692:
1803:
other means such as via ESOPs or in exchange for seed money) from the issuing company (as in the case with
Restricted Securities) or from an affiliate of the issuer (as in the case with Control Securities). Investors wishing to sell these securities are subject to different rules than those selling traditional common or preferred stock. These individuals will only be allowed to liquidate their securities after meeting the specific conditions set forth by SEC Rule 144. Rule 144 allows public re-sale of restricted securities if a number of different conditions are met.
170:
1536:
1120:
2031:
1966:
2568:". The "greater fool theory" holds that, because the predominant method of realizing returns in equity is from the sale to another investor, one should select securities that they believe that someone else will value at a higher level at some point in the future, without regard to the basis for that other party's willingness to pay a higher price.Thus, even a rational investor may bank on others' irrationality.
2560:. According to behavioral finance, humans often make irrational decisions—particularly, related to the buying and selling of securities—based upon fears and misperceptions of outcomes. The irrational trading of securities can often create securities prices which vary from rational, fundamental price valuations. For instance, during the technology bubble of the late 1990s (which was followed by the
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55:
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that the management (agent) are performing poorly they can select a new board of directors which can then hire a new management team. In practice, however, genuinely contested board elections are rare. Board candidates are usually nominated by insiders or by the board of the directors themselves, and a considerable amount of stock is held or voted by insiders.
2272:
1627:, often dividing these up in proportion to the number of like shares each stockholder owns. Not all stock is necessarily equal, as certain classes of stock may be issued, for example, without voting rights, with enhanced voting rights, or with a certain priority to receive profits or liquidation proceeds before or after other classes of shareholders.
2549:, determined by the emergence of information (randomly) over time. Professional equity investors therefore immerse themselves in the flow of fundamental information, seeking to gain an advantage over their competitors (mainly other professional investors) by more intelligently interpreting the emerging flow of information (news).
2212:...it can safely be stated that there does not exist any publicly traded company where management works exclusively in the best interests of OPMI stockholders. Instead, there are both "communities of interest" and "conflicts of interest" between stockholders (principal) and management (agent). This conflict is referred to as the
2439:
Short selling consists of an investor immediately selling borrowed shares and then buying them back when their price has gone down (called "covering"). Essentially, such an investor bets that the price of the shares will drop so that they can be bought back at the lower price and thus returned to the
1760:
payments before any dividends can be issued to other shareholders. Convertible preferred stock is preferred stock that includes the ability of the holder to convert the preferred shares into a fixed number of common shares, usually any time after a predetermined date. Shares of such stock are called
1654:
issued by many companies as part of employee compensation do not represent ownership, but represent the right to buy ownership at a future time at a specified price. This would represent a windfall to the employees if the option were exercised when the market price is higher than the promised price,
2544:
can be expected to be slightly greater than that available from non-equity investments: if not, the same rational calculations would lead equity investors to shift to these safer non-equity investments that could be expected to give the same or better return at lower risk. Second, because the price
2354:
There are many different brokerage firms from which to choose, such as full service brokers or discount brokers. The full service brokers usually charge more per trade, but give investment advice or more personal service; the discount brokers offer little or no investment advice but charge less for
2224:
Even though the board of directors runs the company, the shareholder has some impact on the company's policy, as the shareholders elect the board of directors. Each shareholder typically has a percentage of votes equal to the percentage of shares he or she owns. So as long as the shareholders agree
2306:
Many large non-U.S companies choose to list on a U.S. exchange as well as an exchange in their home country in order to broaden their investor base. These companies must maintain a block of shares at a bank in the US, typically a certain percentage of their capital. On this basis, the holding bank
1789:
of ORION DHC, Inc will sell under ticker OODHA until the company drops the "A" creating ticker OODH for its "Common" shares only designation. This extra letter does not mean that any exclusive rights exist for the shareholders but it does let investors know that the shares are considered for such,
1768:
issue may have specific legal clauses attached that differentiate them from previous issues of the issuer. Some shares of common stock may be issued without the typical voting rights, for instance, or some shares may have special rights unique to them and issued only to certain parties. Often, new
2576:
When companies raise capital by offering stock on more than one exchange, the potential exists for discrepancies in the valuation of shares on different exchanges. A keen investor with access to information about such discrepancies may invest in expectation of their eventual convergence, known as
2552:
The EMH model does not seem to give a complete description of the process of equity price determination. For example, stock markets are more volatile than EMH would imply. In recent years it has come to be accepted that the share markets are not perfectly efficient, perhaps especially in emerging
2509:
When prospective buyers outnumber sellers, the price rises. Eventually, sellers attracted to the high selling price enter the market and/or buyers leave, achieving equilibrium between buyers and sellers. When sellers outnumber buyers, the price falls. Eventually buyers enter and/or sellers leave,
2143:
The owners of a private company may want additional capital to invest in new projects within the company. They may also simply wish to reduce their holding, freeing up capital for their own private use. They can achieve these goals by selling shares in the company to the general public, through a
1802:
Stock" is an
American term given to shares of stock subject to SEC Rule 144: Selling Restricted and Control Securities. Under Rule 144, restricted and controlled securities are acquired in unregistered form. Investors either purchase or take ownership of these securities through private sales (or
2155:
By selling shares they can sell part or all of the company to many part-owners. The purchase of one share entitles the owner of that share to literally share in the ownership of the company, a fraction of the decision-making power, and potentially a fraction of the profits, which the company may
2228:
Owning shares does not mean responsibility for liabilities. If a company goes broke and has to default on loans, the shareholders are not liable in any way. However, all money obtained by converting assets into cash will be used to repay loans and other debts first, so that shareholders cannot
2188:
Although ownership of 50% of shares does result in 50% ownership of a company, it does not give the shareholder the right to use a company's building, equipment, materials, or other property. This is because the company is considered a legal person, thus it owns all its assets itself. This is
2513:
Thus, the value of a share of a company at any given moment is determined by all investors voting with their money. If more investors want a stock and are willing to pay more, the price will go up. If more investors are selling a stock and there are not enough buyers, the price will go down.
