174:
146:
25:
297:
membrane (ILM) after PVD also may provide retinal astrocytes access to the vitreous cavity, where they may subsequently proliferate. Many ERMs also have ILM fragments that may be peeled separately. Finally, vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, or both associated with a PVD also may stimulate ERM formation.
296:
The incidence of associated PVD ranges from 75 to 93%, and PVD is present in virtually all eyes with retinal breaks or retinal detachments and subsequent ERM formation. PVD can lead to retinal breaks that may liberate RPE cells that initiate membrane formation. Small breaks in the internal limiting
284:
The source of the cells in epiretinal membranes (ERM) has been found to comprise glial cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, and collagen cells. These cells are found in varying proportions. Those from retinal breaks, previous retinal detachments, or cryopexy are
397:
This ocular pathology was first described by
Iwanoff in 1865, and it has been shown to occur in about 7% of the population. It can occur more frequently in the older population with postmortem studies showing it in 2% of those aged 50 years and 20% in those aged 75 years.
701:
312:(OCT) of the macula. Features include a thickening of the nerve fiber layer, a serrated appearance to the surface of the retina just beneath a thickened layer of glial tissue at the retinal-vitreous interface.
247:
In the young (under 50 years of age), these cells occasionally pull free and disintegrate on their own; but in the majority of those affected (over 60 years of age) the condition is permanent. The underlying
324:(PVD) occurs in over 75 percent of the population over age 65, that PVD is essentially a harmless condition (although with some disturbing symptoms), and that it does not normally threaten sight.
385:, which are the most frequent complication of vitrectomy surgery. Many patients will develop a cataract within the first few years after surgery. In fact, the visual distortions and
1800:
1197:
320:
There is no good evidence for any preventive actions, since it appears this is a natural response to aging changes in the vitreous. It has been estimated that
1869:
1795:
293:. The presence of retinal pigment cells invariably indicates proliferative retinopathy and is only seen in association with a retinal detachment or tear.
280:, as it might be viewed by a person with very severe macular pucker. Most cases of epiretinal membrane are milder and show much smoother curved lines.
236:
if the image from one eye is too different from the image of the other eye. The distortions can make objects look different in size (usually larger =
615:
Dev S, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Mittra RA (1999). "Visual outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membranes associated with pars planitis".
2350:
809:
1817:
1812:
1637:
377:
For severe epiretinal membrane, surgery may be recommended; however, there are the usual hazards of surgery, infections, and a possibility of
273:
557:
Benson WE, Brown GC, Tasman W, McNamara JA (1988). "Complications of vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic patients".
1677:
42:
221:. Often this results in distortions of vision that are clearly visible as bowing and blurring when looking at lines on chart paper (or an
1790:
289:
are the fundamental cell type in idiopathic ERMs. These cells are frequently found in small and dispersed numbers in eyes containing a
1785:
1672:
1239:
1400:
244:
that cannot be fully corrected optically with glasses. Partial correction often improves the binocular vision considerably though.
108:
1540:
89:
1505:
61:
2080:
1598:
1510:
1500:
1229:
46:
781:
427:
68:
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321:
290:
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1991:
1682:
1667:
309:
154:
479:
Gibran SK; B Flemming; T Stappler; I Pearce; C Groenewald; H Heimann; P Hiscott; D Wong (2008). "Peel and peel again".
879:
837:
802:
578:
Suami M, Mizota A, Hotta Y, Tanaka M (2007). "Pattern VEPs before and after idiopathic epiretinal membrane removal".
75:
1807:
1603:
1577:
1535:
1530:
1395:
1268:
1256:
1212:
1874:
1273:
35:
1986:
1780:
1627:
1472:
1219:
431:, a film monologue describing his experiences dealing with a macular pucker and his decision to undergo surgery.
57:
1525:
1496:
1120:
1085:
716:
374:. Surgery is not usually recommended unless the distortions are severe enough to interfere with daily living.
