750:, but most of the derived characteristics that define the clade are absent or hard to distinguish in hupehsuchians, even though their ancestors may have possessed these characteristics at one point. Three derived characteristics of Neodiapsida are a reduced number of teeth on the pterygoid, an absence of teeth on the parasphenoid, and a lack of caniniform maxillary teeth, but none of these apply to hupehsuchians because they lack teeth altogether. Many derived characteristics that define neodiapsids regard the limbs and girdles, but these characteristics are not seen in marine reptiles because the limbs and girdles are too highly modified. Many characteristics of the skull cannot be seen in hupehsuchians due to poor preservation of remains. Therefore, any placement of Hupehsuchia within Neodiapsida remains tentative until more specimens are found.
673:, not the nasal and prefrontal bones. The dermal plates were also seen as evidence for terrestrial archosaur ancestors, and comparisons were made with some early armored forms. However, a later study in 1976 could find no similarities between the dermal plates of hupehsuchians and the armor of early archosaurs. The ancestors of hupehsuchians more likely were earlier, more basal terrestrial diapsids, as suggested by several synapomorphies they share with such primitive ancestors. In 1991, Hupehsuchia was recognized as a distinct order after better methods of specimen preparation allowed new features to be revealed that distinguished Hupehsuchia from all other diapsid orders.
116:
3635:
2904:
1205:. However, the position of the dorsal plates are high above the center of gravity, and this seemingly would have made the bodies of hupehsuchians unstable. Hupehsuchians were among the largest marine animals of their time, so dorsal plates as a protective measure would be unneeded. The tendency for the dorsal plates to be more developed anteriorly may have allowed the anterior portion of the vertebral column to remain relatively rigid, while the posterior portion could freely undulate.
400:, but is now thought to be an artifact caused by the damage of the surrounding bones during preservation. Its position is not indicative of a narial opening, either. More likely, the naris lies between the nasal and the maxilla in an area anterior to that of the supposed antorbital fenestra, although the preservation of this area in known specimens is too poor to prove definitively that it is the external naris and not an artifact of preservation, as is the case for the fenestra.
3641:
1236:
1194:. The large skull and lack of a fixed symphysis with the lower jaw is indicative of such a feeding method, but the narrowness of the rostrum and the existence of marine vertebrates with larger skulls that were not completely edentulous (e. g. ichthyosaurs) seem to point against it. The long necks of hupehsuchians would seem to inhibit continuous ram feeding at high speeds through the water, so more likely they practiced intermittent ram feeding at slower speeds.
2915:
142:
583:
417:
distal to it. Some anteroposterior displacement of these two units occurs along the vertebral column, suggesting they are not ossified to one another. In vertebrae 8-14, the distal ends of the distal portions of the neural spines are expanded posteriorly. An additional anterior expansion of the neural spine is seen in all vertebrae after the 14th. These expanded distal regions exhibit some sculpturing, and may have penetrated the
2921:
3629:
2394:
421:. Another unusual characteristic of hupehsuchians is the presence of dermal plates over the neural spines of the approximately 34 presacral vertebrae. A small dermal bone overlies each space between the posterior expansion of one distal neural spine and the anterior expansion of the one behind it. Above these dermal bones lie even larger dermal plates that directly overlie even numbered neural spines.
2910:
2388:
649:
437:
2400:
1143:
729:
404:
669:. It was also thought to be related to several other groups of Triassic reptiles previously thought to be clearly distinct. The presence of the supposed antorbital fenestra described above was seen as evidence for grouping hupesuchians within Archosauria, but the antorbital fenestra characteristic of archosaurs is surrounded by the maxilla and
745:
are also present in other unrelated groups of secondarily aquatic reptiles, and the overall record of diapsids during the Late
Permian-Early Triassic is relatively poor, making it difficult to find any closely related or ancestral taxa. Even higher level classification is difficult because many of
694:
that possess vertebrae that are not deeply heterocoelus and more closely resemble those of hupehsuchians. Unlike more derived ichthyosaurs, the centra of these two genera are about as long as they are high. In hupehsuchians, where the neural arches dominate the vertebral column, the height of the
682:
distinctively flat, or acelous, while in ichthyosaurs they are noticeably heterocelous (it is also important to note that the surfaces of centra in the possible early diapsid ancestors of hupehsuchians were amphicelous). However, there are some early ichthyosaurs and ichthyosaur relatives such as
676:
The assumed position of the naris in hupehsuchians as explained above can be taken as evidence for possible ichthyosaurian affinities, as it is in the same general area as those of ichthyosaurs. Hupehsuchians do resemble earlier ichthyosaurs in outward appearance with slightly fusiform bodies and
416:
The neck is relatively elongated and the cervical ribs are short. An unusual feature of the neural spines of the trunk region, from the 11 vertebra to the first caudal, is that each is divided into two distinct units by a suture line. One is proximinal to the rest of the vertebra and the other is
