569:
for roles in angiogenesis. Mouse embryonic models show expression of EphA1 in mesoderm and pre-endocardial cells, later spreading up into the dorsal aorta then primary head vein, intersomitic vessels, and limb bud vasculature, as would be consistent with a role in angiogenesis. Different class A Eph receptors have also been detected in the lining of the aorta, brachial arch arteries, umbilical vein, and endocardium. Complementary expression of EphB2/ephrin-B4 was detected in developing arterial endothelial cells and EphB4 in venous endothelial cells. Expression of EphB2 and ephrin-B2 was also detected on supportive mesenchymal cells, suggesting a role in wall development through mediation of endothelial-mesenchymal interactions. Blood vessel formation during embryogenesis consists of vasculogenesis, the formation of a primary capillary network followed by a second remodeling and restructuring into a finer tertiary network - studies utilizing ephrin-B2 deficient mice showed a disruption of the embryonic vasculature as a result of a deficiency in the restructuring of the primary network. Functional analysis of other mutant mice have led to the development of a hypothesis by which Ephs and ephrins contribute to vascular development by restricting arterial and venous endothelial mixing, thus stimulating the production of
279:-linked ephrin-A ligands or the transmembrane-bound ephrin-B ligands. Of the 16 Eph receptors (see above) that have been identified in animals, humans are known to express nine EphAs (EphA1-8 and EphA10) and five EphBs (EphB1-4 and EphB6). In general, Ephs of a particular subclass bind preferentially to all ephrins of the corresponding subclass, but have little to no cross-binding to ephrins of the opposing subclass. It has recently been proposed that the intrasubclass specificity of Eph/ephrin binding could be partially attributed to the different binding mechanisms used by EphAs and EphBs. There are exceptions to the intrasubclass binding specificity observed in Ephs, however, as it has recently been shown that
585:. In chicks, EphA4 is expressed in the developing wing and leg buds, as well as in the feather and scale primordia. This expression is seen in the distal end of the limb buds, where cells are still undifferentiated and dividing, and appears to be under the regulation of retinoic acid, FGF2, FGF4, and BMP-2 – known to regulate limb patterning. EphA4 defective mice do not present abnormalities in limb morphogenesis (personal communication between Andrew Boyd and Nigel Holder), so it is possible that these expression patterns are related to neuronal guidance or vascularisation of the limb with further studies being required to confirm or deny a potential role of Eph in limb development.
460:, however, development is a dynamic and adaptive process that adjusts according to posterior body growth. Various Eph receptors and ephrins are expressed in these regions, and, through functional analysis, it has been determined that Eph signaling is crucial for the proper development and maintenance of these segment boundaries. Similar studies conducted in zebrafish have shown similar segmenting processes within the somites containing a striped expression pattern of Eph receptors and their ligands, which is vital to proper segmentation - the disruption of expression resulting in misplaced or even absent boundaries.
597:. While used extensively throughout development, Ephs are rarely detected in adult tissues. Elevated levels of expression and activity have been correlated with the growth of solid tumors, with Eph receptors of both classes A and B being over expressed in a wide range of cancers including melanoma, breast, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, and colon cancer, as well as hematopoietic tumors. Increased expression was also correlated with more malignant and metastatic tumors, consistent with the role of Ephs in governing cell movement.
601:
disrupt cell-cell adhesion via cadherin, known to alter expression and localisation of Eph receptors and ephrins, which is known to further disrupt cellular adhesion, a key feature of metastatic cancers. Third, Eph activity may alter cell matrix interactions via integrins by the sequestering of signaling molecules following Eph receptor activation, as well as providing potential adherence via ephrin ligand binding following metastasis.
7412:
455:
is a basic process of embryogenesis occurring in most invertebrates and all vertebrates by which the body is initially divided into functional units. In the segmented regions of the embryo, cells begin to present biochemical and morphological boundaries at which cell behavior is drastically different
600:
It is possible that the increased expression of Eph in cancer plays several roles, first, by acting as survival factors or as a promoter of abnormal growth. The angiogenic properties of the Eph system may increase vascularisation of and thus growth capacity of tumors. Second, elevated Eph levels may
568:
The construction of blood vessels requires the coordination of endothelial and supportive mesenchymal cells through multiple phases to develop the intricate networks required for a fully functional circulatory system. The dynamic nature and expression patterns of the Ephs make them, therefore, ideal
439:
Unlike most other RTKs, Ephs have a unique capacity to initiate an intercellular signal in both the receptor-bearing cell ("forward" signaling) and the opposing ephrin-bearing cell ("reverse" signaling) following cell-cell contact, which is known as bi-directional signaling. Although the functional
29:
516:
of neural crest cells during gastrulation. In the chick and rat embryo trunk, the migration of crest cells is partially mediated by EphB receptors. Similar mechanisms have been shown to control crest movement in the hindbrain within rhombomeres 4, 5, and 7, which distribute crest cells to brachial
631:
When it was shown that almost all Eph receptors were expressed during various well-defined stages of development in assorted locations and concentrations, a role in cell positioning was proposed, initiating research that revealed the Eph/ephrin families as a principle cell guidance system during
476:
and repelling the migrating axon away from the site of Eph/ephrin activation. This mechanism of repelling migrating axons through decreased growth cone survival depends on relative levels of Eph and ephrin expression and allows gradients of Eph and ephrin expression in target cells to direct the
414:
allowing the intracellular tyrosine kinase to convert into its active form and subsequently activate or repress downstream signaling cascades. The structure of the trans-autophosphorylation of the juxtamembrane region of EPHA2 has been observed within a crystal of EPHA2.
477:
migration of axon growth cones based on their own relative levels of Eph and ephrin expression. Typically, forward signaling by both EphA and EphB receptors mediates growth cone collapse while reverse signaling via ephrin-A and ephrin-B induces growth cone survival.
484:
in the visual system, with graded expression levels of both Eph receptors and ephrin ligands leading to the development of a resolved neuronal map (for a more detailed description of Eph/ephrin signaling see "Formation of the
Retinotopic Map" in
1024:
Himanen JP, Chumley MJ, Lackmann M, Li C, Barton WA, Jeffrey PD, Vearing C, Geleick D, Feldheim DA, Boyd AW, Henkemeyer M, Nikolov DB (May 2004). "Repelling class discrimination: ephrin-A5 binds to and activates EphB2 receptor signaling".
1338:
Jørgensen C, Sherman A, Chen GI, Pasculescu A, Poliakov A, Hsiung M, Larsen B, Wilkinson DG, Linding R, Pawson T (December 2009). "Cell-specific information processing in segregating populations of Eph receptor ephrin-expressing cells".
489:). Further studies then showed the role of Eph’s in topographic mapping in other regions of the central nervous system, such as learning and memory via the formation of projections between the septum and hippocampus.
295:. EphA/ephrinA interaction typically occur with higher affinity than EphB/ephrin-B interactions which can partially be attributed to the fact that ephrin-As bind via a "lock-and-key" mechanism that requires little
2100:
Kiyokawa E, Takai S, Tanaka M, Iwase T, Suzuki M, Xiang YY, Naito Y, Yamada K, Sugimura H, Kino I (July 1994). "Overexpression of ERK, an EPH family receptor protein tyrosine kinase, in various human tumors".
504:
reverse signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the survival of motor neuron growth cones and to mediate growth cone migration by initiating repellence in EphA-expressing migrating axons.