1996:
1750:
1550:
1070:
1063:
2265:
2235:
2170:
2165:
1892:
1170:
1035:
795:
136:
285:
composed mainly of dispersed RPE cells, while cells of glial origin predominate in idiopathic pathology.
2208:
1884:
1981:
1567:
1562:
1520:
1335:
1251:
459:
261:
173:
2286:
2160:
1960:
1843:
1835:
1623:
1572:
1427:
1207:
987:
705:
260:, are usually not damaged unless the membrane becomes quite thick and hard; so usually there is no
249:
240:), especially in the central portion of the visual field, creating a localized or field-dependent
1897:
1647:
1555:
1479:
1432:
1244:
1180:
1165:
1025:
974:
603:
514:
378:
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82:
217:, tighten to create tension on the retina which may bulge and pucker, or even cause swelling or
198:. Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the
2240:
2137:
1902:
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1007:
927:
912:
351:
440:, Ruth had epiretinal membrane complicated by macular edema in her left vitreous cavity.
2325:
2177:
2122:
1965:
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1662:
1444:
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1360:
1314:
1185:
1058:
992:
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lines. Usually the vitreous is replaced at the same time with clear (BSS) fluid, in a
272:
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However, since epiretinal membrane appears to be a protective response to PVD, where
218:
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607:
518:
381:. More common complications are high intraocular pressure, bleeding in the eye, and
2110:
1938:
1319:
1234:
1142:
1020:
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955:
418:
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767:
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PVD can create minor damage to the retina, stimulating exudate, inflammation, and
721:
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2155:
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2010:
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response. These cells can form a transparent layer gradually and, like all
570:
2320:
2085:
1619:
1422:
1053:
389:
created by cataracts may sometimes be confused with epiretinal membrane.
386:
382:
233:
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2147:
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937:
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347:
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1129:
849:
454:
363:
340:
199:
139:, retina wrinkle, surface wrinkling retinopathy, premacular fibrosis
2222:
743:
414:
346:
Usually there are flashing-light experiences and the emergence of
271:
225:) within the macular area, or central 1.0 degree of visual arc.
1302:
864:
336:
214:
2307:
1703:
1106:
835:
791:
646:"Perifoveal vitreous detachment and its macular complications"
308:
Epiretinal membrane is typically diagnosed by appearance with
18:
228:
Usually it occurs in one eye first, and may cause binocular
135:
Macular pucker, epimacular membrane, preretinal membrane,
190:
is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the
784:
Resource Guide from the
National Eye Institute (NEI).
362:
Surgeons can remove or peel the membrane through the
300:
Both sexes appear to be affected equally frequently.
683:
2274:
2221:
2186:
2146:
2058:
2009:
1974:
1915:
1883:
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1830:
1771:
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1453:
1413:
1369:
1310:
1301:
1151:
1128:
1119:
1044:
1006:
973:
936:
857:
848:
753:
687:
536:de Wit GC (2007). "Retinally-induced aniseikonia".
161:
131:
126:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1796:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
410:(June 5, 1941 – ca. January 10, 2004), an
803:
8:
1870:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
202:area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in
1198:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
2304:
2068:
1857:
1848:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1307:
1125:
1116:
1103:
854:
845:
832:
810:
796:
788:
684:
172:
144:
123:
661:
500:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
471:
343:may reduce the inflammation response.
354:before the epiretinal membrane forms.