616:(extra digits anterior to digit I and posterior to digit V) or interdigital or postaxial phalangeal bifurcation as in non-ophthalmosaurids. Preaxial polydactyly occurs in SSTM 5025, where extra digits only develop anteriorly to digit I. This condition is seen in earlier stem tetrapods from the
1155:
Hupehsuchians were clearly well adapted to marine life, as they possessed limbs that were paddle-like in shape and had fusiform bodies. The characteristically elongated neural spines likely were associated with well-developed epaxial muscles (muscles lying above the transverse process of the
695:
centra is reduced and the height to length ratio of the centra is smaller, meaning that they are also about as long as they are high. This may suggest that hupehsuchians may have evolved from an ichthyosaur relative. It has also been suggested that hupehsuchians were related to or members of
681:
similar to what is seen in early forms, a relatively long antorbital region, and a short transverse process for the ribs. Many more differences exist between hupehsuchians and ichthyosaurs, however. In hupehsuchians, the surfaces of the vertebral centra that articulate with one another are
706:
Many of the features seen in known hupehsuchian specimens that are comparable to those of more well known diapsids may not necessarily be evidence of ancestry or relationship. The lower jaw and rostrum of hupehsuchians have been compared to many other secondarily aquatic tetrapods such as
525:, and although several characteristics of the single representative specimen of the former genus suggest it belonged to a juvenile individual, other differences between the two genera are clearly not ontogeneic and dispel the possibility that the single specimen of
1208:
Whether hupehsuchians acquired plates subsequent to an adaptation to the marine environment is unclear, or inherited them from a terrestrial ancestor, in which case they would have given rigidity to the spine and protection from predators. In any case, if
427:
are present in some specimens that form a type of ventral armor from the pectoral to the pelvic girdle. The medial row consists of large, overlapping, V-shaped elements, and lateral rows consist of smaller, cylindrical, widely spaced bones.
563:
in having a more elongated body. It has a series of broad, flattened ribs that abut each other and connect with closely packed gastralia on the underside of the body, forming a bony tube encasing the torso. A fourth genus,
1156:
vertebrae) that facilitated lateral undulation in an axial subundulatory mode. The pattern of articulation in the vertebrae suggests that such undulation was concentrated posteriorly near the pelvic girdle and tail.
765:
that can accurately establish a relationship between hupehsuchians and other diapsids. However, such techniques can be used to study interrelationships within
Hupehsuchia. A 2014 phylogenetic analysis found a
376:
Hupehsuchians display an unusual combination of characteristics. The overall shape of the body is fusiform, with a long tail and large, paddle-like limbs. The skull is elongated and the jaws are
1651:"The largest hupehsuchian (Reptilia, Ichthyosauromorpha) from the Lower Triassic of South China indicates early establishment of high predation pressure after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction"
746:
the plesiomorphies that characterize such groups are absent in the highly derived, marine adapted hupehsuchians. For example, several characteristics suggest that
Hupehsuchia belongs within
1220:
The general shape of hupehsuchians seems to have made any locomotion on land nearly impossible, and although no direct evidence is seen in known specimens, these animals were probably
1167:
The presence of polydactyly in SSTM 5025 may have been an adaptation to moving across underwater substrates in a similar manner to some early tetrapods of the
Devonian such as
3745:
505:
that participates in the orbital margin and is quite long, more similar to what is seen in basal diapsids. Additionally, the dorsal plates lack sculpturing. In
1932:
1164:
was, as evidenced by the assumed greater degree of lateral compression in the body of the former genus, as well as generally more elongated neural spines.
632:. SSTM 5025 possessed seven digits on the forelimbs and six on the hindlimbs. The wide manus and pes of the specimen resemble the limb-like fins of extant
533:. Different means of preservation can also be taken as evidence for different body forms in the two genera. It is important to note that all specimens of
3634:
3801:
3796:
461:, but it is now thought to date back slightly earlier to the late Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic. The first described hupehsuchian was
115:
3791:
612:. Polydactyly is also seen in ichthyosaurs. However, in ichthyosaurs, this condition occurs as either bilateral polydactyly in the case of
1197:
The purpose of the dorsal dermal plates of hupehsuchians is unknown. These plates, as well as the ventral gastralia and the tendency for
3806:
741:
Classification of
Hupehsuchia remains difficult because most of the derived characters exhibited in the clade that can be helpful in
2903:
1925:
129:
3640:
541:
is preserved in dorsal view (except for the neural spines, which were probably too long to be preserved in this manner).
2914:
1918:
754:
141:
3677:
2920:
1852:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of
Mesozoic marine reptiles: implications for method of predation".
1217:, then the plates seem to have experienced further development in hupehsuchians and must have had some advantage.
