31:
55:
364:
genome segments. The smallest of those genome segments, segment-10, encodes the NS3 protein, which allows the release of the viral particles from the infected cell. The second largest of those segments in turn codes for one of the outer capsid proteins, VP(2).
537:
remains one of the primary methods of prevention. Control of the midges is usually only instigated for domesticated stabled horses, and includes precautionary measures such as the limited use of lights at night, as well as the use of fly repellents and fans.
439:
may be acting as a natural barrier to the progression of the disease. Such a progression is of major concern to the worldwide livestock industry, primarily due to the similarity between EEV and other more devastating equid pathogens, such as the
313:, accompanied by varying degrees of inappetence. Elevated heart and respiratory rates are also common, and occasionally as a result of nasal congestion, a red-brown discolouration of the mucous membranes may be observed.
653:
705:
Karin
Aharonson-Raz; Amir Steinman; Velizar Bumbarov; Sushila Maan; Narender Singh Maan; Kyriaki Nomikou; Carrie Batten; Christiaan Potgieter; Yuval Gottlieb; Peter Mertens; Eyal Klement (2011).
309:. Although the majority of infections result only in mild clinical signs, in more severe cases clinical signs include a short period (typically two to five days) of fluctuating
573:
985:
587:
Venter GJ, Groenewald DM, Paweska JT, Venter EH, Howell PG (1999). "Vector competence of selected South
African "Culicoides" species for the Bryanston serotype of
998:
769:
C. A. L. Oura; C. A. Batten; P. A. S. Ivens; M. BALCHA; A. ALHASSAN; D. GIZAW; M. ELHARRAK; D. B. JALLOW; M. SAHLE; N. Maan; P. C. Mertens; S. Maan (2012).
521:
carriers. Although in this instance the animal is not in immediate danger, it must be treated in order to prevent the reemergence of the virus were the
558:
Mertens PP, Maan S, Samuel A, Attoui H Orbivirus, Reoviridae (2005). Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds.).
492:
indicating a prior infection, with serotype 1 being the most prevalent. Antibodies have also occasionally been reported in elephants.
258:. Since then the disease has become both widespread and prevalent, taking on epidemic proportions in certain parts of the country.
1041:
1036:
517:
are prescribed in order to prevent the appearance of secondary infections. Some equids show no clinical signs at all but are
316:
Although rare, more severe clinical signs may occur including facial swelling (lips and eyelids), respiratory distress, and
382:
generated by the host during infection. The sequence variation between the proteins is then associated with various viral
378:
of EEV, of which seven have been identified to date. This is achieved by analysing the interaction between VP(2), and the
950:
715:
593:
873:
1003:
779:
54:
455:-to-host, rather infection requires another intermediate organism that will transmit the pathogen. In the case of
1031:
912:
441:
290:
214:
448:
306:
30:
1026:
972:
869:"Analysis and phylogenetic comparisons of full-length VP2 genes of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes"
49:
343:
have been reported. The mortality rate is normally low, accounting for only 5% of infected animals.
510:
830:
806:
618:
567:
370:
220:
649:"Investigations on outbreaks of African horse sickness in the surveillance zone in South Africa"
990:
289:, later diagnosed as EEV, caused great concern primarily due to the similarity of EEV with the
959:
892:
849:
798:
742:
672:
610:
340:
882:
839:
788:
732:
724:
662:
602:
209:
103:
285:, EEV1-7, have been characterised. In 2009, the outbreak of a febrile horse disease across
360:, and as such encodes 4 non-structural and 7 structural proteins derived from 10 linear
737:
706:
534:
452:
232:
139:
115:
1020:
606:
522:
91:
810:
622:
964:
485:
469:
399:
278:
267:
228:
935:
944:
514:
336:
321:
793:
770:
509:. 90%) the animal will recover without further complications, and a course of
489:
461:
379:
263:
249:
205:
127:
305:
The name equine encephalosis is misleading as the disease is not primarily a
518:
415:, and outbreaks have been reported in a number of other countries including
383:
356:
325:
282:
244:
196:
151:
79:
896:
844:
825:
802:
746:
728:
676:
667:
648:
614:
887:
868:
853:
929:
420:
375:
317:
259:
432:
403:
294:
255:
187:
477:
436:
428:
416:
412:
332:
286:
41:
906:
654:
Revue
Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
481:
473:
424:
408:
331:
Neurological signs are atypical, but in certain cases hindquarter
310:
200:
191:
66:
867:
Maan S, Maan NS, Samuel AR, Rao S, Attoui H, Mertens PP (2007).