1609:
Cheng HJ, Nakamoto M, Bergemann AD, Flanagan JG (August 1995). "Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map".
4478:
440:
consequences of Eph/ephrin bi-directional signaling have not been completely elucidated, it is clear that such a unique signaling process allows for ephrin Ephs to have opposing effects on
472:) along pathways by target and pathway derived signals. Eph/ephrin signaling regulates the migration of axons to their target destinations largely by decreasing the survival of axonal
2008:
299:
of the EphAs in contrast to EphBs which utilize an "induced fit" mechanism that requires a greater amount of energy to alter the conformation of EphBs to bind to ephrin-Bs.
2332:
581:
While there is currently little evidence to support this (and mounting evidence to refute it), some early studies implicated the Ephs to play a part in the signaling of
1960:"Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis"
6393:
152:
4471:
593:
As a member of the RTK family and with responsibilities as diverse as Ephs, it is not surprising to learn that the Ephs have been implicated in several aspects of
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3613:
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7009:
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2366:
5774:
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3198:
609:
The Eph receptors were initially identified in 1987 following a search for tyrosine kinases with possible roles in cancer, earning their name from the
5832:
6694:
6384:
3910:
2353:
235:. Additionally, Eph/ephrin signaling has been identified to play a critical role in the maintenance of several processes during adulthood including
5989:
3336:
2522:
4974:
4657:
3651:
2840:
2131:
Easty DJ, Herlyn M, Bennett DC (January 1995). "Abnormal protein tyrosine kinase gene expression during melanoma progression and metastasis".
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7293:
7240:
5727:
5594:
3293:
2479:
2325:
76:
7051:
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3321:
2507:
2361:
480:
The ability of Eph/ephrin signaling to direct migrating axons along Eph/ephrin expression gradients is evidenced in the formation of the
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5106:
5023:
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3680:
3380:
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3365:
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2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
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7035:
3574:
3565:
3023:
2763:
2754:
2418:
1919:"Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4"
6724:
5843:
5403:
5014:
4187:
3356:
2544:
1748:
Robinson V, Smith A, Flenniken AM, Wilkinson DG (November 1997). "Roles of Eph receptors and ephrins in neural crest pathfinding".
1299:"Coexpressed EphA receptors and ephrin-A ligands mediate opposing actions on growth cone navigation from distinct membrane domains"
4672:
4616:
4607:
3259:
2445:
2318:
1562:"Ephrin-B2 elicits differential growth cone collapse and axon retraction in retinal ganglion cells from distinct retinal regions"
456:– vital for future differentiation and function. In the hindbrain, segmentation is a precisely defined process. In the paraxial
7246:
1192:
Xu, Q.; Malecka, K. L.; Fink, L.; Jordan, E. J.; Duffy, E.; Kolander, S.; Peterson, J. R.; Dunbrack, R. L. (1 December 2015).
1143:"Trans-synaptic EphB2-ephrin-B3 interaction regulates excitatory synapse density by inhibition of postsynaptic MAPK signaling"
7333:
7309:
6449:
6005:
5868:
3191:
468:
As the nervous system develops, the patterning of neuronal connections is established by molecular guides that direct axons (
4343:
172:
219:
for Eph receptor activation. Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in the regulation of a host of processes critical to
7299:
3404:
3062:
2592:
7402:
7343:
5739:
5621:
5611:
3835:
3767:
3758:
2964:
2955:
390:. The cytoplasmic domain of Eph receptors is composed of a juxtamembrane region with two conserved tyrosine residues, a
276:
6689:
4141:
4132:
4068:
3896:
387:
6714:
4112:
2051:"Molecular cloning of HEK, the gene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by human lymphoid tumor cell lines"
1424:
Durbin L, Brennan C, Shiomi K, Cooke J, Barrios A, Shanmugalingam S, Guthrie B, Lindberg R, Holder N (October 1998).
492:
In addition to the formation of topographic maps, Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in the proper guidance of
7328:
5154:
3579:
2768:
6709:
4328:
7236:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4379:
4366:
3184:
427:
places the Eph/ephrin system in an ideal position to regulate a variety of different biological processes during
96:
4338:
628:
with no known ligands or functions, and it was some time before possible functions of the receptors were known.
5420:
5336:
5255:
5122:
5039:
4292:
4235:
3229:
3215:
2428:
2304:
1713:
Kao TJ, Law C, Kania A (February 2012). "Eph and ephrin signaling: lessons learned from spinal motor neurons".
614:
204:
4854:
573:
as well as in the differentiation of mesenchyme into perivascular support cells, an ongoing area of research.
160:
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4767:
4642:
4240:
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3944:
196:
6699:
7304:
6920:
6824:
6684:
6444:
5863:
4849:
4487:
3242:
2345:
1834:"The ephrin VAB-2/EFN-1 functions in neuronal signaling to regulate epidermal morphogenesis in C. elegans"
1194:"Identifying three-dimensional structures of autophosphorylation complexes in crystals of protein kinases"
1106:
Kalo MS, Pasquale EB (October 1999). "Multiple in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation sites in EphB receptors".
570:
452:
236:
232:
7378:
5575:
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4859:
4498:
4261:
4180:
3905:
3589:
2778:
2341:
424:
296:
272:
216:
4333:
2255:
Boyd AW, Lackmann M (December 2001). "Signals from Eph and ephrin proteins: a developmental tool kit".
1793:"The VAB-1 Eph receptor tyrosine kinase functions in neural and epithelial morphogenesis in C. elegans"
156:
2009:"Expression and regulation of Cek-8, a cell to cell signalling receptor in developing chick limb buds"
402:
motif. Following binding of an ephrin ligand to the extracellular globular domain of an Eph receptor,
7318:
6704:
5636:
5585:
3047:
829:
Kuijper S, Turner CJ, Adams RH (July 2007). "Regulation of angiogenesis by Eph-ephrin interactions".
89:
6454:
4529:
685:"EphrinB/EphB signaling controls embryonic germ layer separation by contact-induced cell detachment"
101:
6459:
5873:
5570:
4762:
4297:
3603:
2792:
395:
108:
5495:
2310:
7077:
6990:
6935:
6889:
6834:
6569:
6509:
6137:
5510:
5440:
4999:
4597:
4539:
4490:
4230:
3987:
3977:
3968:
3796:
3787:
2993:
2984:
2280:
2156:
1958:
Adams RH, Wilkinson GA, Weiss C, Diella F, Gale NW, Deutsch U, Risau W, Klein R (February 1999).
1773:
1644:
1364:
1050:
811:
765:
546:
379:
7072:
6950:
6849:
6635:
6524:
6324:
6284:
6032:
5951:
5813:
5754:
5716:
5661:
5656:
5646:
5520:
5515:
5485:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5331:
5250:
5189:
5117:
5096:
5081:
5034:
4687:
3176:
2300:
2179:
Surawska H, Ma PC, Salgia R (December 2004). "The role of ephrins and Eph receptors in cancer".
7172:
7030:
6965:
6945:
6864:
6844:
6559:
6539:
6519:
6162:
5490:
5214:
4747:
4544:
1882:
Cheng N, Brantley DM, Chen J (February 2002). "The ephrins and Eph receptors in angiogenesis".
