1017:
40:
1344:
7126:
4502:
1736:
1831:, Germanic giants live outside of human communities, in woods and mountains. They commonly show an aversion to Christianity, often showing a disdain for the ringing of church bells. Similarities are also both seen in their role in the construction of stoneworks. Akin to the Old Norse
710:
uses the glosses to contrast them with the gods but notes that they are not giant, being similar in size to the gods, and are best conceived of as a kin or family group, separated by relation rather than physical appearance. Due to this issue, some scholars such as Terry
Gunnell,
1261:
has been suggested to be an outcome of their intrinsically chaotic nature. Even within the same story, what seem like contradictions have been noted by scholars, prompting the proposal of a model that the otherworld where the
5414:
6354:
5404:
1147:
Cosmology in
Germanic mythology, as with other oral cultures, has many apparent contradictions when viewed from a naturalistic standpoint. Despite this, a system of motifs repeat when travelling to the
1942:), or other similar terms, in costumes traditionally made from a combination of animal skins, tattered clothes, seaweed, straw and sometimes featuring masks. Grýla is a female creature described in
1220:. Their lands of inhabitation are not restricted to this, also including forests, underground, and the shore. Sometimes they are referred to as living in specific geographical locations such as
6399:
5409:
246:. The usage of the terms is dynamic, with an overall trend that the beings become portrayed as less impressive and more negative as Christianity becomes more influential. Although the term "
5384:
1268:
dwell can be reached from a number of passages or boundaries that cannot be traversed under normal conditions, such as the mountains, darkness and "flickering flame" crossed by
5379:
4556:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5374:
5369:
5364:
3674:
4242:
923:, whereupon from his left armpit he sweated a male and a female, and his legs begat a son with one another. Together, these children became the ancestors of all other
4534:
6629:
3654:
5359:
1880:
stone). According to folklore, it awakens every New Year at midnight whereupon it visits the Loch of
Scockness to drink. Orcadian folklore also explains the
4261:
5354:
4848:
4778:
7075:
6419:
1181:
3694:
1920:
and consisted of two older boys dressing up as masked old women one night in
February and chasing smaller boys with ropes. Similar to this are the
6912:
5254:
4299:
1724:
5817:
3846:
5691:
4938:
739:
437:- 'strong, powerful, rich'. Several terms are used specifically to refer to female entities that fall into this wider category, including
295:
4527:
5512:
5507:
1681:
647:
7106:
6622:
6591:
6331:
6213:
4194:
3638:
3419:
3296:
3277:
2125:
688:, also including individuals with unusual or supernatural traits such as witches, abnormally strong, large or ugly people, ghosts and
1885:
5236:
4151:
4132:
4040:
4021:
3881:
Maraschi, Andrea (2020). "Taboo or Magic
Practice? Cannibalism as Identity Marker for Giants and Human Heroes in Medieval Iceland".
3544:
3400:
3381:
3357:
3334:
3699:
Old Norse
Mythology—Comparative Perspectives. Ed. Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, and Jens Peter Schjødt, with Amber J. Rose
1659:
3563:"Finding a place for old things: The role of pre-Norse features in constructing Norse conceptual landscapes in the Scottish Isles"
1818:, particularly as depicted in legendary sagas, combined with motifs from other European giants and are often interchangeable with
3663:
987:, after Ymir was killed, his body was wrought into the world and a sea surrounded it. The gods then gave the surviving families
4520:
4213:
4170:
3919:
3315:
5761:
7129:
6615:
4107:
Slade, Benjamin (2007). "Untydras ealle: Grendel, Cain, and V̥rtra: Indo-European śruti and
Christian sm̥rti in Beowulf".
2063:
1373:
is not clearly defined and they should be seen as different culturally rather than biologically, with some gods, such as
3857:
31:
1050:
show a clear division between "This World", pertaining to that of gods and men, and "The Other", which is inhabited by
7020:
7005:
6374:
1685:
281:
which can share some common features such as being turned to stone in the day and living on the periphery of society.
4928:
4838:
256:" and its apparent synonyms in some translations and academic texts, this is seen as problematic by some scholars as
4476:
642:
and typically portrayed as less intelligent, easier to outwit and more monstrous, as is common with giants in later
7035:
6541:
6531:
5639:
5539:
5046:
4808:
1255:, wherein the female beings may only be reached by crossing through water. The seemingly ununified location of the
749:
5771:
7155:
5696:
1841:, giants often enter into wagers involved in the building of churches which they later lose, as with the tale of
1621:
1100:
6980:
5564:
4565:
4318:
2029:
2020:
1998:
6094:
5676:
5649:
5644:
5584:
5559:
4758:
1719:
879:
4280:
1688:, the latter of which was directly associated with heathen practices. The post-Christian association between
1290:
6476:
4185:
1360:
977:
5346:
5264:
2058:
6299:
6231:
6221:
1391:. A common motif that often forms the core storyline of Eddic narratives is the unsuccessful attempts of
799:
6853:
6326:
5788:
5579:
605:'s partner while others are described as monstrous and having many heads. Some dwarfs are described as
4506:
3430:"Beowulf on Steorarume [Beowulf in Cyberspace]: Bilingual Edition (OE text & translation)"
555:
are beings typically with similar power to the gods and may also be referred to by the negative terms
6638:
6536:
5893:
4670:
4206:
The lore of the land: a guide to
England's legends, from Spring-heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys
1088:
1027:
993:
lands along the shore to settle, placing them in the periphery. Ymir's brows were then used to build
1864:
Some standing stones in northern Europe are explained as petrified giants such as the
Yetnasteen in
6901:
6881:
5701:
5435:
5294:
4788:
3931:"Borderland-stalkers and Stalking-horses Horse Sacrifice as Liminal Activity in the Early Iron Age"
1233:
1016:
763:
6389:
5589:
5206:
5191:
3562:
1113:
6975:
6109:
5131:
4543:
4079:
3993:
3898:
3813:
3648:
3610:
1913:
1902:
1869:
1491:
1207:
1199:
1092:
973:
785:
313:
138:
48:
7150:
6948:
6236:
6159:
6124:
6119:
5201:
5031:
4640:
4595:
1854:
1740:
3346:
1397:
to marry one of the goddesses, be it through either trickery or force. In contrast, the female
7030:
6995:
6749:
6708:
6678:
6596:
6586:
6445:
6409:
6059:
5798:
5081:
4209:
4190:
4166:
4147:
4128:
4071:
4036:
4017:
3985:
3952:
3915:
3842:
3805:
3726:
3634:
3602:
3540:
3519:
3415:
3412:
The Elder Eddas of
Saemund Sigfusson: Translated from the Original Old Norse Text Into English
3396:
3377:
3353:
3330:
3311:
3292:
3273:
2072:
1809:
1769:
1695:
1252:
959:
849:
643:
154:
39:
5837:
5706:
3772:"The Trollish Acts of Þorgrímr the Witch: The Meanings of Troll and Ergi in Medieval Iceland"
1596:
horse", while a group of wolves is referred to as "Gríðr's grey herd of horses". Wolf-riding
7055:
6919:
6810:
6785:
6316:
6029:
5574:
5529:
5289:
5146:
4971:
4728:
4570:
4180:
4063:
3977:
3942:
3890:
3664:"Grýla, Grýlur, "Grøleks" and Skeklers: Medieval Disguise Traditions in the North Atlantic?"