1448:"A Carapace-Like Bony 'Body Tube' in an Early Triassic Marine Reptile and the Onset of Marine Tetrapod Predation"
3672:
3628:
1346:
Motani; et al. (2014). "A basal ichthyosauriform with a short snout from the Lower
Triassic of China".
1400:, an enigmatic aquatic reptile from the Triassic of China, and the problem of establishing relationships".
3786:
3698:
2393:
2387:
450:
3758:
3667:
783:
476:
753:
Due to the great number of derived characteristics in hupehsuchians that are a result of convergence,
2741:
2663:
2611:
722:
244:
2399:
472:
3027:
2870:
2017:
1241:
1224:, giving live birth at sea rather than laying eggs on land. Vivipary is also seen in ichthyosaurs.
397:
388:
is mostly restricted to the ventral surface beyond the base of the rostrum. An opening between the
2884:
3140:
2559:
2444:
2194:
2079:
2066:
2029:
1941:
1869:
1678:
1585:
1371:
1191:
828:
815:
571:
365:
225:
136:
3763:
1801:
Chen, Xiao-hong; Motani, Ryosuke; Cheng, Long; Jiang, Da-yong; Rieppel, Olivier (May 27, 2015).
2909:
1699:
Young, Chung-Chien; Dong, Zhi-ming (1972). "On the aquatic reptiles of the
Triassic in China".
3458:
3333:
3298:
3254:
2779:
2159:
1834:
1716:
1708:
1670:
1520:
1479:
1363:
1295:
758:
613:
510:
3736:
1213:
is seen as representative of an ancestral morphological pattern that led to the more derived
608:, in which more than the usual maximum of five digits per limb were seen as in most advanced
3750:
3578:
3527:
3495:
3378:
3183:
3039:
2984:
2538:
2475:
1896:
1861:
1824:
1814:
1783:
1662:
1629:
1577:
1547:
1510:
1469:
1459:
1409:
1355:
1326:
1285:
1275:
600:
582:
590:
In late 2003, a new specimen of hupehsuchian called SSTM 5025, found from the same area as
364:, China, from which many specimens have been found. They are probable members of the clade
3421:
3413:
3405:
3363:
3267:
3215:
3116:
2877:
2856:
2849:
2727:
2706:
2566:
2276:
2237:
2203:
2175:
2124:
1013:
935:
653:
551:
486:
463:
458:
442:
393:
338:
321:
301:
1568:
Coates, C. C.; Clack, J. A. (1990). "Polydactyly in the earliest known tetrapod limbs".
1262:
Xiao-hong Chen; Ryosuke Motani; Long Cheng; Da-yong Jiang & Olivier
Rieppel (2014).
453:
in Hubei
Province, China. Geologists originally dated the Jialingjiang Formation to the
3571:
3564:
3536:
3305:
3243:
3236:
3199:
3192:
3171:
3066:
3012:
2769:
2749:
2719:
2671:
2655:
2638:
2591:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2250:
1829:
1802:
1787:
1474:
1447:
1290:
1263:
1201:, would have added considerable weight to hupehsuchians, allowing them to have neutral
678:
357:
28:
1900:
1174:
The flat, toothless rostrum may have supported an avian-like bill, or perhaps rows of
3780:
3557:
3435:
3342:
3321:
3125:
3058:
3048:
3005:
2965:
2507:
2459:
2430:
2417:
2347:
2219:
2212:
2135:
2117:
1682:
1147:
959:
882:
742:
696:
670:
570:, was also described in 2014 and had a shorter neck than other genera, with only six
566:
263:
66:
1873:
1264:"A Small Short-Necked Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of Hubei Province, China"
677:
long, straight, non-lunate tails. Other features shared with ichthyosaurs include a
3516:
3509:
3488:
3473:
3428:
3398:
3283:
3229:
3102:
2839:
2787:
2687:
2679:
2647:
2604:
2550:
2524:
2305:
2298:
2258:
2226:
2168:
1803:"A New Specimen of Carroll's Mystery Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of China"
1589:
1551:
1538:
Motani, R. (1999). "On the evolution and homologies of ichthyopterygian forefins".
1375:
1198:
1050:
899:
800:
767:
733:
690:
684:
628:
622:
502:
396:
in one hupehsuchian specimen (known as IVPP V3232) was initially interpreted as an
349:
281:
1666:
3721:
1819:
1464:
1280:
804:
was described for IVPP V4070 and WGSC V26020, and found to be closely related to
3730:
3391:
3356:
3275:
3081:
3074:
2951:
2938:
2863:
2798:
2757:
2694:
2618:
2148:
2093:
1986:
1650:
1427:
Wang, K. (1959). "Ueber eine neue fossile Reptilform von Provinz Hupeh, China".
