473:
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40:
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287:
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430:, which thread into the sides of the tip through elongated openings on either side of the barrel. The screws hold the tip within the barrel but are allowed to travel freely in the openings. While this is the most common system, screwless variations do exist. The return spring must allow the tip to support a force of 750 g
448:
is inserted and the tip depressed, it should not register a touch. The contact spring is threaded in or out of the tip to adjust for this distance. These specifications are tested at the start of each bout during competitions. During competitions, fencers are required to have a minimum of two weapons
271:
discipline is the counterattack, a tactic employed in response to an attack. Some specifications include two varieties, the stop-thrust and the time thrust, which are (respectively) a simple counterattack and a counterattack on the opposition. With the absence of right-of-way, following an attack
406:
In the groove formed by the V-shaped blade, there are two thin wires leading from the far end of the blade to a connector in the guard. These wires are held in place with a strong glue. The amount of glue is kept to a minimum as in the unlikely (but possible) case that a fencer manages a touch in
341:
has numerous forms, but all are essentially a hemispherical shield, the section of which fits in a 10–13.5 cm (3.9–5.3 in) cylinder. This is frequently called a bell guard. As the hand is a valid target in competitive fencing, the guard is much larger and more protective than that of a
549:
were more frequently fought until "first blood" only, instead of to the death. Under this provision, it became sufficient to inflict a minor nick on the wrist or other exposed area on the opponent in order to win the duel. This resulted in emphasis on light touches to the arm and hand, while
303:, of size 5, for use by adult fencers has a blade that measures 90 cm (35 in) from the guard to the tip. The total weight of the weapon ready for use is less than 770 g (27 oz), with most competition weapons being much lighter, weighing 300–450 g (11–16 oz).
247:
rules regarding attacks, other than the aforementioned rule regarding touches with only the point of the weapon. Touches are awarded solely on the basis of which fencer makes a touch first, according to the electronic scoring machines. Also, double-touches are allowed in
411:" with a three-pronged plug at each end is placed underneath the fencer's clothing and attached to the connector in the guard, then to a wire leading to the scoring box. The scoring box signals with lights (one for each fencer) and a tone each time the tip is depressed.
657:
with destructive parries to prevent opponents from their own strongest moves, and pushing them into attacking high – a prerequisite for
Harmenberg using his own strongest move. Harmenberg used this approach to win eight individual and team
157:
weighs more than the foil and sabre which contributes to its reputation of being the slowest form of fencing. The techniques of use differ, as there are no rules regarding priority and right of way. Thus, immediate counterattacks are a common feature of
620:) to remove old marks. Today, competition is done with electric weapons, where a circuit is closed when the touch is made. Non-electric weapons are now typically used only for practice, generally fitted with plastic buttons or solid "dummy points".
615:
fencers could be easily recognized by the tears in their jacket sleeves. A later evolution of the sport used a point that was dipped in a dye, which showed the location of touches on a white uniform; the dye was soluble in weak acid (e.g.,
791:
Les formes en sont assez nombreuses, mais toutes se ramenent a un segment de sphere dont la section couvrirait une surface arrondie de 10 a 14 centimetres de diametre; la profondeur est generalement de 3 a 5
407:
that glue, the touch would be registered on the electrical equipment, as the glue is not conductive (the blade is grounded). In the event of tip to tip hits, a point should not be awarded. A "
426:('point of arrest') at the end; its housing or "barrel" which is threaded onto the blade; a contact spring; and a return spring. The tips are generally held in place by two small
550:
downplaying hits to the torso (chest, back, groin). Rapiers with full-cup guards had been made since the mid 17th century, but were not widespread before the 19th century.
603:, a three-pronged point with small protruding spikes, which would snag on the opponent's clothing or mask, helping the referee to see the hits. The spikes caused
969:
733:
1295:
472:
871:
Pingree, Geoff; Harmenberg, Johan (October 2014). "Eric Sollee and the Three
Conjectures / Johan: The Three Conjectures". In Harmenberg, Johan (ed.).
328:
blades fitted for electric scoring, with a depressible button capping the point. In competitive fencing, the width of any of the three sides of an
631:
authored a book that explored a line of tactical thought that diverged from fencing styles established in the 1970s and 1980s. Harmenberg won the
394:
854:
342:
foil, having a depth of 3–5.5 cm (1.2–2.2 in) and a diameter more likely to be toward the maximum of 13.5 cm (5.3 in).