3594:
1418:
579:, where they are identified for causing strife to women. Descriptions of the appearance of
522:
91:
6164:
5686:
4223:
2117:
1294:
1273:
1069:
884:
7010:
6805:
6795:
6780:
6703:
6526:
5734:
5482:
4547:
2047:
1884:
as dancing giants who were turned to stone by the morning sun. This motif is also seen in
1881:
1541:
1047:
791:
716:
142:
6450:
6079:
6014:
5857:
5741:
5211:
5161:
5151:
5076:
1960:
who features in folklore throughout the North Atlantic islands settled by Scandinavians.
1894:
620:
3486:
1343:
662:
however in others the terms are used interchangeably, albeit with an overall trend that
6744:
6440:
6435:
6304:
6187:
6182:
6139:
6069:
6064:
5984:
5873:
5847:
5832:
5671:
5324:
5186:
5021:
4710:
4051:
2320:, pp. 59–66, 76–82, För Skírnis: Skírnir's journey, Hymiskvida: The song of Hymir.
1943:
1898:
1846:
1842:
1744:
1577:
1544:
1509:
1285:
present a constant threat to gods and humans, often leading them to confrontation with
1127:
330:
4853:
862:
and her apples of youth. He was later killed by the gods and his eyes made into stars.
7144:
7080:
6906:
6607:
6404:
6384:
6369:
6311:
6259:
6144:
6134:
6104:
6074:
6039:
6009:
5974:
5842:
5781:
5756:
5681:
5659:
5569:
5517:
5430:
5051:
4891:
4843:
4083:
3902:
3714:
3515:
Jǫtnar in War and Peace: the Jǫtnar in Old Norse mythology: their nature and function
1953:
1832:
1466:
1414:
1165:
361:('to eat') makes a relation between the two words likely. The words are cognate with
344:
220:
161:, although the groupings are not always mutually exclusive. The entities included in
44:
5041:
4986:
4625:
1849:. Ruins are also attributed to the works of both beings, as in the Old English poem
1670:
In later material composed during the Christian period such as the legendary sagas,
1444:
1135:
1035:
6226:
5554:
4512:
4120:
3930:
3373:
1625:
984:
898:
827:
712:
639:
526:
6129:
6089:
5969:
5954:
5594:
5475:
5309:
5299:
5071:
4996:
4923:
4705:
4645:
4457:
3981:
2926:
1723:, in which religion prevents her from being with the hero, and the legendary saga
1617:
1555:
1410:
845:
265:
The terms for the beings also have cognates in later folklore such as the English
3836:
3367:
6925:
6895:
6815:
6688:
6455:
6394:
6364:
6274:
6241:
6114:
6084:
6044:
6024:
6004:
5979:
5908:
5898:
5803:
5440:
5126:
5036:
5001:
4991:
4956:
3832:
1593:
1523:
1302:
1104:
1024:
920:
908:
831:
777:
707:
534:
321:
294:
118:
1755:, held in local folklore to be a giant or jötunn that has been turned to stone.
1562:
who live there or a herdsman of the wolves. Wolves are also taken as mounts by
6935:
6930:
6867:
6860:
6561:
6281:
6177:
6169:
6049:
5994:
5949:
5944:
5929:
5746:
5445:
5086:
5011:
5006:
4961:
3715:"Contradictory cosmology in Old Norse myth and religion – but still a system?"
3523:
2011:
1957:
1462:
1269:
1155:
1066:
937:
916:
689:
576:
363:
5666:
5181:
4630:
4075:
3989:
3956:
3809:
3730:
3606:
1452:
1225:
830:, Jörð is "n Æsir goddess, even though she is also called a giantess"; while
815:
7111:
7025:
6739:
6516:
6321:
6289:
6199:
6154:
6054:
5903:
5888:
5629:
5492:
5111:
5061:
5056:
4976:
3533:"Mytologiska rum och eskatologiska föreställningar i det vikingatida Norden"
1981:
1909:
1858:
1711:
is described as having a "heathen soul" and "heathenish hand-spurs". Female
1635:
1573:
1477:
1461:, they appear to be fully incorporated into the gods and are referred to as
1356:
953:
947:
530:
387:
341:
217:
typically dwell across boundaries from the gods and humans in lands such as
78:
58:
6663:
6521:
6194:
5883:
5776:
5284:
5274:
5244:
5221:
4793:
4680:
3513:
1319:
respectively. Nonetheless, Thor also has a positive relationship with some
616:
4501:
3894:
3395:. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press.
1329:, who provide magical items and council that enable him to overcome other
7070:
7065:
7000:
6985:
6566:
6551:
6501:
6486:
6379:
6149:
6034:
5999:
5964:
5878:
5793:
5751:
5654:
5624:
5604:
5524:
5259:
5196:
5176:
5171:
5096:
5091:
5026:
4908:
4828:
4823:
4768:
4753:
4665:
4635:
4620:
4610:
4484:
3947:
3448:
2885:
2883:
2762:
2760:
1931:
1925:
1850:
1649:
1645:
1589:
1581:
1576:, the latter of which using snakes as reins. This is further attested in
1470:
1435:
1431:
1403:
1245:
which has been noted by scholars to closely resemble the fight between a
1195:
1191:
1131:
1123:
1039:
912:
859:
855:
841:
837:
805:
745:
598:
429:
4417:
3817:
3797:
3429:
2747:
2745:
2743:
1717:
are explicitly described as being heathen in some later sources such as
7015:
6970:
6941:
6874:
6836:
6759:
6653:
6511:
6359:
6099:
6019:
5989:
5934:
5852:
5729:
5609:
5599:
5465:
5460:
5279:
5249:
4951:
4946:
4903:
4763:
4720:
4700:
4655:
4615:
4587:
4067:
3997:
3965:
3614:
3582:
2002:
1985:
1975:
1735:
1708:
1699:
1312:
1242:
1229:
1221:
1021:
994:
963:
933:
848:. Goddess associated with skiing and claimed as a mythical ancestor of
771:
759:
306:
242:
146:
17:
972:
being killed in an ancient flood and has been proposed to derive from
7045:
6775:
6754:
6729:
6673:
5959:
5924:
5634:
5544:
5534:
5487:
5329:
5269:
4981:
4918:
4881:
4833:
4748:
1921:
1865:
1819:
1752:
1748:
1676:
are often portrayed as uncivilised and cannibalistic. In the case of
1569:
1537:
1481:
1316:
1073:
1059:
A common motif is the journeying to obtain secret knowledge from the
767:
57:
riding on a wolf with vipers as reins, which has been proposed to be
6698:
6355:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
5470:
5314:
5116:
4863:
4858:
4798:
4690:
4243:"Thrispin Gate, Thrispin Head :: Survey of English Place-Names"
3746:
3598:
2555:
2553:
1516:
in the forms of wolves and from whom are descended all wolves. This
1355:") — the traditional protector of southwestern Iceland—appears as a
682:
has a much wider semantic scope in Old Norse literature than solely
409:
374:
3771:
3695:"Blótgyðjur, Goðar, Mimi, Incest, and Wagons: Oral Memories of the"
3532:
706:
are often translated into Modern English as "giant" or "giantess".