562:. Vol. 1. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 466–83.
977:
910:
324:. Pregnant mares may also abort during their first 5 months of
361:
513:
or appetite stimulants may be administered. Occasionally,
374:, both these proteins may then be used to determine the
468:
Several studies have shown that between 50 and 75% of
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
525:
to be challenged by another disease simultaneously.
407:. As of 2008 however, evidence seems to suggest the
919:
775:: evidence for circulation beyond southern Africa"
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
553:
551:
435:remains free of the epidemic, suggesting the
8:
647:Venter GJ, Koekemoer JJ, Paweska JT (2006).
572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
533:Due to the absence of an effective vaccine,
398:appeared until recently to be unique to the
907:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
29:
18:
886:
843:
792:
736:
666:
560:Virus taxonomy, VIIIth report of the ICTV
277:had been identified and isolated only in
707:"Isolation and Phylogenetic Grouping of
451:diseases, EEV is not transmissible from
547:
281:, where seven antigenetically distinct
565:
7:
826:""Orbivirus" Structure and Assembly"
459:, the transmission occurs via the
14:
594:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
262:estimated a presence of anti-EEV
607:10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00188.x
235:, EEV is the causative agent of
53:
505:In the vast majority of cases (
411:has circulated beyond southern
293:, one of the most devastating
1:
716:Emerging Infectious Diseases
465:midges during a blood meal.
442:African horse sickness virus
291:African horse sickness virus
231:over a hundred years ago by
215:African horse sickness virus
874:Journal of General Virology
247:disease transmitted by the
1058:
780:Epidemiology and Infection
951:Equine encephalosis virus
921:Equine encephalosis virus
794:10.1017/S0950268811002688
773:Equine encephalosis virus
709:Equine encephalosis virus
589:Equine encephalosis virus
488:for EEV or have anti-EEV
457:Equine encephalosis virus
396:Equine encephalosis virus
352:Equine encephalosis virus
339:, hyperexcitability, and
275:Equine encephalosis virus
177:Equine encephalosis virus
166:Equine encephalosis virus
48:
39:Equine encephalosis virus
37:
28:
23:Equine encephalosis virus
21:
496:Treatment and prevention
394:First isolated in 1967,
845:10.1006/viro.1996.0028
729:10.3201/eid1710.110350
668:10.20506/rst.25.3.1719
318:petechial haemorrhages
203:, and a member of the
1042:Animal viral diseases
1037:Insect-borne diseases
888:10.1099/vir.0.82456-0
307:neurological disorder
254:midges affecting all
347:Structure and genome
50:Virus classification
511:anti-inflammatories
266:in over 75% of all
260:Serological studies
237:equine encephalosis
227:First described in
1014:
1013:
913:Taxon identifiers
787:(11): 1982–1986.
723:(10): 1883–1886.
173:
172:
1049:
1007:
1006:
994:
993:
981:
980:
968:
967:
955:
954:
953:
940:
939:
938:
908:
901:
900:
890:
864:
858:
857:
847:
821:
815:
814:
796:
766:
751:
750:
740:
702:
681:
680:
670:
661:(3): 1097–1109.
644:
627:
626:
584:
578:
577:
571:
563:
555:
472:equids (notably
431:. Intriguingly,
371:Bluetongue virus
368:By analogy with
221:Bluetongue virus
117:Resentoviricetes
105:Duplornaviricota
58:
57:
33:
19:
16:Species of virus
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
976:
971:
963:
958:
949:
948:
943:
934:
933:
928:
915:
905:
904:
866:
865:
861:
823:
822:
818:
768:
767:
754:
704:
703:
684:
646:
645:
630:
586:
585:
581:
564:
557:
556:
549:
544:
531:
503:
498:
392:
349:
303:
273:Prior to 2008,
245:arthropod-borne
169:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Horse diseases
1029:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
995:
982:
969:
956:
941:
925:
923:
917:
916:
911:
903:
902:
859:
824:Roy P (1996).