6995:
6985:
6940:
6894:
6884:
6839:
6764:
6663:
6630:
6610:
6574:
6564:
6514:
6474:
5946:
5926:
5893:
5676:
5525:
4021:
2272:
2237:
2196:
2148:
2110:
2082:
2031:
1989:
1940:
1899:
1855:
1814:
1765:
1730:
1695:
1636:
1591:
1542:
1493:
1455:
1406:
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1320:
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1223:
1174:
1123:
1088:
1042:
1006:
971:
922:
881:
846:
803:
757:
716:
665:
554:
444:
survival and allows for the segregation of Eph-expressing cells from ephrin-expressing cells.
147:
6955:
6854:
6749:
6653:
6605:
6598:
6584:
6529:
6499:
5979:
5969:
5921:
5903:
5666:
5505:
5450:
549:. This development is disturbed without it. It is thought to distinguish arterial and venous
7182:
6314:
4276:
4271:
4245:
4173:
3298:
3284:
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2602:
2484:
2470:
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2188:
2140:
2072:
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2023:
1979:
1971:
1930:
1891:
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1804:
1757:
1722:
1685:
1675:
1626:
1618:
1581:
1573:
1532:
1524:
1485:
1476:
Flanagan JG, Vanderhaeghen P (1998). "The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development".
1445:
1437:
1398:
1348:
1310:
1262:
1254:
1213:
1205:
1164:
1154:
1115:
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1034:
998:
961:
953:
912:
873:
838:
795:
747:
706:
696:
657:
582:
212:
5706:
3545:
3165:
2734:
864:
Genander M, Frisén J (October 2010). "Ephrins and Eph receptors in stem cells and cancer".
786:
Kullander K, Klein R (July 2002). "Mechanisms and functions of Eph and ephrin signalling".
363:
338:
139:
6794:
4323:
4307:
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3886:
3555:
3540:
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3500:
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3490:
3485:
3211:
2744:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
1297:
Marquardt T, Shirasaki R, Ghosh S, Andrews SE, Carter N, Hunter T, Pfaff SL (April 2005).
625:
411:
391:
292:
284:
2007:
Patel K, Nittenberg R, D'Souza D, Irving C, Burt D, Wilkinson DG, Tickle C (April 1996).
1664:"Regulation of topographic projection in the brain: Elf-1 in the hippocamposeptal system"
7416:
7368:
7289:
7231:
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6774:
6769:
5883:
5878:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4361:
4302:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3390:
3207:
2578:
1586:
1561:
1537:
1512:
1389:
Holder N, Klein R (May 1999). "Eph receptors and ephrins: effectors of morphogenesis".
1267:
1242:
1218:
1193:
1169:
1142:
966:
941:
711:
684:
648:
Egea J, Klein R (May 2007). "Bidirectional Eph-ephrin signaling during axon guidance".
610:
538:
513:
228:
1984:
1959:
1935:
1918:
1895:
1850:
1833:
1809:
1792:
1450:
1425:
1002:
917:
900:
7426:
7062:
6975:
6904:
6874:
6809:
6719:
6673:
6549:
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6424:
6413:
5898:
5606:
5289:
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4266:
4225:
3452:
3313:
2499:
2077:
2050:
1690:
1663:
1622:
469:
428:
260:
224:
220:
81:
4456:
2160:
1662:
Gao PP, Zhang JH, Yokoyama M, Racey B, Dreyfus CF, Black IB, Zhou R (October 1996).
1648:
1368:
1054:
769:
500:. Although several members of Ephs and ephrins contribute to motor neuron guidance,
57:
7388:
7358:
7097:
7087:
6980:
6879:
6734:
6554:
6489:
6404:
5908:
5711:
5550:
5545:
5465:
5415:
5229:
4983:
4964:
4943:
4914:
4637:
4632:
4215:
3997:
3708:
3699:
3443:
2897:
2888:
2636:
2284:
1777:
1489:
815:
542:
493:
240:
135:
2192:
1726:
1528:
1258:
1084:
701:
69:
7348:
7314:
7212:
7202:
7197:
7187:
7137:
6960:
6859:
6620:
6534:
6464:
6359:
6122:
6087:
6037:
6000:
5936:
5818:
5749:
5701:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5565:
5560:
5555:
4933:
4844:
4834:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4737:
4702:
4439:
4374:
4210:
2916:
2907:
683:
Rohani N, Canty L, Luu O, Fagotto F, Winklbauer R (March 2011). Hamada H (ed.).
550:
497:
473:
441:
7411:
2268:
1832:
Chin-Sang ID, George SE, Ding M, Moseley SL, Lynch AS, Chisholm AD (Dec 1999).
1426:"Eph signaling is required for segmentation and differentiation of the somites"
1315:
1298:
7167:
7132:
7127:
7117:
7107:
7025:
6814:
6789:
6779:
6625:
6579:
6439:
6265:
6234:
6203:
6172:
6117:
6092:
6072:
6057:
6047:
5941:
5858:
5651:
5631:
5530:
5475:
5470:
5294:
5199:
5184:
4979:
4938:
4910:
4879:
4839:
4742:
4697:
4692:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4565:
4559:
4549:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4093:
4042:
3958:
3848:
1209:
901:"Unified nomenclature for Eph family receptors and their ligands, the ephrins"
877:
842:
661:
558:
481:
399:
113:
1680:
7192:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7092:
6784:
6744:
6640:
6615:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6255:
6193:
6127:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6082:
6077:
6067:
6062:
5956:
5931:
5696:
5616:
5535:
5480:
5370:
5309:
5299:
5204:
5091:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4782:
4772:
4757:
4732:
4727:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4413:
4387:
1402:
1352:
1159:
617:
244:
2276:
2241:
2200:
2144:
2067:
2027:
1903:
1859:
1734:
1595:
1546:
1441:
1410:
1360:
1324:
1276:
1227:
1178:
1127:
1092:
1046:
975:
885:
850:
807:
761:
720:
669:
2152:
2114:
2086:
2035:
1993:
1944:
1818:
1769:
1761:
1699:
1640:
1497:
1459:
1010:
926:
85:
7363:
7082:
6739:
6339:
6329:
6309:
6244:
6213:
6182:
6146:
6052:
6042:
5389:
4869:
4812:
4722:
4682:
3857:
3264:
2450:
1975:
562:
457:
403:
383:
259:
Ephs can be divided into two subclasses, EphAs and EphBs (encoded by the
64:
957:
624:
was obtained. These transmembranous receptors were initially classed as
7338:
6759:
6224:
5626:
4587:
1577:
1141:
McClelland AC, Hruska M, Coenen AJ, Henkemeyer M, Dalva MB (May 2010).
752:
735:
2232:
2215:
1631:
1119:
1071:
Himanen JP (February 2012). "Ectodomain structures of Eph receptors".
