144:
394:
126:
1254:
Labarca, Rafael; Frugone-Álvarez, Matías; Vilches, Liz; Blanco, José Francisco; Peñaloza, Ángela; Godoy-Aguirre, Carolina; Lizama-Catalán, Álvaro; Oyarzo, Cristóbal; Tornero, Carlos; González-Guarda, Erwin; Delgado, Ayelen; Sepúlveda, Marcela; Soto-Huenchuman, Paula (2024-05-22). Garvey, Raven (ed.).
1019:
Cirilli, Omar; Machado, Helena; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Davis, Edward; Jass, Christopher N.; Jukar, Advait M.; Landry, Zoe; Marín-Leyva, Alejandro H.; Pandolfi, Luca; Pushkina, Diana; Rook, Lorenzo; Saarinen, Juha; Scott, Eric; Semprebon, Gina (September 2022).
539:
and other extinct megafauna. The bones appear to have been deliberately burned as a source of fuel. Due to the poor preservation of the bones there is no clear evidence of human modification. At the
Taguatagua 3 in central Chile, dating to around 12,440–12,550 years BP, a first
1237:
384:
however, later studies suggested that this result required more specimens to be analysed for confirmation. A close relationship to caballine horses was also supported by a 2019 morphological analysis study.
775:"Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: Implications for the taxonomy of North American Late Pleistocene Equus"
552:(elephant relatives). At the Arroyo Seco 2 site in the Argentinian Pampas, which has multiple episodes of human activity dating to between 14,782 and 11,142 cal yr BP remains of
333:
While they have formerly been referred to as belonging to 5 separate species, this has been revised down into three, and more recently a single, morphologically variable species
1126:
Anthony D. Barnosky; Paul L. Koch; Robert S. Feranec; Scott L. Wing; Alan B. Shabel (2004). "Assessing the Causes of Late
Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents".
773:
Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Rodrigues, Antonia T.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yang, Dongya Y.; Speller, Camilla F. (2017-08-17). Orlando, Ludovic (ed.).
1238:
Paso Otero 5: A summary of the interdisciplinary lines of evidence for reconstructing early human occupation and paleoenvironment in the
Pampean region, Argentina
2261:
1423:
2336:
2331:
952:
840:
Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Jass, Christopher N.; Bravo-Cuevas, Víctor M.; Machado, Helena; Mothé, Dimila (2019-09-12).
1022:"Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene"
527:
province, Argentina. The extinctions followed human arrival to the
Americas, and several sites show evidence of human interaction with
710:
Orlando, Ludovic; Male, Dean; Alberdi, Maria Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Prieto, Alfredo; Cooper, Alan; Hänni, Catherine (May 2008).
519:, along with the vast majority of other large mammals in South America. The youngest remains date to approximately 11,700 years
1476:
2351:
2321:
556:(alongside those of other megafauna) are associated with human artifacts and exhibit fracture marks indicative of butchery.
325:, but was later shown to be a single morphologically variable species. It is thought to be closely related to true horses.
2326:
2301:
2311:
2306:
2281:
1874:
516:
1322:
Politis, Gustavo G.; Gutiérrez, María A.; Rafuse, Daniel J.; Blasi, Adriana (2016-09-28). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.).
2316:
2286:
2256:
1244:, D. Vialou, Ed. (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle. Departement de Prehistoire, U.M.R, Paris, 2011), pp. 271–284.
2291:
2235:
1428:
1081:"Feeding and environmental studies on late Pleistocene horses in mid-latitudes of South America (northern Uruguay)"
988:
2341:
2296:
1257:"Taguatagua 3: A new late Pleistocene settlement in a highly suitable lacustrine habitat in central Chile (34°S)"
532:
429:
884:
Prado, J. L.; Alberdi, M. A. T.; De Reyes, M. N. L.; Poiré, D. G.; Canalicchio, J. M. (2013). "New material of
531:
which may have been a factor in its extinction. At the Paso Otero 5 site in the Pampas of northeast
Argentina,
548:
was found near a hearth, alongside the remains of other megafuna, including the much more abundant remains of
143:
2346:
2225:
1391:
1143:
2140:
437:
678:
239:
2028:
1996:
1988:
1745:
2148:
2198:
2132:
2100:
2020:
2012:
1335:
1268:
1203:
1135:
1092:
786:
723:
2036:
984:
406:
measured roughly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and weighed approximately 400 kg (880 lb).
2076:
1865:
1830:
1794:
1469:
1148:
489:
1900:
1888:
2271:
2166:
2124:
2116:
2092:
2004:
1585:
1219:
1191:
1169:
1108:
1080:
966:
755:
615:
497:
493:
469:
264:
138:
1821:
588:"Following the Footsteps of the South American Equus: Are Autopodia Taxonomically Informative?"
