
2048:
2035:
1913:
1904:
1865:
1822:
1763:
1732:
1708:
1697:
1684:
1630:
1621:
1572:
1556:
1542:
1534:
534:are each marked by a longitudinal groove.
38:
20:
1315:
1250:
1240:
1188:
1147:
1137:
1019:
1009:
967:
957:
878:
868:
270:(see Paleoenvironment and paleoecology).
3404:
1171:Wu, X; Li, Z; Zhou, B; Dong, Z (2003).
766:
522:. Whether or not they reappear in the
1346:
1344:
1210:
1208:
254:member of the Hupehsuchia and as the
7:
1107:
1105:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
900:
898:
266:in marine ecosystems following the
1504:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
626:Paleoenvironment and paleoecology
3419:
3407:
3262:
3256:
3250:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2021:
2015:
2009:
268:Permian-Triassic mass extinction
207:from the Upper Spathian (latest
56:
3452:Early Triassic reptiles of Asia
1418:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
47:Holotype specimen, WGSC V26003
1516:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011082
545:on each side of its trunk. In
303:
1:
3462:Fossil taxa described in 2014
919:10.1080/08912963.2015.1013953
719:Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis
502:has vertebrae with bipartite
1242:10.1371/journal.pone.0102361
1139:10.1371/journal.pone.0126024
1011:10.1371/journal.pone.0094396
940:Li, Qiang; Liu, Jun (2020).
870:10.1371/journal.pone.0115244
414:Description and paleobiology
3447:Triassic ichthyosauromorphs
1398:Global and Planetary Change
1054:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
630:The site in Yangping where
526:is unknown. In common with
3483:
614:Like other hupehsuchians,
589:in the forelimbs, and the
573:in the forelimbs, and the
537:Like other hupehsuchians,
431:Like other hupehsuchians,
3286:
3275:
3248:
3009:
2885:
2847:
2832:
2789:
2734:
2659:
2645:
2616:
2583:
2568:
2555:
2523:
2456:
2337:
2222:
2156:
2093:
2062:
2047:
2034:
2007:
1916:
1868:
1766:
1735:
1711:
1696:
1683:
1633:
1620:
1571:
959:10.1038/s42003-020-0778-7
728:Keichousaurus yuananensis
331:," meaning "short," and "
294:
173:Eohupehsuchus brevicollis
166:
159:
53:Scientific classification
51:
46:
37:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
3467:Ichthyosauromorph genera
518:, and are absent in the
1449:10.1111/1755-6724.12078
236:is known only from its
1472:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1362:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1096:10.1098/rstb.1991.0004
946:Communications Biology
428:
327:comes from the Latin "
277:comes from the Greek "
3380:Paleobiology Database
1500:Hanosaurus hupehensis
1437:Acta Geologica Sinica
751:Hanosaurus hupehensis
734:Hanosaurus hupehensis
530:, the dorsal ribs of
426:
339:Discovery and history
2365:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2287:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2235:Guizhouichthyosaurus
315:: Σοũχος), meaning "
2651:Temnodontosauroidea
1439:. English Edition.
1410:2013GPC...105....7S
1292:2015NatSR...5E8900M
1233:2014PLoSO...9j2361C
1130:2015PLoSO..1026024C
1088:1991RSPTB.331..131C
861:2014PLoSO...9k5244C
215:and belongs to the
152:E. brevicollis
3281:Related categories
2764:Protoichthyosaurus
2183:Barracudasauroides
2068:Quasianosteosaurus
1818:Ichthyosauriformes
1703:Ichthyosauromorpha
1690:Ichthyosauromorpha
1653:Ichthyosauromorpha
1565:Ichthyosauromorpha
1280:Scientific Reports
907:Historical Biology
741:suggested that as
429:
307:); and the Greek "
264:trophic structures
3395:
3394:
3322:Taxon identifiers
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3301:Triassic reptiles
3271:
3270:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3082:Kazakhstanosaurus
2996:
2995:
2957:Ophthalmosaurinae
2922:Myobradypterygius
2878:Ophthalmosauridae
2774:
2773:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2551:
2550:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2403:Qianichthyosaurus
2141:
2140:
2030:
2029:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1965:
1964:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1783:Parahupehsuchinae
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1300:10.1038/srep08900
755:trophic structure
644:South China plate
388:earlier in 2014,
273:The generic name
188:
187:
140:
3474:
3457:Fossils of China
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3317:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3202:Simbirskiasaurus
3151:Platypterygiinae
3119:Pervushovisaurus
3007:
3002:Platypterygiidae
2883:
2845:
2834:
2807:Stenopterygiidae
2787:
2736:
2732:
2663:Temnodontosaurus
2657:
2647:
2614:
2608:Neoichthyosauria
2581:
2570:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2458:
2335:
2220:
2162:Cymbospondylidae
2154:
2099:Cymbospondylidae
2095:
2060:
2049:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1914:
1905:
1866:
1823:
1764:
1733:
1709:
1698:
1685:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1573:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1082:(1260): 131–53.