7251:
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6804:
6729:
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6429:
5853:
5848:
5802:
5798:
5794:
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5782:
5778:
5430:
4969:
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4426:
4196:
4146:
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3340:
3130:
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2532:
2527:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2376:
2371:
594:
486:
407:
342:
248:
208:
200:
167:
33:
Structure of the kinase domain of human eph type-A receptor 5 (EphA5)
1038:
799:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
6970:
6869:
6544:
6484:
6298:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
5500:
5364:
5283:
5279:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5075:
5071:
4922:
4400:
3934:
3812:
3777:
3772:
3748:
3550:
3535:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3462:
3457:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3331:
3326:
3303:
3274:
3269:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3009:
2974:
2969:
2940:
2739:
2724:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2655:
2650:
2626:
2621:
2612:
2517:
2512:
2489:
2460:
2455:
2388:
2381:
501:
378:
The extracellular domain of Eph receptors is composed of a highly
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
288:
280:
512:
More than just axonal guidance, Ephs have been implicated in the
6754:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4953:
4918:
4899:
4052:
3982:
3929:
3920:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3743:
3734:
3724:
3670:
3661:
3646:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3598:
3399:
3251:
3040:
3035:
2935:
2926:
2859:
2850:
2835:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2787:
2645:
2587:
2437:
621:
129:
52:
28:
4460:
4169:
3833:
3227:
3180:
2314:
1513:"Eph and ephrin signaling in the formation of topographic maps"
4083:
4078:
4073:
4047:
302:
16 Ephs have been identified in animals and are listed below:
525:
gene, known to encode an Eph receptor, and its Ephrin ligand
989:
Pasquale EB (October 1997). "The Eph family of receptors".
942:"Eph/ephrin molecules--a hub for signaling and endocytosis"
4165:
2049:
Wicks IP, Wilkinson D, Salvaris E, Boyd AW (March 1992).
271:
respectively), based on sequence similarity and on their
1791:
George SE, Simokat K, Hardin J, Chisholm AD (Mar 1998).
529:
results in two cell migratory processes being affected.
423:
The ability of Ephs and ephrins to mediate a variety of
2216:"'Eph'ective signaling: forward, reverse and crosstalk"
410:
residues in the juxtamembrane region of the Eph become
193:
erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptors
7354:
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
7400:
7221:
7008:
6903:
6672:
6412:
6403:
6383:
6297:
6274:
6243:
6212:
6181:
6145:
6136:
5988:
5831:
5764:
5726:
5593:
5584:
5402:
5379:
5319:
5238:
5105:
5022:
5013:
4952:
4898:
4811:
4615:
4606:
4575:
4497:
4352:
4316:
4285:
4254:
4203:
4131:
4092:
4061:
4030:
3996:
3967:
3943:
3919:
3895:
3871:
3847:
3805:
3786:
3757:
3733:
3717:
3698:
3679:
3660:
3636:
3612:
3588:
3564:
3475:
3442:
3418:
3389:
3355:
3312:
3283:
3250:
3241:
3061:
3022:
3002:
2983:
2954:
2925:
2906:
2887:
2868:
2849:
2825:
2801:
2777:
2753:
2664:
2635:
2611:
2577:
2543:
2498:
2469:
2436:
2427:
2352:
207:(RTKs). Both Eph receptors and their corresponding
166:
146:
128:
123:
107:
95:
75:
63:
51:
43:
38:
21:
7300:Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
6158:Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
5811:Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target:
537:Eph receptors are present in high degrees during
7334:Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
2174:
2172:
2170:
1560:Petros TJ, Bryson JB, Mason C (September 2010).
1471:
1469:
4975:Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
4658:Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1066:
1064:
199:that are activated in response to binding with
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
781:
779:
7386:Additional growth factor receptor modulators:
4472:
4181:
3192:
2326:
2126:
2124:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
8:
5740:Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
5622:Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
5612:Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
203:. Ephs form the largest known subfamily of
201:Eph receptor-interacting proteins (Ephrins)
6409:
6142:
5590:
5019:
4612:
4479:
4465:
4457:
4188:
4174:
4166:
3844:
3830:
3247:
3238:
3224:
3199:
3185:
3177:
2433:
2333:
2319:
2311:
1917:Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (May 1998).
1511:Triplett JW, Feldheim DA (February 2012).
1243:"Non-SH2/PDZ reverse signaling by ephrins"
899:Eph Nomenclature Committee (August 1997).
736:"Ephrin signaling in vivo: look both ways"
120:
27:
2303:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2231:
2076:
2066:
1983:
1934:
1849:
1808:
1689:
1679:
1630:
1585:
1536:
1449:
1314:
1266:
1217:
1168:
1158:
965:
916:
751:
710:
700:
632:vertebrate and invertebrate development.
382:globular ephrin ligand-binding domain, a
7344:Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
2354:Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
940:Pitulescu ME, Adams RH (November 2010).
7407:
4673:Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
640:
7247:Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
18:
7310:Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
557:as well as in the differentiation of
545:, and other early development of the
7:
2362:Bone morphogenetic protein receptors
517:arches 2, 3, and 4 respectively. In
2214:Murai KK, Pasquale EB (July 2003).
3024:Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor
734:Davy A, Soriano P (January 2005).
227:, formation of tissue boundaries,
22:Eph receptor ligand binding domain
14:
7410:
7329:Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
553:, stimulating the production of
6497:Negative allosteric modulators:
2419:Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor
6815:Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)
6006:Platelet-derived growth factor
1490:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309
1:
7021:Placental growth factor (PGF)
3836:Non-receptor tyrosine kinases
3063:Receptor tyrosine phosphatase
2193:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.09.002
1936:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81436-1
1896:10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00031-4
1851:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81675-x
1810:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81131-9
1003:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80113-5
918:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80500-0
124:Available protein structures:
7305:Glia maturation factor (GMF)
5814:Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
2055:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1727:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.016
1668:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1623:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90426-3
1529:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.026
1259:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.012
1147:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1085:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.025
702:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000597
388:fibronectin type III domains
277:glycosylphosphatidylinositol
7449:
7237:Colony-stimulating factors
7229:Additional growth factors:
2269:10.1126/stke.2001.112.re20
2181:Cytokine Growth Factor Rev
1884:Cytokine Growth Factor Rev
1316:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.020
563:perivascular support cells
7433:Tyrosine kinase receptors
6585:SNA-120 (pegylated K252a)
5757:(against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
5719:(against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
4344:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3843:
3829:
3237:
3230:Receptor tyrosine kinases
3223:
1241:Daar IO (February 2012).