350:in the eye that herald changes in the
7:
1678:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1801:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1638:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1673:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
14:
1401:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1506:Central retinal artery occlusion
481:British Journal of Ophthalmology
366:and improve vision by 2 or more
23:
2351:Disorders of choroid and retina
1511:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1240:Terrien's marginal degeneration
339:is formed, it is possible that
34:needs additional citations for
1541:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1501:Central retinal vein occlusion
1230:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1:
1594:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1485:Posterior vitreous detachment
1351:Persistent pupillary membrane
629:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90247-6
322:Posterior vitreous detachment
204:posterior vitreous detachment
2081:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1992:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1683:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1668:Persistent fetal vasculature
1599:Leber's congenital amaurosis
310:optical coherence tomography
880:Meibomian gland dysfunction
2367:
1604:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1578:Central serous retinopathy
1396:Focal choroidal excavation
1269:Corneal neovascularization
1086:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2316:
2303:
2071:
1987:Convergence insufficiency
1860:
1729:
1712:
1699:
1628:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1473:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1115:
1102:
888:
844:
831:
822:Diseases of the human eye
592:10.1007/s10633-006-9039-4
152:
143:
1497:Ocular ischemic syndrome
538:Binocul Vis Strabismus Q
1997:One and a half syndrome
1751:Foster Kennedy syndrome
650:Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc
493:10.1136/bjo.2007.129965
157:image. 89-year-old man.
2236:Argyll Robertson pupil
1036:Periorbital cellulitis
281:
137:cellophane maculopathy
2209:Scintillating scotoma
1875:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
1818:Toxic and nutritional
1791:posterior (PION)
1274:Kayser–Fleischer ring
530:Additional references
275:
153:Epiretinal membrane,
58:"Epiretinal membrane"
1982:Conjugate gaze palsy
1853:Paralytic strabismus
1786:anterior (AION)
1568:Retinitis pigmentosa
1563:Macular degeneration
1336:Intermediate uveitis
1252:Keratoconjunctivitis
460:macular degeneration
262:macular degeneration
43:improve this article
2287:Childhood blindness
2266:Parinaud's syndrome
1836:Extraocular muscles
1624:Ocular hypertension
1588:Epiretinal membrane
1573:Retinal haemorrhage
1428:Congenital cataract
644:Johnson MW (2005).
250:photoreceptor cells
184:Epiretinal membrane
127:Epiretinal membrane
1813:Leber's hereditary
1480:Retinal detachment
1433:Childhood cataract
1245:Post-LASIK ectasia
1026:Orbital cellulitis
975:Lacrimal apparatus
754:External resources
379:retinal detachment
282:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2241:Marcus Gunn pupil
2217:
2216:
2138:Visual impairment
2005:
2004:
1911:
1910:
1898:Fourth-nerve (IV)
1826:
1825:
1763:Optic disc drusen
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1409:
1408:
1297:
1296:
1203:Corneal dystrophy
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
969:
968:
777:
776:
434:In the 2011 film
181:
180:
121:Medical condition
119:
118:
111:
93:
2358:
2305:
2069:
2060:Vision disorders
2019:Refractive error
1961:Brown's syndrome
1917:Other strabismus
1903:Sixth-nerve (VI)
1893:Oculomotor (III)
1865:Ophthalmoparesis
1858:
1849:
1840:Binocular vision
1773:Optic neuropathy
1739:optic papillitis
1727:
1714:
1701:
1590:(Macular pucker)
1308:
1289:Band keratopathy
1126:
1117:
1104:
1031:Orbital lymphoma
918:Blepharophimosis
908:Blepharochalasis
855:
846:
833:
812:
805:
798:
789:
685:
675:
665:
640:
611:
574:
553:
523:
522:
504:
476:
194:or more rarely,
177:
176:
148:
124:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2366:
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2356:
2355:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2312:
2291:
2270:
2213:
2182:
2142:
2096:Color blindness
2062:
2054:
2001:
1975:Other binocular
1970:
1907:
1879:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1767:
1720:
1708:
1687:
1643:Ocular hypotony
1608:
1468:Chorioretinitis
1449:
1405:
1389:Chorioretinitis
1365:
1346:Rubeosis iridis
1324:
1293:
1264:Corneal opacity
1220:Corneal ectasia
1147:
1111:
1090:
1076:Pseudopterygium
1040:
1002:
965:
932:
928:Ankyloblepharon
884:
840:
827:
826:
816:
778:
773:
772:
749:
748:
696:
682:
643:
614:
577:
559:Ophthalmic Surg
556:
535:
532:
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526:
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52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2326:Onchocerciasis
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2317:
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2301:
2300:
2297:
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2227:
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2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:Quadrantanopia
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:Oguchi disease
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2032:
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2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
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1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1966:Duane syndrome
1963:
1958:
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1951:
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1919:
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1900:
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1803:
1798:
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1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1734:Optic neuritis
1730:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Phthisis bulbi
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Coats' disease
1543:
1538:
1536:of prematurity
1533:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1445:Ectopia lentis
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1303:Vascular tunic
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:Photokeratitis
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1059:Conjunctivitis
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:Dacryocystitis
990:
985:
983:Dacryoadenitis
979:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
859:
852:
842:
841:
836:
829:
828:
825:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
786:
785:
782:Macular Pucker
775:
774:
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770:
758:
757:
755:
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750:
747:
746:
735:
724:
713:
697:
692:
691:
689:
688:Classification
681:
680:External links
678:
677:
676:
641:
623:(6): 1086–90.
