250:
1652:
215:. However, despite the careful literary crafting, there is no obvious reason to doubt that they are real letters. Seneca often says that he is writing in response to a letter from Lucilius, although there is unlikely to have been a strict back-and-forth exchange of letters. Even if both writers had access to the imperial mail service, a letter from central Italy to Sicily would have taken four to eight days to travel. In many instances Seneca probably composed letters as a new subject occurred to him. The letters tend to become longer over time, interspersed with some short ones, and the later letters focus increasingly on theoretical questions.
27:
341:
1405:
1378:
1363:
1454:
284:
The letters tend to open with an observation of a quotidian incident, which is then abstracted to a far wider exploration of an issue or principle. In letter 7, for instance, Seneca reports a chance visit to an arena gladiatorial combat, fought to the death; he then questions the morality and ethics
348:
The language and style of the letters is quite varied, and this reflects the fact that they are a mixture of private conversation and literary fiction. As an example, there is a mix of different vocabulary, incorporating technical terms (in fields such as medicine, law and navigation) as well as
320:
Underlying a large number of the letters is a concern with death on the one hand (a central topic of Stoic philosophy, and one embodied in Seneca's observation that we are "dying every day") and suicide on the other, a key consideration given Seneca's deteriorating political position and the
192:(mid-2nd century) quotes an extract from the "twenty-second book", so some letters are missing. However since the fire of Lyon mentioned in letter 91 took place less than a year before Seneca's death (in spring 65) the number of missing letters is not thought to be very many.
1457:
1269:
The introduction (page xxxv) says the book contains a "selection of 80 letters," but there are 87 letters. The missing letters are: 13, 17, 20, 22–3, 25, 29, 30, 32, 42–3, 45, 50, 52, 58, 66, 69, 71, 74, 81, 85, 89, 92–4, 96, 98, 100, 102, 105–6, 109, 111, 113, 117,
241:(Lyon) that took place in the late summer of 64. Letter 122 refers to the shrinking daylight hours of autumn. Other chronologies are possible – in particular if letters 23 and 67 refer to the same spring, that can reduce the timescale by a full year.
175:
The letters often begin with an observation on daily life, and then proceed to an issue or principle abstracted from that observation. The result is like a diary, or handbook of philosophical meditations. The letters focus on many traditional themes of
316:
Seneca's letters focus on the inner life and the joy that comes from wisdom. He emphasizes the Stoic theme that virtue is the only true good and vice the only true evil. He repeatedly refers to the brevity of life and the fleeting passage of time.
237:. Letter 23 refers to a cold spring, presumably in 63 AD. Letter 67 refers to the end of a cold spring and is thought (to allow forty-three intervening letters) to have been written the following year. Letter 91 refers to the great fire of
794:
Thirdly, Erasmus felt that the letters were more disguised essays than a real correspondence: "one misses in Seneca that quality that lends other letters their greatest charm, that is that they are a true reflection of a real
786:
Second was the way Seneca, in complaining about philosophical logic-chopping, nevertheless filled his pages with much of that empty quibbling himself, in illustration – prompting
Erasmus to second
402:
The oldest manuscripts of the letters date from the ninth-century. For a long time the letters did not circulate together; instead they appear as two distinct groups: Letters 1 to 88 and
Letters 89 to 124.
735:
195:
Collectively the letters constitute Seneca's longest work. Although addressed to
Lucilius, the letters take the form of open letters, and are clearly written with a wider readership in mind, in the
188:
Scholars generally agree that the letters are arranged in the order in which Seneca wrote them. The 124 letters are arranged in twenty manuscript volumes, but the collection is not complete.
783:
First was Seneca's habit of mixing personas in the work, running objections and refutations of objections together in a way that
Erasmus found not illuminating but obfuscatory.
2268:
227:
were written in the last two or three years of Seneca's life. In letter 8, Seneca alludes to his retirement from public life, which is thought (by reference to
Tacitus
249:
1490:
1010:
332:, but Seneca regards this as a beginner's technique. In letter 33 he stresses that the student must begin to make well-reasoned judgements independently.
527:
The letters began to be widely circulated together from the twelfth-century onwards, and around four hundred manuscripts of Seneca's letters are known.