1071:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1013:
989:
974:
973:
971:
961:
937:
931:
930:
902:
893:
892:
882:
872:
840:
724:pachypleurosaurs
715:ichthyopterygian
648:Paleo-Tethys Sea
543:gastral elements
305:
296:
175:
171:
131:
124:
111:
61:
60:
42:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3324:
3314:
3305:
3296:Marine reptiles
3282:
3267:
3214:
3145:
3045:Brachypterygius
3037:Athabascasaurus
3029:Arthropterygius
2992:
2987:Ophthalmosaurus
2951:
2891:Arthropterygius
2872:
2841:
2839:Ophthalmosauria
2828:
2801:
2783:
2770:
2740:Ichthyosauridae
2728:
2711:
2666:
2641:
2610:
2601:
2577:
2564:
2547:
2513:
2501:Svalbardosaurus
2480:Pachygonosaurus
2473:Barracudasaurus
2436:
2416:
2387:
2351:Californosaurus
2330:Euichthyosauria
2324:
2256:
2209:
2190:Contectopalatus
2168:
2150:
2137:
2089:
2056:
2043:
2026:
1985:
1961:
1934:
1900:Eoichthyosauria
1894:
1861:Ichthyopterygia
1855:
1827:Omphalosauridae
1804:
1799:Parahupehsuchus
1777:
1753:
1748:Nanchangosaurus
1722:
1705:
1692:
1667:
1647:
1616:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1532:
1531:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1190:10.1038/426516a
1170:
1169:
1165:
1124:(5): e0126024.
1111:
1110:
1103:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
991:
990:
977:
939:
938:
934:
904:
903:
896:
855:(12): e115244.
842:
841:
768:
763:
739:Parahupehsuchus
707:Parahupehsuchus
691:Nanchangosaurus
669:Parahupehsuchus
659:Nanchangosaurus
628:
612:
555:
528:Nanchangosaurus
516:dorsal vertebra
492:cervical series
485:
477:Nanchangosaurus
458:Nanchangasaurus
446:Nanchangosaurus
421:
416:
397:Nanchangosaurus
385:Parahupehsuchus
361:pectoral girdle
341:
243:Nanchangosaurus
184:
177:
169:
168:
155:
130:
122:
109:
55:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3195:Plutoniosaurus
3191:
3188:Platypterygius
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3160:Caypullisaurus
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2929:Nannopterygius
2925:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2867:Macropterygius
2863:
2860:Delphinosaurus
2856:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2823:Stenopterygius
2819:
2816:Magnipterygius
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:Chacaicosaurus
2790:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2690:Excalibosaurus
2686:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2636:Suevoleviathan
2632:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2393:Toretocnemidae
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2373:Mikadocephalus
2369:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2343:Auroroborealia
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:Himalayasaurus
2291:
2283:
2279:Guanlingsaurus
2275:
2266:
2264:
2262:Shastasauridae
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2215:Merriamosauria
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2123:Thalattoarchon
2119:
2115:Phantomosaurus
2111:
2108:Cymbospondylus
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1874:Isfjordosaurus
1869:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1510:(3): 545–557.
1490:
1481:
1462:
1443:(3): 672–677.
1423:
1393:
1384:
1371:
1352:
1340:
1331:
1266:
1227:(7): e102361.
1204:
1163:
1101:
1063:
1044:
1035:
975:
932:
913:(1–2): 43–52.
894:
765:
764:
762:
759:
749:, the jaws of
743:apex predators
627:
624:
611:
608:
554:
551:
484:
483:Spine and ribs
481:
438:parietal bones
420:
417:
415:
412:
349:Hubei Province
345:Yuan’an County
340:
337:
209:Early Triassic
186:
185:
178:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
146:
142:
141:
120:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:Early Triassic
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Hupehsuchians
3440:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:Eohupehsuchus
3327:
3323:
3318:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:Maiaspondylus
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:Cryopterygius
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Acamptonectes
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2945:Thalassodraco
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:Ichthyosaurus
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:Eurhinosaurus
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:Leptonectidae
2669:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:Hauffiopteryx
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:Hudsonelpidia
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:Sphaerodontes
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2131:Xinminosaurus
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2083:Xinminosaurus
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:Ichthyosauria
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:Ichthyosauria
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2012:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1971:Ichthyosauria
1968:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:Omphalosaurus
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:Cartorhynchus
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Hupehsuchidae
1756:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:Eohupehsuchus
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:(6966): 516.