2266:
2206:
1632:
1436:
1371:
1353:
1304:
1286:
1161:
1061:
1043:
958:
948:
863:
822:
804:
747:
739:
656:
607:
473:
465:
449:
370:
2182:
1839:
1803:
1613:
1515:
1441:
1361:
1343:
1294:
1276:
1211:
1153:
1100:
1051:
1033:
940:
913:
905:
853:
812:
794:
731:
690:
646:
599:
445:
421:
397:
346:
2276:
2108:
2060:
2044:
1604:
1595:
1557:
1529:
1339:
1299:
1272:
1256:
1207:
1139:
1096:
790:
727:
357:
for medium-sized animals spanning from
Bolivia to Venezuela. These authors suggest that
2190:
2155:
2084:
2052:
1977:
1853:
1812:
1687:
1669:
1622:
1548:
1462:
1366:
1323:
1056:
1021:
817:
774:
520:
195:
393:
2250:
1962:
1929:
1678:
1660:
1486:
1223:
1112:
970:
711:
587:
215:
76:
1215:
1173:
1104:
909:
759:
712:"Ancient DNA Clarifies the Evolutionary History of American Late Pleistocene Equids"
619:
2174:
2068:
1970:
1772:
541:
524:
586:
Machado, Helena; Grillo, Orlando; Scott, Eric; Avilla, Leonardo (September 2018).
1348:
1281:
799:
695:
896:(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Pleistocene of Olavarría (Argentina)".
549:
316:
51:
30:
1414:
2230:
1714:
962:
944:
735:
603:
96:
61:
1454:
1357:
1290:
1047:
867:
808:
743:
660:
611:
319:. It was formerly thought to be several distinct species within the subgenus
1157:
1038:
858:
841:
651:
634:
433:
416:
155:
101:
45:
34:
1375:
1308:
1165:
1065:
826:
751:
1408:
453:
175:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
38:
1324:"The Arrival of Homo sapiens into the Southern Cone at 14,000 Years Ago"
918:
2220:
1939:
1190:
Bampi, Hugo; Barberi, Maira; Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S. (December 2022).
501:
457:
425:
205:
125:
106:
81:
936:
FOSSIL HORSES OF SOUTH AMERICA : phylogeny, systemics and ecology
934:
1785:
1763:
1736:
1571:
1538:
1506:
342:
185:
165:
1385:
361:
was the ancestor of the other species. Historically, South
American
414:
They were one of two groups of equines in South
America, alongside
315:
is an extinct species of equine native to South
America during the
1924:
1726:
1705:
1646:
441:
392:
379:
683:
Publicación Electrónica de la
Asociación Paleontológica Argentina
679:"DIVERSIDAD DE LOS ÉQUIDOS FÓSILES DE AMÉRICA DEL SUR Autores/as"
515:
became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene as part of the
472:, around 1 to 0.8 million years ago, based on remains found near
1934:
635:"The Diversity of South American Equus: Did Size Really Matter?"
337:. Some authors continue to recognise three species, restricting
1458:
1389:
842:"What Is Equus? Reconciling Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analyses"
369:, but this has subsequently been questioned. A 2008 study of
898:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
1192:"Megafauna kill sites in South America: A critical review"
993:
Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander
377:
found it to be nested within mitochondrial lineages of
297:
289:
281:
273:
1948:
1917:
1887:
1852:
1771:
1762:
1713:
1704:
1645:
1570:
1514:
1505:
1398:
1079:Morosi, Elizabeth; Ubilla, Martin (December 2019).
353:for populations in the northern-central Andes, and
523:(BP), in Río Quequén Salado, in the southwest of
16:Extinct species of equine native to South America
933:PRADO, JOSE LUIS; ALBERDI, MARIA TERESA (2018).
633:Machado, Helena; Avilla, Leonardo (2019-07-03).
464:first appeared in South America during the late
1470:
341:to large-sized individuals spanning from the
8:
989:"Los Equidos fósiles de la Sabana de Bogotá"
1768:
1710:
1511:
1477:
1463:
1455:
1386:
124:
20:
1365:
1347:
1298:
1280:
1147:
1055:
1037:
917:
857:
816:
798:
694:
650:
572:Prado, J. L., and Alberdi, M. T. (2017).
1242:Peuplements et Préhistoire de l’Amérique
576:. Springer International Publishing, 150
565:
420:. Fossils have been recovered from the
488:specimens from Uruguay were primarily
1185:
1183:
1014:
1012:
7:
2262:Pleistocene mammals of South America
879:
877:
677:Prado, José; Alberdi, María (2023).