1187:
1160:
likely was better equipped for lateral undulation as a means of locomotion than
986:
747:
717:
662:
605:
481:
409:
291:
209:
124:
41:
1314:
549:, which, as a result, would favor preservation in lateral view. A third genus,
3585:
3543:
3450:
3443:
3349:
3290:
3157:
2998:
2972:
2734:
2580:
2573:
2325:
2316:
2265:
2002:
1971:
1865:
1774:
Benton, M. J. (1985). "Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles".
1331:
1231:
1221:
851:
708:
648:
436:
389:
381:
377:
86:
51:
1712:
1674:
3480:
3465:
3313:
3132:
2285:
1183:
1179:
762:
666:
424:
353:
352:. The group was short-lasting, with a temporal range restricted to the late
153:
91:
35:
1838:
1634:
1617:
1524:
1483:
1413:
1367:
1299:
1142:
1887:
Sanderson, S. L.; Wassersug, R. (1990). "Suspension-feeding vertebrates".
1751:
Shikama, T.; Kamei, T.; Murata, M. (1978). "Early Triassic ichthyosaurus,
1724:
728:
555:, was named in 2014 from the Jialingjiang Formation and differs from both
3715:
3502:
2626:
2451:
1965:
1720:
1701:
Memoir of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Palaeoanthropology
1202:
633:
617:
609:
345:
173:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1359:
786:
taxa within Hupehsuchia. The authors of this analysis chose to name the
403:
3550:
2332:
1977:
454:
385:
342:
196:
183:
96:
71:
1446:
Chen, X. H.; Motani, R.; Cheng, L.; Jiang, D. Y.; Rieppel, O. (2014).
497:
do not differ greatly, and were probably quite similar in appearance.
1959:
1910:
1581:
1175:
449:
Only five named genera of hupehsuchians are known. All come from the
418:
163:
3692:
1515:
1498:
725:
in response to the need for adaptation to a marine environment.
586:
Life restoration of a polydactylous hupehsuchian based on SSTM 5025
1141:
727:
712:
647:
581:
435:
402:
384:
thought to form most of the dorsal and lateral surface, while the
361:
703:
was classified as a sauropterygian upon its initial description.
517:
resemble those of more primitive terrestrial reptiles. Overall,
3696:
3656:
2936:
2415:
2064:
1952:
1914:
1755:
gen. et. sp. nov., from the Kitakami Massif, Northeast Japan".
1737:
Charig, A. J., Krebs, B., Sues, H.-D. and Westphal, F. (1976).
485:, was named in 1972 from a locality in the Xunjian Commune of
471:(the only species within the genus) have been found from the
665:" in 1972, when it was first thought to be a group of early
537:
are preserved in lateral view, while the single specimen of
1741:(ed. O. Kuhn), part 13. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
1186:. The hupehsuchians seemingly were adapted to continuous
479:
of Hubei Province from a single specimen. Another genus,
1618:"Two Perspectives on the Evolution of the Tetrapod Limb"
513:
of the trunk region are more modified, while those of
1604:
Gaining Ground: the Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods
1497:
Wu, X.-C.; Li, Z.; Zhou, B.-C.; Dong, Z.-M. (2003).
808:. The cladogram from their analysis is shown below:
317:
309:
297:
287:
277:
269:
259:
3705:
3526:
3377:
3332:
3253:
3213:
3182:
3155:
3115:
3100:
3047:
3026:
2982:
2949:
2837:
2797:
2768:
2705:
2637:
2590:
2549:
2522:
2474:
2428:
2346:
2315:
2284:
2275:
2236:
2202:
2193:
2158:
2134:
2103:
2077:
2028:
2001:
721:, all of which have developed a similar morphology
545:possibly had a more laterally compressed body than
1499:"A polydactylous amniote from the Triassic period"
1649:Qiao, Yu; Iijima, Masaya; Liu, Jun (2019-09-03).
661:Hupehsuchia was first defined as a suborder of "
1402:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
757:using computer programs based on the method of
356:age, spanning only a few million years of the
1926:
8:
794:+IVPP V4070) clade Hupehsuchidae, excluding
3693:
3653:
3383:
3259:
3221:
3210:
3163:
3112:
3108:
3033:
3023:
2990:
2957:
2946:
2933:
2834:
2711:
2596:
2530:
2471:
2436:
2425:
2412:
2290:
2281:
2242:
2199:
2140:
2109:
2085:
2074:
2061:
2007:
1998:
1949:
1933:
1919:
1911:
1257:
1255:
1253:
114:
20:
1828:
1818:
1776:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1633:
1514:
1473:
1463:
1330:
1289:
1279:
1396:Carrol, Robert L.; Dong, Z.-M. (1991). "
1694:
1692:
1249:
598:, was briefly mentioned in the journal
1563:
1561:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
467:, named in 1959. A single skeleton of
636:. In 2019, SSTM 5025 is described as
604:. It is most notable for exhibiting
7:
380:. The rostrum is flattened with the
1606:. Indiana University Press, 369 pp.