277:. Some of the letters include "On Noise" and "Asthma". Others include letters on "the influence of the masses" and "how to deal with one's slaves" (
1651:
281:). Although they deal with Seneca's personal style of Stoic philosophy, they also give valuable insights into daily life in ancient Rome.
1910:
1829:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1408:
1790:
467:
For the second group of the letters, 89 to 124, there is only a limited selection of early manuscripts. The best manuscripts are:
1483:
2278:
1864:
1162:
1046:
680:
665:
647:
623:
521:
26:
1371:
285:
of such a spectacle, in what is the first extant record of a pre-Christian writer expressing moral qualms on the matter.
105:
2220:
1840:
1528:
1476:
349:
colloquial terms and philosophical ones. Seneca also uses a range of devices for particular effects, such as ironic
2273:
2005:
1995:
1927:
1386:
233:
xiv. 52–56) to have been around spring of the year 62. Letter 18 was written in
December, in the run-up to the
2206:
2070:
169:
2185:
1612:
328:
to meditate on, although this strategy is over by the thirtieth letter. Such maxims are typically drawn from
2199:
1975:
1570:
1542:
755:
1391:
1903:
1425:
1636:
764:
340:
741:, expresses a fatalistic view of man's subjection to natural and divine will. It is also an example of
634:
There have been many selected and abridged translations of Seneca's letters. Recent editions include:
539:
in 1475. They were printed in an edition with most of the Seneca's other works, and with works by the
505:
2190:
1980:
1433:
713:
200:
1955:
1950:
1709:
1247:
Clark, Carol E. (1968). "Seneca's
Letters to Lucilius as a source of some of Montaigne's imagery".
555:
497:
180:
such as the contempt of death, the stout-heartedness of the sage, and virtue as the supreme good.
2180:
2166:
1970:
1674:
1499:
1252:
717:
560:
325:
278:
165:
153:
43:
32:
1429:
273:" ("Farewell"). In these letters, Seneca gives Lucilius advice on how to become a more devoted
2136:
1896:
1716:
1681:
1342:
1324:
1306:
1158:
676:
661:
643:
619:
212:
149:
2242:
1858:
1743:
1723:
1702:
1695:
721:
543:. The letters were then published separately, also in 1475, at Paris, Rome, and Strasbourg.
540:
229:
208:
1990:
1870:
1808:
1768:
750:
479:
305:
161:
133:
156:
wrote at the end of his life, during his retirement, after he had worked for the
Emperor
2094:
1935:
1750:
1688:
1563:
1337:
Setaioli, Aldo (2013), "Epistulae
Morales", in Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (eds.),
653:
565:
386:
258:
129:
2262:
2055:
1834:
1577:
1521:
189:
460:, of the 10th century, which contains scraps of the earliest letters. Designated as
2237:
1535:
1437:
709:
586:
358:
94:
2122:
1416:
2247:
2212:
2157:
2129:
2014:
1443:
569:
508:
announced the discovery of the earliest manuscript which combined both groups.
2108:
2037:
1965:
1945:
1404:
1398:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1362:
788:
374:
366:
234:
110:
2044:
2030:
1985:
1960:
1940:
746:
382:
354:
350:
301:
2115:
2101:
1919:
1813:
1463:
742:
378:
362:
329:
274:
238:
204:
177:
1256:
585:
There have been several full translations of the 124 letters ever since
321:
Emperor's common use of forced suicide as a method of covert execution.
1556:
777:
725:
558:
was influenced by his reading of Seneca's letters, and he modelled his
544:
370:
357:
periods, direct speech interventions and rhetorical techniques such as
196:
308:, such as during the eighth letter, "On the Philosopher's Seclusion".
2076:
2064:
1549:
1468:
536:
430:, of the 9th or 10th century, containing letters 1–65. Designated as
297:
289:
745:. This line, which Seneca attributes to the Greek Stoic philosopher
406:
Early manuscripts for the first group of the letters, 1 to 88, are:
1092:
2023:
1876:
705:
339:
248:
53:
1155:
A History of Roman
Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius
780:
in his 1529 edition raised three main criticisms of the letters.