414:'devil, evil spirit' derive from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun
7060:
7050:
6990:
6820:
6734:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6556:
6546:
6506:
6496:
6491:
6414:
5939:
5766:
5711:
5619:
5614:
5549:
5497:
5450:
5334:
5319:
5216:
5166:
5156:
5136:
5121:
5106:
5101:
5066:
5016:
4966:
4913:
4896:
4886:
4873:
4818:
4803:
4743:
4738:
4660:
4605:
4600:
3327:
Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra = The saga of Illugi, Gríður's foster-son
2041:
1773:
1759:
1585:
1473:
1448:
1427:
1342:
1326:
1116:
whereupon they engage in a wisdom contest. He also travels to the
1015:
753:
612:
602:
558:
546:
293:
247:
190:
150:
38:
3798:"Old Norse Cultural Influence in the Work of Christina M. Costie"
7090:
7085:
7040:
6965:
6888:
6713:
6693:
6481:
6460:
6294:
6267:
5724:
5719:
5455:
5304:
5226:
5141:
4783:
4773:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4650:
4437:
4397:
2053:
1994:
1533:
1407:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1298:
1286:
1237:
1031:
967:
950:
and his family, who survive this event by way of sailing upon a
894:
865:
823:
819:
809:
781:
516:
504:
403:
324:
299:
235:
131:
123:
6611:
4516:
1638:(eagle-guise) who creates the wind by beating his wings. Other
6790:
5502:
4813:
4733:
3838:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
3631:
Following the formula in Beowulf, Örvar-Odds saga, and Tolkien
234:
are frequently attested throughout the Old Norse record, with
158:
100:
4163:
Sharing story: Medieval Norse-English literary relationships
4102:. Taishukan for the Japan Science Society. pp. 170–171.
1928:
popular customs of dressing up as giantesses referred to as
1417:, she later had children with Odin, from whom kings such as
834:
claims, "Jörd must have been a giantess in the beginning."
818:, possibly a jötunn at one period of time and the mother of
623:, the eponymous dwarf is noted for having the likeness of a
529:, with the words being used to describe the being in either
2528:
2526:
1198:
live in mountains, which is further reflected in the terms
3487:"The Ruin, Old English Poetry Project, Rutgers University"
1727:, in which she must be baptised before marrying the hero.
106:
3537:
Ordning mot kaos: Studier av nordisk förkristen kosmologi
1130:, which imparts skill in poetry to any who drink it. The
97:
3467:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2259:
2257:
5405:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
4377:
3014:
3012:
2489:
2487:
2351:
2349:
2347:
1168:
which is at points located in the North or East and in
1138:
prophecy to Óðinn, while not explicitly described as a
4337:
2682:, pp. 5–14, Völuspá: The prophecy of the seeress.
2378:
2376:
2050:– a comparable class of beings in Islamic-Persian lore
591:
is described as having the form of a man. Some female
1558:
who has been interpreted as either a guardian of the
109:
3518:. University of Iceland, School of Social Sciences.
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
422:
415:
380:
355:
348:
334:
103:
7099:
6958:
6845:
6829:
6768:
6722:
6646:
6579:
6469:
6428:
6347:
6340:
6250:
6212:
5917:
5866:
5825:
5816:
5423:
5345:
5235:
4937:
4872:
4719:
4586:
4563:
4357:
4319:"Trusey Hill :: Survey of English Place-Names"
4300:"Thursgill ' :: Survey of English Place-Names"
4262:"Thruss Pits :: Survey of English Place-Names"
2044:– a comparable class of deities in Indian mythology
1099:) so that he does not forget it. In the Eddic poem
901:elaborates on this, describing that the primordial
482:are also found in Old Norse compound words such as
94:
3966:"Giants in Folklore and Mythology: A New Approach"
3345:
2284:
2075:– a comparable class of deities in Greek mythology
1034:in the form of an eagle (note the eagle's beard),
165:are referred to by several other terms, including
30:"Frost giant" redirects here. For other uses, see
4281:"Thursgill :: Survey of English Place-Names"
719:either anglicise or leave untranslated terms for
367:, an archaic word for a type of being. Old Norse
3352:(1 ed.). Manchester: The University Press.
3329:. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
1905:until the sun rises and she is turned to stone.
3789:Identifying the Ogre, The Legendary Saga Giants
1947:
1889:
1834:
1826:
1813:
1763:
1712:
1703:
1689:
1671:
1653:
1639:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1563:
1527:
1517:
1503:
1485:
1456:
1439:
1422:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1368:
1330:
1320:
1306:
1280:
1263:
1256:
1246:
1228:. These motifs are also seen in the section of
1215:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1117:
1108:
1082:
1077:
1060:
1051:
998:
988:
951:
941:
924:
902:
888:
730:
720:
701:
683:
677:
669:
663:
657:
651:
633:
624:
606:
592:
586:
580:
570:
564:
556:
550:
510:
498:
489:
483:
477:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
397:
396:'enormous' is likely also connected. Old Norse
391:
368:
257:
251:
229:
218:
212:
205:
197:
188:
182:
175:
167:
83:
67:
52:
4050:Salus, Peter H.; Taylor, Paul Beekman (1969).
1912:tradition of Gyro Night derives its name from
432:
379:derive from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun
6623:
4528:
2394:
1937:
1929:
1803:
1797:
907:Ymir formed in the warm waters that arose in
668:have begun to be seen negatively relative to
585:are uncommon; however, the progenitor of the
276:
8:
4481:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
2805:, pp. 14–15, Ynglinga saga, Chapter 12.
1791:
270:
240:also featuring in the Old English epic poem
6257:
4557:Mythological Norse people, items and places
4189:(Rev., 2nd ed.). Tempe, Ariz.: ACMRS.
2874:
2838:
2679:
2317:
1845:who is attributed with the construction of
1652:are able to become eagles by wearing their
145:, they are often contrasted with gods (the
6630:
6616:
6608:
6344:
5822:
4583:
4535:
4521:
4513:
4016:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press.
3912:Meeting the other in Norse myth and legend
3653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2442:
1087:to obtain understanding of the lineage of
597:are described as being beautiful, such as
77:; in the normalised scholarly spelling of
5355:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
4165:. New York: AMS Press. pp. 123–137.
3946:
3234:
2943:
2889:
2766:
2751:
2722:
2619:
2595:
2559:
2367:
2305:
2263:
2103:
2101:
1946:as having fifteen tails, and listed as a
541:Appearance, connotations and distinctions
3914:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: D.S. Brewer.
3150:
3102:
3018:
2979:
2967:
1734:
1547:who become enemies of the gods. Also in
1325:, such as Gríðr and the unnamed wife of
919:. He lay there asleep, fed by milk from
4224:"Key to English Place-names, Thursford"
3858:"Solitary Colossi and Not-So-Small Men"
3246:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3174:
3162:
3138:
3066:
3054:
3042:
2901:
2826:
2544:
2224:
2085:
1434:, who are the claimed ancestors of the
756:. Usually regarded as an earth-goddess.
632:As the influence of Christianity grew,
428:, which is etymologically connected to
347:says that semantic connections between
250:" is sometimes used to gloss the word "
153:) and other non-human figures, such as
6913:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
3646:
3114:
3090:
2850:
2631:
2583:
2418:
2382:
521:have been equated by scholars such as
4127:. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6.
3929:Monikander, Anne (28 December 2006).
3369:The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore
3186:
2955:
2913:
2862:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2710:
2691:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2607:
2571:
2532:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2430:
2406:
2355:
2248:
2236:
2188:
1684:they specifically eat both human and
1469:. Consistent with this, reference to
421:, itself derived from Proto-Germanic
7:
3126:
3078:
2338:
2212:
2200:
1580:in which "wolf" is described by the
1174:can only be reached by air, however
27:Race of beings in Germanic mythology
5415:named weapons, armour and treasures
4052:"Eikinskjaldi, Fjalarr, And Eggþér"
4033:Dictionary of Norse myth and legend
3680:from the original on 9 October 2022
3491:oldenglishpoetry.camden.rutgers.edu
2991:
2734:
808:, a jötunn champion who challenged
725:in translations and academic work.