1780:
by having the qualities of bonds of fixed returns and common stock voting rights. They also have preference in the payment of dividends over common stock and also have been given preference at the time of liquidation over common stock. They have other features of accumulation in dividend. In
2179:
In a typical case, each share constitutes one vote. Corporations may, however, issue different classes of shares, which may have different voting rights. Owning the majority of the shares allows other shareholders to be out-voted – effective control rests with the majority shareholder (or
2171:
In the common case of a publicly traded corporation, where there may be thousands of shareholders, it is impractical to have all of them making the daily decisions required to run a company. Thus, the shareholders will use their shares as votes in the election of members of the
2279:
In general, the shares of a company may be transferred from shareholders to other parties by sale or other mechanisms, unless prohibited. Most jurisdictions have established laws and regulations governing such transfers, particularly if the issuer is a publicly traded entity.
2371:
departments. However, the initial share of stock in the company will have to be obtained through a regular stock broker. Another way to buy stock in companies is through Direct Public
Offerings which are usually sold by the company itself. A direct public offering is an
2422:
As with buying a stock, there is a transaction fee for the broker's efforts in arranging the transfer of stock from a seller to a buyer. This fee can be high or low depending on which type of brokerage, full service or discount, handles the transaction.
3058:
1923:
which were small shares that acted like today's over-the-counter shares. Polybius mentions that "almost every citizen" participated in the government leases. There is also evidence that the price of stocks fluctuated. The Roman orator Cicero speaks of
2407:, at least 50% of the value of the stocks in the account. Buying on margin works the same way as borrowing money to buy a car or a house, using a car or house as collateral. Moreover, borrowing is not free; the broker usually charges 8–10% interest.
2472:(ACSI), is significantly correlated to the market value of a stock. Stock price may be influenced by analysts' business forecast for the company and outlooks for the company's general market segment. Stocks can also fluctuate greatly due to
1678:, the total of which are stated at the time of business formation. Additional shares may subsequently be authorized by the existing shareholders and issued by the company. In some jurisdictions, each share of stock has a certain declared
2366:
There are other ways of buying stock besides through a broker. One way is directly from the company itself. If at least one share is owned, most companies will allow the purchase of shares directly from the company through their
3421:
2330:
and the quotation service's requirements for a company to be listed are minimal. Shares of companies in bankruptcy proceedings are usually listed by these quotation services after the stock is delisted from an exchange.
2426:
After the transaction has been made, the seller is then entitled to all of the money. An important part of selling is keeping track of the earnings. Importantly, on selling the stock, in jurisdictions that have them,
2525:) rational; that the price of a stock at any given moment represents a rational evaluation of the known information that might bear on the future value of the company; and that share prices of equities are priced
4557:
2498:, is the number of shares offered for sale at any one moment. The demand is the number of shares investors wish to buy at exactly that same time. The price of the stock moves in order to achieve and maintain
2448:
The risks of short selling stock are usually higher than those of buying stock. This is because the loss can theoretically be unlimited since the stock's value can theoretically go up indefinitely.
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That does not explain how people decide the maximum price at which they are willing to buy or the minimum at which they are willing to sell. In professional investment circles the
2460:. Like all commodities in the market, the price of a stock is sensitive to demand. However, there are many factors that influence the demand for a particular stock. The fields of
1697:
may declare different types (or classes) of shares, each having distinctive ownership rules, privileges, or share values. Ownership of shares may be documented by issuance of a
2468:
attempt to understand market conditions that lead to price changes, or even predict future price levels. A recent study shows that customer satisfaction, as measured by the
1611:
or company is divided. A single share of the stock means fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. This typically entitles the
4543:
2521:(EMH) continues to be popular, although this theory is controversial in academic and professional circles. Briefly, EMH says that investing is overall (weighted by the
2318:(OTC) by an off-exchange mechanism in which trading occurs directly between parties. The major OTC markets in the United States are the electronic quotation systems
2079:, the right to share in distributions of the company's income, the right to purchase new shares issued by the company, and the right to a company's assets during a
1638:. Transactions of the former are closely overseen by governments and regulatory bodies to prevent fraud, protect investors, and benefit the larger economy. As
3338:
2545:
of a share at every given moment is an "efficient" reflection of expected value, then—relative to the curve of expected return—prices will tend to follow a
667:
3759:
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obligation) to sell stock in the future at a fixed price. Thus, the value of a stock option changes in reaction to the underlying stock of which it is a
2299:
who buys and sells shares of a wide range of companies on such exchanges. A company may list its shares on an exchange by meeting and maintaining the
691:
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by a company, the ownership and rights of existing shareholders are diluted in return for cash to sustain or grow the business. Companies can also
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Shareholders are granted special privileges depending on the class of stock, including the right to vote on matters such as elections to the
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broker, arrange the transfer of stock from a seller to a buyer. Most trades are actually done through brokers listed with a stock exchange.
2311:(ADR) for each share a trader acquires. Likewise, many large U.S. companies list their shares at foreign exchanges to raise capital abroad.
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A person who owns a percentage of the stock has the ownership of the corporation proportional to their share. The shares form a stock; the
1205:
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of the stock, as best it can be known at a given moment. In other words, prices are the result of discounting expected future cash flows.
2113:
duties to act in the best interest of the shareholders, the shareholders themselves normally do not have such duties towards each other.
2837:
in
Collins English Dictionary: "A stock is one of the parts or shares that the value of a company is divided into, that people can buy."
2830:
969:
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2383:
a purchase of stocks there are two ways: purchasing stock with money that is currently in the buyer's ownership, or by buying stock on
1950:
In 1288, the Bishop of Västerås acquired a 12.5% interest in Great Copper
Mountain (Stora Kopparberget in Swedish) which contained the
1928:, which means "shares that had a very high price at that time". This implies a fluctuation of price and stock market behavior in Rome.