293:
157:
1892:
1472:
1446:
The workes of Lucius Annæus Seneca, both morrall and naturall
595:
The workes of Lucius Annæus Seneca, both morrall and naturall
734:('The fates lead the willing and drag the unwilling'), from
1888:
381:, etymological figures and so forth. In addition there are
440:, of the 9th or 10th century, containing letters 53–88,
269:" ("Seneca greets his Lucilius") and end with the word "
791:'s objection to Seneca's own standing as a philosopher.
199:
well-known in Seneca's time. Seneca refers to Cicero's
1339:
Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist
1319:
Graver, Margaret; Long, A. A. (2015), "Introduction",
589:
included a translation in his complete works of 1614.
1139:. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library. p. xiii.
749:, is quoted in the last line of German intellectual
2230:
2150:
2086:
2054:
2013:
2004:
1926:
1851:
1822:
1801:
1782:
1760:
1733:
1666:
1659:
1626:
1605:
1587:
1513:
1506:
1236:. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library. p. xiv.
100:
90:
75:
67:
59:
49:
39:
696:('Life without learning death') is adapted from
564:on them. The letters were a principal source for
288:Seneca frequently quotes Latin poets, especially
253:Incipit page of the first printed edition of the
1280:
1278:
1276:
704:, 'Leisure without learning death') and is the
520:, is a 9th or 10th century manuscript from the
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
172:, who is known only through Seneca's writings.
160:for more than ten years. They are addressed to
1426:Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales Volume I
768:: "We do not learn for school, but for life".
420:Another Paris manuscript of the 11th century,
1904:
1484:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1115:
1113:
1071:
1069:
927:
925:
830:
828:
815:
813:
811:
8:
1148:
1146:
942:
940:
912:
910:
908:
19:
1385:has original text related to this article:
1370:has original text related to this article:
847:
845:
843:
762:The work is also the source for the phrase
496:. This manuscript was destroyed during the
410:Two Paris manuscripts of the 10th century,
121:
2010:
1911:
1897:
1889:
1663:
1617:ad Helviam Matrem, ad Marciam, ad Polybium
1510:
1491:
1477:
1469:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:The medieval tradition of Seneca's Letters
1199:
1180:The medieval tradition of Seneca's Letters
1130:
1128:
1119:
1075:
1060:
1034:
958:
946:
875:
851:
547:produced a much superior edition in 1529.
18:
2269:Philosophical works by Seneca the Younger
1301:Fantham, Elaine (2010), "Introduction",
1086:
1084:
1004:
1002:
1000:
979:
931:
899:
887:
863:
834:
819:
207:, and he was probably familiar with the
1284:
1249:Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance
991:
916:
807:
673:Seneca: Fifty Letters of a Roman Stoic
607:Richard M. Gummere (1917, 1920, 1925).
265:The letters all start with the phrase "
1321:Seneca. Letters on Ethics: To Lucilius
1216:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
1182:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
732:Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt
609:Seneca: Ad Lucilium epistulae morales
572:towards the end of the 16th century.
31:15th-century illuminated manuscript,
7:
1157:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 1193.
671:Margaret Graver, A. A. Long (2021).
614:Margaret Graver, A. A. Long (2015).
602:The Epistles of Lucius Annæus Seneca
324:Early letters often conclude with a
1395:, translated by Richard M. Gummere
535:The letters were first printed at
14:
478:. Likely from the scriptorium of
1650:
1452:
1403:
1376:
1361:
611:. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library
450:, of the 11th century, known as
25:
1830:Socrates and Seneca Double Herm
1323:, University of Chicago Press,
1093:"Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium"
675:. University of Chicago Press.
618:. University of Chicago Press.
474:, of the 9th century, known as
16:Collection of letters by Seneca
2214:Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
1153:von Albrecht, Michael (1997).
616:Letters on Ethics: To Lucilius
604:. 2 vols. London: W. Woodfall
522:Biblioteca Queriniana, Brescia
488:, of the 9th or 10th century,
20:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
1:
1372:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
1234:Epistulae morales ad Lucilium
1137:Epistulae morales ad Lucilium
1009:Romm, James (14 March 2014).