262:are not necessarily notably large.
6592:Heathenry (new religious movement)
4125:A Dictionary of Northern Mythology
3583:"Scandinavian Folklore in Britain"
2927:"Skáldskaparmál – heimskringla.no"
2164:
1214:(mountain dweller), a kenning for
932:Later, he was killed by the first
577:Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems
285:Origin, appearance and terminology
25:
4144:Icelandic folktales & legends
3862:Arv – Nordic Yearbook of Folklore
3587:Journal of the Folklore Institute
3581:Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis (1970).
3030:
3003:
2092:
1812:, giants often share traits with
1662:who has hands like eagle talons.
1658:, or resemble them like Griðr in
1367:The distinction between gods and
1056:and beings associated with them.
740:List of jötnar in Norse mythology
7125:
7124:
5255:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
4500:
4146:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Tempus.
2176:
1762:with names cognate to terms for
1480:and toponyms such as Skedevi in
1091:, and the "ale of remembrance" (
1038:holding the mead of poetry, and
494:("rime-þurs", or "frost-þurs").
90:
4483:. 21 April 2018. Archived from
3376:. London: Penguin Books. 2011.
2892:, pp. 147–171, Chapter 10.
2769:, pp. 172–180, Chapter 11.
2128:from the original on 7 May 2021
1455:. In the cases when gods marry
1413:as a husband. According to the
1003:due to their known aggression.
868:, the progenitor of the jötnar.
762:, an eoten who, along with his
646:. In some later sagas, such as
5692:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
3512:Ásdísardóttir, Ingunn (2018).
3449:"Nafnaþulur – heimskringla.no"
3291:. Toronto: Coach House Books.
2754:, pp. 109–125, Chapter 8.
2725:, pp. 109–110, Chapter 8.
1853:and the aetiological story of
1484:suggests that despite being a
940:of Ymir's blood, in which all
858:, a jötunn who once kidnapped
1:
4266:Survey of English Place-Names
4161:Taylor, Paul Beekman (1998).
3982:10.1080/0015587X.1982.9716221
3802:Journal of the North Atlantic
3747:""Where Do the Giants Live?""
1839:who built the wall of Ásgarðr
1498:Association with wild animals
51:that is believed to depict a
4142:Simpson, Jacqueline (2004).
3272:. Digireads.com Publishing.
3268:Bellows, Henry Adam (2018).
1868:which derives its name from
1339:Ancestors of gods and humans
1297:tell that if it was not for
958:. This has been linked to a
794:, sisters who turn the mill
32:Frost Giant (disambiguation)
5762:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
4204:Westwood, Jennifer (2006).
3935:Current Swedish Archaeology
3841:. Oxford University Press.
3796:Ljosland, Ragnhild (2013).
2622:, pp. 1–10, Chapter 1.
2122:Online Etymology Dictionary
1608:("riders in the night") or
433:
7172:
6429:Festivals and holy periods
4100:Sophia Lectures on Beowulf
3787:Jakobsson, Ármann (2009).
3770:Jakobsson, Ármann (2008).
3751:Arkiv för nordisk filologi
3745:Jakobsson, Ármann (2006).
3391:Sturluson, Snorri (2018).
1770:Northern European folklore
1725:Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns
1702:, in which the man-eating
1682:Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra
1232:concerning the fight with
915:was melted by the heat of
737:
656:are clearly distinct from
219:
29:
7120:
5697:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
5410:named animals and plants
4554:
3410:Thorpe, Benjamin (2010).
3348:Three Old English Elegies
3325:Lavender, Philip (2015).
1984:(Þyrs ford) – Village in
1968:Place-names derived from
1886:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
1522:has been suggested to be
1385:being the descendants of
1180:are also found South and
1144:but was raised by them.
575:is also described in the
386:. Orel observes that the
6981:Early Germanic calendars
5518:Black elves (Svartálfar)
4462:Old Icelandic Dictionary
4098:Schneider, Karl (1986).
3910:McKinnell, John (2005).
2958:, pp. 304, 314–315.
2781:, pp. 78, 240, 316.
2030:East Riding of Yorkshire
2021:West Riding of Yorkshire
2019:(Þurs fen) – Wetland in
1999:West Riding of Yorkshire
1720:Orms þáttr Stórólfssonar
1660:Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra
1490:, she was worshipped in
1438:. Odin also seduces the
997:and protect it from the
569:. The harmful nature of
488:, ("mountain-risi") and
137:) is a type of being in
6647:Gods and divine figures
6400:Sacred trees and groves
5640:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
5513:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
4186:Beowulf and the critics
3693:Gunnell, Terry (2018).
3662:Gunnell, Terry (2001).
2875:Salus & Taylor 1969
2547:, Hyndluljóð, stanza 5.
1948:
1917:
1890:
1873:
1835:
1827:
1814:
1764:
1713:
1704:
1696:pre-Christian practices
1690:
1678:Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
1672:
1654:
1640:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1564:
1528:
1518:
1504:
1486:
1457:
1440:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1369:
1361:coat of arms of Iceland
1331:
1321:
1307:
1281:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1061:
1052:
1012:Position as the "Other"
999:
989:
978:Indo-European mythology
968:
952:
942:
925:
903:
889:
780:, the jötunn father of
770:before being killed by
731:
721:
702:
684:
678:
670:
664:
658:
652:
648:Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
634:
625:
607:
593:
587:
581:
571:
565:
557:
551:
517:
511:
505:
499:
490:
484:
478:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
424:
417:
410:
404:
398:
392:
382:
375:
369:
357:
350:
336:
325:
317:
300:
258:
252:
236:
230:
213:
206:
198:
189:
183:
176:
168:
132:
124:
84:
68:
53:
6258:
5508:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
5157:Narfi (father of Nott)
4031:Orchard, Andy (1997).
3856:Lummer, Felix (2021).
3531:Brink, Stefan (2004).
3306:Laing, Samuel (1961).
3287:Dodds, Jeramy (2015).
2994:, Chapters 8 & 14.
2285:Wikisource, Rune poems
2066:Dungeons & Dragons
2059:Giants (Marvel Comics)
2028:(Þyrs hill) – Hill in
2010:(Þyrs pit) – Field in
1938:
1930:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1772:, such as the English
1756:
1508:who dwell in the wood
1364:
1043:
1030:is believed to depict
766:, ravages the hall of
408:, and Old High German
362:
310:
277:
271:
62:
6868:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
6854:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5650:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
4929:Sister-wife of Njörðr
4323:epns.nottingham.ac.uk
4304:epns.nottingham.ac.uk
4285:epns.nottingham.ac.uk
4247:epns.nottingham.ac.uk
4228:kepn.nottingham.ac.uk
3895:10.1353/pgn.2020.0056
3713:Heide, Eldar (2014).
3629:Fox, Michael (2020).
3561:Clarke, Jake (2020).
3344:Leslie, R.F. (1961).
1738:
1346:
1206:(mountain risar) and
1019:
1007:Attributes and themes
738:Further information:
304:in the manuscript of
297:
42:
7100:Modern pagan revival
7076:Wetlands and islands
6926:Old English language
6639:Anglo-Saxon paganism
6420:Wetlands and islands
5540:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
4509:at Wikimedia Commons
3964:Motz, Lotte (1982).