1210:10.1126/scisignal.aaa6711
878:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.005
843:10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.003
662:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.03.004
291:can bind to and activate
283:can bind to and activate
205:receptor tyrosine kinases
119:
26:
5421:Hepatocyte growth factor
4980:Neuregulins (heregulins)
4911:Neuregulins (heregulins)
4855:Trastuzumab duocarmazine
4568:(against angiopoietin 2)
4562:(against angiopoietin 3)
4236:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2429:Receptor tyrosine kinase
2305:Medical Subject Headings
1681:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11161
788:Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol
615:hepatocellular carcinoma
435:Bi-directional signaling
4768:Depatuxizumab mafodotin
3243:Growth factor receptors
2346:enzyme-linked receptors
1403:10.1242/dev.126.10.2033
1353:10.1126/science.1176615
1160:10.1073/pnas.0910644107
213:membrane-bound proteins
7391:(neurotrophin mixture)
7379:Wnt signaling proteins
7060:Allosteric modulators:
6780:Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
5000:5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF)
4850:Trastuzumab deruxtecan
4488:Growth factor receptor
2342:Cell surface receptors
2145:10.1002/ijc.2910600119
2068:10.1073/pnas.89.5.1611
2028:10.1242/dev.122.4.1147
1442:10.1101/gad.12.19.3096
831:Trends Cardiovasc. Med
425:cell-cell interactions
237:long-term potentiation
217:cell-cell interactions
7319:T-cell growth factors
5576:Telisotuzumab vedotin
4860:Trastuzumab emtansine
4329:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4262:Allosteric regulation
1762:10.1007/s004410050931
1715:Semin. Cell Dev. Biol
1517:Semin. Cell Dev. Biol
1247:Semin. Cell Dev. Biol
1073:Semin. Cell Dev. Biol
991:Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
866:Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
605:Discovery and history
429:embryonic development
386:-rich region and two
297:conformational change
221:embryonic development
5904:EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
5637:Mecasermin rinfabate
4339:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3314:PDGF receptor family
2500:PDGF receptor family
2301:Eph+Family+Receptors
1976:10.1101/gad.13.3.295
247:differentiation and
215:that require direct
3718:ROS receptor family
3252:EGF receptor family
2438:EGF receptor family
1478:Annu. Rev. Neurosci
958:10.1101/gad.1973910
521:a knockout of the
396:sterile alpha motif
7070:Kinase inhibitors:
6933:Kinase inhibitors:
6832:Kinase inhibitors:
6507:Kinase inhibitors:
6322:Kinase inhibitors:
6282:Kinase inhibitors:
6263:Kinase inhibitors:
6232:Kinase inhibitors:
6201:Kinase inhibitors:
6170:Kinase inhibitors:
6030:Kinase inhibitors:
5644:Kinase inhibitors:
5438:Kinase inhibitors:
5227:Kinase inhibitors:
5220:Aprutumab ixadotin
4867:Kinase inhibitors:
4680:Kinase inhibitors:
4537:Kinase inhibitors:
4298:Enzyme superfamily
4231:Enzyme promiscuity
2226:(Pt 14): 2823–32.
1578:10.1002/dneu.20821
753:10.1002/dvdy.20200
547:circulatory system
7398:
7397:
7004:
7003:
6765:N-Acetylserotonin
6664:ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)
6293:
6292:
5827:
5826:
5772:Binding proteins:
5431:Dihexa (PNB-0408)
5398:
5397:
5009:
5008:
4923:6 (neuroglycan C)
4643:EGF (urogastrone)
4621:
4454:
4453:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3471:
3470:
3174:
3173:
3018:
3017:
2233:10.1242/jcs.00625
1198:Science Signaling
1120:10.1021/bi991628t
1114:(43): 14396–408.
620:from which their
571:capillary sprouts
555:capillary sprouts
195:) are a group of
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:structure summary
7440:
7415:
7414:
7406:
7210:Decoy receptors:
7183:Alacizumab pegol
6661:Decoy receptors:
6410:
6315:Stem cell factor
6256:Persephin (PSPN)
6194:Neurturin (NRTN)
6143:
5980:LEVI-04 (p75-Fc)
5977:Decoy receptors:
5591:
5020:
4619:
4613:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4458:
4334:Hanes–Woolf plot
4277:Enzyme activator
4272:Enzyme inhibitor
4246:Enzyme catalysis
4190:
4183:
4176:
4167:
3845:
3831:
3285:Insulin receptor
3248:
3239:
3225:
3212:tyrosine kinases
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
2471:Insulin receptor
2434:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2289:
2288:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1436:(19): 3096–109.
1421:
1415:
1414:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1347:(5959): 1502–9.
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1021:
1015:
1014:
986:
980:
979:
969:
937:
931:
930:
920:
896:
890:
889:
861:
855:
854:
826:
820:
819:
783:
774:
773:
755:
731:
725:
724:
714:
704:
680:
674:
673:
650:Trends Cell Biol
645:
626:orphan receptors
583:limb development
577:Limb development
273:binding affinity
121:
31:
19:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7409:
7401:
7399:
7394:
7339:Midkine (NEGF2)
7217:
7000:
6899:
6668:
6606:ABT-110 (PG110)
6399:
6379:
6289:
6270:
6239:
6208:
6177:
6132:
5984:
5922:ABT-110 (PG110)
5823:
5760:
5722:
5580:
5394:
5375:
5315:
5312:(against FGF23)
5234:
5101:
5005:
4948:
4894:
4807:
4618:
4602:
4571:
4493:
4485:
4455:
4450:
4362:Oxidoreductases
4348:
4324:Enzyme kinetics
4312:
4308:List of enzymes
4281:
4250:
4221:Catalytic triad
4199:
4194:
4164:
4151:
4127:
4088:
4057:
4026:
3992:
3963:
3939:
3915:
3891:
3867:
3839:
3817:
3801:
3782:
3753:
3729:
3713:
3694:
3675:
3656:
3632:
3608:
3584:
3560:
3467:
3438:
3414:
3385:
3351:
3308:
3279:
3233:
3219:
3208:Protein kinases
3205:
3175:
3170:
3057:
3014:
2998:
2979:
2950:
2921:
2902:
2883:
2864:
2845:
2821:
2797:
2773:
2749:
2660:
2631:
2607:
2573:
2539:
2494:
2465:
2423:
2348:
2339:
2297:
2292:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2109:(14): 3645–50.
2099:
2098:
2094:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1867:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1750:Cell Tissue Res
1747:
1746:
1742:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1674:(20): 11161–6.
1661:
1660:
1656:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1397:(10): 2033–44.
1388:
1387:
1376:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1023:
1022:
1018:
988:
987:
983:
952:(22): 2480–92.
939:
938:
934:
898:
897:
893:
863:
862:
858:
828:
827:
823:
785:
784:
777:
733:
732:
728:
695:(3): e1000597.
682:
681:
677:
647:
646:
642:
638:
607:
591:
579:
535:
510:
482:retinotopic map
466:
450:
437:
421:
392:tyrosine kinase
376:
275:for either the
257:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7446:
7444:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7369:Thrombopoietin
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7290:Erythropoietin
7287:
7249:
7244:
7234:
7232:Adrenomedullin
7225:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7014:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6828:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6695:4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
6692:
6687:
6678:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6589:
6588:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6503:
6502:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6455:Gambogic amide
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6225:Artemin (ARTN)
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6151:
6149:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6026:
6025:
6003:
5994:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5253:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5120:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4904:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4530:Angiopoietin 3
4527:
4525:Angiopoietin 2
4518:
4517:
4515:Angiopoietin 4
4512:
4510:Angiopoietin 1
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4409:
4396:
4383:
4370:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4286:Classification
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3735:AATYK receptor
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3391:VEGF receptors
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:AATYK receptor
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2579:VEGF receptors
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2291:
2290:
2247:
2206:
2166:
2133:Int. J. Cancer
2120:
2092:
2041:
2022:(4): 1147–55.
1999:
1970:(3): 295–306.
1950:
1909:
1865:
1824:
1783:
1740:
1705:
1654:
1601:
1572:(11): 781–94.
1552:
1503:
1465:
1416:
1374:
1330:
1282:
1233:
1184:
1153:(19): 8830–5.
