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with large parts of its current landmass flooded. Wadi El Hitan, the Valley of Whales, was located just north-west of exposed land and preserves not just the remains of marine animals such as early whales and sirenians but also terrestrial mammals like the stem-elephants
431:, shows that this group is generally conservative with its morphology and has retained its bodyplan for a majority of the Cenozoic, changing only very little over the course of their evolution.
372:
when viewed from the front. The attachment site for the medial calf muscle is only weakly developed. The medial edge of the extensor groove, which houses the extensor muscle, and the medial
427:
can be clearly set apart from the modern pelican genus, its anatomy is still broadly similar to that of its modern relatives. This, along with pelican remains from the
338:
554:
1507:
400:. The degree to which the bone is ossified, coupled with its surface texture, suggests that the individual the holotype belonged to was an adult.
1553:
307:
discovered in 2008, represents the oldest record of pelicans to date, the only named fossil pelican to date and only one species is known,
547:
407:
shares similar proportions to its modern relatives, it was approximately the size of the brown pelican and slightly smaller than the
822:
1563:
352:", the genus name of all extant pelicans. "Pelecanus" itself derives from the Ancient Greek "pelekys" for axe and the masculine
337:
within the
Egyptian "Valley of Whales". A cast of the fossil was created shortly afterwards and was permanently stored at the
540:
217:
1453:
130:
341:. The fossil was eventually described and found to represent a distinct genus in 2021 by El Adli and colleagues.
368:
tibiotarsus shows no sinistral twisting of its body, which in extant species reveals the attachment site of the
481:
El Adli, Joseph J.; Wilson
Mantilla, Jeffrey A.; Antar, Mohammed Sameh M.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2021-06-02).
1558:
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125:
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1201:
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1212:
1184:
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684:
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483:"The earliest recorded fossil pelican, recovered from the late Eocene of Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt"
1174:
931:
693:
502:
1406:
377:
498:
624:
609:
348:
means "dawn pelecan", formed by the combination of the
Ancient Greek "eos" (dawn) and "
182:
1542:
1067:
782:
522:
393:
381:
288:
68:
1498:
1241:
1116:
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designated MUVP 505, was discovered in 2008 in the sandstone strata of the upper
1395:
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993:
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663:
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preserves a deep and expanded pneumatic opening. The dorsal end of the lateral
1425:
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1025:
982:
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648:
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142:
93:
37:
356:"-anus". The species name simply refers to the taxon's presence in Egypt.
1492:
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1255:
1232:
1131:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1039:
1002:
941:
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591:
568:
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The holotype bone measures 136 mm (5.4 in) long. Assuming that
322:
162:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1512:
117:
1314:
1269:
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280:
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1221:
585:
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30:
1469:
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is sinuous, which is not unique amongst pelicans but still sets
172:
1473:
839:
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lived, northern Egypt was situated at the southern edge of the
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Unlike in any modern pelican, the proximal portion of
1414:
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1021:
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376:are roughly in line with one-another. The flexor
548:
339:University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology
8:
1470:
1136:
905:
849:
836:
689:
632:
619:
555:
541:
533:
415:, making it one of the smallest pelicans.
116:
20:
468:
476:
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7:
487:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
1452:
821:
129:
1:
1554:Fossil taxa described in 2021
507:10.1080/02724634.2021.1903910
16:Extinct genus of pelican bird
1580:
396:and most specimens of the
1448:
1139:
848:
835:
818:
631:
618:
580:
303:). The holotype, a right
246:
239:
126:Scientific classification
124:
115:
23:
575:and their extinct allies
1564:Prehistoric bird genera
253:Eopelecanus aegyptiacus
398:American white pelican
335:Birket Qarun Formation
285:Birket Qarun Formation
1521:Paleobiology Database
295:, dating to the late
29:Temporal range: Late
329:, a nearly complete
499:2021JVPal..41E3910E
413:spot-billed pelican
409:pink-backed pelican
390:great white pelican
232:E. aegyptiacus
317:History and naming
1536:
1535:
1476:Taxon identifiers
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1126:
1125:
1014:Threskiornithinae
901:Threskiornithidae
831:
830:
816:
815:
792:
791:
268:
267:
220:
1571:
1529:
1528:
1516:
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1502:
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1471:
1458:
1456:
1416:
1366:
1322:
1305:
1199:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1145:
1137:
1023:
980:
970:
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950:
939:
929:
919:
906:
879:
863:
850:
837:
826:
825:
753:
743:
720:
710:
694:Balaenicipitidae
690:
662:
646:
633:
620:
557:
550:
543:
534:
527:
526:
478:
370:calf musculature
255:
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40:
21:
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1519:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1478:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1407:Tigriornithinae
1401:
1381:
1337:
1227:
1207:
1122:
1008:
988:
895:
872:
844:
827:
820:
812:
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493:(1): e1903910.