3948:10.37718/CSA.2006.07
3633:. Cham. p. 30.
2982:, pp. 3, 11–13.
2275:Dickins (1915:28–33)
2239:, pp. 107, 334.
2155:Orel (2003:429–430).
1421:were descended. The
966:which describes the
883:(found in the poem "
798:to produce gold and
373:and Old High German
354:with Proto-Germanic
6959:Society and culture
6902:Finnesburg Fragment
6882:De temporum ratione
5702:Narfi (son of Loki)
4849:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
4344:. 18 September 2019
4208:. London: Penguin.
4035:. London: Cassell.
3539:: S. 291–316: ill.
3414:. Forgotten Books.
3165:, pp. 102–104.
2817:, pp. 240–245.
2670:, pp. 208–210.
2658:, pp. 344–345.
2646:, pp. 169–170.
2598:, pp. 170–171.
2535:, pp. 377–378.
2520:, pp. 314–315.
2508:, pp. 286–287.
2481:, pp. 161–163.
2445:, pp. 145–146.
1768:are found in later
1602:are referred to as
1536:the monstrous wolf
1311:would soon overrun
1251:and Grettir in his
1048:Old Norse mythology
962:on a sword hilt in
873:Mythological origin
696:Glossing as "giant"
329:developed from the
290:Terms and etymology
6348:Religious practice
6322:Old Norse language
5789:Váli (son of Loki)
5677:Líf and Lífthrasir
5585:Árvakr and Alsviðr
5580:Horses of the Æsir
5560:Hati Hróðvitnisson
4701:Váli (son of Odin)
4544:Old Norse religion
4068:10.1007/BF01511692
4012:Muir, Tom (2014).
3673:. pp. 32–54.
2395:Ásdísardóttir 2018
1903:Helgi Hundingsbane
1757:
1622:Vafþrúðnismál (37)
1492:Old Norse religion
1365:
1279:In Eddic sources,
1044:
880:Völuspá hin skamma
844:and later wife of
311:
139:Germanic mythology
63:
49:Hunnestad Monument
7138:
7137:
6996:Germanic paganism
6750:Hengist and Horsa
6709:Wayland the Smith
6605:
6604:
6597:Nordic Bronze Age
6587:Germanic paganism
6575:
6574:
6446:Germanic calendar
6410:Temple at Uppsala
6208:
6207:
5812:
5811:
5772:Þjálfi and Röskva
5716:Personifications
4579:and other figures
4505:Media related to
4487:on 21 April 2018.
4444:. 1 December 2022
4181:Tolkien, J. R. R.
4014:Orkney folk tales
3848:978-0-19-983969-8
3129:, pp. 34–35.
3093:, pp. 23–27.
3069:, pp. 48–49.
2946:, Skáldskaparmál.
2865:, pp. 69–70.
2634:, pp. 57–85.
2610:, pp. 18–21.
2341:, pp. 70–84.
1810:Germanic folklore
1626:Gylfaginning (18)
1614:("dusk riders").
1406:chooses the male
1028:Stora Hammars III
960:runic inscription
936:, resulting in a
911:when the rime of
850:Haakon Sigurdsson
644:Germanic folklore
16:(Redirected from
7163:
7156:Types of deities
7128:
7127:
6920:Nine Herbs Charm
6632:
6625:
6618:
6609:
6345:
6263:
6030:Grove of fetters
5823:
5530:Fjalar (rooster)
5290:Fjalar and Galar
4584:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4504:
4488:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4424:. 8 January 2022
4413:
4411:
4409:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4384:. 8 January 2022
4373:
4371:
4369:
4364:. 5 October 2019
4353:
4351:
4349:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4200:
4176:
4157:
4138:
4116:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4046:
4027:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3960:
3950:
3925:
3906:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3852:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3792:
3783:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3721:(in Norwegian).
3709:
3707:
3705:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3593:(2/3): 177–186.
3577:
3575:
3573:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3527:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3406:
3387:
3372:. Translated by
3363:
3351:
3340:
3321:
3310:. London: Dent.
3302:
3283:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3177:, p. 32-54.
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2680:Orchard tr. 2011
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2318:Orchard tr. 2011
2315:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:Orel (2003:472).
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2090:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1893:
1838:
1830:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1767:
1716:
1707:
1698:is also seen in
1693:
1675:
1657:
1643:
1633:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1567:
1531:
1521:
1507:
1489:
1460:
1443:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1372:
1334:
1324:
1310:
1284:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1219:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1121:
1112:
1086:
1081:
1064:
1055:
1046:Most stories in
1002:
992:
971:
957:
945:
928:
906:
892:
840:, a daughter of
748:, a daughter of
734:
724:
705:
687:
681:
673:
667:
661:
655:
637:
628:
610:
596:
590:
584:
574:
568:
562:
554:
523:J. R. R. Tolkien
520:
514:
508:
502:
493:
487:
481:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
427:
420:
413:
407:
401:
395:
385:
378:
372:
360:
353:
339:
328:
303:
280:
274:
261:
255:
239:
233:
224:
223:
216:
209:
201:
194:
186:
179:
171:
135:
127:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
87:
71:
56:
21:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7116:
7095:
7021:Metrical charms
6954:
6841:
6825:
6764:
6718:
6642:
6636:
6606:
6601:
6571:
6527:Norse cosmology
6465:
6424:
6336:
6332:Later influence
6246:
6204:
5918:Other locations
5913:
5862:
5808:
5735:Sumarr and Vetr
5419:
5341:
5231:
5032:Gjálp and Greip
4933:
4868:
4715:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4497:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4216:
4203:
4197:
4179:
4173:
4160:
4154:
4141:
4135:
4119:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4049:
4043:
4030:
4024:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3963:
3928:
3922:
3909:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3795:
3786:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3712:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3599:10.2307/3813871
3580:
3571:
3569:
3567:Lund University
3560:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3530:
3511:
3508:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3453:heimskringla.no
3447:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3409:
3403:
3390:
3384:
3366:
3360:
3343:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3305:
3299:
3289:The poetic Edda
3286:
3280:
3270:The poetic Edda
3267:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2931:heimskringla.no
2925:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2839:Nafnaþulur (ON)
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:, Gylfaginning.
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2443:Monikander 2006
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
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2324:
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2312:
2304:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:Orel (2003:86).
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2038:
1993:(Þurs' gill) –
1966:
1956:section of the
1888:, in which the
1882:Ring of Brodgar
1855:Wade's Causeway
1733:
1731:Modern folklore
1668:
1532:who begat with
1512:is a mother of
1500:
1341:
1122:to obtain from
1107:travels to the
1076:travels to the
1014:
1009:
946:drowned except
877:In a stanza of
875:
826:. According to
792:Fenja and Menja
742:
736:
717:Benjamin Thorpe
698:
543:
333:masculine noun
292:
287:
211:if female. The
143:Norse mythology
93:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7169:
7167:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6786:Dwarf (Dweorh)
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6723:Heroic figures
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6612:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6222:Æsir–Vanir War
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6060:Hoddmímis holt
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:Körmt and Örmt
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5325:Sons of Ivaldi
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Móði and Magni
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4496:
4495:External links
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4473:
4454:
4434:
4414:
4404:. 2 March 2022
4394:
4374:
4354:
4334:
4315:
4296:
4277:
4258:
4220:
4214:
4201:
4196:978-0866984508
4195:
4177:
4171:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4104:
4095:
4047:
4041:
4028:
4022:
4009:
3961:
3926:
3920:
3907:
3878:
3853:
3847:
3829:
3793:
3784:
3767:
3742:
3710:
3690:
3671:notendur.hi.is
3659:
3640:978-3030481360
3639:
3626:
3578:
3558:
3545:
3528:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3483:
3464:
3445:
3426:
3421:978-1440066078
3420:
3407:
3401:
3393:The Prose Edda
3388:
3382:
3364:
3358:
3341:
3335:
3322:
3316:
3303:
3298:978-1552452967
3297:
3284:
3279:978-1420957051
3278:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3153:, p. 180.