141:, which is designed for slashing). It has a stiffer blade than a foil. It is triangular in cross-section with a V-shaped groove called a
880:
322:
is triangular in section, whereas that of a foil is rectangular, and neither blade has a cutting edge. Wires may run down a groove in
939:
381:). The tip is wired to a connector in the guard, then to an electronic scoring device or "box". The guard, blade, and handle of the
212:
is the only one in which the entire body is the valid target area (the others are restricted to varying areas above the waist). The
31:
774:
2649:
244:
1728:
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Is it possible for the fencer with the lower technical ability to decide the technical level at which a bout will be fought?
272:
and landing a counterattack correctly can be a highly efficient way to score a touch, hence the counterattack's ubiquity in
151:
also has a larger bell guard designed to protect the user’s arm. In addition to the larger "bell" guard and blade, the
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is the heaviest of the three modern fencing weapons. As with all fencing disciplines, fencing matches with the
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using this strategic approach, built on what he called the "Sollee conjectures" or the "three conjectures":
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Bouts with the different fencing weapons have a different tempo; as with foil fencing, the tempo for an
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for use by children under 13 are shorter and lighter (e.g. size 2), making it easier for them to use.
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388:
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346:
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fencer must be able to anticipate the opponent's moves and strike the opponent at the correct time.
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By the Sword: A History of
Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions
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In competitions, a valid touch is scored if a fencer's weapon touches the opponent with enough
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can be exchanged for another if it has a screw-on pommel. Grip options primarily include the
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require concentration, accuracy, and speed. Since the entire body is a target, a successful
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The dueling sword developed in the 19th century when, under pressure from the authorities,
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2016:
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762:. Rules for Competitions. FIE International Fencing Federation. Dec 2018. pp. 15–21.
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This contains a detailed contempraneous description of the history and form of the sport.
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Is it possible to force one's opponent into your one's own area of greatest strength?
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509:. The term was introduced into English in the 1880s for the sportive fencing weapon.
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1972:
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in
English, is the largest and heaviest of the three weapons used in the sport of
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1760:
1744:
1567:
1524:
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They credited the system for helping
Harmenberg close the fencing distance, use
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Can the fencer with the shorter fencing distance control the distance in a bout?
624:
617:
531:
121:
807:
Foil, Saber, and Épée
Fencing: Skills, Safety, Operations, and Responsibilities
30:
This article is about the sword. For the founder of public deaf education, see
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bout is rather slow with sudden bursts of speed, but these are more common in
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to the scoring box to prevent hits to the weapon from registering as touches.
420:, called the "button", comprises several parts: the mushroom-shaped, movable
43:
Shown is an épée fencer, with the valid target area (the entire body) in red.
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1856:
1678:
1647:
1509:
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737:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 667–669.
570:
fencer must hit the target with the tip of the weapon. A difference between
434:(7.4 N) without registering a touch. Finally, an épée tip must allow a
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582:(body-to-body) contact between fencers is not necessarily an offense in
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534:, which, since the late 17th century, had been the most commonly used
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In the highest-level competitions, an electrically grounded (earthed)
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Garret, Maxwell R.; Kaidanov, Emmanuil G.; Pezza, Gil A. (1994).
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1423:
546:
338:
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is used to prevent floor hits from registering as touches. In
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to depress the tip; by rule, this is a minimum of 750
243:
fencing, unlike in the other two disciplines, there are no
79:
70:
64:
917:
861:
Re-issued from original Modern
Library Paperbacks edition.
438:
of 1.5 mm (0.059 in) to be inserted between the
444:
and the barrel, and when a 0.5 mm (0.020 in)
402:'s weapon in the Challenge International de Saint-Maur.
711:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 208.
564:
fencing somewhat resembles 19th-century dueling. An
67:
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2015:
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978:
449:and two body wires in case of failure or breakage.
76:
61:
588:, unless it is done with "brutality or violence".
334:'s blade is limited to 24 mm (0.94 in).
254:, although the touches must occur within 40
164:fencing. The entire body is a valid target area.
873:Épée 2.5: The New Paradigm Revised and Augmented
609:fencing to be a notoriously painful affair, and
120:, a weapon which itself derives from the French
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875:. SKA SwordPlay Books. pp. 29–33.
699:
913:Épée introduction and strategy basics
91:
7:
1248:
970:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime
576:versus both foil and sabre is that
27:A weapon and type of modern fencing
25:
597:fencers used a different kind of
184:in the final of the Trophée Monal
1257:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1004:
789:, "French Epee Specifications".
777:. Paris: Marpon & Flammarion
57:
1258:
1021:Fencing at the Summer Olympics
501:ultimately derives from Latin
206:, each a separate event — the
114:derives from the 19th-century
1:
1339:Straight swords (Double-edge)
709:The Encyclopedia of the Sword
1738:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era
262:of a second) of each other.