612:
580:Doc Ophthalmol
575:
554:
531:
528:
525:
524:
470:
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462:
457:
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445:
442:
428:Gray's Anatomy
403:
400:
394:
391:
359:
356:
317:
314:
305:
302:
269:
266:
192:vitreous humor
188:macular pucker
179:
178:
165:
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150:
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133:
129:
128:
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117:
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31:
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22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2363:
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2346:
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2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Adie syndrome
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Achromatopsia
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:Anisometropia
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
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1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
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1920:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1901:
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1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
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1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Accommodation
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Optic atrophy
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Keratomycosis
1656:
1654:
1653:Globe rupture
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Macular edema
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
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1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
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1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Retinoschisis
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
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1429:
1426:
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1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Choroideremia
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Iridodialysis
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Arcus senilis
1282:
1280:
1279:Haab's striae
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
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1250:
1246:
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1236:
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1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Corneal ulcer
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:acanthamoebic
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Fibrous tunic
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
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1055:
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1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:Xerophthalmia
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:
972:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
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939:
935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Lagophthalmos
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
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853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
823:
820:
819:
813:
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806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
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783:
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779:
769:
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745:
741:
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736:
734:
730:
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723:
719:
718:
714:
712:
708:
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703:
699:
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695:
690:
686:
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673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
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647:
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638:
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630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Ophthalmology
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
565:(12): 862–4.
564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
544:(2): 96–101.
543:
539:
534:
533:
529:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
498:
494:
490:
487:(3): 373–77.
486:
482:
475:
472:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
441:
439:
438:
432:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:Spalding Gray
401:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
344:
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315:
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301:
298:
294:
292:
288:
279:
274:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:double vision
231:
226:
224:
220:
219:macular edema
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
169:
168:Ophthalmology
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2136: /
2132: /
2111:Monochromacy
2043: /
1939:Heterophoria
1927: /
1626: /
1622: /
1587:
1526:hypertensive
1499: /
1320:Ciliary body
1235:Keratoglobus
1143:Episcleritis
1021:Enophthalmos
1016:Exophthalmos
961:Trichomegaly
956:Distichiasis
858:Inflammation
761:
737:
726:
715:
700:
653:
649:
620:
616:
586:(2): 67–73.
