28:
261:
from 1 case in 5000 to 1 case in 10,000 over one year. The relative risk reduction is 0.5 (50%), while the absolute risk reduction is 0.0001 (0.01%). The absolute risk reduction reflects the low probability of getting colon cancer in the first place, while reporting only relative risk reduction,
256:
It is recommended to use absolute measurements, such as risk difference, alongside the relative measurements, when presenting the results of randomized controlled trials. Their utility can be illustrated by the following example of a hypothetical drug which reduces the risk of
580:
706:
424:
911:
273:- drug reduces 2 cases of colon cancer to 1 case if you treat 10,000 people. Natural numbers, which are used in the number needed to treat approach, are easily understood by non-experts.
31:
The adverse outcome (black) risk difference between the group exposed to the treatment (left) and the group unexposed to the treatment (right) is −0.25 (RD = −0.25, ARR = 0.25).
1861:
435:
736:
235:
191:
89:
609:
1716:
837:
794:
147:
116:
814:
771:
2153:
2149:
1185:
2199:
2157:
2145:
1509:
1854:
1827:
1622:
2320:
2236:
617:
1847:
1692:
1658:
2358:
339:
1642:
1604:
2203:
1925:
2036:
2351:
2330:
2385:
2294:
2266:
2195:
1949:
845:
2344:
2020:
1730:
Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG (March 2010).
1578:
2139:
2077:
2025:
1905:
743:
119:
1732:"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials"
2165:
2123:
2101:
2071:
1971:
1915:
1898:
1583:
1356:
1154:
1085:
1029:
2274:
2032:
2111:
1107:
241:
149:
is the incidence in the unexposed group. If the risk of an outcome is increased by the exposure, the term
2380:
2115:
2002:
1993:
1940:
1910:
1874:
1432:
245:
2081:
575:{\displaystyle SE(RD)={\sqrt {{\frac {EE\cdot EN}{(EE+EN)^{3}}}+{\frac {CE\cdot CN}{(CE+CN)^{3}}}}}.}
1988:
1920:
27:
2241:
2191:
2006:
1935:
1893:
1710:
1372:
1265:
1045:
938:
714:
302:
200:
156:
54:
588:
2315:
2279:
2246:
2171:
2093:
1870:
1823:
1800:
1761:
1698:
1688:
1654:
1618:
282:
2089:
2010:
1964:
1959:
1839:
1792:
1751:
1743:
1646:
1610:
819:
776:
1650:
1614:
125:
94:
2284:
2062:
2310:
2231:
2183:
1976:
1888:
1756:
1731:
799:
756:
739:
270:
17:
2374:
2289:
2256:
2251:
1456:
1131:
2131:
2015:
1399:
1072:
266:
258:
193:. Equivalently, if the risk of an outcome is decreased by the exposure, the term
2325:
2179:
2052:
2042:
1796:
2127:
2119:
2085:
2047:
1954:
1687:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 66, 160, 167.
1539:
1215:
51:
of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as
1702:
429:
The sampling distribution of RD is approximately normal, with standard error
2187:
2175:
1804:
1765:
262:
would run into risk of readers exaggerating the effectiveness of the drug.
2221:
2226:
1785:
Studies in
History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
1747:
1780:
26:
701:{\displaystyle CI_{1-\alpha }(RD)=RD\pm SE(RD)\cdot z_{\alpha },}
48:
1843:
419:{\displaystyle RD={\frac {EE}{EE+EN}}-{\frac {CE}{CE+CN}}.}
269:
believe that the risk difference is best presented as a
244:, and the inverse of the absolute risk increase is the
1609:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 14.
848:
822:
802:
779:
759:
717:
620:
591:
438:
342:
203:
159:
128:
97:
57:
2303:
2265:
2214:
2164:
2138:
2100:
2070:
2061:
1987:
1934:
1881:
905:
831:
808:
788:
765:
730:
700:
603:
574:
418:
240:The inverse of the absolute risk reduction is the
229:
185:
141:
110:
83:
1643:"Dictionary of Epidemiology - Oxford Reference"
906:{\displaystyle RD=P(D\mid E)-P(D\mid \neg E).}
1855:
1822:. New York: Fourth Estate. pp. 239–260.
