194:, or both. Soft power is getting results not by coercion but by attraction, for example via payments, good affiliation, or education. Education plays a crucial role, as it reproduces ideas such as norms, and values of a society; identities and nationalism; and it determines how history is taught. Consequently, it establishes an idea of who is good and who is bad. The coloniser/occupier can use education institutions to control these ideas. It does so by taking over the educational infrastructure. In this process, the original infrastructure is often overruled and/or destroyed. The absence of the original educational infrastructure leads to the colonised/occupied having to mirror and adapt to the infrastructure that is present, that of the coloniser, and is thus (partially) under its influence and control. This can happen via hard power by coercing change and destroying the existing educational infrastructure, which leads to educide.
438:, including 80% of all schools in Gaza. Critics have claimed that Israel has systematically and intentionally destroyed all the universities in Gaza. Some of the educational buildings have been changed into military bases by Israel. In addition to the material infrastructure, Israel has targeted those connected to the educational infrastructure, such as students and academics. In April 2024, 5479 students, 261 teachers, and 95 university professors were killed and 7819 students and 756 teachers injured. The numbers have been increasing ever since. According to the Ministry of Education and Higher Education in Gaza, 625000 students cannot access education. For further information, Scholars Against the War on Palestine, has listed the acts that are part of the scholasticide, and which have happened in Gaza.
514:, p. 331: "The word educide was first used by Pluto Press in Nov 2009, which questioned whether the systematic killing of Iraqi academics and the intellectual élite could constitute a case of educide (Baker, et al., 2009). The word can be traced back to the former UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Iraq, Hans-Christoph Von Sponeck speech in March 2011 at the Ghent university conference. The speech examined the cataclysm of Iraqi academia and the country's disastrous education situation. Von Sponeck touched on educide; as a wrongdoing utilising the words education and genocide while focusing on the assassination of the élite academics within the Iraqi educated society."
502:: "The term "scholasticide" was coined by Karma Nabulsi during the 2008–2009 assault on Gaza to describe Israeli attacks on educational institutions, placing them within a historical context of "the systematic destruction of Palestinian education by Israel" since 1948 (Ahmad & Vulliamy 2009). The term has recently been expanded upon by a group called, Scholars Against the War on Palestine, to understand how scholasticide has "intensified on an unprecedented scale" during the present war to include the destruction of archives, libraries, museums and cultural heritage (Scholars Against the War on Palestine 2024)."
363:
left Iraq. Iraq's educational infrastructure faced many problems due to a lack of materials, a fear of bombings and kidnappings that prevented people from going to their educational institutions, and many professors fleeing the country. Additionally, around 2007, many could not perform their professions due to missing certificates, while governmental officials sometimes missed the actual education they claimed to have. The absence of education had a lot of impact on the Iraqi population, as more than 40% of the Iraqi people are aged 15 years or younger.
605:
destruction of all those manuscripts and archived history." "Now in Gaza," she says, "we see the policy more clearly than ever – this 'scholasticide'. The
Israelis know nothing about who we really are, while we study and study them. But deep down they know how important education is to the Palestinian tradition and the Palestinian revolution. They cannot abide it and have to destroy it."
380:
and having access to education only up to the age of 15. Girls dropped out due to marrying young, as this could prevent them from being forcefully married to a Daesh fighter. Moreover, from 2013 to 2017, educational institutions were attacked. Refworld reports that more than 100 attacks happened in
604:
This week, following the bombing of schools in Gaza, says: "The systematic destruction of
Palestinian education by Israel has countered that tradition since the occupation of 1967," citing "the calculated, wholesale looting of the Palestinian Research Centre in Beirut during the 1982 war and the
371:
Between 2013 and 2017 the educational infrastructure suffered again. Due to the war against Daesh (also known as "IS", "ISIS", or "ISIL"), the Iraqi government reduced assistance to 5.2 million children. As of 2023, 770,000 children are displaced. Between 2013 and 2017, in places under Daesh
362:
However, this lead primarily to the Iraqi educational infrastructure being destroyed systemtically and with the intention to do so. Between 2003 and 2007, school attendance dropped by almost 70%, at least 280 academics were killed, and 30% of the total number of professors, doctors, and engineers
197:
If an actor perceives a certain group of people form a threat to the actor's stability, security, or power, it could try to weaken or destroy this group of people. In this process, the actor could perceive the educational infrastructure as a danger, since this is where knowledge is developed that
357:
Changing the regime, by changing the political and economic status quo, was partially done via educide. The US dismantled the educational system, replaced it with a system dependent on
British and American universities, and promoted "Western values," which were criticised for being
230:
due to the absence of education, people will not reach their potential in the education they could have achieved, or are not able to receive their diploma. This leads to the possibility of people having work that does not reach their full capabilities and satisfaction in their
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The educide in Iraq, although throughout different circumstances, was intending to change the status quo by replacing the existing educational infrastructure with a new one. In both cases, it led to significantly destruction of education and access to education.