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2944:Sturluson 2018
2936:
2918:
2916:, p. 158.
2906:
2894:
2890:McKinnell 2005
2879:
2867:
2855:
2853:, p. 204.
2843:
2831:
2829:, p. 121.
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2767:McKinnell 2005
2756:
2752:McKinnell 2005
2739:
2727:
2723:McKinnell 2005
2715:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2620:McKinnell 2005
2612:
2600:
2596:Schneider 1986
2588:
2576:
2574:, p. 377.
2564:
2560:Sturluson 2018
2549:
2537:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2496:, p. 179.
2483:
2471:
2469:, p. 120.
2459:
2447:
2435:
2433:, p. 105.
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2372:
2368:Jakobsson 2008
2360:
2358:, p. 107.
2343:
2322:
2310:
2306:Jakobsson 2006
2289:
2277:
2268:
2264:Jakobsson 2009
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2109:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1988:
1965:
1962:
1944:Sturlunga saga
1847:Lund Cathedral
1745:standing stone
1732:
1729:
1667:
1664:
1578:skaldic poetry
1499:
1496:
1340:
1337:
1253:eponymous saga
1134:who tells the
1128:Mead of poetry
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
874:
871:
870:
869:
863:
853:
835:
813:
803:
789:
775:
757:
735:
727:
697:
694:
542:
539:
537:respectively.
402:, Old English
331:Proto-Germanic
291:
288:
286:
283:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7168:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7131:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:Wilweorthunga
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:Franks Casket
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:and mythology
6640:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6621:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Öndvegissúlur
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:Heitstrenging
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:Völsung Cycle
6315:
6313:
6312:Tyrfing Cycle
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:Gesta Danorum
6256:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Fróði's Peace
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:Shield-maiden
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:Ask and Embla
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Ingunar-Freyr
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4153:9780752430454
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4134:9780859915137
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:Simek, Rudolf
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:Neophilologus
4053:
4048:
4044:
4042:9780304345205
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4023:9780752499055
4019:
4015:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:Maal og Minne
3716:
3711:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3548:
3546:9789189116634
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3402:9780344335013
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3383:9780141393728
3379:
3375:
3374:Orchard, Andy
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3359:9780859891844
3355:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3336:9780903521918
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3235:Thrispin Head
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:Davidson 1970
3147:
3144:
3141:, p. 11.
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:Ljosland 2013
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:, p. 81.
3056:
3051:
3048:
3045:, p. 16.
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:Westwood 2006
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:Maraschi 2020
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:Lavender 2015
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2793:, p. 91.
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:, p. 30.
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2457:, p. 78.
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:, p. 33.
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:Thrispin Head
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:engages in a
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:venomous worm
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:also marries
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1415:Ynglinga saga
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1101:Vafþrúðnismál
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
983:According to
981:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
956:
955:
949:
944:
939:
935:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
893:descend from
891:
886:
882:
881:
872:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
804:
801:
800:Fróði's Peace
797:
793:
790:
787:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
743:
741:
733:
728:
726:
723:
718:
714:
709:
704:
695:
693:
691:
686:
680:
675:
672:
666:
660:
654:
649:
645:
641:
636:
630:
627:
622:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
595:
589:
583:
578:
573:
567:
561:
560:
553:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
513:
507:
501:
497:The cognates
495:
492:
486:
480:
474:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
431:
426:
419:
412:
406:
400:
394:
389:
384:
377:
371:
366:
365:
359:
352:
346:
345:Vladimir Orel
343:
338:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
308:
302:
296:
289:
284:
282:
279:
273:
268:
263:
260:
254:
249:
245:
244:
238:
232:
226:
222:
215:
210:
208:
202:
200:
193:
192:
185:
180:
178:
172:
170:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
128:
126:
120:
114:
88:
86:
80:
76:
72:
70:
60:
55:
50:
46:
45:picture stone
43:10th-century
41:
37:
33:
19:
6949:Wið færstice
6947:
6940:
6918:
6911:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6800:
6769:Other beings
6280:
6273:
6266:
6237:Hjaðningavíg
6015:Glæsisvellir
5555:Gullinbursti
5202:Útgarða-Loki
4596:Almáttki áss
4574:
4485:the original
4480:
4465:. Retrieved
4461:
4446:. Retrieved
4441:
4426:. Retrieved
4421:
4406:. Retrieved
4401:
4386:. Retrieved
4381:
4366:. Retrieved
4361:
4346:. Retrieved
4341:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:
4269:. Retrieved
4265:
4250:. Retrieved
4246:
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4205:
4184:
4162:
4143:
4124:
4112:
4109:In Geardagum
4108:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4062:(1): 76–81.
4059:
4055:
4032:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3976:(1): 70–84.
3973:
3969:
3938:
3934:
3911:
3886:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3865:
3861:
3837:
3833:Lindow, John
3821:. Retrieved
3801:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3759:. Retrieved
3754:
3750:
3734:. Retrieved
3722:
3718:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:
3682:. Retrieved
3670:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3590:
3586:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3550:. Retrieved
3536:
3514:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:
3468:"Rune poems"
3456:. Retrieved
3452:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:
3411:
3392:
3368:
3347:
3326:
3308:Heimskringla
3307:
3288:
3269:
3257:Bibliography
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3175:Gunnell 2001
3170:
3163:Simpson 2004
3158:
3146:
3139:Orchard 1997
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3067:Simpson 2004
3062:
3055:Simpson 2004
3050:
3043:Simpson 2004
3038:
3026:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2909:
2902:Bellows 2018
2897:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2827:Gunnell 2018
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2730:
2718:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2586:, Chapter 8.
2579:
2567:
2545:Bellows 2018
2540:
2513:
2501:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2409:, p. 9.
2402:
2390:
2385:, p. 2.
2363:
2313:
2280:
2271:
2244:
2232:
2225:Tolkien 2011
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2088:
2065:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1990:
1974:
1972:or cognate:
1969:
1967:
1907:
1877:
1874:Jǫtna-steinn
1863:
1833:tale of the
1824:
1802:and Finnish
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1758:
1718:
1677:
1669:
1666:Demonisation
1616:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1513:
1501:
1451:and marries
1366:
1352:
1348:
1291:Hárbarðsljóð
1278:
1182:across water
1146:
1058:
1045:
985:Gylfaginning
982:
931:
899:Gylfaginning
878:
876:
828:Rudolf Simek
795:
752:and wife of
713:Jeramy Dodds
699:
676:
631:
544:
527:Rudolf Simek
496:
475:
312:
305:
275:and Finnish
266:
264:
241:
227:
204:
196:
195:if male and
174:
166:
162:
130:
122:
82:
74:
66:
64:
36:
6896:Ealuscerwen
6837:Middangeard
6801:Eoten/Thurs
6395:Reginnaglar
6327:Orthography
6300:Jómsvíkinga
6275:Poetic Edda
6188:Urðarbrunnr
6183:Mímisbrunnr
6115:Singasteinn
6045:Hindarfjall
6025:Gnipahellir
6005:Ginnungagap
5980:Fyrisvellir
5975:Fornsigtuna
5909:Vimur River
5899:Slidr River
5672:Jörmungandr
5082:Hrímgrímnir
4711:Vili and Vé
4458:"Trollkona"
3941:: 143–158.