994:
2415:
Selling stock is procedurally similar to buying stock. Generally, the investor wants to buy low and sell high, if not in that order (
3540:
3471:
3283:
138:
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of 2000–2002), technology companies were often bid beyond any rational fundamental value because of what is commonly known as the "
2016:. Between 1602 and 1796 it traded 2.5 million tons of cargo with Asia on 4,785 ships and sent a million Europeans to work in Asia.
1756:
differs from common stock in that it typically does not carry voting rights but is legally entitled to receive a certain level of
5024:
4022:
2131:
The largest shareholders (in terms of percentages of companies owned) are often mutual funds, and, especially, passively managed
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660:
2083:
of the company. However, shareholder's rights to a company's assets are subordinate to the rights of the company's creditors.
1781:
addition, preferred stock usually comes with a letter designation at the end of the security; for example, Berkshire-Hathaway
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At any given moment, an equity's price is strictly a result of supply and demand. The supply, commonly referred to as the
2399:; otherwise, the stockbroker has the right to sell the stock (collateral) to repay the borrowed money. He can sell if the
2220:, just because some of these management privileges might be perceived as giving rise to a conflict of interest with OPMIs.
2116:
However, in a few unusual cases, some courts have been willing to imply such a duty between shareholders. For example, in
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shareholders acting in concert). In this way the original owners of the company often still have control of the company.
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1903:, the state contracted (leased) out many of its services to private companies. These government contractors were called
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1615:(stockholder) to that fraction of the company's earnings, proceeds from liquidation of assets (after discharge of all
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Small companies that do not qualify and cannot meet the listing requirements of the major exchanges may be traded
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of the corporation. In other jurisdictions, however, shares of stock may be issued without associated par value.
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3208:
Stringham, Edward (2003). "The
Extralegal Development of Securities Trading in Seventeenth Century Amsterdam".
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2009:
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important in areas such as insurance, which must be in the name of the company and not the main shareholder.
98:
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The Little Book of Common Sense
Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns
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receive any money unless and until creditors have been paid (often the shareholders end up with nothing).
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means buying stock with money borrowed against the value of stocks in the same account. These stocks, or
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2419:); although a number of reasons may induce an investor to sell at a loss, e.g., to avoid further loss.
105:
2326:(formerly known as Pink OTC Markets Inc.) where individual retail investors are also represented by a
1790:
however, these rights or privileges may change based on the decisions made by the underlying company.
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4183:
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one of the shares into which ownership of a company is divided, or these shares considered together"
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2249:) can be done to avoid giving up shares of ownership of the company. Unofficial financing known as
2069:
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1234:
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30:
This article is about the total shares in a business. For individual units of corporate stock, see
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1705:, and other specifics of the shares, such as the par value, if any, or the class of the shares.
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2431:
will have to be paid on the additional proceeds, if any, that are in excess of the cost basis.
2376:
in which the stock is purchased directly from the company, usually without the aid of brokers.
2128:
corporations have a duty not to destroy the value of the shares held by minority shareholders.
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2757:-listed stocks, the price quote includes information on the bid and ask prices for the stock."
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The EMH model, if true, has at least two interesting consequences. First, because financial
2404:
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1977:
The earliest recognized joint-stock company in modern times was the
English (later British)
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2216:. It would be naive to think that any management would forego management compensation, and
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were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the mills the society owned.
1701:. A stock certificate is a legal document that specifies the number of shares owned by the
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3144:"Mercantilism as Strategic Trade Policy: The Anglo-Dutch Rivalry for the East India Trade"
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2720:
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markets or other markets that are not dominated by well-informed professional investors.
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responsibility to run the company in the interests of its stockholders. Nonetheless, as
1848:, i.e., takes on the obligation to buy on the contract maturity date, and the seller is
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4359:
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since if they immediately sold the stock they would keep the difference (minus taxes).
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2589:) and these discrepancies, if they exist, are short-lived and quickly equilibrated.
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3521:: What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!
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3124:, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, archived from
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The desire of stockholders to trade their shares has led to the establishment of
1911:
as individual companies. These companies were similar to modern corporations, or
17:
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2502:. The product of this instantaneous price and the float at any one time is the
1761:"convertible preferred shares" (or "convertible preference shares" in the UK).
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are the main types of derivatives on stocks. The underlying security may be a
1822:
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919:
849:
2801:
2090:, who may include anyone who has a direct or indirect equity interest in the
1769:
issues that have not been registered with a securities governing body may be
5093:
4852:
4715:
4130:
4125:
4040:
3959:
3118:
Mining Area of the Great Copper
Mountain in Falun – Advisory Body Evaluation
2976:
2578:
2380:
2340:
2201:
2110:
1721:
1690:
1679:
1447:
718:
39:
2363:
that may have a deal set up with either a full-service or discount broker.
1682:, which is a nominal accounting value used to represent the equity on the
4902:
4797:
4782:
4308:
3944:
2197:
2157:
1998:
1989:
on 31 December 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in
1936:
1757:
1694:
1466:
1454:
1171:
1154:
1141:
708:
346:
2271:
4732:
4152:
3299:
3170:
2540:
is presumed to require at least a small premium on expected value, the
2237:
Financing a company through the sale of stock in a company is known as
979:
596:
539:
3895:
2754:
2288:
1962:
has documented a stock transfer, in 1288 in exchange for an estate.
1955:
1932:
1915:
more specifically, in a couple of aspects. They issued shares called
1495:
3744:
2556:
Another theory of share price determination comes from the field of
3162:
2456:
The price of a stock fluctuates fundamentally due to the theory of
2275:
A stockbroker using multiple screens to stay up to date on trading
2270:
2029:
1990:
1964:
1959:
1500:
1483:
1478:
3732:
3696:
3660:
3610:
The Essays of Warren
Buffett: Lessons for Investors and Managers
3510:
3001:
2396:
2356:
2242:
2161:
1646:, which often lets investors recoup the initial investment plus
1620:
1423:
1149:
504:
4539:
3748:
2816:, it makes them available for people to buy for the first time.