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388:apart from the
362:
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35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1577:
1575:
1567:
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1561:
1559:Pelecaniformes
1556:
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1517:
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1128:
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935:
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914:
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910:incertae sedis
903:
897:
896:
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881:Xenerodiopidae
874:
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870:
858:
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854:incertae sedis
846:
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840:
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832:
829:
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641:
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637:incertae sedis
629:
628:
625:Pelecaniformes
623:
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610:Pelecaniformes
606:
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594:
588:
581:
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537:
529:
528:
467:
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461:
420:
417:
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318:
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310:E. aegyptiacus
275:is an extinct
266:
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183:Pelecaniformes
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1413:
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1398:
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1387:Cochleariinae
1384:
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1068:Mesembrinibis
1065:
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621:
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583:
582:
579:
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566:
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538:
535:
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477:
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469:
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460:
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457:
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451:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:brown pelican
391:
387:
383:
382:cnemial crest
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
311:
306:
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294:
290:
289:Wadi El Hitan
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
262:
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254:
245:
242:
241:Binomial name
238:
234:
233:
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219:
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209:
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188:
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127:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1483:
1451:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1350:
1330:
1323:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1220:
1200:
1190:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1148:Ardeagrandis
1146:
1117:Threskiornis
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1001:
981:
971:
963:Rhynchaeites
961:
951:
940:
930:
920:
909:
888:
864:
853:
781:
761:
756:Miopelecanus
754:
745:
744:
721:
711:
701:
672:
647:
636:
604:Aequornithes
490:
486:
454:
450:Moeritherium
448:
439:
433:
424:
422:
419:Paleobiology
404:
402:
385:
366:Eopelecanus'
365:
363:
349:
345:
343:
326:
325:specimen of
320:
309:
308:
271:
270:
269:
260:
252:
247:
231:
230:
213:
206:
205:
24:
18:
1484:Eopelecanus
1396:Cochlearius
1298:Pilherodius
1155:Calherodius
1110:Theristicus
1103:Thaumatibis
994:Plataleinae
890:Xenerodiops
807:See below β
746:Eopelecanus
734:Pelecanidae
703:Balaeniceps
664:Torotigidae
456:Barytherium
440:Eopelecanus
434:During the
425:Eopelecanus
405:Eopelecanus
386:Eopelecanus
360:Description
346:Eopelecanus
331:tibiotarsus
327:Eopelecanus
305:tibiotarsus
272:Eopelecanus
207:Eopelecanus
193:Pelecanidae
25:Eopelecanus
1543:Categories
1499:Q110442775
1426:Tigriornis
1419:Taphophoyx
1359:Ixobrychus
1343:Botaurinae
1332:Zonerodius
1291:Nyctanassa
1284:Nycticorax
1277:Gorsachius
1202:Proardeola
1061:Lophotibis
1054:Geronticus
1033:Bostrychia
922:Gerandibis
866:Ardeacites
723:Paludiavis
563:Genera of
463:References
444:Tethys sea
436:Priabonian
301:Priabonian
1433:Tigrisoma
1325:Zeltornis
1263:Butorides
1213:Agamiinae
1192:Oroanassa
1185:Nyctisoma
1165:Eoceornis
1096:Pseudibis
1047:Eudocimus
1026:Apteribis
983:Xenicibis
973:Vadaravis
763:Pelecanus
713:Goliathia
649:Cladornis
584:Kingdom:
523:236269386
515:0272-4634
429:Oligocene
423:Although
350:Pelecanus
344:The name
283:from the
225:Species:
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
1549:Pelicans
1513:11176396
1493:Wikidata
1376:Zebrilus
1369:Pikaihao
1352:Botaurus
1308:Proardea
1256:Bubulcus
1233:Ardeinae
1132:Ardeidae
1089:Plegadis
1082:Phimosus
1075:Nipponia
1040:Cercibis
1003:Platalea
953:Protibis
942:Mopsitta
774:Scopidae
685:Pelecani
592:Chordata
590:Phylum:
586:Animalia
573:pelicans
411:and the
323:holotype
259:El Adli
212:El Adli
189:Family:
163:Chordata
159:Phylum:
153:Animalia
139:Domain:
36:36
1315:Syrigma
1270:Egretta
1249:Ardeola
674:Torotix
608:Order:
602:Clade:
596:Class:
495:Bibcode
438:, when
374:condyle
287:in the
281:pelican
250:†
229:†
199:Genus:
179:Order:
169:Class:
105:↓
1526:438446
1222:Agamia
1175:Matuku
932:Milnea
783:Scopus
569:herons
521:
513:
392:, the
354:suffix
297:Eocene
263:, 2021
261:et al.
214:et al.
31:Eocene
1242:Ardea
842:Ardei
798:Ardei
519:S2CID
378:fossa
293:Egypt
277:genus
1508:GBIF
598:Aves
565:ibis
511:ISSN
453:and
321:The
218:2021
173:Aves
44:Preκ
503:doi
291:in
279:of
1545::
1523::
1510::
1495::
571:,
567:,
517:.
509:.
501:.
491:41
489:.
485:.
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1415:β
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752:β
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645:β
556:e
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299:(
203:β
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
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69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:κ
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