724:, and Manning's High School,
524:containing letters 1–120.12.
123:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
106:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
81:
1410:Introduction to the Epistles
261:i.e. Italian version (1494).
2221:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
1462:public domain audiobook at
1305:, Oxford World's Classics,
660:. Oxford World's Classics.
568:for the development of his
2295:
1791:Letters of Paul and Seneca
267:Seneca Lucilio suo salutem
1648:
1393:Moral letters to Lucilius
1387:Moral Letters to Lucilius
1091:Berno, Francesca Romana.
1048:Moral letters to Lucilius
597:. London: William Stansby
24:
2207:Enchiridion of Epictetus
1413:. by Richard M. Gummere
1303:Seneca. Selected Letters
1212:Reynolds, L. D. (1965).
1178:Reynolds, L. D. (1965).
702:Otium sine litteris mors
658:Seneca. Selected Letters
2200:Discourses of Epictetus
1571:De Tranquillitate Animi
1543:De Constantia Sapientis
1015:The Wall Street Journal
1011:"Rome's House of Cards"
756:The Decline of the West
739:117 paragraph 11 line 5
694:Vita sine litteris mors
638:Robin Campbell (1969).
2279:Collections of letters
2006:Philosophical concepts
1734:Plays of questionable
1440:(in Latin and English)
1251:. 30, 2 (2): 249–266.
1200:Graver & Long 2015
1120:Graver & Long 2015
1076:Graver & Long 2015
1061:Graver & Long 2015
1035:Graver & Long 2015
959:Graver & Long 2015
947:Graver & Long 2015
876:Graver & Long 2015
852:Graver & Long 2015
600:Thomas Morell (1786).
345:
262:
136:"), also known as the
132:for "Moral Letters to
122:
2186:Seneca's Consolations
1637:Naturales quaestiones
1613:Seneca's Consolations
765:non scholae sed vitae
593:Thomas Lodge (1614).
492:. Probably a copy of
486:Codex Argentoratensis
343:
304:. Seneca also quotes
252:
714:Derby Grammar School
640:Letters from a Stoic
576:English translations
551:Legacy and influence
344:French edition, 1887
152:of 124 letters that
145:Letters from a Stoic
2174:Letters to Lucilius
1956:Antipater of Tarsus
1951:Diogenes of Babylon
1841:The Death of Seneca
1596:Letters to Lucilius
753:'s two-volume work
556:Michel de Montaigne
498:siege of Strasbourg
203:and the letters of
21:
2167:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1529:De Brevitate Vitae
1500:Seneca the Younger
1232:Gummere, Richard.
1135:Gummere, Richard.
982:, pp. 191–192
718:Adelphi University
472:Codex Bambergensis
428:Codex Laurentianus
346:
336:Language and style
263:
213:epistles of Horace
201:letters to Atticus
154:Seneca the Younger
33:Laurentian Library
2274:Ethics literature
2256:
2255:
2146:
2145:
1886:
1885:
1778:
1777:
1646:
1645:
510:Codex Quirinianus
150:letter collection
116:
115:
91:Publication place
2286:
2243:Stoic Opposition
2231:Related articles
2194:(Musonius Rufus)
2011:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1859:Seneca the Elder
1794: (spurious)
1744:Hercules Oetaeus
1664:
1654:
1511:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1456:
1455:
1407:
1380:
1365:
1351:
1333:
1315:
1288:
1287:, p. xxviii
1282:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
995:
989:
983:
977:
962:
956:
950:
944:
935:
929:
920:
914:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
838:
832:
823:
817:
531:Printed editions
506:Achille Beltrami
209:letters of Plato
197:epistolary genre
178:Stoic philosophy
125:
86:
83:
77:Publication date
29:
22:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2226:
2181:Seneca's Essays
2142:
2082:
2050:
2000:
1991:Marcus Aurelius
1922:
1917:
1887:
1882:
1871:Pompeia Paulina
1867: (brother)
1847:
1844:(1773 painting)
1818:
1809:Senecan tragedy
1797:
1774:
1769:Apocolocyntosis
1756:
1735:
1729:
1682:Hercules Furens
1655:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1601:
1583:
1502:
1497:
1453:
1358:
1349:
1336:
1331:
1318:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
998:
990:
986:
978:
965:
957:
953:
945:
938:
930:
923:
915:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
841:
833:
826:
818:
809:
804:
774:
751:Oswald Spengler
700:82 (originally
690:
632:
583:
578:
553:
533:
480:Louis the Pious
400:
395:
338:
314:
306:Publilius Syrus
247:
221:
186:
162:Lucilius Junior
84:
78:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Musonius Rufus
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Zeno of Citium
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879: (nephew)
1874:
1868:
1862:
1861: (father)
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1564:De Providentia
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1444:Thomas Lodge,
1441:
1423:
1419:Moral Epistles
1414:
1401:
1389:
1381: English
1374:
1357:
1356:External links
1354:
1353:
1352:
1348:978-9004217089
1347:
1334:
1330:978-0226265179
1329:
1316:
1312:978-0199533213
1311:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1272:
1262:
1239:
1219:
1204:
1185:
1170:
1163:
1142:
1124:
1109:
1080:
1065:
1053:
1039:
1037:, pp. 8–9
1027:
996:
994:, p. xxii
984:
963:
951:
936:
921:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
839:
824:
806:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
796:
792:
784:
773:
770:
689:
686:
685:
684:
669:
654:Elaine Fantham
651:
631:
628:
627:
626:
612:
605:
598:
582:
579:
577:
574:
566:Justus Lipsius
552:
549:
532:
529:
502:
501:
483:
465:
464:
458:Codex Gudianus
454:
448:Codex Metensis
444:
434:
424:
418:
399:
396:
394:
391:
387:hapax legomena
337:
334:
313:
310:
246:
243:
220:
217:
185:
182:
139:Moral Epistles
114:
113:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2291:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:Pseudo-Seneca
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1578:De Vita Beata
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:De Beneficiis
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1459:Moral Letters
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:Why Seneca's
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
985:
981:
980:Setaioli 2013
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
934:, p. 192
933:
932:Setaioli 2013
928:
926:
922:
919:, p. xxi
918:
913:
911:
909:
905:
902:, p. 195
901:
900:Setaioli 2013
896:
893:
890:, p. 196
889:
888:Setaioli 2013
884:
881:
877:
872:
869:
866:, p. 194
865:
864:Setaioli 2013
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
844:
840:
837:, p. 198
836:
835:Setaioli 2013
831:
829:
825:
822:, p. 193
821:
820:Setaioli 2013
816:
814:
812:
808:
801:
793:
790:
785:
782:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
767:
766:
760:
758:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:
635:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
591:
590:
588:
580:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
438:Codex Venetus
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:
407:
404:
397:
393:Later history
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:alliterations
356:
352:
342:
335:
333:
331:
327:
322:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
256:
251:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:Aulus Gellius
183:
181:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
131:
127:
126:
124:
112:
108:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
2238:Stoa Poikile
2219:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2161:(Chrysippus)
2158:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
1928:Philosophers
1873: (wife)
1839:
1789:
1767:
1749:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1667:Extant plays
1635:
1616:
1606:Consolations
1595:
1594:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1536:De Clementia
1534:
1527:
1520:
1458:
1445:
1438:Open Library
1418:
1409:
1392:
1366: Latin
1338:
1320:
1302:
1285:Fantham 2010
1265:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1202:, p. 21
1179:
1173:
1154:
1136:
1122:, p. 20
1100:. Retrieved
1097:Academia.edu
1096:
1078:, p. 11
1063:, p. 13
1056:
1047:
1042:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
992:Fantham 2010
987:
961:, p. 1.
954:
917:Fantham 2010
895:
883:
871:
859:
763:
761:
754:
736:
731:
730:
716:in England,
710:Derby School
701:
697:
693:
691:
683:(50 letters)
672:
668:(87 letters)
657:
650:(40 letters)
642:. Penguin.