3418:"Arbitrage: How Arbitraging Works in Investing, with Examples"
3115:
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) (2000),
3090:"Paris: It Started with the Lyons Bourse | NYSE Euronext"
2072:. Both private and public traded companies have shareholders.
1871:
obligation) to buy stock in the future at a fixed price and a
48:
3278:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
2109:
Although directors and officers of a company are bound by
1883:. The most popular method of valuing stock options is the
2876:. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from
2506:
of the entity offering the equity at that point in time.
1748:. As a unit of ownership, common stock typically carries
1658:
Stock bought and sold in private markets fall within the
27:
Shares into which ownership of the corporation is divided
2012:
issued the first shares that were made tradeable on the
3362:"Increased Customer Satisfaction Increases Stock Price"
2287:, organizations which provide marketplaces for trading
1993:. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created
3674:
The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the Mind of the Market
2347:. Brokerage firms, whether they are a full-service or
3710:
Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings
3331:"How an Investor Can Make Money Short Selling Stocks"
2951:"Rule 144: Selling Restricted and Control Securities"
2900:"Common Stock vs. Preferred Stock, and Stock Classes"
2529:, which is to say that they represent accurately the
2307:
establishes American depositary shares and issues an
2291:
and other derivatives and financial products. Today,
2106:
stakeholders, even though they are not shareholders.
34:. For "capital stock" as an input to production, see
3462:. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.).
2744:, the word "stocks" is also used to refer to shares.
38:. For the goods and materials a business holds, see
4985:
4923:
4771:
4661:
4650:
4577:
4286:
4161:
4060:
3980:
3888:
3855:
3816:
3782:
1740:Stock typically takes the form of shares of either
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3578:
3240:"Jones v. H.F. Ahmanson & Co. (1969) 1 C3d 93"
3552:The Richest Man in Babylon: Original 1926 Edition
3157:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1296–1314.
1973:of the Great Copper Mountain, dated June 16, 1288
3325:
3323:
3321:
2253:usually provides the major part of a company's
1844:Stock futures are contracts where the buyer is
1728:can also refer, less commonly, to all kinds of
3392:"Understanding Stock Prices: Bid, Ask, Spread"
2585:has resulted in extensive price transparency (
1752:that can be exercised in corporate decisions.
4551:
3760:
1573:
1076:
661:
8:
3040:Law and Commerce in Pre-Industrial Societies
3018:(Cic. pro Rabir. Post. 2; Val. Max. VI.9 §7)
1856:are generally delivered by cash settlement.
3557:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
3488:Security Analysis: The Classic 1934 Edition
2094:or someone with a non-equity interest in a
5152:
5142:
4658:
4558:
4544:
4536:
3767:
3753:
3745:
2355:trades. Another type of broker would be a
1821:is any financial instrument for which the
1580:
1566:
1094:
1083:
1069:
679:
668:
654:
152:
3302:. US Securities and Exchange Commission.
2953:. US Securities and Exchange Commission.
2775:
2773:
2395:, guarantee that the buyer can repay the
1852:, i.e., takes on the obligation to sell.
1773:from resale for certain periods of time.
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
3615:John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Limited
3368:. University of Maryland. Archived from
2812:"When a company issues shares or stocks
2343:stocks, the most common being through a
2339:There are various methods of buying and
2769:
2733:
1891:, most stock options are transferable.
1785:sell under stock ticker BRK.B, whereas
1106:
682:
476:
448:
409:
306:
248:
199:
160:
3276:The Logic and Limits of Bankruptcy Law
2928:Zvi Bodie, Alex Kane, Alan J. Marcus,
1863:is a class of option. Specifically, a
1650:from subsequent rises in stock price.
3424:from the original on 24 December 2021
3341:from the original on 30 November 2020
3061:from the original on 10 February 2023
2854:from the original on 25 December 2018
1958:mining and forestry products company
1674:of a corporation is partitioned into
7:
2470:American Customer Satisfaction Index
1837:or an individual firm's stock, e.g.
975:Residential mortgage-backed security
77:adding citations to reliable sources
3142:Irwin, Douglas A. (December 1991).
2783:Longman Business English Dictionary
2039:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company
970:Commercial mortgage-backed security
2983:from the original on 14 April 2010
2098:. Thus it might be common to call
995:Collateralized mortgage obligation
25:
3306:from the original on 16 July 2012
3227:Jones v. H. F. Ahmanson & Co.
3188:from the original on 31 July 2020
2957:from the original on 9 March 2017
1889:call options granted to employees
1825:asset is the price of an equity.
5151:
5141:
4023:Electronic communication network
3585:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
3394:. Youngmoney.com. Archived from
3246:from the original on 10 May 2008
3151:The Journal of Political Economy
2303:of a particular stock exchange.
2257:(day-to-day operational needs).
2064:) that legally owns one or more
1599:, or sometimes interchangeably,
1546:
1534:
1118:
690:
168:
53:
2245:financing (for example issuing
1689:Shares represent a fraction of
411:Over-the-counter (off-exchange)
64:needs additional citations for
4938:Debtor-in-possession financing
3360:Mithas, Sunil (January 2006).
2600:Arrangements between railroads
2008:Soon afterwards, in 1602, the
1941:Société des Moulins du Bazacle
1926:partes illo tempore carissimae
1619:such as secured and unsecured
990:Collateralized fund obligation
985:Collateralized debt obligation
1:
4017:Multilateral trading facility
3713:. Wiley Investment Classics.
2510:again achieving equilibrium.
2480:List of S&P 600 companies
2295:are usually represented by a
2160:. The owner may also inherit
2086:Shareholders are one type of
1995:Honourable East India Company
1919:(for large cooperatives) and
1630:Stock can be bought and sold
880:Initial public offering (IPO)
769:Over-the-counter market (OTC)
637:Sustainable development goals
4878:Staggered board of directors
4440:Returns-based style analysis
4236:Post-modern portfolio theory
4142:Security characteristic line
2714:Traditional and alternative
2148:. This process is called an
1981:. It was granted an English
4995:Accretion/dilution analysis
4194:Efficient-market hypothesis
4098:Capital asset pricing model
4035:Straight-through processing
3607:; Cunningham, L.A. (2009).