1334:Curved swords (Single-edge)
1329:Thrusting swords (Edgeless)
1026:World Fencing Championships
895:Harmenberg, et al. (2014),
812:Penn State University Press
668:World Fencing Championships
633:World Fencing Championships
623:In 2007, MIT fencing coach
127:As a thrusting weapon, the
100:"sword"), also rendered as
2666:
773:le Marche, Claude (1898).
707:Evangelista, Nick (1995).
29:
1319:
1233:
1002:
955:
591:In the pre-electric era,
1814:Heian – Kamakura periods
290:An electric épée with a
265:A special aspect of the
32:Charles-Michel de l'Épée
2498:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si
1871:Meiji period and beyond
1850:Muromachi – Edo periods
734:Encyclopædia Britannica
464:due to counterattacks.
414:The tip of an electric
176:Electric épée fencing:
2650:Modern European swords
1729:Liaoning bronze dagger
1452:Migration Period sword
756:Book 3: Material Rules
728:"Épée-de-Combat"
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1754:Goryeo and Joseon era
1722:Bronze Age – Gojoseon
1444:Post-classical period
1040:Modern fencing topics
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289:
175:
42:
2399:Spanish colonization
1793:Yayoi – Nara periods
530:weapons such as the
345:As with a foil, the
192:has three weapons —
2112:Early modern period
2035:Parthian Long Sword
1941:Medieval and modern
1563:Basket-hilted sword
1487:Early modern period
1225:Martial arts manual
1057:High school fencing
965:Glossary of fencing
526:evolved from light
398:The referee checks
137:(contrasted with a
2459:Post-Classic stage
2092:Turko-Mongol Sabre
1540:Late modern period
1062:Wheelchair fencing
1052:Collegiate fencing
960:History of fencing
637:Olympic gold medal
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404:
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178:Diego Confalonieri
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1200:Modern pentathlon
1031:Fencing World Cup
1014:Main competitions
856:978-0-375-50417-4
672:Fencing World Cup
188:While the modern
16:(Redirected from
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2645:European weapons
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2482:Preah Khan Reach
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2210:Langgai Tinggang
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2002:Bronze Age sword
1992:
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1771:Four Tiger Sword
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1362:Bronze Age sword
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1188:Related articles
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849:. Random House.
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787:BenjaminArms.com
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655:absence of blade
629:Johan Harmenberg
627:and his student
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587:
581:
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569:
563:
538:, replacing the
525:
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493:The French word
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478:Le duel à l'épée
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133:is similar to a
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1968:Kayamkulam vaal
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1309:classifications
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1195:List of fencers
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1047:Olympic fencing
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814:. p. 178.
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2102:Mameluke sword
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907:External links
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882:978-0985444181
881:
863:
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843:Cohen, Richard
834:
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725:, ed. (1911).
723:Chisholm, Hugh
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674:competitions.
651:
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487:Jacques Callot
469:
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441:pointe d'arrêt
431:
423:pointe d'arrêt
400:Kristina Kuusk
373:
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117:épée de combat
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108:. The modern
107:
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94:
93:[epe]
84:
54:
52:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2290:Dahong palay
2215:Parang Nabur
2195:Keris bahari
2147:Early period
1988:Central Asia
1578:Pistol sword
1462:Arming sword
1457:Viking sword
1220:Dueling scar
1134:Displacement
1129:Prise de fer
985:
896:
891:
872:
866:
846:
837:
825:. Retrieved
806:
799:
792:centimetres.
790:
786:
785:– via
779:. Retrieved
768:
755:
732:
717:
708:
702:
686:Colichemarde
652:
622:
590:
557:
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511:
492:
451:
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365:
344:
336:
311:
296:
264:
256:milliseconds
245:right-of-way
232:
187:
126:
101:
48:
46:
36:
2511:Mesoamerica
2234:Philippines
2188:Late period
1986:Western and
1761:Bonguk geom
1745:Hwandudaedo
1657:Ming – Qing
1568:Small sword
1525:Swiss degen
1305:Sword types
1205:Knife fight
1148:Equipment (
827:26 November
781:12 February
660:gold medals
625:Eric Sollee
618:acetic acid
532:small sword
428:grub screws
361:pistol grip
357:French grip
292:pistol grip
282:Description
180:(left) and
122:small sword
2629:Categories
2525:Macuahuitl
2281:(Binangon)
2072:Arab sword
1995:Prehistory
1893:Shikomizue
1643:Hook sword
1505:Katzbalger
1495:Zweihänder
1355:Prehistory
1210:Half-sword
821:0271010193
694:References
377:(7.4
2406:Balisword
2305:Ginunting
2249:Balasiong
2242:Classical
2139:Indonesia
1857:Wakizashi
1679:Yanmaodao
1648:Zhanmadao
1510:Cinquedea
1467:Longsword
1429:Rhomphaia
1159:Body cord
1076:Bladework
516:(French:
512:Like the
409:body cord
297:A modern
278:fencing.