381:
which 300 people (students and staff) were injured. Additionally, there were targeted murders, kidnappings, and threats which harmed 60 students and more than 100 staff. Finally, the buildings of educational institutions were used for military purposes, such as
174:
Educide happens intentionally by an aggressor to a certain place and/or people. There are several reasons why an actor decides to commit educide. Motives for educide are for example colonisation. occupation, or annihilition of perceived threats.
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The first case in which the term educide was used, was for Iraq. The claimed educide in Iraq happened through multiple episodes. Before the 1990s, Iraq's educational infrastructure was good and improving. During the 1990s, the
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control, the curriculum was changed. Classes such as history or literature were replaced for religious teachings. The change of curriculum resulted in parents taking their children out of school to prevent
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by removing the existing educational infrastructure and replacing it with a new one, a coloniser can control the reproduction and access to knowledge, which are instrumental in colonising a territory.
258:
removing the entire educational infrastructure can lead to a loss of collective memory and knowledge reproduction, and thus contribute to ethnic cleansing and/or genocide of a people and its identity;
240:
if a certain language is no longer taught, there is a chance for the death of this language because people no longer know how to write or read it, nor develop their oral skills to the full potential;
46:
1239:"Gaza: Israel continues its crime of ethnic cleansing by destroying last neighbourhoods, UN shelter centres in Jabalia camp [EN/AR] - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb"
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decreased the education's quality and accessibility, as it reduced income via trade which would end up going to the educational system. The situation worsened further during the
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or occupation forces. This process is often violent as the aggressor tries to suppress uprisings and resistance from the people living there. This suppression can happen via
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407:
The terms "educide," "scholasticide," and "epistemicide" have been used to describe
Israeli repression of Palestinian educiational infrastructure. After the
281:(IHL) try to prevent the crimes committed during educide. IHL established for example the protection of schools and the protection of innocent civilians.
249:
during educide, academics and students can be targeted and thus fled their country, leading to a brain drain as high educated people leave the country;
198:
serves this group of people. The actor can then decide to destroy the educational infrastructure. For an example, see the case study on Iraq below.
751:"A Comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the MENA Region: The Impact of Ethnic, Sectarian, and Religious Identity on Soft Power in Iraq and Egypt"
340:
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The terms are used interchangeably, covering various forms of the deliberate mass destruction of educational infrastructure. The suffix
1471:
Suslovic, Brianna; Rasmussen, Cameron; Kim, Mimi; Sarantakos, Sophia; Dettlaff, Alan; Roe, Christina; Guevara, Vivianne (2024-06-17).
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643:
542:
166:. Genocide is the intentional killing and destruction of an entire group, based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion.
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The destruction of the educational infrastructure of a place has long-term effects on its people. Possible impacts of educide are
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destroying the existing knowledge systems of the colonised, to replace them with knowledge systems controlled by the coloniser.
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1064:"War on Gaza 2023: an unprecedented and devastating impact - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia"
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348:
162:
Educide has been linked to genocide. The United
Nations (UN) established what constitutes a genocide in Article II of the
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1441:"Introduction – Anthropology and the security encounter: Toward an abolitionist anthropology in the age of permanent war"
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619:"Further Destruction Of Iraq's Higher Education: Blazing Fires, Forged Degrees And Silencer Guns By Dirk Adriaensens"
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1088:"Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (Sou"
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When an actor wishes to impose power over a territory, this can go together with displacing or oppressing the
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Characteristics that are often mentioned as elements of educide include, but are not necessarily limited to;
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334:" campaign, which is described by critics as an illegitimate invasion motivated by imperialism (see also:
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During the Iraq War, the US aimed for a regime change in Iraq to fight the perceived threat of terror and
427:. This attack has been ongoing ever since and developed into a war on Gaza as well as a possible case of
1508:"Educide: The Genocide of Education. A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education"
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1387:"Bombing of Gaza Universities Is Part of Project to "Destroy the Palestinian Liberation Movement""
815:"The Protection of Schools under International Humanitarian Law – Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift"
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376:. Girls were disadvantaged in their access to education, with an adapted curriculum based on
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431:. The war on Gaza has destroyed the entire infrastructure and thus forms a case of educide.
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1363:"'Scholasticide': How Israel is systematically destroying Palestinian education in Gaza"
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The reason for the educide in Gaza is Israel's aim to erase
Palestinian knowledge,
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38:, refers to the intended mass destruction of education in a specific place.
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Towers of Ivory and Steel: How
Israeli Universities Deny Palestinian Freedom
677:"The Epistemicide of the Palestinians: Israel Destroys Pillars of Knowledge"
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17:
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1339:"'The goal is to destroy Gaza': Why Israel rejects a ceasefire with Hamas"
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situations of extreme violence (war, invasion, conflict, genocide, etc.);
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1473:"Speaking Against Silence: Examining Social Work's Response to Genocide"
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702:"The Hidden War on Higher Education: Unmasking the 'Educide' in Gaza"
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Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
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Educide is not discussed as a specific crime, such as genocide, in
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in 2014 and describes the destruction of knowledge systems, where
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Scholasticide
Definition by Scholars Against the War on Palestine
445:, identity, and to destroy the Palestinian liberation movement.