1133:
1098:
1060:
1039:10.1038/nn1237
1016:
981:
932:
891:
856:
821:
800:10.1038/nrm856
775:
726:
675:
639:
637:
634:
611:erythropoietin
606:
603:
590:
587:
578:
575:
539:vasculogenesis
534:
531:
509:
508:Cell migration
506:
465:
462:
449:
446:
436:
433:
420:
417:
412:phosphorylated
375:
372:
371:
370:
345:
256:
253:
229:cell migration
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
150:
144:
143:
133:
126:
125:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
16:Protein family
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7445:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7404:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:Cyclotraxin B
7061:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:Larotrectinib
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:Larotrectinib
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Cyclotraxin B
6808:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Amitriptyline
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6596:Against TrkA:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Larotrectinib
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6480:Dexamethasone
6478:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6425:Amitriptyline
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Dexamethasone
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:des(1-3)IGF-1
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Telisotuzumab
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5428:Potentiators:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Selpercatinib
5288:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Selpercatinib
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Selpercatinib
5085:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Depatuxizumab
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Enzyme family
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Cooperativity
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Oxyanion hole
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:(EC 2.7.10.2)
3837:
3832:
3828:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:uncategorised
3804:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:MuSK receptor
3697:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:PTK7 receptor
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:(EC 2.7.10.1)
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:uncategorised
3001:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:MuSK receptor
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:PTK7 receptor
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:(112): re20.
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:(6): 419–33.
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:(1): 129–36.
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2061:(5): 1611–5.
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1929:(5): 741–53.
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1844:(7): 781–90.
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:(5): 633–43.
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:(2): 265–74.
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:(3): 371–81.
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Dev Neurobiol
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:(1): 127–39.
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:(405): rs13.
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Nat. Neurosci
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:(5): 608–15.
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:(5): 145–51.
836:
832:
825:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:(7): 475–86.
793:
789:
782:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
727:
722:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
641:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
604:
602:
598:
596:
588:
586:
584:
576:
574:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
496:axons in the
495:
490:
488:
483:
478:
475:
471:
470:axon guidance
464:Axon guidance
463:
461:
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
434:
432:
430:
426:
418:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:(SAM), and a
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:axon guidance
222:
218:
214:
211:ligands are
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Eph receptors
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
7389:Cerebrolysin
7385:
7359:Pleiotrophin
7315:Interleukins
7228:
7209:
7179:
7098:Fruquintinib
7088:Cabozantinib
7069:
7059:
7017:
6981:Lestaurtinib
6932:
6912:
6880:Lestaurtinib
6831:
6821:
6802:Antagonists:
6801:
6735:Deoxygedunin
6690:3,7,8,2'-THF
6681:
6660:
6651:Against NGF:
6650:
6647:
6603:Against NGF:
6602:
6595:
6592:
6555:Lestaurtinib
6506:
6496:
6490:Testosterone
6472:Antagonists:
6471:
6421:
6321:
6306:
6281:
6262:
6252:
6231:
6221:
6200:
6190:
6169:
6154:
6114:
6029:
5997:
5976:
5967:Against NGF:
5966:
5963:
5919:Against NGF:
5918:
5915:
5909:Testosterone
5891:Antagonists:
5890:
5840:
5810:
5771:
5746:
5735:
5712:Teprotumumab
5673:
5643:
5602:
5551:Ficlatuzumab
5546:Emibetuzumab
5542:
5496:JNJ-38877605
5466:Cabozantinib
5437:
5427:
5416:Fosgonimeton
5411:
5386:
5328:
5306:
5247:
5230:Infigratinib
5226:
5211:
5114:
5031:
4965:Betacellulin
4961:
4944:Seribantumab
4930:
4907:
4866:
4831:
4825:Unknown/none
4824:
4820:
4754:
4679:
4638:Betacellulin
4633:Amphiregulin
4628:
4620:(ErbB1/HER1)
4584:
4556:
4536:
4522:Antagonists:
4521:
4506:
4499:Angiopoietin
4440:Translocases
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4385:
4375:Transferases
4372:
4359:
4216:Binding site
4062:SRC-B family
4031:SRC-A family
3788:RET receptor
3759:AXL receptor
3681:RYK receptor
3638:DDR receptor
3614:ROR receptor
3590:TIE receptor
3566:LTK receptor
3477:EPH receptor
3476:
3444:Trk receptor
3420:HGF receptor
3357:FGF receptor
2985:RET receptor
2956:AXL receptor
2908:ROS receptor
2870:RYK receptor
2827:DDR receptor
2803:ROR receptor
2779:TIE receptor
2755:LTK receptor
2666:EPH receptor
2665:
2637:Trk receptor
2613:HGF receptor
2545:FGF receptor
2260:
2256:
2250:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2184:
2180:
2136:
2132:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2019:
2015:
2002:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1890:(1): 75–85.
1887:
1883:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1721:(1): 83–91.
1718:
1714:
1708:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1394:
1390:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1306:
1302:
1253:(1): 65–74.
1250:
1246:
1236:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1111:
1108:Biochemistry
1107:
1101:
1079:(1): 35–42.
1076:
1072:
1033:(5): 501–9.
1030:
1026:
1019:
994:
990:
984:
949:
945:
935:
911:(3): 403–4.
908:
904:
894:
872:(5): 611–6.
869:
865:
859:
834:
830:
824:
791:
787:
743:
739:
729:
692:
688:
678:
656:(5): 230–8.
653:
649:
643:
630:
608:
599:
592:
580:
567:
543:angiogenesis
536:
533:Angiogenesis
526:
522:
518:
511:
494:motor neuron
491:
479:
474:growth cones
467:
453:Segmentation
451:
448:Segmentation
438:
422:
377:
301:
268:
264:
261:genetic loci
258:
241:angiogenesis
233:segmentation
192:
188:
184:
183:
7349:Oncomodulin
7213:Aflibercept
7203:Ranibizumab
7198:Ramucirumab
7188:Bevacizumab
7180:Antibodies:
7138:Regorafenib
7078:Altiratinib
6991:ONO-5390556
6961:Entrectinib
6936:Altiratinib
6890:ONO-5390556
6860:Entrectinib
6835:Altiratinib
6621:Frunevetmab
6593:Antibodies:
6570:ONO-5390556
6535:Entrectinib
6510:Altiratinib
6465:Tavilermide
6360:Quizartinib
6299:SCF (c-Kit)
6123:Ramucirumab
6115:Antibodies:
6088:Quizartinib
6038:Avapritinib
6001:Becaplermin
5937:Frunevetmab
5916:Antibodies:
5819:Trofinetide
5750:Dusigitumab
5747:Antibodies:
5702:Robatumumab
5692:Figitumumab
5687:Dalotuzumab
5682:Cixutumumab
5674:Antibodies:
5566:Rilotumumab
5561:Onartuzumab
5556:Flanvotumab
5543:Antibodies:
5511:PF-04217903
5441:Altiratinib
5404:HGF (c-Met)
5307:Antibodies:
5212:Antibodies:
4934:Duligotumab
4931:Antibodies:
4845:Trastuzumab
4835:Ertumaxomab
4832:Antibodies:
4803:Zalutumumab
4798:Panitumumab
4793:Nimotuzumab
4788:Necitumumab
4778:Imgatuzumab
4755:Antibodies:
4738:Osimertinib
4703:Dacomitinib
4598:Dapiclermin
4557:Antibodies:
4540:Altiratinib
4211:Active site
2220:J. Cell Sci
2016:Development
1523:(1): 7–15.
1391:Development
746:(1): 1–10.