1029:
1005:
978:
951:
927:
874:
867:
843:
821:
811:
755:computational phylogenetic analyses
1788:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01796.x
1757:Tohoku University, Science Reports
1655:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1540:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1315:"The Evolution of Marine Reptiles"
798:from the group. In 2015 the taxon
14:
1901:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-96
1319:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3802:Early Triassic first appearances
3639:
3633:
3627:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2398:
2392:
2386:
1739:Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology
1234:
140:
3797:Early Triassic reptiles of Asia
360:. The order gets its name from
130:Paleozoological Museum of China
1552:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011120
1:
1667:10.1080/02724634.2019.1719122
1820:10.1371/journal.pone.0126024
1465:10.1371/journal.pone.0094396
1281:10.1371/journal.pone.0115244
715:, and the early marine bird
529:could represent an immature
3792:Triassic ichthyosauromorphs
1429:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
1036:Polydactylous hupehsuchian
3823:
3807:Early Triassic extinctions
644:Taxonomy and phylogenetics
3663:
3652:
3625:
3386:
3262:
3224:
3209:
3166:
3111:
3036:
3022:
2993:
2960:
2945:
2932:
2900:
2833:
2714:
2599:
2533:
2470:
2439:
2424:
2411:
2384:
2293:
2245:
2143:
2112:
2088:
2073:
2060:
2010:
1997:
1948:
1866:10.1017/S009483730001191X
1332:10.1007/s12052-009-0139-y
1047:
1034:
1027:
1010:
1003:
983:
976:
956:
949:
932:
925:
896:
879:
872:
865:
848:
841:
826:
819:
521:was smaller in size than
410:Hupehsuchus nanchangensis
256:
251:
137:Scientific classification
135:
125:Hupehsuchus nanchangensis
122:
113:
23:
16:Extinct order of reptiles
1616:Edwards, J. L. (1989).
1414:10.1098/rstb.1991.0004
1152:
738:
658:
587:
451:Jialingjiang Formation
446:
413:
3759:Paleobiology Database
1602:Clack, J. A. (2002).
1145:
782:as successively more
774:and IVPP V4070, with
770:relationship between
743:phylogenetic analyses
731:
651:
585:
439:
406:
2742:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2664:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2612:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1635:10.1093/icb/29.1.235
469:Nanchangosaurus suni
407:Life restoration of
3028:Temnodontosauroidea
1889:Scientific American
1753:Utatsusaurus hataii
1360:10.1038/nature13866
1313:Motani, R. (2009).
1242:Paleontology portal
1190:, a form of mobile
398:antorbital fenestra
348:closely related to
3658:Related categories
3141:Protoichthyosaurus
2560:Barracudasauroides
2445:Quasianosteosaurus
2195:Ichthyosauriformes
2080:Ichthyosauromorpha
2067:Ichthyosauromorpha
2030:Ichthyosauromorpha
1942:Ichthyosauromorpha
1622:American Zoologist
1192:suspension feeding
1153:
829:Ichthyosauriformes
816:Ichthyosauromorpha
739:
659:
588:
572:cervical vertebrae
447:
414:
366:Ichthyosauromorpha
243:Young & Dong,
226:Ichthyosauromorpha
128:on display at the
3774:
3773:
3699:Taxon identifiers
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3678:Triassic reptiles
3648:
3647:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3459:Kazakhstanosaurus
3373:
3372:
3334:Ophthalmosaurinae
3299:Myobradypterygius
3255:Ophthalmosauridae
3151:
3150:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
2928:
2927:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2780:Qianichthyosaurus
2518:
2517:
2407:
2406:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2342:
2341:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2160:Parahupehsuchinae
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
1408:(1260): 131β153.
1354:(7535): 485β488.