2587:efficient-market hypothesis
2519:efficient market hypothesis
2477:
2309:American depositary receipt
2124:, majority shareholders of
5214:
4958:Leveraged recapitalization
4011:Alternative Trading System
2977:"Black Scholes Calculator"
2264:
2241:financing. Alternatively,
2023:
1810:
915:Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
29:
5137:
5129:Valuation using multiples
5114:Sum-of-the-parts analysis
5084:Modigliani–Miller theorem
4943:Dividend recapitalization
4758:Secondary market offering
3638:The Millionaire Next Door
3079:(Cicero, P. VAT. 12, 29.)
2488:Share price determination
520:Diversification (finance)
5147:List of investment banks
5062:Free cash flow to equity
4888:Super-majority amendment
4813:Management due diligence
4753:Seasoned equity offering
4075:Arbitrage pricing theory
3459:The Intelligent Investor
3274:Jackson, Thomas (2001).
2625:Employee stock ownership
2452:Stock price fluctuations
2014:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2010:Dutch East India Company
1607:by which ownership of a
965:Mortgage-backed security
4858:Shareholder rights plan
4848:Post-merger integration
4818:Managerial entrenchment
4788:Contingent value rights
4728:Initial public offering
4354:Initial public offering
4215:Modern portfolio theory
4110:Dividend discount model
3993:List of stock exchanges
3485:; Dodd, D.L.F. (1934).
2780:Summers, Della (2007).
2374:initial public offering
2218:management entrenchment
2214:principal–agent problem
2150:initial public offering
2096:non-profit organization
1945:Bazacle Milling Company
1776:Preferred stock may be
1460:Commemorative banknotes
759:Foreign exchange market
5000:Adjusted present value
4863:Special-purpose entity
4701:Direct public offering
4671:At-the-market offering
4242:Random walk hypothesis
3635:; Danko, W.D. (1998).
2615:Buying in (securities)
2444:Risks of short selling
2276:
2041:
2037:for ten shares of the
1974:
1541:Numismatics portal
1179:Circulating currencies
802:Inflation-indexed bond
485:Alternative investment
44:Stock (disambiguation)
42:. For other uses, see
5015:Conglomerate discount
4380:Market capitalization
4189:Dollar cost averaging
3705:Fisher, Philip Arthur
3677:. A Touchstone book.
3533:Warner Business Books
3493:McGraw-Hill Education
2833:30 April 2021 at the
2504:market capitalization
2274:
2133:exchange-traded funds
2033:
1968:
1913:joint-stock companies
1909:societas publicanorum
1811:Further information:
1730:marketable securities
1640:new shares are issued
1603:) consist of all the
1271:Historical currencies
1112:the study of currency
960:Asset-backed security
617:Investment management
530:Environmental finance
5037:Economic value added
5032:Discounted cash flow
4200:Fundamental analysis
4184:Contrarian investing
4147:Security market line
4052:Liquidity aggregator
4029:Direct market access
3940:Quantitative analyst
3679:Simon & Schuster
3096:on 13 September 2012
3037:Hawk, Barry (2015).
3027:(Polybius, 6, 17, 3)
2979:. Tradingtoday.com.
2462:fundamental analysis
2440:lender at a profit.
2301:listing requirements
2001:on all trade in the
1939:, 100 shares of the
1839:single-stock futures
1242:Fictional currencies
73:improve this article
4622:Senior secured debt
4445:Reverse stock split
4390:Market manipulation
4314:Dual-listed company
4174:Algorithmic trading
4104:Capital market line
3906:Inter-dealer broker
3398:on 7 September 2008
2786:. Pearson Longman.
2660:Naked short selling
2566:greater fool theory
2429:capital gains taxes
2194:boards of directors
2192:In most countries,
2102:contributors to an
2070:joint stock company
1885:Black–Scholes model
1854:Stock index futures
1714:Republic of Ireland
1429:Commemorative coins
1340:Medieval currencies
1249:Proposed currencies
642:Sustainable finance
156:Part of a series on
5157:Outline of finance
5069:Market value added
5052:Financial modeling
5010:Business valuation
4933:Debt restructuring
4711:Follow-on offering
4696:Corporate spin-off
4654:(terms/conditions)
4571:investment banking
4485:Stock market index
4324:Efficient frontier
4263:Technical analysis
4221:Momentum investing
4043:(private exchange)
3933:Proprietary trader
3875:Shares outstanding
3865:Authorised capital
3633:Stanley, Thomas J.
3242:. Online.ceb.com.
2620:Concentrated stock
2583:Electronic trading
2558:behavioral finance
2523:standard deviation
2466:technical analysis
2405:margin requirement
2387:. Buying stock on
2369:investor relations
2320:OTC Bulletin Board
2277:
2233:Means of financing
2184:Shareholder rights
2174:board of directors
2077:board of directors
2042:
1979:East India Company
1975:
1662:realm of finance.