333:The point estimate of the risk difference is
8:
1715:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
281:Risk difference can be estimated from a 2x2
2067:
1862:
1848:
1840:
1755:
847:
821:
801:
778:
758:
722:
716:
689:
628:
619:
590:
558:
516:
504:
462:
460:
437:
384:
352:
341:
221:
208:
202:
177:
164:
158:
133:
127:
102:
96:
75:
62:
56:
2154:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
2150:Attributable fraction for the population
1392:
1252:
1186:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
1065:
925:
839:. The risk difference can be written as
287:
2158:Preventable fraction for the population
2146:Attributable fraction among the exposed
1595:
1510:Attributable fraction among the exposed
611:confidence interval for the RD is then
1708:
7:
2321:Correlation does not imply causation
2237:Animal testing on non-human primates
1678:
1676:
1651:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001
1636:
1634:
1615:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001
1685:Epidemiology : an introduction
753:We could assume a disease noted by
891:
823:
780:
25:
197:(ARR) is used, and computed as
153:(ARI) is used, and computed as
2204:Pre- and post-test probability
1926:Patient and public involvement
897:
882:
873:
861:
679:
670:
649:
640:
555:
536:
501:
482:
454:
445:
47:is the difference between the
1:
1683:J., Rothman, Kenneth (2012).
2331:Sex as a biological variable
2295:Intention-to-treat analysis
2267:Analysis of clinical trials
2196:Specificity and sensitivity
1950:Randomized controlled trial
1797:10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.06.003
1645:. Oxford University Press.
1641:Porta, Miquel, ed. (2014).
816:, and no exposure noted by
731:{\displaystyle z_{\alpha }}
230:{\displaystyle I_{u}-I_{e}}
186:{\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}}
84:{\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}}
2402:
1606:Dictionary of Epidemiology
1579:Population Impact Measures
927:Example of risk reduction
773:, and no disease noted by
122:in the exposed group, and
2339:
2304:Interpretation of results
2037:Nested case–control study
1781:"Measuring Effectiveness"
1254:Example of risk increase
604:{\displaystyle 1-\alpha }
293:
290:
1906:Academic clinical trials
1779:Stegenga, Jacob (2015).
1262:Experimental group (E)
1086:Absolute risk reduction
935:Experimental group (E)
742:for the chosen level of
2124:Relative risk reduction
1972:Adaptive clinical trial
1916:Evidence-based medicine
1899:Adaptive clinical trial
1584:Relative risk reduction
1479:Relative risk increase
1412:Absolute risk increase
1155:Relative risk reduction
749:Bayesian interpretation
195:absolute risk reduction
18:Absolute risk reduction
2112:Number needed to treat
1108:Number needed to treat
907:
833:
832:{\displaystyle \neg E}
810:
790:
789:{\displaystyle \neg D}
767:
732:
702:
605:
576:
420:
242:number needed to treat
231:
187:
151:absolute risk increase
143:
112:
85:
32:
2116:Number needed to harm
2003:Cross-sectional study
1955:Scientific experiment
1911:Clinical study design
1818:Ben Goldacre (2008).
1603:Porta M, ed. (2014).
1433:Number needed to harm
908:
834:
811:
791:
768:
733:
703:
606:
577:
421:
246:number needed to harm
232:
188:
144:
142:{\displaystyle I_{u}}
113:
111:{\displaystyle I_{e}}
86:
30:
2082:Cumulative incidence
846:
820:
800:
796:, exposure noted by
777:
757:
715:
618:
589:
436:
340:
201:
157:
126:
95:
55:
1989:Observational study
1921:Real world evidence
1875:experimental design
1316:Total subjects (S)
1255:
989:Total subjects (S)
928:
2386:Medical statistics
2275:Risk–benefit ratio
2242:First-in-man study
2192:Case fatality rate
2033:Case–control study
2007:Longitudinal study
1253:
926:
917:Numerical examples
903:
829:
806:
786:
763:
728:
698:
601:
572:
416:
252:Usage in reporting
227:
183:
139:
108:
81:
33:
2368:
2367:
2316:Survivorship bias
2280:Systematic review
2247:Multicenter trial
2210:
2209:
2200:Likelihood-ratios
2172:Clinical endpoint
2140:Population impact
2094:Period prevalence
1871:Clinical research
1829:978-0-00-724019-7
1624:978-0-19-939006-9
1570:
1569:
1391:
1390:
1246:
1245:
1193:
1064:
1063:
809:{\displaystyle E}
766:{\displaystyle D}
567:
565:
511:
411:
379:
331:
330:
299:Experimental (E)
283:contingency table
45:attributable risk
16:(Redirected from
2393:
2215:Trial/test types
2090:Point prevalence
2068:
2011:Ecological study
1994:EBM II-2 to II-3
1965:Open-label trial
1960:Blind experiment
1936:Controlled study
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1748:10.1136/bmj.c869
1727:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1600:
1393:
1352:Event rate (ER)
1256:
1191:
1066:
1025:Event rate (ER)
929:
912:
910:
909:
904:
838:
836:
835:
830:
815:
813:
812:
807:
795:
793:
792:
787:
772:
770:
769:
764:
737:
735:
734:
729:
727:
726:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
693:
639:
638:
610:
608:
607:
602:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
566:
564:
563:
562:
534:
517:
512:
510:
509:
508:
480:
463:
461:
425:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
393:
385:
380:
378:
361:
353:
288:
265:Authors such as
236:
234:
233:
228:
226:
225:
213:
212:
192:
190:
189:
184:
182:
181:
169:
168:
148:
146:
145:
140:
138:
137:
117:
115:
114:
109:
107:
106:
90:
88:
87:
82:
80:
79:
67:
66:
21:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2335:
2299:
2261:
2206:
2160:
2134:
2108:Risk difference
2096:
2057:
1991:
1983:
1938:
1930:
1894:Trial protocols
1877:
1868:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1707:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1517:
1296:Non-events (N)
1251:
1174:, or 1 −
969:Non-events (N)
924:
919:
844:
843:
818:
817:
798:
797:
775:
774:
755:
754:
751:
718:
713:
712:
685:
624:
616:
615:
587:
586:
554:
535:
518:
500:
481:
464:
434:
433:
394:
386:
362:
354:
338:
337:
321:Non-events (N)
279:
254:
217:
204:
199:
198:
173:
160:
155:
154:
129:
124:
123:
98:
93:
92:
71:
58:
53:
52:
37:risk difference
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2359:List of topics
2355:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Selection bias
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Animal testing
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2184:Mortality rate
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2013:
1999:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:Platform trial
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:Clinical trial
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1771:
1722:
1693:
1672:
1659:
1630:
1623:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:= 0.4, or 40%
1369:
1368:= 0.5, or 50%
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1331:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:= 0.4, or 40%
1042:
1041:= 0.1, or 10%
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1004:
990:
986:
985:
982:
976:
970:
966:
965:
962:
956:
950:
946:
945:
942:
936:
933:
923:
922:Risk reduction
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
828:
825:
805:
785:
782:
762:
750:
747:
740:standard score
725:
721:
709:
708:
697:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
600:
597:
594:
583:
582:
571:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
515:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
427:
426:
415:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
392:
389:
383:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
360:
357:
351:
348:
345:
329:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
300:
296:
295:
292:
278:
275:
271:natural number
253:
250:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
136:
132:
105:
101:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Meta-analysis
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2257:Vaccine trial
2255:
2253:
2252:Seeding trial
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Retrospective
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:EBM I to II-1
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:9780199754557
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1660:9780199976720
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:0.25, or 25%
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:(risk ratio)
1458:
1457:Relative risk
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:Control group
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1249:Risk increase
1248:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:0.75, or 75%
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:(risk ratio)
1133:
1132:Relative risk
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
939:Control group
937:
934:
931:
930:
921:
916:
900:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
870:
867:
864:
858:
855:
852:
849:
842:
841:
840:
826:
803:
783:
760:
748:
746:
745:
741:
723:
719:
695:
690:
686:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
646:
643:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
614:
613:
612:
598:
595:
592:
569:
559:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
513:
505:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
457:
451:
448:
442:
439:
432:
431:
430:
413:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
390:
387:
381:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
358:
355:
349:
346:
343:
336:
335:
334:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
297:
289:
286:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
251:
249:
247:
243:
238:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
196:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
152:
134:
130:
121:
103:
99:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
2381:Epidemiology
2357:
2350:
2343:
2132:Hazard ratio
2107:
2016:Cohort study
1819:
1813:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1684:
1664:. Retrieved
1605:
1598:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1445:
1441:
1427:0.1, or 10%
1422:
1418:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1285:
1279:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1120:
1116:
1102:0.3, or 30%
1097:
1093:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
978:
972:
958:
952:
752:
744:significance
710:
584:
428:
332:
280:
267:Ben Goldacre
264:
259:colon cancer
255:
239:
194:
150:
44:
40:
36:
34:
2326:Null result
2285:Replication
2180:Infectivity
2102:Association
2053:Case report
2043:Case series
2026:Prospective
1820:Bad Science
1276:Events (E)
949:Events (E)
310:Events (E)
41:excess risk
2375:Categories
2128:Odds ratio
2120:Risk ratio
2086:Prevalence
2072:Occurrence
2048:Case study
1666:2018-05-09
1590:References
1540:Odds ratio
1501:− 1
1216:Odds ratio
2188:Morbidity
2176:Virulence
2078:Incidence
1791:: 62–71.
1711:cite book
1703:750986180
1396:Variable
1259:Quantity
1069:Variable
932:Quantity
892:¬
889:∣
877:−
868:∣
824:¬
781:¬
724:α
691:α
683:⋅
662:±
636:α
633:−
599:α
596:−
526:⋅
472:⋅
382:−
277:Inference
215:−
171:−
120:incidence
69:−
2352:Glossary
2345:Category
2222:In vitro
2063:Measures
1882:Overview
1805:26199055
1766:20332511
1742:: c869.