613:-producing
551:endothelium
498:spinal cord
442:growth cone
400:PDZ-binding
263:designated
39:Identifiers
7168:Vandetanib
7133:Rebastinib
7128:Pegaptanib
7118:Nintedanib
7108:Lenvatinib
7073:Agerafenib
7026:Ripretinib
6951:CH-7057288
6850:CH-7057288
6715:7,8,3'-THF
6710:7,8,2'-THF
6636:Ranevetmab
6626:Fulranumab
6580:Rebastinib
6525:CH-7057288
6440:Cenegermin
6325:Agerafenib
6285:Agerafenib
6266:Vandetanib
6235:Vandetanib
6204:Vandetanib
6173:Vandetanib
6118:Olaratumab
6093:Ripretinib
6073:Nintedanib
6058:Lenvatinib
6048:Crenolanib
6033:Agerafenib
5952:Ranevetmab
5942:Fulranumab
5859:Cenegermin
5833:LNGF (p75)
5755:Xentuzumab
5717:Xentuzumab
5662:NVP-AEW541
5657:NVP-ADW742
5652:Linsitinib
5647:BMS-754807
5632:Mecasermin
5531:Tivantinib
5521:PHA-665752
5516:PF-2341066
5486:Golvatinib
5476:Crizotinib
5471:Capmatinib
5461:BMS-777607
5456:Amuvatinib
5332:Ersofermin
5295:Sprifermin
5251:Ersofermin
5200:Sprifermin
5190:Repifermin
5185:Palifermin
5118:Ersofermin
5097:Velafermin
5082:Repifermin
5035:Ersofermin
4954:ErbB4/HER4
4939:Patritumab
4900:ErbB3/HER3
4880:Mubritinib
4840:Pertuzumab
4813:ErbB2/HER2
4743:Vandetanib
4698:Canertinib
4693:Brigatinib
4688:Agerafenib
4668:Nepidermin
4663:Murodermin
4653:Epiregulin
4608:EGF (ErbB)
4566:Nesvacumab
4560:Evinacumab
4550:Rebastinib
4491:modulators
4414:Isomerases
4388:Hydrolases
4255:Regulation
2103:Cancer Res
1632:2164/10927
1484:: 309–45.
636:References
559:mesenchyme
519:C. elegans
394:domain, a
374:Activation
255:Subclasses
223:including
136:structures
109:Membranome
47:Ephrin_lbd
7193:Icrucumab
7173:WHI-P 154
7163:Tivozanib
7158:Toceranib
7153:Sunitinib
7148:Sorafenib
7143:Semaxanib
7123:Pazopanib
7113:Motesanib
7103:Lapatinib
7093:Cediranib
7031:Telbermin
7018:Agonists:
6966:GZ-389988
6946:CE-245677
6913:Agonists:
6865:GZ-389988
6845:CE-245677
6745:Diosmetin
6682:Agonists:
6648:Aptamers:
6641:Tanezumab
6616:Fasinumab
6560:Milciclib
6540:GZ-389988
6520:CE-245677
6422:Agonists:
6375:Toceranib
6370:Sunitinib
6365:Sorafenib
6355:Pazopanib
6350:Nilotinib
6345:Masitinib
6335:Dasatinib
6307:Agonists:
6253:Agonists:
6222:Agonists:
6191:Agonists:
6163:Liatermin
6155:Agonists:
6138:RET (GFL)
6128:Tovetumab
6108:Toceranib
6103:Sorafenib
6098:Sunitinib
6083:Radotinib
6078:Pazopanib
6068:Motesanib
6063:Masitinib
5998:Agonists:
5964:Aptamers:
5957:Tanezumab
5932:Fasinumab
5841:Agonists:
5697:Ganitumab
5617:IGF-1 LR3
5536:Volitinib
5491:INCB28060
5481:Foretinib
5387:Agonists:
5371:Trafermin
5329:Agonists:
5310:Burosumab
5300:Trafermin
5248:Agonists:
5215:Aprutumab
5205:Trafermin
5167:10 (KGF2)
5115:Agonists:
5092:Trafermin
5072:10 (KGF2)
5032:Agonists:
4962:Agonists:
4908:Agonists:
4890:Tucatinib
4885:Neratinib
4875:Lapatinib
4783:Matuzumab
4773:Futuximab
4758:Cetuximab
4748:WHI-P 154
4733:Neratinib
4728:Lapatinib
4718:Grandinin
4713:Gefitinib
4708:Erlotinib
4585:Agonists:
4545:CE-245677
4507:Agonists:
4293:EC number
2257:Sci. STKE
1964:Genes Dev
1430:Genes Dev
946:Genes Dev
689:PLOS Biol
618:cell line
514:migration
502:ephrin-A5
380:conserved
289:ephrin-A5
287:and that
281:ephrin-B3
245:stem cell
197:receptors
70:IPR016257
7427:Category
7375:instead)
7364:Renalase
7325:instead)
7296:instead)
7243:instead)
7083:Axitinib
7052:D (FIGF)
6996:PLX-7486
6986:ONO-4474
6941:AZD-6918
6895:PLX-7486
6885:ONO-4474
6840:AZD-6918
6822:Ligands:
6740:Deprenyl
6700:7,3'-DHF
6631:MEDI-578
6611:ASP-6294
6575:PLX-7486
6565:ONO-4474
6515:AZD-6918
6475:ALE-0540
6396:instead.
6340:Imatinib
6330:Axitinib
6310:Ancestim
6275:Unsorted
6053:Imatinib
6043:Axitinib
5947:MEDI-578
5927:ASP-6294
5894:ALE-0540
5736:Agonists
5677:AVE-1642
5603:Agonists
5526:SU-11274
5412:Agonists
5390:FGF15/19
5380:Unsorted
5345:2 (bFGF)
5264:2 (bFGF)
5131:2 (bFGF)
5048:2 (bFGF)
4870:Afatinib
4821:Agonists
4723:Icotinib
4683:Afatinib
4629:Agonists
4317:Kinetics
4241:Cofactor
4204:Activity
2277:11741094
2242:12808016
2201:15561600
2161:42843769
1904:11750881
1860:10619431
1735:22040916
1649:18009549
1596:20629048
1547:22044886
1411:10207129
1369:19333476
1361:20007894
1325:15820684
1277:22040914
1228:26628682
1179:20410461
1128:10572014
1093:22044883
1055:15643420
1047:15107857
976:21078817
886:20810264
851:17574121
808:12094214
770:37808863
762:15580616
740:Dev. Dyn
721:21390298
670:17420126
458:mesoderm
419:Function
404:tyrosine
384:cysteine
191:, after
153:RCSB PDB
65:InterPro
7417:Biology
7252:Ephrins
6956:DS-6051
6855:DS-6051
6760:LM22A-4
6750:DMAQ-B1
6705:7,8-DHF
6685:3,7-DHF
6654:RBM-004
6599:GBR-900
6530:DS-6051
6500:VM-902A
5970:RBM-004
5667:OSl-906
5627:Insulin
5506:MK-2461
5451:AMG-458
4588:Axokine
4427:Ligases
4197:Enzymes
3218:2.7.10)
2285:2952319
2153:7814145
2115:8033077
2087:1311845
2036:8620841
1994:9990854
1945:9630219
1819:9506518
1778:9009347
1770:9321688
1700:8855326
1641:7634327
1587:2930402
1538:3288406
1498:9530499
1460:9765210
1341:Science
1268:3288889
1219:4766099
1170:2889310
1011:9330863
967:2975924
927:9267020
816:1735440
712:3046958
102:cd10319
58:PF01404
7403:Portal
7222:Others
6916:BNN-20
6805:ANA-12
6730:BNN-20
6450:DHEA-S
6435:BNN-27
6430:BNN-20
5869:DHEA-S
