365:
many research questions are impossible to study in experimental settings, due to concerns around ethics and study validity. For example, the link between cigarette smoke and lung cancer was uncovered largely through observational research; however research ethics would certainly prohibit conducting a randomized trial of cigarette smoking once it had already been identified as a potential health threat.
169:
Because epidemiological studies can rarely be conducted in a laboratory the results are often polluted by uncontrollable variations in the cases. This often makes the results difficult to interpret. Two methods have evolved to assess the strength of the relationship between the disease causing agent
364:
between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. Moreover,
118:
Factors relating to the environment that either increase or decrease the likelihood of disease. Exercise and good diet are examples of disabling factors. A weakened immune system and poor nutrition are examples of enabling
196:
Epidemiologists are famous for their use of rates. Each measure serves to characterize the disease giving valuable information about contagiousness, incubation period, duration, and mortality of the disease.
95:
nature of any given disease (i.e., the unique disease principle), a single disease entity may be treated as disease subtypes. This framework is well conceptualized in the interdisciplinary field of
70:
It is important to collect as much information as possible about each event in order to inspect a large number of possible risk factors. The events may be collected from varied methods of
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were the first criteria developed for epidemiological relationships. Because they only work well for highly contagious bacteria and toxins, this method is largely out of favor.
819:
42:. The techniques for gathering and analyzing epidemiological data vary depending on the type of disease being monitored but each study will have overarching similarities.
161:
If a trend has been observed in the cases, the researcher may postulate as to the nature of the relationship between the potential disease-causing agent and the disease.
54:
Full epidemiological studies are expensive and laborious undertakings. Before any study is started, a case must be made for the importance of the research.
1111:
1107:
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1115:
1103:
410:
812:
456:
Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Meissner A, Schernhammer ES, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (April 2013).
62:
Any conclusions drawn from inhomogeneous cases will be suspicious. All events or occurrences of the disease must be true cases of the disease.
661:
1278:
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182:
are the current standards for epidemiological relationships. A relationship may fill all, some, or none of the criteria and still be true.
392:
96:
679:"Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology"
434:
805:
443:
556:"Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology"
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792:
761:
A discussion and forum community for epi analysis support and fostering questions, debates, and collaborations in epidemiology
1161:
883:
994:
458:"Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease"
728:
110:
Non-environmental factors that increase the likelihood of getting a disease. Genetic history, age, and gender are examples.
1309:
92:
1288:
605:"Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field"
780:
1252:
1224:
1153:
907:
135:
These are factors that compound the likelihood of getting a disease. They may include repeated exposure or excessive
1302:
978:
306:
296:
1097:
758:
301:
149:
Here one looks for similarities in the cases which may identify major risk factors for contracting the disease.
127:
This factor is the most important in that it identifies the source of exposure. It may be a germ, toxin or gene.
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Epidemiology for the health sciences: a primer on epidemiologic concepts and their uses
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has a comprehensive list of links to associations, agencies, bulletins, etc.
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540:
491:
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571:
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380:
150:
30:
The science of epidemiology has matured significantly from the times of
1184:
398:
774:
522:
360:
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight
755:
Epidemiologic
Inquiry online weblog for epidemiology researchers
88:
Often, occurrence of a single disease entity is set as an event.
801:
789:
On line training classes for epidemiology and related topics.
787:
North
Carolina Center for Public Health Preparedness Training
603:
Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (March 2011).
507:"A strategy for distinguishing optimal cancer subtypes"
395: – Discipline combining epidemiology and pathology
389: – Study of health and disease within a population
677:
Fedak KM, Bernal A, Capshaw ZA, Gross S (2015-09-30).
656:(7th ed.). Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
104:
Characterize the events as to epidemiological factors
403:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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1223:
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1122:
1096:
1058:
1028:
1019:
945:
892:
839:
406:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
46:Outline of the process of an epidemiological study
438:, 6th edn, New York: Oxford University Press.
813:
8:
767:at Oxford maintains an on-line "Toolbox" of
731:. Boston University School of Public Health
215:, where cases included are defined using a
1025:
820:
806:
798:
153:may be used to identify such risk factors.
704:
694:
628:
579:
530:
481:
383: – Statistical software from the CDC
1112:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
1108:Attributable fraction for the population
560:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1116:Preventable fraction for the population
1104:Attributable fraction among the exposed
422:
411:Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
27:Scientific method in the specific field
765:The Centre for Evidence Based Medicine
59:Confirm the homogeneity of the events
783:On line text, with easy explanations.
74:or from censuses or hospital records.
7:
1279:Correlation does not imply causation
1195:Animal testing on non-human primates
393:Molecular pathological epidemiology
97:molecular pathological epidemiology
77:The events can be characterized by
554:Ogino S, Stampfer M (March 2010).