639:
633:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:Thomas Lodge
584:
559:
554:
541:elder Seneca
534:
526:
517:
513:
509:
503:
493:
489:
485:
475:
471:
466:
461:
457:
451:
447:
441:
437:
431:
427:
421:
415:
411:
405:
401:
347:
323:
319:
315:
287:
283:
270:
266:
264:
254:
228:
224:
222:
194:
187:
174:
144:
143:
138:
137:
120:
119:
117:
104:
95:Ancient Rome
85: 65 AD
2248:Neostoicism
2159:On Passions
2130:Prohairesis
949:, p. 5
878:, p. 4
854:, p. 6
795:situation".
570:Neostoicism
398:Manuscripts
292:, but also
164:, the then
2263:Categories
2109:Eudaimonia
2038:Katalepsis
1966:Posidonius
1946:Chrysippus
1736:authorship
1710:Phoenissae
1660:Literature
1629:philosophy
1507:Philosophy
1434:Volume III
1399:Wikisource
1383:Wikisource
1368:Wikisource
1295:References
1164:9004107118
1050:, Letter 8
789:Quintilian
688:Quotations
681:022678293X
666:0199533210
648:0140442103
630:Selections
624:022652843X
514:Brixiensis
383:neologisms
375:antitheses
367:polyptoton
355:hypotactic
235:Saturnalia
166:procurator
111:Wikisource
71:Philosophy
2123:Oikeiôsis
2045:Diairesis
2031:Adiaphora
1986:Epictetus
1961:Panaetius
1941:Cleanthes
1823:Portraits
1675:Agamemnon
1514:Dialogues
1430:Volume II
1341:, Brill,
802:Citations
772:Criticism
747:Cleanthes
371:paradoxes
351:parataxis
302:Lucretius
279:Letter 47
2192:Lectures
2176:(Seneca)
2116:Kathekon
2102:Apatheia
1976:Cornutus
1920:Stoicism
1814:Stoicism
1717:Thyestes
1464:LibriVox
1448:, 1614.
1257:41430068
759:(1922).
743:chiasmus
722:New York
692:The tag
656:(2010).
581:Complete
504:In 1913
379:oxymoron
363:chiasmus
330:Epicurus
259:"Tuscan"
255:Epistles
239:Lugdunum
211:and the
205:Epicurus
134:Lucilius
50:Language
2056:Physics
1996:more...
1802:Related
1751:Octavia
1724:Troades
1703:Phaedra
1696:Oedipus
1627:Natural
1588:Letters
1557:De Otio
1270:119–20.
1102:27 June
1020:27 June
778:Erasmus
737:Epistle
726:Jamaica
698:Epistle
545:Erasmus
500:in 1870
257:in the
245:Content
225:Letters
184:Writing
148:, is a
60:Subject
2137:Sophos
2095:Pathos
2087:Ethics
2077:Pneuma
2065:Physis
1971:Seneca
1865:Gallio
1852:Family
1761:Satire
1550:De Ira
1345:
1327:
1309:
1255:
1161:
679:
664:
646:
622:
561:Essays
537:Naples
312:Themes
300:, and
298:Horace
290:Virgil
230:Annals
219:Dating
170:Sicily
63:Ethics
44:Seneca
40:Author
2151:Works
2024:Logos
2015:Logic
1877:Lucan
1783:Other
1689:Medea
1436:) at
1253:JSTOR
706:motto
326:maxim
275:Stoic
130:Latin
68:Genre
54:Latin
2071:Fire
1343:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1104:2014
1022:2014
712:and
677:ISBN
662:ISBN
644:ISBN
620:ISBN
512:(or
456:The
446:The
436:The
426:The
414:and
385:and
294:Ovid
271:Vale
223:The
158:Nero
142:and
118:The
101:Text
1397:on
708:of
516:),
168:of
109:at
2265::
1432:;
1275:^
1222:^
1188:^
1145:^
1127:^
1112:^
1095:.
1083:^
1068:^
1013:.
999:^
966:^
939:^
924:^
907:^
842:^
827:^
810:^
728:.
720:,
389:.
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
353:,
296:,
82:c.
1912:e
1905:t
1898:v
1619:)
1615:(
1492:e
1485:t
1478:v
1428:(
1421:?
1259:.
1167:.
1106:.
1024:.
518:Q
494:B
490:A
482:.
476:B
462:g
452:M
442:V
432:L
422:b
416:P
412:p
128:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