1000:Credit-linked note
943:Structured finance
797:Floating rate note
632:Speculative attack
397:Structured product
5193:Financial capital
5188:Corporate finance
5183:Equity securities
5165:
5164:
5089:Net present value
5074:Minority interest
5005:Associate company
4981:
4980:
4948:Financial sponsor
4868:Special situation
4838:Pre-emption right
4828:Minority discount
4738:Private placement
4637:Subordinated debt
4592:Exchangeable debt
4579:Capital structure
4567:Corporate finance
4533:
4532:
4334:Flight-to-quality
4086:Buffett indicator
3776:Financial markets
3724:978-0-471-11927-2
3688:978-0-671-66238-7
3652:978-0-671-01520-6
3624:978-0-470-82441-2
3596:978-0-470-10210-7
3575:Bogle, John Bogle
3566:978-1-508-52435-9
3519:Rich Dad Poor Dad
3502:978-0-070-24496-2
3054:978-90-04-30622-6
2938:978-0-07-803469-5
2910:on 6 January 2019
2904:InvestorGuide.com
2880:on 26 August 2009
2793:978-1-4058-5259-3
2630:Equity investment
2572:Arbitrage trading
2458:supply and demand
2379:When it comes to
2324:OTC Markets Group
2035:Stock certificate
1997:(HEIC) a 15-year
1813:Equity derivative
1807:Stock derivatives
1699:stock certificate
1693:in a business. A
1590:
1589:
1093:
1092:
1050:Credit derivative
863:Equities (stocks)
678:
677:
505:Banks and banking
495:Asset (economics)
321:Credit derivative
289:Stock certificate
162:Financial markets
149:
148:
141:
123:
18:Equity securities
16:(Redirected from
5205:
5155:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5047:Fairness opinion
5042:Enterprise value
5025:Weighted average
4953:Leveraged buyout
4808:Drag-along right
4706:Equity carve-out
4663:Equity offerings
4659:
4655:
4627:Shareholder loan
4612:Second lien debt
4607:Preferred equity
4587:Convertible debt
4560:
4553:
4546:
4537:
4450:Share repurchase
4162:Trading theories
4047:Crossing network
4005:Over-the-counter
3842:Restricted stock
3798:Secondary market
3769:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3736:
3700:
3664:
3628:
3600:
3584:
3570:
3514:
3477:
3456:(8 July 2003) .
3450:Graham, Benjamin
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3372:on 17 March 2012
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3265:
3264:Whitman, 2004, 5
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3148:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:. Archived from
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3045:Brill Publishers
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2906:. Archived from
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:. Investopedia.
2844:
2838:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2777:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2742:American English
2738:
2675:Social ownership
2542:return on equity
2483:
2403:drops below the
2316:over-the-counter
2176:of the company.
1787:Class "A" shares
1783:Class "B" shares
1582:
1575:
1568:
1553:Money portal
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1263:History of money
1218:Local currencies
1122:
1113:
1095:
1085:
1078:
1071:
898:Investment funds
817:Commercial paper
812:Zero-coupon bond
764:Futures exchange
754:Commodity market
694:
680:
670:
663:
656:
612:Impact investing
607:Growth investing
340:Foreign exchange
326:Futures exchange
274:Registered share
172:
153:
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
36:Physical capital
21:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5133:
5109:Stock valuation
5104:Residual income
5020:Cost of capital
4977:
4973:Project finance
4963:High-yield debt
4919:
4898:Tag-along right
4823:Mandatory offer
4793:Control premium
4774:
4767:
4743:Public offering
4691:Bought out deal
4653:
4652:
4646:
4573:
4564:
4534:
4529:
4520:Voting interest
4430:Public offering
4365:Mandatory offer
4339:Government bond
4319:DuPont analysis
4282:
4278:Value investing
4273:Value averaging
4268:Trend following
4253:Style investing
4248:Sector rotation
4163:
4157:
4136:Net asset value
4062:Stock valuation
4056:
3976:
3884:
3851:
3837:Preferred stock
3812:
3778:
3773:
3743:
3725:
3703:
3689:
3667:
3653:
3631:
3625:
3603:
3597:
3573:
3567:
3545:
3525:Robert Kiyosaki
3503:
3480:
3474:
3466:. front cover.
3448:
3445:
3443:Further reading
3439:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3300:"Stock Trading"
3298:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:on 12 June 2004
3128:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3047:. p. 232.
3036:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3007:Ab Urbe Condita
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2835:Wayback Machine
2826:
2822:
2811:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:Voting interest
2690:Stock valuation
2650:Insider trading
2595:
2574:
2490:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2413:
2337:
2285:stock exchanges
2269:
2263:
2255:working capital
2251:trade financing
2235:
2186:
2141:
2092:business entity
2028:
2022:
1931:Around 1250 in
1897:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1754:Preferred stock
1746:preferred stock
1738:
1668:
1636:stock exchanges
1586:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1417:Coin collecting
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1145:
1144:
1111:
1110:
1089:
1060:
1059:
1055:Hybrid security
1020:
1010:
1009:
955:Agency security
945:
935:
934:
930:Segregated fund
910:Closed-end fund
900:
890:
889:
865:
855:
854:
840:Government bond
830:
829:Bonds by issuer
822:
821:
792:Fixed rate bond
787:
786:Bonds by coupon
779:
778:
744:
734:
733:
704:
674:
515:Climate finance
444:
430:
358:
357:
337:
336:
331:Hybrid security
269:Preferred stock
239:
230:High-yield debt
225:Government bond
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
32:Share (finance)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5211:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5198:Private equity
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5124:Terminal value
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5057:Free cash flow
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4968:Private equity
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Mezzanine debt
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Stock exchange
4477:
4475:Stock dilution
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:Mean reversion
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Market anomaly
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Bid–ask spread
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:Earnings yield
4118:
4116:Dividend yield
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4007:(off-exchange)
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3984:
3982:
3981:Trading venues
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3880:Treasury stock
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3847:Tracking stock
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Primary market
3789:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3742:
3741:External links
3739:
3738:
3737:
3723:
3701:
3687:
3665:
3651:
3629:
3623:
3601:
3595:
3571:
3565:
3547:Clason, George
3543:
3529:Sharon Lechter
3515:
3501:
3478:
3472:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3409:
3383:
3366:Research@Smith
3352:
3317:
3291:
3284:
3266:
3257:
3231:
3219:
3200:
3163:10.1086/261801
3134:
3107:
3081:
3072:
3053:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2994:
2968:
2942:
2921:
2891:
2865:
2839:
2820:
2814:especially AmE
2808:especially AmE
2792:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:Treasury stock
2707:
2705:Tracking stock
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Stock dilution
2682:
2680:Stock and flow
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Money managers
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2573:
2570:
2531:expected value
2489:
2486:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2412:
2409:
2336:
2333:
2328:brokerage firm
2265:Main article:
2262:
2259:
2234:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2206:Martin Whitman
2185:
2182:
2146:stock exchange
2140:
2137:
2068:of stock in a
2024:Main article:
2021:
2018:
1901:Roman Republic
1896:
1893:
1875:is the right (
1867:is the right (
1808:
1805:
1795:
1794:Rule 144 stock
1792:
1737:
1734:
1710:United Kingdom
1667:
1664:
1660:private equity
1644:buy back stock
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:Unsecured debt
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:Securitization
946:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
861:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