5854:BNN-27
5849:BNN-20
5765:Others
4970:Epigen
4648:Epigen
4401:Lyases
4135:family
4096:family
4000:family
3971:family
3947:family
3923:family
3899:family
3875:family
3851:family
3790:family
3761:family
3749:AATYK2
3737:family
3702:family
3683:family
3664:family
3640:family
3616:family
3592:family
3568:family
3479:family
3446:family
3422:family
3410:VEGFR3
3405:VEGFR2
3400:VEGFR1
3393:family
3359:family
3346:PDGFRB
3341:PDGFRA
3287:family
3131:PTPRN2
3053:GUCY2D
3048:GUCY2C
2987:family
2958:family
2946:AATYK3
2941:AATYK2
2929:family
2910:family
2891:family
2872:family
2853:family
2829:family
2805:family
2781:family
2757:family
2668:family
2639:family
2615:family
2603:VEGFR4
2598:VEGFR3
2593:VEGFR2
2588:VEGFR1
2581:family
2547:family
2533:PDGFRB
2528:PDGFRA
2473:family
2414:ACVRL1
2409:ACVR2B
2404:ACVR2A
2399:ACVR1C
2394:ACVR1B
2377:BMPR1B
2372:BMPR1A
2307:(MeSH)
2283:
2275:
2240:
2199:
2159:
2151:
2113:
2085:
2075:
2034:
1992:
1985:316426
1982:
1943:
1902:
1858:
1817:
1776:
1768:
1733:
1698:
1688:
1647:
1639:
1594:
1584:
1545:
1535:
1496:
1458:
1451:317186
1448:
1409:
1367:
1359:
1323:
1275:
1265:
1226:
1216:
1177:
1167:
1126:
1091:
1053:
1045:
1009:
974:
964:
925:
884:
849:
814:
806:
768:
760:
719:
709:
668:
595:cancer
589:Cancer
487:ephrin
408:serine
343:EPHA10
249:cancer
243:, and
231:, and
209:ephrin
168:PDBsum
142:
132:
90:SUPFAM
44:Symbol
7371:(see
7321:(see
7292:(see
7239:(see
6971:K252a
6870:K252a
6545:K252a
6485:FX007
6245:GFRα4
6214:GFRα3
6183:GFRα2
6147:GFRα1
5775:IGFBP
5728:IGF-2
5707:R1507
5595:IGF-1
5501:K252a
5321:FGFR4
5240:FGFR3
5107:FGFR2
5024:FGFR1
4353:Types
4147:ZAP70
3813:STYK1
3778:TYRO3
3744:AATYK
3551:EPHB6
3546:EPHB5
3541:EPHB4
3536:EPHB3
3531:EPHB2
3526:EPHB1
3521:EPHA8
3516:EPHA7
3511:EPHA6
3506:EPHA5
3501:EPHA4
3496:EPHA3
3491:EPHA2
3486:EPHA1
3463:NTRK3
3458:NTRK2
3453:NTRK1
3381:FGFR4
3376:FGFR3
3371:FGFR2
3366:FGFR1
3337:PDGFR
3322:CSF1R
3304:INSRR
3294:IGF1R
3275:ERBB4
3270:ERBB3
3265:ERBB2
3166:PTPRZ
3161:PTPRU
3156:PTPRT
3151:PTPRS
3146:PTPRR
3141:PTPRQ
3136:PTPRO
3126:PTPRN
3121:PTPRM
3116:PTPRK
3111:PTPRJ
3106:PTPRH
3101:PTPRG
3096:PTPRF
3091:PTPRE
3086:PTPRD
3081:PTPRC
3076:PTPRB
3071:PTPRA
3010:STYK1
2975:TYRO3
2936:AATYK
2740:EPHB6
2735:EPHB5
2730:EPHB4
2725:EPHB3
2720:EPHB2
2715:EPHB1
2710:EPHA8
2705:EPHA7
2700:EPHA6
2695:EPHA5
2690:EPHA4
2685:EPHA3
2680:EPHA2
2675:EPHA1
2656:NTRK3
2651:NTRK2
2646:NTRK1
2569:FGFR4
2564:FGFR3
2559:FGFR2
2554:FGFR1
2523:PDGFR
2508:CSF1R
2490:INSRR
2480:IGF1R
2461:ERBB4
2456:ERBB3
2451:ERBB2
2389:ACVR1
2382:BMPR2
2367:BMPR1
2281:S2CID
2157:S2CID
2078:48502
2012:(PDF)
1774:S2CID
1691:38301
1645:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1051:S2CID
812:S2CID
766:S2CID
561:into
527:vab-2
523:vab-1
368:EPHB6
364:EPHB5
360:EPHB4
356:EPHB3
352:EPHB2
348:EPHB1
339:EPHA9
335:EPHA8
331:EPHA7
327:EPHA6
323:EPHA5
319:EPHA4
315:EPHA3
311:EPHA2
307:EPHA1
293:EphB2
285:EphA4
86:SCOPe
77:SCOP2
7373:here
7323:here
7294:here
7241:here
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7010:VEGF
6926:NT-3
6921:DHEA
6905:TrkC
6825:DHEA
6795:TDP6
6775:NT-4
6770:NT-3
6755:HIOC
6725:BDNF
6674:TrkB
6445:DHEA
6414:TrkA
6394:here
6392:See
6385:TGFβ
5990:PDGF
5884:NT-4
5879:NT-3
5864:DHEA
5844:BDNF
4593:CNTF
4577:CNTF
4445:list
4438:EC7
4432:list
4425:EC6
4419:list
4412:EC5
4406:list
4399:EC4
4393:list
4386:EC3
4380:list
4373:EC2
4367:list
4360:EC1
4053:YES1
4022:TYK2
4017:JAK3
4012:JAK2
4007:JAK1
3988:SRMS
3935:PYK2
3911:MATK
3887:TNK1
3882:ACK1
3858:ABL1
3725:ROS1
3709:MUSK
3671:PTK7
3652:DDR2
3647:DDR1
3628:ROR2
3623:ROR1
3556:EPHX
3327:FLT3
3299:INSR
3260:EGFR
3041:NPR2
3036:NPR1
2917:ROS1
2898:MUSK
2860:PTK7
2841:DDR2
2836:DDR1
2817:ROR2
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2238:PMID
2197:PMID
2149:PMID
2111:PMID
2083:PMID
2032:PMID
1990:PMID
1941:PMID
1923:Cell
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1856:PMID
1838:Cell
1815:PMID
1797:Cell
1766:PMID
1731:PMID
1696:PMID
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1611:Cell
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1494:PMID
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1407:PMID
1357:PMID
1321:PMID
1303:Cell
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1224:PMID
1175:PMID
1124:PMID
1089:PMID
1043:PMID
1007:PMID
972:PMID
923:PMID
905:Cell
882:PMID
847:PMID
804:PMID
758:PMID
717:PMID
666:PMID
622:cDNA
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269:EPHB
267:and
265:EPHA
189:Ephs
161:PDBj
157:PDBe
140:ECOD
130:Pfam
114:1202
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5586:IGF
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5256:FGF
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5155:KGF
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5015:FGF
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4133:SYK
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4113:BTK
4108:BMX
4103:TEC
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4079:LCK
4074:HCK
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1972:doi
1931:doi
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