1112:"Gaza war: UN rights expert accuses Israel of acts of genocide"
644:"Epistemicide: Intellectual Genocide and Eurocentric Modernity"
1290:"First field school in Gaza includes 1,200 displaced students"
41:
Educide has been used to describe the mass destruction in the
1215:"Academics have a duty to help stop the 'educide' in Gaza"
1136:"UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza"
543:"UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza"
1521:(2). Centre for Business and Economic Research: 331–335.
990:"The Education Crisis in Iraq: A Call for Urgent Reforms"
661:
1412:"Israel's War on the Education Sector in the Gaza Strip"
946:
Inside Iraq – Iraq's Education System – 07 Dec 07 – Pt 1
794:
Inside Iraq – Iraq's Education System – 07 Dec 07 – Pt 4
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1128:
403:
Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza
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December 2008 to January 2009 Israeli war against Gaza
411:on October 7 (for more background information, see
87:The term "educide" was first used in March 2011 by
749:Köse, Talha; Özcan, Mesut; Karakoç, Ekrem (2016).
216:Educational delays and disadvantages (e.g. higher
76:in January 2009 in relation to the destruction of
1317:"Toolkit - Scholars Against the War on Palestine"
901:"The Islamophobic-Neoliberal-Educational Complex"
137:and systematic destruction of existing education;
1269:London School of Economics and Political Science
568:"About – Scholars Against the War on Palestine"
61:, Latin for "killing", makes a connection with
1265:"The Palestinian University and Scholasticide"
1575:Scholars Against the War on Palestine Toolkit
153:and the destruction of educational materials.
95:for Iraq, in a speech concerning Iraq at the
8:
30:, often used interchangeably with the terms
969:Iraqi children struggle to remain in school
1039:"The War on Education—in Gaza and at Home"
475:"The War on Education—in Gaza and at Home"
99:Conference, with the prefix referring to "
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1190:
72:" is Latin for school, was first used by
1477:Abolitionist Perspectives in Social Work
843:International Committee of the Red Cross
706:Project on Middle East Political Science
150:mass killings of academics and students;
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341:Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
117:Epistemicide can be used in light of a
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436:educational institutions are destroyed
80:educational infrastructure during the
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434:As a result of the war on Gaza, most
294:For more background information, see
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1015:"Education Under Attack 2018 – Iraq"
876:"Education Under Attack 2018 – Iraq"
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524:
522:
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106:The term epistemicide was coined by
399:Education in the State of Palestine
1515:The Business and Management Review
277:. Nevertheless, other elements in
25:
1288:Solaimane, Mohamed (2024-06-14).
966:Al Jazeera English (2011-04-14).
943:Al Jazeera English (2007-12-09).
791:Al Jazeera English (2007-12-09).
314:against terrorist groups such as
617:Adriaensens, Dirk (2011-07-04).
1142:. 18 April 2024. Archived from
681:Institute for Palestine Studies
642:Siddiqui, Rameen (2023-04-13).
409:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
182:and giving ruling power to the
68:The term scholasticide, where "
279:international humanitarian law
1:
1192:10.1080/13604813.2024.2323388
349:Protests against the Iraq War
211:Inaccessibility to education;
1439:Glück, Zoltán (2024-04-26).
1165:Azzouz, Ammar (2024-03-03).
905:Islamophobia Studies Journal
700:Talebi, Tessa (2024-04-18).
1527:10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28
1506:Alousi, Rula (2022-08-10).
917:10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0058
899:Kabel, Ahmed (2014-10-01).
590:"Attacks on school in Gaza"
588:Vulliamy, Ed (2009-01-10).
328:weapons of mass destruction
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413:Blockade of the Gaza Strip
396:
345:Opposition to the Iraq War
337:Rationale for the Iraq War
293:
108:Boaventura de Sousa Santos
1416:Arab Center Washington DC
1410:Naim, Nour (2024-06-07).
89:Hans-Christof von Sponeck
353:Legality of the Iraq War
145:educational institutions
93:Humanitarian Coordinator
47:Israeli invasion of Gaza
1448:American Anthropologist
994:Education International
755:Foreign Policy Analysis
658:, and the original at
1219:University World News
1263:Middle East Centre.
978:– via YouTube.
955:– via YouTube.
803:– via YouTube.
417:Gaza-Israel Conflict
310:(2003–2011) and the
304:UN imposed sanctions
45:(2003–2011) and the
1542:Wind, Maya (2024).
1183:2024City...28....1A
1600:Attacks on schools
1456:10.1111/aman.13977
114:means knowledge.
49:(2023 – present).
1595:Cultural genocide
1555:978-1-80429-176-4
1490:10.52713/5sehsp64
455:Cultural genocide
296:Education in Iraq
275:international law
269:International law
180:native population
16:(Redirected from
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1590:2000s neologisms
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