847:
845:Municipal bond
842:
837:
835:Corporate bond
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
807:Perpetual bond
804:
799:
794:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
700:
699:
696:
695:
687:
686:
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
490:Angel investor
487:
479:
478:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
453:
452:
446:
445:
443:
442:
437:
431:
429:
428:
423:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
405:
404:
402:Swap (finance)
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
349:
342:
338:
335:
334:
328:
323:
316:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
294:Stock exchange
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
253:
252:
246:
245:
244:
243:
241:Securitization
237:
235:Municipal bond
232:
227:
222:
217:
215:Corporate bond
212:
210:Bond valuation
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
182:
174:
173:
165:
164:
158:
157:
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5210:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5158:
5150:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Book building
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Short selling
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Greenspan put
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Financial law
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Cross listing
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:Related terms
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Swing trading
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Mosaic theory
4224:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Market timing
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:Trading hours
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:Broker-dealer
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Issued shares
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3857:Share capital
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3808:Fourth market
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:Soros, George
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3643:Gallery Books
3640:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:0-446-67745-0
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3473:0-06-055566-1
3469:
3465:
3464:HarperCollins
3461:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3285:1-58798-114-9
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2474:pump and dump
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:Short selling
2434:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:short selling
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:stock traders
2290:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:United States
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:(including a
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Royal Charter
1980:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1887:. Apart from
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:voting rights
1747:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:balance sheet
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:Stock options
1649:
1648:capital gains
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:senior claims
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:capital stock
1594:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Bullion coins
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Company scrip
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:South America
1204:
1202:
1201:North America
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
944:
939:
938:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
894:
893:
886:
885:Short selling
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:
859:
858:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
697:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:Eco-investing
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Asset pricing
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
477:Related areas
475:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
451:
447:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
416:
415:
412:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
353:
352:Exchange rate
350:
348:
344:
343:
341:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
318:
317:
315:
311:
310:
307:Other markets
305:
300:
299:Watered stock
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
251:
247:
242:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
183:
181:
180:Public market
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:
143:
140:
132:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5178:Stock market
5099:Real options
4915:Tender offer
4775:acquisitions
4763:Underwriting
4748:Rights issue
4651:Transactions
4631:
4505:Tender offer
4425:Public float
4395:Market trend
4385:Market depth
4205:Growth stock
4179:Buy and hold
4088:(Cap-to-GDP)
3928:Floor trader
3918:Market maker
3901:Floor broker
3889:Participants
3832:Golden share
3827:Common stock
3818:
3803:Third market
3709:
3673:
3637:
3609:
3580:
3551:
3517:
3487:
3481:Graham, B.;
3458:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:the original
3386:
3374:. Retrieved
3370:the original
3365:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3335:Investopedia
3334:
3308:. Retrieved
3294:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3234:
3229:, 1 Cal. 3d)
3226:
3222:
3203:
3190:. Retrieved
3154:
3150:
3137:
3126:the original
3117:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3084:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3039:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2945:
2929:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2903:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:the original
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2842:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2782:
2749:
2736:
2700:Stub (stock)
2640:Golden share
2575:
2562:dot-com bust
2555:
2551:
2535:
2526:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2493:
2491:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2378:
2365:
2361:credit union
2353:
2338:
2322:(OTCBB) and
2313:
2305:
2282:
2278:
2267:Stock trader
2236:
2227:
2223:
2196:and company
2191:
2187:
2178:
2170:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2126:closely held
2115:
2108:
2088:stakeholders
2085:
2074:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2007:
1994:
1976:
1949:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1876:
1868:
1861:stock option
1858:
1843:
1816:
1797:
1775:
1763:
1742:common stock
1739:
1725:
1718:South Africa
1707:
1688:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1629:
1625:voting power
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1514:
1474:Credit cards
1235:Time dollars
869:
749:Stock market
728:
627:Market trend
602:Greenwashing
459:Participants
278:
264:Growth stock
259:Common stock
250:Stock market
220:Fixed income
188:
150:
135:
129:January 2018
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
4873:Squeeze-out
4843:Proxy fight
4773:Mergers and
4686:Bought deal
4617:Senior debt
4510:Uptick rule
4490:Stock split
4470:Squeeze-out
4465:Speculation
4410:Open outcry
4299:Block trade
4231:Pairs trade
3605:Buffett, W.
3454:Jason Zweig
3428:26 November
3402:12 February
3376:25 February
3345:14 February
3250:12 February
3100:18 December
2987:12 February
2932:, 9th Ed.,
2930:Investments
2884:12 February
2858:25 February
2716:investments
2695:Stock token
2670:Scripophily
2665:Penny stock
2645:House stock
2610:Bucket shop
2605:Boiler room
2547:random walk
2527:efficiently
2500:equilibrium
2401:share price
2345:stockbroker
2297:stockbroker
2139:Application
2104:association
2081:liquidation
2062:corporation
2050:stockholder
2046:shareholder
2026:Shareholder
2020:Shareholder
2003:East Indies
1987:Elizabeth I
1899:During the
1865:call option
1835:stock index
1703:shareholder
1613:shareholder
1609:corporation
1508:Scripophily
1108:Numismatics
1018:Derivatives
905:Mutual fund
774:Spot market
622:Market risk
435:Spot market
392:Reinsurance
387:Real estate
377:Mutual fund
314:Derivatives
284:Stockbroker
201:Bond market
5172:Categories
5119:Tax shield
5079:Mismarking
4883:Stock swap
4833:Pitch book
4803:Divestment
4681:Bookrunner
4602:Pari passu
4515:Volatility
4495:Stock swap
4415:Order book
4166:strategies
4092:Book value
3960:Arbitrager
3955:Speculator
3065:8 February
2765:References
2478:(also see
2393:collateral
2166:litigation
2152:, or IPO.