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1004:(4): e94396.
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
976:
970:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
895:
890:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:Eohupehsuchus
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Eohupehsuchus
692:
687:
686:Eohupehsuchus
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
664:Eohupehsuchus
661:
660:
655:
654:Eohupehsuchus
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:Eohupehsuchus
637:
633:
632:Eohupehsuchus
625:
623:
621:
620:Eohupehsuchus
617:
616:Eohupehsuchus
610:Dermal plates
609:
607:
605:
604:Eohupehsuchus
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Eohupehsuchus
557:The limbs of
552:
550:
548:
547:Eohupehsuchus
544:
540:
539:Eohupehsuchus
535:
533:
532:Eohupehsuchus
529:
525:
524:caudal series
521:
520:sacral series
517:
513:
512:Eohupehsuchus
509:
505:
504:neural spines
501:
500:Eohupehsuchus
497:
493:
489:
488:Eohupehsuchus
482:
480:
478:
474:
473:Eohupehsuchus
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:frontal bones
447:
443:
439:
434:
433:Eohupehsuchus
425:
418:
413:
411:
409:
405:
404:
399:
398:
394:in 1972, and
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
377:
372:
370:
369:pelvic girdle
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Central China
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Eohupehsuchus
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:Eohupehsuchus
231:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
192:Eohupehsuchus
182:
176:
174:
165:
162:
161:Binomial name
158:
154:
153:
147:
144:
143:
139:
135:
129:
128:
127:Eohupehsuchus
121:
118:
117:
114:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
26:
25:Eohupehsuchus
22:
19:
3414:Paleontology
3329:
3291:Ichthyosaurs
3255:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3140:Undorosaurus
3138:
3133:Sveltonectes
3131:
3124:
3117:
3112:Parrassaurus
3110:
3102:
3097:Muiscasaurus
3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3052:Catutosaurus
3050:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3022:Aegirosaurus
3020:
3013:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2907:Jabalisaurus
2905:
2897:
2889:
2865:
2858:
2853:Argovisaurus
2851:
2821:
2814:
2793:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2726:Thunnosauria
2703:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2661:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2594:
2587:
2530:
2508:Tibetosaurus
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:Nomina dubia
2461:
2411:Toretocnemus
2409:
2401:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2316:
2311:Shastasaurus
2309:
2303:Ichthyotitan
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2271:Besanosaurus
2269:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2228:Besanosaurus
2226:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:Mixosauridae
2160:
2148:Hueneosauria
2129:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2014:
1954:
1947:
1929:Utatsusaurus
1927:
1922:Parvinatator
1920:
1887:
1882:Chaohusaurus
1880:
1872:
1850:Sclerocormus
1848:
1841:
1834:
1797:
1792:Eretmorhipis
1790:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1715:
1605:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1382:36: 199-204.
1379:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1334:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1224:
1220:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1121:
1117:
1079:
1075:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1001:
997:
949:
945:
935:
910:
906:
852:
848:
750:
746:
738:
732:
726:
717:
712:
706:
703:Eretmorhipus
702:
699:Eretmorhipus
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:Eretmorhipus
679:
673:
667:
663:
657:
653:
652:
639:
631:
629:
619:
615:
613:
603:
558:
556:
546:
538:
536:
531:
527:
511:
499:
495:
487:
486:
476:
472:
457:
453:
445:
441:
432:
430:
403:Eretmorhipus
401:
395:
389:
383:
373:
342:
332:
328:
324:
321:crocodilians
308:
302:
278:
274:
272:
256:sister group
248:Phylogenetic
241:
233:
232:
228:pachyostotic
226:bodies with
191:
190:
189:
180:
172:
167:
151:
150:
133:
126:
125:
24:
18:
3015:Acuetzpalin
2980:Mollesaurus
2899:Gengasaurus
2705:Wahlisaurus
2698:Leptonectes
2575:Parvipelvia
2562:Parvipelvia
2487:Pessosaurus
2422:Parvipelvia
2381:Shonisaurus
2318:Shonisaurus
2242:Pessopteryx
1772:Hupehsuchus
1728:Hupehsuchia
1717:Baisesaurus
1610:Neodiapsida
1286:(1): 8900.