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1000:Parahupehsuchinae
911:
910:
759:maximum parsimony
477:Hsunjian District
332:
331:
313:Nanchangosauridae
247:
3814:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3694:
3654:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3579:Simbirskiasaurus
3528:Platypterygiinae
3496:Pervushovisaurus
3384:
3379:Platypterygiidae
3260:
3222:
3211:
3184:Stenopterygiidae
3164:
3113:
3109:
3040:Temnodontosaurus
3034:
3024:
2991:
2985:Neoichthyosauria
2958:
2947:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2835:
2712:
2597:
2539:Cymbospondylidae
2531:
2476:Cymbospondylidae
2472:
2437:
2426:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2291:
2282:
2243:
2200:
2141:
2110:
2086:
2075:
2062:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1950:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1582:10.1038/347066a0
1565:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1259:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1182:of the suborder
1030:
1006:
979:
952:
928:
875:
868:
844:
822:
812:
620:period, such as
614:ophthalmosaurids
394:prefrontal bones
319:
311:
299:
289:
279:
271:
261:
242:
237:
224:
145:
144:
118:
108:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3673:Marine reptiles
3659:
3644:
3591:
3522:
3422:Brachypterygius
3414:Athabascasaurus
3406:Arthropterygius
3369:
3364:Ophthalmosaurus
3328:
3268:Arthropterygius
3249:
3218:
3216:Ophthalmosauria
3205:
3178:
3160:
3147:
3117:Ichthyosauridae
3105:
3088:
3043:
3018:
2987:
2978:
2954:
2941:
2924:
2890:
2878:Svalbardosaurus
2857:Pachygonosaurus
2850:Barracudasaurus
2813:
2793:
2764:
2728:Californosaurus
2707:Euichthyosauria
2701:
2633:
2586:
2567:Contectopalatus
2545:
2527:
2514:
2466:
2433:
2420:
2403:
2362:
2338:
2311:
2277:Eoichthyosauria
2271:
2238:Ichthyopterygia
2232:
2204:Omphalosauridae
2181:
2176:Parahupehsuchus
2154:
2130:
2125:Nanchangosaurus
2099:
2082:
2069:
2044:
2024:
1993:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1909:
1908:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1813:(5): e0126024.
1800:
1799:
1795:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1661:(5): e1719122.
1648:
1647:
1643:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1576:(6288): 66β99.
1567:
1566:
1559:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1516:10.1038/426516a
1496:
1495:
1491:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1274:(12): e115244.
1261:
1260:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1211:Nanchangosaurus
1162:Nanchangosaurus
1140:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1014:Parahupehsuchus
936:Nanchangosaurus
912:
806:Parahupehsuchus
796:Nanchangosaurus
792:Parahupehsuchus
780:Nanchangosaurus
772:Parahupehsuchus
761:do not produce
701:Nanchangosaurus
654:Nanchangosaurus
646:
638:Nanchangosaurus
580:
557:Nanchangosaurus
552:Parahupehsuchus
547:Nanchangosaurus
539:Nanchangosaurus
527:Nanchangosaurus
519:Nanchangosaurus
515:Nanchangosaurus
499:Nanchangosaurus
491:Nanchangosaurus
487:Nanzhang County
464:Nanchangosaurus
459:Middle Triassic
443:Parahupehsuchus
434:
374:
322:Nanchangosaurus
302:Parahupehsuchus
241:
235:
222:
139:
109:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
34:248β247.2
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3820:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3727:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3572:Plutoniosaurus
3568:
3565:Platypterygius
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3537:Caypullisaurus
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3306:Nannopterygius
3302:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3244:Macropterygius
3240:
3237:Delphinosaurus
3233:
3225:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3200:Stenopterygius
3196:
3193:Magnipterygius
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:Chacaicosaurus
3167:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3067:Excalibosaurus
3063:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3013:Suevoleviathan
3009:
3002:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2770:Toretocnemidae
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2750:Mikadocephalus
2746:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2720:Auroroborealia
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:Himalayasaurus
2668:
2660:
2656:Guanlingsaurus
2652:
2643:
2641:
2639:Shastasauridae
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2592:Merriamosauria
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2500:Thalattoarchon
2496:
2492:Phantomosaurus
2488:
2485:Cymbospondylus
2480:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2251:Isfjordosaurus
2246:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1879:
1860:(2): 187β205.
1844:
1793:
1766:
1743:
1730:
1688:
1641:
1628:(1): 235β254.
1608:
1595:
1557:
1530:
1489:
1438:
1419:
1381:
1338:
1325:(2): 224β235.
1305:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1226:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
982:
977:
975:
969:
968:
965:
964:
955:
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
931:
926:
924:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
847:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
825:
820:
818:
810:
679:supraoccipital
645:
642:
579:
578:Unnamed genera
576:
473:Daye Limestone
433:
430:
373:
370:
362:Hubei Province
358:Early Triassic
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
307:
306:
305:
295:
285:
267:
254:
253:
249:
248:
233:
229:
228:
220:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
29:Early Triassic
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Hupehsuchians
3785:
3784:
3782:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:Maiaspondylus
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:Cryopterygius
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:Acamptonectes
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3322:Thalassodraco
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:Ichthyosaurus
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:Eurhinosaurus
3056:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:Leptonectidae
3046:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:Hauffiopteryx
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Hudsonelpidia
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:Sphaerodontes
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2508:Xinminosaurus
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2460:Xinminosaurus
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:Ichthyosauria
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:Ichthyosauria
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2348:Ichthyosauria
2345:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:Omphalosaurus
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:Cartorhynchus
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Hupehsuchidae
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:Eohupehsuchus
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1895:(3): 96β101.
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1782:(2): 97β164.
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1509:(6966): 516.