3889:(1): 1–25.
3804:: 177–188.
3247:Trusey Hill
3223:Thruss Pits
3211:Thursgill_b
3199:Thursgill_a
3115:Clarke 2020
3091:Leslie 1961
2851:Lindow 2002
2632:Lummer 2021
2584:Taylor 1998
2419:Thorpe 2010
2383:Lindow 2002
2026:Trusey Hill
2008:Thruss Pits
2001:, field in
1843:Jätten Finn
1620:is told in
1551:dwells the
1545:Jörmungandr
1502:One of the
1351:("mountain
1025:image stone
909:Ginnungagap
832:John Lindow
708:John Lindow
619:, while in
535:Old English
342:Philologist
322:Old English
119:Old English
7145:Categories
6936:Sutton Hoo
6931:Spong Hill
6562:Viking Age
6537:Philosophy
6405:Sonargöltr
6290:Runestones
6282:Prose Edda
6227:Fimbulvetr
6178:Hvergelmir
6145:Valaskjálf
6105:Sessrúmnir
6075:Jötunheimr
6050:Hlidskjalf
6040:Himinbjörg
6010:Glaðsheimr
5995:Gastropnir
5950:Bilskirnir
5930:Amsvartnir
5843:Gjallarbrú
5826:Underworld
5782:Landvættir
5682:Loddfáfnir
5660:Svaðilfari
5645:Hófvarpnir
5590:Blóðughófi
5570:Hildisvíni
5446:Aurvandill
5207:Vafþrúðnir
5192:Þrúðgelmir
5052:Harðgreipr
4448:27 January
4442:Wiktionary
4422:Wiktionary
4402:Wiktionary
4398:"hrímþurs"
4382:Wiktionary
4362:Wiktionary
4342:Wiktionary
4338:"bergrisi"
4215:0141021039
4172:0404641652
3921:1843840421
3868:(1): 57–85
3524:1113408226
3472:Wikisource
3317:0460008471
2956:Simek 2008
2914:Simek 2008
2863:Simek 2008
2815:Simek 2008
2803:Laing 1961
2791:Simek 2008
2779:Simek 2008
2711:Heide 2014
2692:Brink 2004
2668:Simek 2008
2656:Simek 2008
2644:Simek 2008
2608:Slade 2007
2572:Simek 2008
2533:Simek 2008
2518:Simek 2008
2506:Simek 2008
2494:Simek 2008
2479:Simek 2008
2467:Simek 2008
2455:Simek 2008
2431:Simek 2008
2407:Dodds 2015
2356:Simek 2008
2249:Simek 2008
2237:Simek 2008
2012:Derbyshire
1958:Prose Edda
1954:Nafnaþulur
1926:Shetlandic
1796:, Swedish
1741:Yetnasteen
1686:horse meat
1655:arnarhamir
1644:, such as
1611:kveldriður
1505:tröllkonur
1467:Nafnaþulur
1419:Earl Hakon
1295:Þrymskviða
1274:Skírnismál
1171:Þrymskviða
1166:Jötunheimr
1156:Prose Edda
1154:. In the
1114:Vafþrúðnir
1070:Hyndluljóð
1067:Eddic poem
976:and wider
917:Muspelheim
885:Hyndluljóð
812:to a duel.
700:Terms for
690:berserkers
476:Terms for
470:tröllkonur
390:adjective
221:Jötunheimr
7112:Seax-Wica
7107:Heathenry
7026:Moot hill
6830:Locations
6740:Eormenric
6517:Mead hall
6451:Þorrablót
6305:Legendary
6200:Yggdrasil
6160:Víðbláinn
6155:Vanaheimr
6130:Þrymheimr
6125:Þrúðvangr
6120:Þrúðheimr
6090:Munarvágr
6080:Mímameiðr
6055:Hnitbjorg
5970:Fólkvangr
5955:Brávellir
5904:Vadgelmir
5889:Kerlaugar
5858:Niðafjöll
5818:Locations
5794:Valkyries
5742:Sæhrímnir
5630:Gulltoppr
5595:Falhófnir
5493:Einherjar
5476:Landdísir
5310:Mótsognir
5300:Hreiðmarr
5212:Víðblindi
5162:Sökkmímir
5152:Mögþrasir
5112:Hyrrokkin
5077:Hrímgerðr
5072:Hræsvelgr
5062:Helreginn
5057:Helblindi
4977:Bergelmir
4641:Ítreksjóð
4548:mythology
4084:162276325
4076:1572-8668
3990:0015-587X
3957:2002-3901
3903:226719907
3810:1935-1984
3776:Saga-Book
3757:: 101–112
3731:1890-5455
3649:cite book
3607:0015-5934
3506:Secondary
3434:heorot.dk
3187:Thursford
3127:Muir 2014
2339:Motz 1982
2189:trollkona
2080:Citations
1991:Thursgill
1982:Thursford
1949:tröllkona
1914:Old Norse
1895:Hrímgerðr
1870:Old Norse
1859:Yorkshire
1790:, Danish
1788:hobthrust
1636:arnarhamr
1618:Hræsvelgr
1605:myrkriður
1592:horse", "
1588:horse", "
1574:Hyrrokkin
1519:tröllkona
1478:Lokasenna
1357:supporter
1248:trollkona
1208:Old Norse
1204:bergrisar
1200:Old Norse
1164:dwell in
1158:that the
1093:Old Norse
1065:. In the
1022:Gotlandic
948:Bergelmir
640:demonised
621:Alvíssmál
531:Old Norse
464:tröllkona
418:þur(i)saz
393:wrisi-līk
388:Old Saxon
314:Old Norse
298:The word
269:, Danish
207:tröllkona
129:, plural
117:; or, in
79:Old Norse
59:Hyrrokkin
47:from the
7130:Category
7066:Weregild
6986:Folkmoot
6816:Wælcyrge
6580:See also
6502:Hamingja
6456:Vetrnætr
6441:Dísablót
6436:Álfablót
6242:Ragnarök
6150:Valhalla
6140:Útgarðar
6085:Myrkviðr
6070:Járnviðr
6065:Iðavöllr
5985:Gálgviðr
5965:Fensalir
5874:Élivágar
5848:Náströnd
5838:Éljúðnir
5707:Níðhöggr
5655:Sleipnir
5625:Gullfaxi
5525:Fimafeng
5441:Auðumbla
5260:Billingr
5187:Þrívaldi
5172:Suttungr
5127:Járnsaxa
5097:Hrungnir
5027:Gillingr
5022:Geirröðr
5002:Fárbauti
4992:Býleistr
4957:Angrboða
4909:Gullveig
4621:Heimdall
4611:Dellingr
4467:18 April
4428:18 April
4418:"íviðja"
4408:25 March
4388:18 April
4348:25 March
4328:24 April
4309:24 April
4290:24 April
4271:24 April
4252:24 April
4233:24 April
4183:(2011).
4123:(2008).
4089:23 April
3970:Folklore
3883:Parergon
3835:(2002).
3823:24 April
3818:26686980
3782:: 39–68.