25:
781:Epidemiology for the Uninitiated
51:Establish that a problem exists
683:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
511:International Journal of Cancer
1162:Pre- and post-test probability
884:Patient and public involvement
1:
793:People's Epidemiology Library
652:Austin DF, Werner SB (1982).
146:Look for patterns and trends
1289:Sex as a biological variable
435:A dictionary of epidemiology
297:Attributable risk in exposed
1253:Intention-to-treat analysis
1225:Analysis of clinical trials
1154:Specificity and sensitivity
908:Randomized controlled trial
115:Enabling/disabling factors
1355:
474:10.1038/modpathol.2012.214
1297:
1262:Interpretation of results
995:Nested case–control study
696:10.1186/s12982-015-0037-4
377: – Plan for research
307:Levin's attributable risk
302:Percent attributable risk
864:Academic clinical trials
1082:Relative risk reduction
930:Adaptive clinical trial
874:Evidence-based medicine
857:Adaptive clinical trial
769:evidence-based medicine
621:10.1136/gut.2010.217182
505:Begg CB (August 2011).
287:Absolute risk reduction
253:Measures of association
158:Formulate a hypothesis
67:Collect all the events
18:Epidemiological methods
1070:Number needed to treat
201:Measures of occurrence
180:Bradford-Hill Criteria
137:environmental stresses
124:Precipitation factors
1074:Number needed to harm
961:Cross-sectional study
913:Scientific experiment
869:Clinical study design
375:Clinical study design
107:Predisposing factors
72:epidemiological study
1040:Cumulative incidence
227:Cumulative incidence
187:Publish the results.
166:Test the hypothesis
132:Reinforcing factors
947:Observational study
879:Real world evidence
833:experimental design
572:10.1093/jnci/djq031
350:Specificity (tests)
346:Sensitivity (tests)
1233:Risk–benefit ratio
1200:First-in-man study
1150:Case fatality rate
991:Case–control study
965:Longitudinal study
759:Epidemiology Forum
729:"Causal Inference"
283:Absolute measures
258:Relative measures
1326:
1325:
1274:Survivorship bias
1238:Systematic review
1205:Multicenter trial
1168:
1167:
1158:Likelihood-ratios
1130:Clinical endpoint
1098:Population impact
1052:Period prevalence
829:Clinical research
753:Epidemiologic.org
663:978-0-398-02949-4
523:10.1002/ijc.25714
292:Attributable risk
245:Period prevalence
174:Koch's postulates
16:(Redirected from
1346:
1173:Trial/test types
1048:Point prevalence
1026:
969:Ecological study
952:EBM II-2 to II-3
923:Open-label trial
918:Blind experiment
894:Controlled study
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462:Modern Pathology
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401: – Software
240:Point prevalence
170:and the disease.
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217:case definition
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151:Epidemic curves
91:Given inherent
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1317:List of topics
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1142:Mortality rate
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935:Platform trial
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847:Clinical trial
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747:External links
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615:(3): 397–411.
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332:Mortality rate
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317:Other measures
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468:(4): 465–84.
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1339:Epidemiology
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1090:Hazard ratio
974:Cohort study
733:. Retrieved
723:
686:
682:
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566:(6): 365–7.
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517:(4): 931–7.
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461:
451:
433:
430:Miquel Porta
425:
387:Epidemiology
362:associations
361:
359:
277:Hazard ratio
195:
29:
1284:Null result
1243:Replication
1138:Infectivity
1060:Association
1011:Case report
1001:Case series
984:Prospective
356:Limitations
327:Infectivity
222:Hazard rate
32:Hippocrates
1086:Odds ratio
1078:Risk ratio
1044:Prevalence
1030:Occurrence
1006:Case study
775:Epimonitor
735:2018-04-01
417:References
272:Odds ratio
267:Rate ratio
262:Risk ratio
234:Prevalence
83:prevalence
81:rates and
36:Semmelweis
1146:Morbidity
1134:Virulence
1036:Incidence
323:Virulence
236:measures
209:measures
207:Incidence
79:Incidence
40:John Snow
1333:Category
1310:Glossary
1303:Category
1180:In vitro
1021:Measures
840:Overview
771:methods.
715:26425136
639:21036793
590:20208016
541:20949563
492:23307060
381:Epi Info
369:See also
192:Measures
119:factors.
1185:In vivo
706:4589117
630:3040598
581:2841039
532:3043163
483:3637979
432:(2014)
399:OpenEpi
713:
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99:(MPE).
85:rates.
1124:Other
963:vs.
831:and
711:PMID
658:ISBN
635:PMID
586:PMID
537:PMID
488:PMID
440:ISBN
348:and
334:and
325:and
38:and
701:PMC
691:doi
625:PMC
617:doi
609:Gut
576:PMC
568:doi
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527:PMC
519:doi
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478:PMC
470:doi
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