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1458:(4): e94396.
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1435:(5): 373β378.
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1148:Eohupehsuchus
1144:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
988:
981:
980:
974:
973:Hupehsuchidae
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:Eohupehsuchus
954:
953:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
937:
930:
929:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:Cartorhynchus
877:
876:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
824:
823:
817:
814:
813:
809:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
744:
736:
735:
730:
726:
724:
723:independently
720:
719:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
697:Sauropterygia
693:
692:
687:
686:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
656:
655:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
568:
567:Eohupehsuchus
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
457:stage of the
456:
452:
445:
444:
438:
431:
429:
426:
422:
420:
412:
411:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
324:
323:
316:
315:
314:
308:
304:
303:
296:
294:
293:
286:
284:
283:
276:
275:
274:
268:
266:
265:
264:Eohupehsuchus
258:
257:
255:
250:
246:
240:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
3706:
3668:Ichthyosaurs
3632:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3517:Undorosaurus
3515:
3510:Sveltonectes
3508:
3501:
3494:
3489:Parrassaurus
3487:
3479:
3474:Muiscasaurus
3472:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3429:Catutosaurus
3427:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3399:Aegirosaurus
3397:
3390:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3284:Jabalisaurus
3282:
3274:
3266:
3242:
3235:
3230:Argovisaurus
3228:
3198:
3191:
3170:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3103:Thunnosauria
3080:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3038:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2971:
2964:
2907:
2885:Tibetosaurus
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:Nomina dubia
2838:
2788:Toretocnemus
2786:
2778:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2693:
2688:Shastasaurus
2686:
2680:Ichthyotitan
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2648:Besanosaurus
2646:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2605:Besanosaurus
2603:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:Mixosauridae
2537:
2525:Hueneosauria
2506:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2391:
2331:
2324:
2306:Utatsusaurus
2304:
2299:Parvinatator
2297:
2264:
2259:Chaohusaurus
2257:
2249:
2227:Sclerocormus
2225:
2218:
2211:
2174:
2169:Eretmorhipis
2167:
2147:
2123:
2116:
2104:
2092:
1982:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1854:Paleobiology
1853:
1847:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1759:. Series 2.
1756:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1704:
1700:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1573:
1569:
1546:(1): 28β41.
1543:
1539:
1533:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1271:
1267:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1199:pachyostosis
1196:
1173:
1169:Acanthostega
1168:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1146:
1138:Paleobiology
1051:Eretmorhipis
1049:
1048:
1035:
1012:
1011:
999:
985:
984:
972:
958:
957:
934:
933:
921:
900:Chaohusaurus
898:
897:
881:
880:
850:
849:
827:
805:
801:Eretmorhipis
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
768:sister group
752:
740:
734:Eretmorhipis
732:
716:
705:
700:
691:Utatsusaurus
689:
685:Chaohusaurus
683:
675:
660:
652:
637:
629:Acanthostega
627:
623:Ichthyostega
621:
599:
596:Eretmorhipis
595:
591:
589:
565:
560:
556:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:zygapophyses
506:
501:possesses a
498:
494:
490:
480:
468:
462:
448:
441:
440:Holotype of
423:
415:
408:
375:
350:ichthyosaurs
334:
333:
320:
312:
300:
290:
282:Eretmorhipis
280:
273:Hupesuchidae
272:
262:
238:
216:
203:
190:
123:
18:
3737:Hupehsuchia
3731:Wikispecies
3707:Hupehsuchia
3392:Acuetzpalin
3357:Mollesaurus
3276:Gengasaurus
3082:Wahlisaurus
3075:Leptonectes
2952:Parvipelvia
2939:Parvipelvia
2864:Pessosaurus
2799:Parvipelvia
2758:Shonisaurus
2695:Shonisaurus
2619:Pessopteryx
2149:Hupehsuchus
2105:Hupehsuchia
2094:Baisesaurus
1987:Neodiapsida
1763:(2): 77β97.
1398:Hupehsuchus
1215:Hupehsuchus
1188:ram feeding
1178:as seen in
1158:Hupehsuchus
987:Hupehsuchus
922:Hupehsuchia
788:Hupehsuchus
776:Hupehsuchus
748:Neodiapsida
718:Hesperornis
709:plesiosaurs
663:Thecodontia
606:polydactyly
592:Hupehsuchus
561:Hupehsuchus
543:Hupehsuchus
535:Hupehsuchus
531:Hupehsuchus
523:Hupehsuchus
507:Hupehsuchus
495:Hupehsuchus
482:Hupehsuchus
372:Description
335:Hupehsuchia
292:Hupehsuchus
239:Hupehsuchia
210:Neodiapsida
24:Hupehsuchia
3781:Categories
3586:Sisteronia
3544:Kyhytysuka
3451:Janusaurus
3444:Grendelius
3350:Baptanodon
3291:Janusaurus
3158:Baracromia
2999:Dearcmhara
2973:Macgowania
2808:see belowβ
2735:Callawayia
2581:Phalarodon
2574:Mixosaurus
2357:see belowβ
2326:Gulosaurus
2317:Grippiidae
2266:Thaisaurus
2039:see belowβ
2018:Sauropsida
2003:Sauropsida
1976:Subclass:
1972:Sauropsida
1228:References
1222:viviparous
852:Hovasaurus
763:cladograms
699:. Indeed,
667:archosaurs
634:frogfishes
382:premaxilla
378:edentulous
3722:Q20724864
3481:Palvennia
3466:Keilhauia
3314:Palvennia
3133:Malawania
2286:Grippidia
1958:Kingdom:
1725:632959864
1713:0578-1590
1707:: 11β34.