3736:23 April
3675:Archived
3572:24 April
3552:23 April
3477:25 April
3439:27 April
3079:The Ruin
2735:Fox 2020
2213:hrímþurs
2201:bergrisi
2126:Archived
2036:See also
1964:Toponomy
1936:(plural
1910:Orcadian
1878:Jötunn's
1851:The Ruin
1825:As with
1650:Suttungr
1628:to be a
1582:kennings
1568:such as
1549:Járnviðr
1524:Angrboða
1510:Járnviðr
1436:Ynglings
1349:bergrisi
1303:Mjöllnir
1192:Suttungr
1190:such as
1124:Suttungr
1097:minnisǫl
1040:Suttungr
974:Germanic
921:Auðumbla
913:Niflheim
806:Hrungnir
778:Fárbauti
729:Notable
611:such as
491:hrímþurs
485:bergrisi
467:(plural
455:(plural
443:(plural
430:Sanskrit
7016:Maypole
6942:Widsith
6875:Beowulf
6861:Æcerbot
6846:Sources
6760:Waldere
6532:Numbers
6512:Kenning
6385:Worship
6341:Society
6251:Sources
6170:Vingólf
6165:Vígríðr
6135:Uppsala
6100:Okolnir
6020:Glitnir
5990:Gandvik
5945:Bifröst
5935:Andlang
5853:Niflhel
5799:Völundr
5747:Skírnir
5687:Móðguðr
5483:Dragons
5466:Byggvir
5295:Gandalf
5280:Dvalinn
5250:Andvari
5087:Hrímnir
5042:Gunnlöð
5012:Fornjót
5007:Fjölvar
4987:Bölþorn
4962:Aurboða
4952:Alvaldi
4904:Gersemi
4721:Ásynjur
4626:Hermóðr
4616:Forseti
4566:Deities
4477:"Jotun"
4438:"jätti"
4358:"ettin"
4115:: 1–32.
3998:1260141
3615:3813871
3262:Primary
2992:Beowulf
2118:"Ettin"
2064:Giant (
2003:Cumbria
1986:Norfolk
1976:England
1952:in the
1922:Faroese
1709:Grendel
1700:Beowulf
1594:Gríðr's
1590:Gjálp's
1586:Leikn's
1553:jötunn
1471:Skaði's
1463:Ásynjur
1445:Gunnlöð
1359:on the
1313:Midgard
1270:Skírnir
1243:Grendel
1236:of the
1230:Beowulf
1212:bergbúi
1136:Völuspá
1036:Gunnlöð
995:Midgard
969:eotenas
964:Beowulf
887:") all
772:Beowulf
760:Grendel
638:became
545:In the
446:íviðjur
425:þurēnan
383:wrisjon
307:Beowulf
301:eotenas
243:Beowulf
237:eotenas
133:eotenas
18:Eotenas
7151:Jötnar
7046:Symbel
7006:Horses
6976:Burial
6971:Blōtan
6781:Dragon
6776:Cofgod
6755:Sceafa
6689:Saxnot
6679:Hretha
6674:Gefjon
6664:Ēostre
6375:Horses
6214:Events
6195:Ýdalir
6174:Wells
6110:Sindri
6095:Nóatún
5960:Brimir
5925:Asgard
5884:Ífingr
5867:Rivers
5777:Vættir
5635:Gyllir
5545:Fylgja
5535:Fenrir
5488:Draugs
5424:Others
5347:Heroes
5330:Brokkr
5285:Fáfnir
5275:Dúrnir
5270:Durinn
5245:Alvíss
5237:Dwarfs
5222:Vörnir
5132:Laufey
4997:Eggþér
4982:Bestla
4939:Jötnar
4924:Njörðr
4919:Kvasir
4882:Freyja
4834:Snotra
4794:Njörun
4749:Gefjon
4706:Víðarr
4646:Lóðurr
4575:jötnar
4571:dwarfs
4507:Jötnar
4378:"gýgr"
4368:11 May
4212:
4193:
4169:
4150:
4131:
4082:
4074:
4039:
4020:
3996:
3988:
3955:
3918:
3901:
3845:
3816:
3808:
3729:
3684:15 May
3637:
3613:
3605:
3543:
3522:
3496:14 May
3418:
3399:
3380:
3356:
3333:
3314:
3295:
3276:
2165:íviðja
2132:12 May
1939:grýlur
1866:Orkney
1836:jötunn
1828:jötnar
1820:trolls
1815:jötnar
1784:thurse
1765:jötnar
1760:Giants
1753:Orkney
1749:Rousay
1714:jötnar
1691:jötnar
1673:jötnar
1641:jötnar
1634:in an
1631:jötunn
1599:gýgjar
1570:Hyndla
1565:gýgjar
1560:gýgjar
1556:Eggþér
1538:Fenrir
1526:, the
1514:jötnar
1487:jötunn
1482:Sweden
1458:jötnar
1441:jötnar
1411:Njörðr
1400:jötunn
1394:jötnar
1388:jötnar
1370:jötnar
1332:jötnar
1322:gýgjar
1317:Asgard
1308:jötnar
1282:jötnar
1265:jötnar
1258:jötnar
1234:mother
1217:jötunn
1187:Jötnar
1177:jötnar
1161:jötnar
1151:jötnar
1141:jötunn
1119:jötnar
1110:jötunn
1084:Hyndla
1074:Freyja
1062:jötnar
1053:jötnar
1000:jötnar
990:jötnar
943:jötnar
926:jötnar
904:jötunn
890:jötnar
846:Njörðr
796:Grotti
786:Laufey
768:Heorot
764:mother
732:jötnar
722:jötnar
703:jötnar
685:jötnar
665:jötnar
659:jötnar
635:jötnar
617:Fáfnir
608:jötnar
594:jötnar
588:jötnar
582:jötnar
572:þursar
552:jötnar
509:, and
500:jötunn
479:jötnar
461:) and
458:gýgjar
440:íviðja
358:etanan
351:etunaz
337:etunaz
318:jötunn
259:jötnar
253:jötunn
231:jötnar
214:jötnar
187:) and
163:jötunn
155:dwarfs
85:jǫtunn
73:(also
69:jötunn
7071:Wicce
7061:Thyle
7056:Thing
7051:Thegn
7036:Rings
7031:Runes
7001:Hearg
6991:Frith
6821:Wight
6735:Beowa
6714:Wōden
6694:Þunor
6669:Frige
6659:Beowa
6567:Völva
6557:Skald
6552:Seiðr
6547:Runes
6542:Rings
6507:Heiti
6492:Galdr
6487:Félag
6477:Death
6470:Other
6380:Hörgr
6295:Sagas
6035:Heiðr
6000:Gimlé
5940:Barri
5879:Gjöll
5804:Vörðr
5767:Troll
5752:Sköll
5712:Norns
5620:Grani
5615:Glenr
5605:Glaðr
5575:Hjúki
5550:Garmr
5503:Elves
5498:Eldir
5471:Dísir
5451:Beyla
5385:Hi–Hy
5335:Eitri
5320:Regin
5265:Dáinn
5217:Vosud
5197:Þrymr
5177:Þjazi
5167:Surtr
5137:Leikn
5107:Hymir
5102:Hrymr
5092:Hroðr
5067:Hljod
5047:Gymir
5037:Gríðr
5017:Gangr
4967:Baugi
4914:Hnoss
4897:Yngvi
4887:Freyr
4874:Vanir
4854:Þrúðr
4829:Skaði
4824:Sjöfn
4819:Sigyn
4804:Rindr
4789:Nanna
4769:Iðunn
4754:Gerðr
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