672:
670:
535:are associated with burned bones of
365:species were placed in the subgenus
846:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
639:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
14:
2337:Taxa named by Robert Hoffstetter
456:, and from various locations in
142:
1216:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107851
1105:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106025
349:, while separating the smaller
301:Equus (Amerhippus) santaeelenae
1236:G. Martínez, M. A. Gutiérrez,
716:Journal of Molecular Evolution
592:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
574:Fossil Horses of South America
1:
2332:Fossil taxa described in 1950
939:. SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PU.
1349:10.1371/journal.pone.0162870
1282:10.1371/journal.pone.0302465
800:10.1371/journal.pone.0183045
696:10.5710/PEAPA.06.06.2022.415
484:A 2019 study suggested that
285:Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus
1875:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
1560:Equus africanus somaliensis
1497:Extinct species are marked
910:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0340
517:end-Pleistocene extinctions
373:fragments of a specimen of
293:Equus (Amerhippus) lasallei
2368:
2236:Domestication of the horse
1635:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
1551:Equus africanus atlanticus
1196:Quaternary Science Reviews
1085:Quaternary Science Reviews
2216:
1572:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
1532:Equus africanus africanus
1495:
945:10.1007/978-3-319-55877-6
736:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x
604:10.1007/s10914-017-9389-6
277:Equus (Amerhippus) andium
270:
263:
245:
238:
139:Scientific classification
137:
132:
123:
23:
1797:Equus quagga burchellii
1748:Equus ferus przewalskii
1598:Equus hemionus hemippus
1588:Equus hemionus hemionus
1158:10.1126/science.1101476
1039:10.3390/biology11091258
859:10.3389/fevo.2019.00343
652:10.3389/fevo.2019.00235
2226:Evolution of the horse
1877:Equus zebra hartmannae
1833:Equus quagga crawshayi
1647:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
1541:Equus africanus asinus
400:
2352:Pleistocene Argentina
2322:Pleistocene Venezuela
1866:Cape mountain zebra (
1824:Equus quagga chapmani
1815:Equus quagga borensis
1681:Equus kiang holdereri
1625:Equus hemionus onager
1485:Species of the genus
396:
2327:Fossils of Venezuela
2302:Pleistocene Colombia
1842:Equus quagga selousi
1746:Przewalski's horse (
1729:Equus ferus caballus
1690:Equus kiang polyodon
1616:Equus hemionus kulan
1586:Mongolian wild ass (
504:and open woodlands.
2312:Pleistocene Ecuador
2307:Fossils of Colombia
2282:Pleistocene Bolivia
2141:Equus parastylidens
1806:Equus quagga boehmi
1788:Equus quagga quagga
1633:European wild ass (
1607:Equus hemionus khur
1340:2016PLoSO..1162870P
1273:2024PLoSO..1902465L
1208:2022QSRv..29807851B
1140:2004Sci...306...70B
1097:2019QSRv..22506025M
791:2017PLoSO..1283045B
728:2008JMolE..66..533O
438:Chiu-Chiu Formation
430:Serranía del Perijá
2317:Fossils of Ecuador
2287:Fossils of Bolivia
2257:Pleistocene horses
2167:Equus semiplicatus
2158:Equus simplicidens
2125:Equus occidentalis
2117:Equus niobrarensis
2093:Equus mauritanicus
2005:Equus conversidens
1978:Giant Cape zebra (
1831:Crawshay's zebra (
1795:Burchell's zebra (
1614:Turkmenian kulan (
470:Middle Pleistocene
401:
2292:Pleistocene Chile
2244:
2243:
2207:Equus yunnanensis
2029:Equus dalianensis
1997:Equus complicatus
1989:Equus cedralensis
1913:
1912:
1868:Equus zebra zebra
1822:Chapman's zebra (
1758:
1757:
1739:Equus ferus ferus
1700:
1699:
1663:Equus kiang kiang
1605:Indian wild ass (
1596:Syrian wild ass (
1558:Somali wild ass (
1530:Nubian wild ass (
1452:
1451:
1437:Open Tree of Life
1392:Taxon identifiers
954:978-3-319-85769-5
492:that fed on both
466:Early Pleistocene
371:mitochondrial DNA
308:
307:
2359:
2342:Animal subgenera
2297:Fossils of Chile
2183:Equus sivalensis
2156:Hagerman horse (
2149:Equus pectinatus
1854:Mountain zebra (
1813:Maneless zebra (
1769:
1711:
1688:Southern kiang (
1670:Northern kiang (
1623:Persian onager (
1549:Atlas wild ass (
1516:African wild ass
1512:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1351:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1284:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1041:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
981:
975:
974:
930:
924:
923:
921:
881:
872:
871:
861:
837:
831:
830:
820:
802:
770:
764:
763:
707:
701:
700:
698:
674:
665:
664:
654:
630:
624:
623:
583:
577:
570:
446:Sabana Formation
422:Tarija Formation
398:Life restoration
347:Northeast Brazil
299:
291:
283:
275:
254:
250:
147:
146:
128:
118:
48:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2212:
2199:Equus uralensis
2133:Equus pacificus
2109:Equus namadicus
2101:Equus mexicanus
2061:Equus giganteus
2045:Equus fraternus
2021:Equus cumminsii
2013:Equus crinidens
1950:
1944:
1909:
1901:Grévy's zebra (
1889:Grévy's zebra (
1883:
1848:
1840:Selous' zebra (
1804:Grant's zebra (
1754:
1696:
1679:Eastern kiang (
1672:Equus kiang chu
1661:Western kiang (
1648:
1641:
1573:
1566:
1520:Equus africanus
1517:
1501:
1491:
1483:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1334:(9): e0162870.