1683:215756095
1675:0272-4634
1184:Mysticeti
1180:cetaceans
610:tetrapods
425:Gastralia
354:Olenekian
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
3716:Wikidata
3503:Sumpalla
2627:Wimanius
2452:Tholodus
1978:Diapsida
1966:Chordata
1964:Phylum:
1960:Animalia
1874:85810360
1839:26017585
1807:PLOS ONE
1721:72921295
1525:14654831
1484:24718682
1452:PLOS ONE
1368:25383536
1300:25517113
1268:PLOS ONE
1203:buoyancy
1151:holotype
737:holotype
671:lacrimal
657:holotype
618:Devonian
392:and the
346:reptiles
197:Diapsida
184:Reptilia
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
3551:Leninia
2333:Grippia
1970:Class:
1830:4446317
1590:4319165
1475:3981804
1376:4392798
1291:4269458
503:frontal
475:in the
455:Anisian
386:maxilla
343:diapsid
252:Genera
232:Order:
180:Class:
103:↓
3764:194924
1872:
1837:
1827:
1719:
1711:
1681:
1673:
1588:
1570:Nature
1523:
1503:Nature
1482:
1472:
1374:
1366:
1348:Nature
1298:
1288:
1176:baleen
713:whales
601:Nature
509:, the
432:Genera
419:dermis
337:is an
3751:12098
3746:IRMNG
1983:Clade
1870:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1372:S2CID
784:basal
390:nasal
339:order
217:Clade
204:Clade
191:Clade
2016:see
1835:PMID
1717:OCLC
1709:ISSN
1671:ISSN
1521:PMID
1480:PMID
1364:PMID
1296:PMID
778:and
688:and
626:and
594:and
559:and
493:and
245:1972
42:Preκ
1897:doi
1893:262
1862:doi
1825:PMC
1815:doi
1784:doi
1663:doi
1630:doi
1578:doi
1574:347
1548:doi
1511:doi
1507:426
1470:PMC
1460:doi
1410:doi
1406:331
1356:doi
1352:517
1327:doi
1286:PMC
1276:doi
341:of
3783::
3761::
3748::
3733::
3718::
1985::
1891:.
1868:.
1858:14
1856:.
1833:.
1823:.
1811:10
1809:.
1805:.
1780:84
1778:.
1761:48
1723:,
1715:.
1703:.
1691:^
1677:.
1669:.
1659:39
1657:.
1653:.
1626:29
1624:.
1620:.
1584:.
1572:.
1560:^
1544:19
1542:.
1519:.
1505:.
1501:.
1478:.
1468:.
1454:.
1450:.
1431:.
1404:.
1384:^
1370:.
1362:.
1350:.
1321:.
1317:.
1294:.
1284:.
1270:.
1266:.
1252:^
1171:.
790:+(
711:,
640:.
574:.
489:.
368:.
219::
206::
193::
92:Pg
36:Ma
31:,
3484:?
3469:?
3454:?
3439:?
3417:?
3409:?
3325:?
3317:?
3309:?
3294:?
3279:?
3271:?
3175:?
3144:?
3136:?
3085:?
3070:?
3062:?
3051:?
3030:?
2783:?
2772:?
2761:?
2753:?
2745:?
2723:?
2698:?
2683:?
2675:?
2667:?
2659:?
2651:?
2630:?
2622:?
2542:?
2511:?
2503:?
2495:?
2463:?
2455:?
2254:?
1934:e
1927:t
1920:v
1903:.
1899::
1876:.
1864::
1841:.
1817::
1790:.
1786::
1727:.
1705:9
1685:.
1665::
1638:.
1632::
1592:.
1580::
1554:.
1550::
1527:.
1513::
1486:.
1462::
1456:9
1433:7
1416:.
1412::
1378:.
1358::
1335:.
1329::
1323:2
1302:.
1278::
1272:9
318:β
310:β
298:β
288:β
278:β
270:β
260:β
236:β
223:β
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:κ
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