583:
579:
562:
558:
541:
537:
484:
480:
474:
435:
433:
426:
419:screenwriter
405:
396:
393:Epidemiology
376:
361:
345:
329:inflammation
326:
319:
307:
299:
295:
283:
246:
227:
208:
187:
183:
182:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2261:Cycloplegia
2204:Photophobia
2199:Hemeralopia
2156:Hemianopsia
2134:Vision loss
2045:Aniseikonia
2036:Astigmatism
1956:Cyclotropia
1934:Hypertropia
1746:Papilledema
1718:Optic nerve
1551:Sickle cell
1531:Purtscher's
1516:Retinopathy
1384:Choroiditis
1225:Keratoconus
1046:Conjunctiva
923:Xanthelasma
875:Blepharitis
502:10722/90372
450:Eye surgery
425:, released
337:scar tissue
335:fluid, and
287:Laminocytes
278:Amsler grid
242:aniseikonia
223:Amsler grid
215:scar tissue
132:Other names
16:Eye disease
2310:Infections
2231:Anisocoria
2194:Asthenopia
2187:subjective
2171:homonymous
2166:bitemporal
2118:Nyctalopia
2106:Dichromacy
2050:Presbyopia
2011:Refraction
1832:Strabismus
1722:Optic disc
1081:Pinguecula
946:Trichiasis
728:DiseasesDB
656:: 537–67.
466:References
423:playwright
372:vitrectomy
316:Prevention
258:cone cells
69:newspapers
2282:Nystagmus
2256:Mydriasis
2130:Blindness
2076:Amblyopia
2064:Blindness
2024:Hyperopia
1949:Exophoria
1944:Esophoria
1929:Exotropia
1925:Esotropia
1463:Retinitis
1161:Keratitis
1138:Scleritis
1071:Pterygium
951:Madarosis
898:Ectropion
893:Entropion
870:Chalazion
763:eMedicine
744:133853005
739:SNOMED CT
406:In 1996,
383:cataracts
358:Treatment
333:exudative
304:Diagnosis
254:rod cells
238:macropsia
211:leucocyte
163:Specialty
99:June 2019
2345:Category
2321:Trachoma
2086:Diplopia
1781:Ischemic
1706:Pathways
1620:Glaucoma
1521:diabetic
1423:Cataract
1361:Synechia
1213:Meesmann
1181:Exposure
1166:herpetic
1064:allergic
1054:Chemosis
988:Epiphora
672:17057817
637:10366075
608:22039065
600:17216518
550:17688418
519:42887974
511:18055573
444:See also
412:American
387:diplopia
352:vitreous
348:floaters
230:diplopia
206:(PVD).
196:diabetes
2161:binasal
2148:Anopsia
2091:Scotoma
1885:palsies
1648:Red eye
1633:Floater
1440:Aphakia
1371:Choroid
1341:Hyphema
1331:Uveitis
938:Eyelash
768:oph/396
722:D019773
663:1447588
571:3231410
402:Culture
368:Snellen
200:macular
83:scholar
2251:Miosis
2029:Myopia
1808:Kjer's
1556:photic
1455:Retina
1208:Fuchs'
1176:fungal
1153:Cornea
1130:Sclera
913:Ptosis
850:Eyelid
838:Adnexa
711:362.56
670:
660:
635:
606:
598:
569:
548:
517:
509:
455:macula
421:, and
364:sclera
341:NSAIDs
170:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2275:Other
2223:Pupil
1613:Other
1257:sicca
1109:Globe
1008:Orbit
733:31161
604:S2CID
515:S2CID
415:actor
268:Cause
90:JSTOR
76:books
1415:Lens
1315:Iris
865:Stye
717:MeSH
706:9-CM
668:PMID
633:PMID
596:PMID
567:PMID
546:PMID
507:PMID
437:Paul
256:and
62:news
702:ICD
658:PMC
654:103
625:doi
621:106
588:doi
584:114
497:hdl
489:doi
291:PVD
276:An
232:or
186:or
155:OCT
45:by
2347::
766::
742::
731::
720::
709::
666:.
652:.
648:.
631:.
619:.
602:.
594:.
582:.
563:19
561:.
542:22
540:.
513:.
505:.
495:.
485:92
483:.
417:,
331:,
264:.
252:,
811:e
804:t
797:v
704:-
694:D
674:.
639:.
627::
610:.
590::
573:.
552:.
521:.
499::
491::
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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