675:Hupehsuchus
575:metatarsals
567:metacarpals
508:neural arch
496:brevicollis
454:Hupehsuchus
442:Hupehsuchus
408:polydactyly
391:Hupehsuchus
376:open access
325:brevicollis
220:Hupehsuchia
113:Hupehsuchia
3436:Categories
3209:Sisteronia
3167:Kyhytysuka
3074:Janusaurus
3067:Grendelius
2973:Baptanodon
2914:Janusaurus
2781:Baracromia
2622:Dearcmhara
2596:Macgowania
2431:see below↓
2358:Callawayia
2204:Phalarodon
2197:Mixosaurus
1980:see below↓
1949:Gulosaurus
1940:Grippiidae
1889:Thaisaurus
1662:see below↓
1641:Sauropsida
1626:Sauropsida
1599:Subclass:
1595:Sauropsida
1478:: 315–356.
1368:: 241–244.
1060:: 367–373.
761:References
600:taphonomic
448:, and its
3345:Q20024992
3104:Palvennia
3089:Keilhauia
2937:Palvennia
2756:Malawania
1909:Grippidia
1581:Kingdom:
1457:1000-9515
1308:2045-2322
636:Olenekian
563:phalanges
465:posterior
213:monotypic
145:Species:
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
3426:Reptiles
3372:11913681
3339:Wikidata
3126:Sumpalla
2250:Wimanius
2075:Tholodus
1601:Diapsida
1589:Chordata
1587:Phylum:
1583:Animalia
1404:: 7–20.
1380:Episodes
1326:25754468
1261:25014493
1221:PLOS ONE
1199:14654831
1158:26017585
1118:PLOS ONE
1030:24718682
998:PLOS ONE
927:86178230
889:25517113
849:PLOS ONE
722:and the
380:PLOS One
378:journal
365:anterior
238:holotype
224:fusiform
203:aquatic
100:Reptilia
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
3400:Portals
3359:8976163
3174:Leninia
1956:Grippia
1593:Class:
1524:4523926
1406:Bibcode
1317:4354009
1288:Bibcode
1252:4094528
1229:Bibcode
1149:4446317
1126:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
1021:3981804
969:7012838
880:4269458
857:Bibcode
579:tarsals
571:carpals
462:lateral
359:, left
291:Chinese
258:to the
205:diapsid
201:extinct
170:†
149:†
119:Genus:
106:Order:
96:Class:
3385:372936
1522:
1455:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1259:
1249:
1197:
1177:Nature
1156:
1146:
1028:
1018:
966:
952:. 63.
925:
887:
877:
595:fibula
583:radius
565:, the
471:size,
460:, the
333:collis
329:brevis
309:Suchos
301::
299:pinyin
293::
260:family
230:ribs.
183:, 2014
181:et al.
134:et al.
3367:IRMNG
1606:Clade
1520:JSTOR
923:S2CID
591:tibia
553:Limbs
469:orbit
419:Skull
357:trunk
317:Sobek
313:Greek
304:Húběi
287:Hubei
283:Greek
252:basal
217:order
197:genus
195:is a
179:Chen
132:Chen
3354:GBIF
1639:see
1453:ISSN
1322:PMID
1304:ISSN
1257:PMID
1195:PMID
1154:PMID
1026:PMID
885:PMID
731:and
693:and
593:and
587:ulna
585:and
577:and
569:and
456:and
444:and
138:2014
1512:doi
1445:doi
1414:doi
1402:105
1394:DIC
1312:PMC
1296:doi
1247:PMC
1237:doi
1185:doi
1181:426
1144:PMC
1134:doi
1092:doi
1080:331
1016:PMC
1006:doi
964:PMC
954:doi
915:doi
875:PMC
865:doi
347:in
311:" (
281:" (
279:eos
199:of
3438::
3382::
3369::
3356::
3341::
1608::
1518:.
1508:18
1506:.
1474:.
1451:.
1441:87
1435:.
1412:.
1400:.
1366:40
1364:.
1343:^
1320:.
1310:.
1302:.
1294:.
1282:.
1278:.
1255:.
1245:.
1235:.
1223:.
1219:.
1207:^
1193:.
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1142:.
1132:.
1122:10
1120:.
1116:.
1104:^
1090:.
1078:.
1066:^
1056:.
1024:.
1014:.
1000:.
996:.
978:^
962:.
948:.
944:.
921:.
911:28
909:.
897:^
883:.
873:.
863:.
851:.
847:.
769:^
678:,
672:,
666:,
662:,
650:.
351:,
297:;
295:湖北
136:,
3402::
3107:?
3092:?
3077:?
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3032:?
2948:?
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2917:?
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2767:?
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2653:?
2406:?
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2321:?
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2253:?
2245:?
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2134:?
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1526:.
1514::
1476:9
1459:.
1447::
1420:.
1416::
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1328:.
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1290::
1284:5
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1239::
1231::
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1187::
1160:.
1136::
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1094::
1086::
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1008::
1002:9
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956::
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