816:
752:
682:
628:
601:(4): 393–400.
579:
546:
545:
543:
540:
535:vector control
530:
529:Vector control
527:
502:
499:
497:
494:
391:
388:
348:
345:
302:
301:Clinical signs
299:
233:Arnold Theiler
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
141:Sedoreoviridae
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
89:
85:
84:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
946:
942:
937:
931:
927:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
898:
894:
889:
884:
881:(2): 621–30.
880:
876:
875:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
820:
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795:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
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753:
748:
744:
739:
734:
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718:
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712:
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629:
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583:
580:
575:
569:
561:
554:
552:
548:
541:
539:
536:
528:
526:
524:
523:immune system
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:South African
466:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
438:
437:Sahara desert
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
401:
400:South African
397:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
366:
363:
359:
358:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
268:South African
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
222:
217:
216:
212:, related to
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
178:
168:
167:
162:
159:
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150:
147:
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143:
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138:
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134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:Orthornavirae
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
920:
878:
872:
862:
835:
829:
819:
784:
778:
772:
720:
714:
708:
658:
652:
598:
592:
588:
582:
559:
532:
506:
504:
501:Drug therapy
486:seropositive
467:
460:
456:
449:vector-borne
447:As with all
446:
402:
395:
393:
390:Epidemiology
369:
367:
355:
351:
350:
330:
322:conjunctivae
315:
304:
279:South Africa
274:
272:
248:
240:
236:
229:South Africa
226:
219:
213:
204:
195:
182:
181:
176:
175:
174:
165:
164:
152:
140:
128:
116:
104:
92:
80:
73:
63:(unranked):
38:
22:
1027:Orbiviruses
945:Wikispecies
838:(1): 1–11.
515:antibiotics
337:convulsions
297:pathogens.
218:(AHSV) and
1021:Categories
711:in Israel"
542:References
490:antibodies
462:Culicoides
380:antibodies
341:depression
264:antibodies
250:Culicoides
206:Reoviridae
129:Reovirales
44:particles
936:Q16981700
568:cite book
384:serotypes
357:Orbivirus
326:gestation
283:serotypes
197:Orbivirus
160:Species:
153:Orbivirus
88:Kingdom:
81:Riboviria
991:11459759
930:Wikidata
897:17251581
831:Virology
811:23269136
803:22166372
747:22000361
677:17361773
623:36530418
615:10608228
421:Ethiopia
376:serotype
270:horses.
136:Family:
100:Phylum:
854:8614976
738:3310674
519:biliary
478:donkeys
433:Morocco
404:equidae
320:of the
224:(BTV).
188:species
186:) is a
148:Genus:
124:Order:
112:Class:
1004:201490
978:540089
895:
852:
809:
801:
745:
735:
675:
621:
613:
484:) are
482:zebras
474:horses
429:Gambia
427:, and
417:Israel
413:Africa
354:is an
333:ataxia
295:equine
287:Israel
256:equids
243:), an
210:family
42:virion
986:IRMNG
965:6FZ72
807:S2CID
619:S2CID
425:Ghana
409:virus
362:dsRNA
311:fever
201:genus
192:virus
74:Realm
67:Virus
999:NCBI
893:PMID
850:PMID
799:PMID
743:PMID
673:PMID
611:PMID
574:link
480:and
453:host
252:spp.
194:the
973:EoL
960:CoL
883:doi
840:doi
836:216
789:doi
785:140
733:PMC
725:doi
663:doi
603:doi
591:".
190:of
183:EEV
1023::
1001::
988::
975::
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947::
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891:.
879:88
877:.
871:.
848:.
834:.
828:.
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783:.
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566:{{
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241:EE
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239:(
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