1573:See also
1524:−
1489:−
1444:−
1421:−
1404:Formula
1200:−
1166:−
1119:−
1096:−
1077:Formula
91:, where
2227:In vivo
1757:2844943
738:is the
303:Control
291:
118:is the
1826:
1803:
1764:
1754:
1701:
1691:
1657:
1621:
1407:Value
1344:= 250
1330:= 150
1308:= 150
1288:= 100
1271:Total
1242:0.167
1080:Value
1017:= 250
1003:= 150
981:= 150
975:= 135
961:= 100
944:Total
711:where
294:Group
39:(RD),
2166:Other
1555:) / (
1497:, or
1474:1.25
1440:1 / (
1400:Abbr.
1302:= 75
1282:= 75
1231:) / (
1210:0.75
1149:0.25
1126:3.33
1115:1 / (
1073:Abbr.
955:= 15
43:, or
2005:vs.
1873:and
1824:ISBN
1801:PMID
1762:PMID
1717:link
1699:OCLC
1689:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1566:1.5
1534:0.2
1528:) /
1493:) /
1482:RRI
1437:NNH
1415:ARI
1347:400
1311:225
1291:175
1268:(C)
1204:) /
1170:) /
1159:RRR
1112:NNT
1090:ARR
1020:400
984:285
964:115
941:(C)
585:The
305:(C)
49:risk
35:The
1793:doi
1752:PMC
1744:doi
1740:340
1736:BMJ
1647:doi
1611:doi
1544:OR
1530:EER
1526:CER
1522:EER
1495:CER
1491:CER
1487:EER
1470:CER
1466:EER
1462:RR
1451:10
1446:CER
1442:EER
1423:CER
1419:EER
1373:CER
1357:EER
1220:OR
1206:CER
1202:EER
1198:CER
1172:CER
1168:EER
1164:CER
1145:CER
1141:EER
1137:RR
1121:EER
1117:CER
1098:EER
1094:CER
1046:CER
1030:EER
327:CN
324:EN
316:CE
313:EE
2377::
2202:,
2198:,
2194:,
2190:,
2186:,
2182:,
2178:,
2174:,
2156:,
2152:,
2148:,
2130:,
2126:,
2122:,
2118:,
2114:,
2110:,
2092:,
2088:,
2084:,
2080:,
2009:,
1799:.
1789:54
1787:.
1783:.
1760:.
1750:.
1738:.
1734:.
1713:}}
1709:{{
1697:.
1675:^
1653:.
1633:^
1617:.
1563:)
1561:CN
1559:/
1557:CE
1553:EN
1551:/
1549:EE
1514:AF
1499:RR
1468:/
1448:)
1387:—
1382:CS
1380:/
1378:CE
1376:=
1366:ES
1364:/
1362:EE
1360:=
1342:CN
1340:+
1338:CE
1336:=
1334:CS
1328:EN
1326:+
1324:EE
1322:=
1320:ES
1306:CN
1300:EN
1286:CE
1280:EE
1239:)
1237:CN
1235:/
1233:CE
1229:EN
1227:/
1225:EE
1190:PF
1176:RR
1143:/
1123:)
1060:—
1055:CS
1053:/
1051:CE
1049:=
1039:ES
1037:/
1035:EE
1033:=
1015:CN
1013:+
1011:CE
1009:=
1007:CS
1001:EN
999:+
997:EE
995:=
993:ES
979:CN
973:EN
959:CE
953:EE
285::
248:.
237:.
2039:)
2035:(
1996:)
1992:(
1943:)
1939:(
1863:e
1856:t
1849:v
1832:.
1807:.
1795::
1768:.
1746::
1719:)
1705:.
1669:.
1649::
1627:.
1613::
1547:(
1520:(
1516:e
1485:(
1223:(
1196:(
1192:u
1162:(
901:.
898:)
895:E
886:D
883:(
880:P
874:)
871:E
865:D
862:(
859:P
856:=
853:D
850:R
827:E
804:E
784:D
761:D
720:z
696:,
687:z
680:)
677:D
674:R
671:(
668:E
665:S
659:D
656:R
653:=
650:)
647:D
644:R
641:(
630:1
626:I
622:C
593:1
570:.
560:3
556:)
552:N
549:C
546:+
543:E
540:C
537:(
532:N
529:C
523:E
520:C
514:+
506:3
502:)
498:N
495:E
492:+
489:E
486:E
483:(
478:N
475:E
469:E
466:E
458:=
455:)
452:D
449:R
446:(
443:E
440:S
414:.
408:N
405:C
402:+
399:E
396:C
391:E
388:C
376:N
373:E
370:+
367:E
364:E
359:E
356:E
350:=
347:D
344:R
223:e
219:I
210:u
206:I
179:u
175:I
166:e
162:I
135:u
131:I
104:e
100:I
77:u
73:I
64:e
60:I
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