2572:Mainland
2562:Acinaces
2491:Thailand
2475:Cambodia
2434:Mainland
2365:Sansibar
2325:Karambit
2315:Kampilan
2279:Binagong
2269:Batangas
2254:Bangkung
2082:Shamshir
2077:Scimitar
2030:Acinaces
1836:Nagamaki
1674:Changdao
1664:Liuyedao
1636:Medieval
1588:Spadroon
1477:Falchion
1472:Claymore
1414:Makhaira
1243:Category
1150:glossary
1139:Priority
1072:Footwork
897:Epee 2.5
845:(2002).
775:"L'Épée"
678:See also
664:Olympics
635:and the
528:civilian
389:grounded
387:are all
359:and the
168:Overview
2635:Fencing
2585:Kaskara
2557:Khopesh
2421:Tenegre
2416:Hagibis
2380:Talibon
2375:Susuwat
2370:Sundang
2360:Sanduko
2340:Panabas
2205:Sundang
2200:Klewang
2125:Kindjal
2097:Yatagan
2049:Falcata
2007:Khopesh
1953:Kastane
1948:Firangi
1915:Ancient
1888:Ninjatō
1831:Kodachi
1805:Tsurugi
1800:Chokutō
1766:Wungeom
1700:Miaodao
1615:Ancient
1583:Shashka
1558:Cutlass
1530:Colhona
1409:Falcata
1395:Gladius
1367:Khopesh
1263:Outline
1109:Riposte
979:Weapons
949:Fencing
558:Today,
520:), the
518:fleuret
483:etching
468:Dueling
106:fencing
89:French:
2610:Takoba
2605:Billao
2600:Shotel
2595:Flyssa
2590:Nimcha
2543:Africa
2530:Macana
2355:Pinuti
2345:Parang
2335:Laring
2300:Gayang
2274:Bicuco
2264:Barong
2259:Banyal
2169:Balato
2164:Parang
2159:Niabor
2154:Mandau
2040:Xiphos
1963:Pulwar
1958:Talwar
1932:Aruval
1922:Khanda
1862:Katana
1826:Ōdachi
1688:Modern
1548:Rapier
1419:Spatha
1400:Xiphos
1348:Europe
1119:Flèche
1104:Remise
1099:Attack
879:
853:
818:
670:, and
540:rapier
505:spatha
489:(1617)
349:of an
316:of an
202:, and
145:. The
143:fuller
2390:Wasay
2350:Pirah
2330:Lahot
2320:Kalis
2310:Gulok
2295:Garab
2179:Surik
2087:Kilij
2045:Kopis
1927:Urumi
1907:India
1883:Iaitō
1878:Guntō
1841:Tantō
1821:Tachi
1785:Japan
1714:Korea
1695:Dadao
1669:Wodao
1607:China
1553:Sabre
1515:Estoc
1405:Kopis
1390:Harpe
1174:Forte
1164:Piste
1124:Flick
1094:Feint
1089:Lunge
1084:Parry
996:Sabre
760:(PDF)
554:Sport
547:duels
368:force
339:guard
314:blade
306:Épées
235:piste
204:sabre
139:sabre
2385:Utak
2285:Bolo
2174:Gari
2120:Qama
1973:Pata
1622:Jian
1434:Falx
1424:Sica
1307:and
1179:Grip
1169:Lamé
1114:Ward
991:Foil
986:Épée
877:ISBN
851:ISBN
829:2012
816:ISBN
783:2021
612:épée
606:épée
594:épée
585:épée
573:épée
567:épée
561:épée
523:épée
514:foil
497:épée
461:épée
455:épée
446:shim
436:shim
417:épée
384:épée
352:épée
347:grip
337:The
331:épée
325:épée
319:épée
312:The
300:épée
275:épée
268:épée
260:1/25
251:épée
240:épée
227:épée
221:épée
215:épée
209:épée
199:épée
194:foil
161:épée
154:épée
148:épée
135:foil
130:épée
111:épée
102:epee
98:lit.
51:épée
47:The
18:Epee
2580:Ida
2450:Dha
1627:Dao
662:at
485:by
2631::
1074:/
810:.
744:^
731:.
666:,
542:.
481:,
363:.
196:,
124:.
96:;
87:,
83:-/
80:eɪ
71:eɪ
2047:/
1407:/
1297:e
1290:t
1283:v
1152:)
941:e
934:t
927:v
899:.
885:.
859:.
831:.
432:f
379:N
374:f
372:g
258:(
77:ˈ
74:,
68:p
65:ɛ
62:ˈ
59:/
55:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