2144:sale on a
2118:California
2054:individual
1969:The 12.5%
1952:Falun Mine
1921:particulae
1881:derivative
1873:put option
1823:underlying
1819:derivative
1771:restricted
1410:Collection
1353:Production
1283:Achaemenid
925:Index fund
920:Hedge fund
850:Pfandbrief
724:Derivative
702:Securities
684:Securities
464:Regulation
192:Securities
99:newspapers
5094:Pure play
4987:Valuation
4853:Sell side
4716:Greenshoe
4131:Fed model
4126:EV/EBITDA
4041:Dark pool
3972:Regulator
3817:Types of
3783:Types of
2802:954137383
2581:trading.
2579:arbitrage
2381:financing
2341:financing
2202:fiduciary
2164:and even
2158:dividends
2156:issue as
2111:fiduciary
2100:volunteer
1905:publicani
1722:Australia
1691:ownership
1680:par value
1632:privately
1455:Banknotes
1448:Notaphily
1382:Hammering
1365:Designers
1288:Byzantine
1155:Banknotes
719:Debenture
565:corporate
540:Financial
362:Commodity
40:Inventory
4925:Leverage
4903:Takeover
4798:Demerger
4783:Buy side
4460:Slippage
4420:Position
4405:Momentum
4309:Dividend
3988:Exchange
3945:Investor
3733:95051449
3707:(1996).
3697:87004745
3671:(1988).
3661:98046515
3577:(2007).
3549:(2015).
3535:, 2000.
3511:34023635
3483:Dodd, D.
3422:Archived
3339:Archived
3304:Archived
3244:Archived
3198:at 1299.
3183:Archived
3179:17937216
3059:Archived
2981:Archived
2955:Archived
2852:Archived
2831:Archived
2806:stock -
2593:See also
2349:discount
2208:writes:
2198:managers
2052:) is an
1999:monopoly
1937:Toulouse
1817:A stock
1800:Rule 144
1758:dividend
1695:business
1467:Exonumia
1318:Japanese
1298:Filipino
1278:Aksumite
1142:Currency
1130:Glossary
1100:a series
1098:Part of
709:Banknote
590:services
580:personal
575:forecast
545:analysis
469:Clearing
421:Forwards
347:Currency
185:Exchange
4908:Reverse
4893:Synergy
4733:Pre-IPO
4721:Reverse
4642:Warrant
4349:Haircut
4153:T-model
3965:Scalper
3785:markets
3214:1676251
3192:31 July
3171:2937731
2914:10 June
2874:"stock"
2848:"stock"
2411:Selling
2261:Trading
2200:have a
2058:company
1956:Swedish
1895:History
1831:options
1827:Futures
1708:In the
1496:Cheques
1441:Grading
1375:Milling
1370:Coining
1333:Tibetan
1313:Italian
1293:Chinese
1211:Oceania
1160:Forgery
1045:Warrant
1030:Futures
1025:Forward
980:Tranche
742:Markets
597:Fintech
560:betting
550:analyst
450:Trading
426:Options
113:scholar
88:"Stock"
4370:Margin
4238:(PMPT)
4100:(CAPM)
3950:Hedger
3923:Trader
3896:Broker
3819:stocks
3731:
3721:
3695:
3685:
3659:
3649:
3621:
3593:
3563:
3539:
3509:
3499:
3470:
3310:18 May
3282:
3212:
3177:
3169:
3051:
2961:18 May
2936:
2800:
2790:
2755:Nasdaq
2476:scams
2389:margin
2385:margin
2335:Buying
2289:shares
2239:equity
2066:shares
1954:. The
1933:France
1917:partes
1778:hybrid
1766:equity
1720:, and
1676:shares
1666:Shares
1634:or on
1623:), or
1605:shares
1601:shares
1595:(also
1593:Stocks
1515:Stocks
1501:Scrips
1491:Tokens
1484:Medals
1479:Jetons
1397:Errors
1392:Metals
1308:Indian
1196:Europe
1186:Africa
1035:Option
585:public
382:Option
187:
115:
108:
101:
94:
86:
4632:Stock
4525:Yield
4500:Trade
4435:Rally
4356:(IPO)
4244:(RMH)
4217:(MPT)
4196:(EMH)
4149:(SML)
4138:(NAV)
4112:(DDM)
4106:(CML)
4077:(APT)
4070:Alpha
4037:(STP)
4031:(DMA)
4025:(ECN)
4019:(MTF)
4013:(ATS)
3715:Wiley
3523:, by
3186:(PDF)
3175:S2CID
3167:JSTOR
3147:(PDF)
3129:(PDF)
3122:(PDF)
2828:stock
2753:"For
2728:Notes
2495:float
2247:bonds
1991:India
1971:share
1960:Stora
1943:, or
1907:, or
1850:short
1736:Types
1726:stock
1672:stock
1520:Bonds
1424:Coins
1323:Roman
1303:Greek
1150:Coins
875:Share
870:Stock
729:Stock
570:crime
555:asset
440:Swaps
372:Money
279:Stock
120:JSTOR
106:books
4569:and
4360:Long
4164:and
4094:(BV)
4081:Beta
3729:LCCN
3719:ISBN
3693:LCCN
3683:ISBN
3657:LCCN
3647:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3527:and
3507:LCCN
3497:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3430:2022
3404:2010
3378:2012
3347:2023
3312:2013
3280:ISBN
3252:2010
3210:SSRN
3194:2019
3102:2009
3067:2023
3049:ISBN
3002:Livy
2989:2010
2963:2013
2934:ISBN
2916:2007
2886:2010
2860:2012
2798:OCLC
2788:ISBN
2635:GICS
2538:risk
2464:and
2397:loan
2357:bank
2243:debt
2162:debt
2048:(or
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