1321:
1320:
1316:
1267:(5): e0302465.
1253:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1134:(5693): 70–75.
1125:
1124:
1120:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1000:
985:De Porta, Jaime
983:
982:
978:
955:
932:
931:
927:
883:
882:
875:
839:
838:
834:
785:(8): e0183045.
772:
771:
767:
709:
708:
704:
676:
675:
668:
632:
631:
627:
585:
584:
580:
571:
567:
562:
533:Fishtail points
510:
482:
412:
391:
355:Equus insulatus
331:
259:
256:
248:
247:
234:
231:E. neogeus
141:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2191:Equus stenonis
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2085:Equus lenensis
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2053:Equus gallicus
2048:
2040:
2037:Equus excelsus
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1980:Equus capensis
1974:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1781:
1779:
1773:Plains zebra (
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1576:Equus hemionus
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1314:
1246:
1229:
1179:
1149:10.1.1.574.332
1118:
1071:
1008:
976:
953:
925:
873:
832:
765:
722:(5): 533–538.
702:
689:(1): 241–254.
666:
625:
598:(3): 397–405.
578:
564:
563:
561:
558:
529:Equus neogeus,
521:Before Present
509:
506:
481:
478:
450:Bogotá savanna
411:
408:
390:
387:
330:
327:
306:
305:
304:
303:
295:
287:
279:
268:
267:
261:
260:
257:
243:
242:
236:
235:
227:
225:
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
196:Perissodactyla
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Equus (genus)
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:Equus latipes
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:Equus alaskae
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1009:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:
929:
926:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
667:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
579:
575:
569:
566:
559:
557:
555:
554:Equus neogeus
551:
547:
543:
538:
537:Equus neogeus
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Equus neogeus
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:Equus neogeus
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
409:
407:
405:
404:Equus neogeus
399:
395:
388:
386:
383:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Equus neogeus
336:
335:Equus neogeus
328:
326:
324:
323:
318:
314:
313:
312:Equus neogeus
302:
296:
294:
288:
286:
280:
278:
272:
271:
269:
266:
262:
255:
253:
252:Equus neogeus
244:
241:
240:Binomial name
237:
233:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:1–0.012
40:
36:
32:
26:
25:Equus neogeus
22:
19:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2175:Equus scotti
2172:
2164:
2157:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2069:Equus lambei
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:Equus andium
1968:
1960:
1951:
1902:
1890:
1876:
1867:
1855:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1775:Equus quagga
1774:
1747:
1738:
1728:
1716:
1715:Wild horse (
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1650:
1634:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1587:
1575:
1559:
1550:
1540:
1531:
1519:
1498:
1487:
1399:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1029:
1025:
1001:, retrieved
996:
992:
979:
935:
928:
919:10261/115119
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
849:
845:
835:
782:
778:
768:
719:
715:
705:
686:
682:
642:
638:
628:
595:
591:
581:
573:
568:
553:
550:gomphotheres
545:
536:
528:
525:Buenos Aires
512:
511:
485:
483:
480:Paleobiology
461:
415:
413:
410:Distribution
403:
402:
378:
374:
366:
362:
359:E. insulatus
358:
354:
351:Equus andium
350:
338:
334:
332:
321:
320:
311:
310:
309:
300:
292:
284:
276:
251:
246:
230:
229:
216:
24:
18:
1949:Prehistoric
1903:Equus grevy
1891:Equus grevy
1856:Equus zebra
1717:Equus ferus
1651:Equus kiang
1032:(9): 1258.
500:grasses in
476:, Bolivia.
389:Description
380:E. caballus
317:Pleistocene
31:Pleistocene
2251:Categories
2231:Wild horse
1400:Amerhippus
1202:: 107851.
1091:: 106025.
1003:2017-03-30
963:1048948248
904:(2): 125.
890:Amerhippus
560:References
508:Extinction
468:-earliest
375:E. neogeus
367:Amerhippus
322:Amerhippus
258:Lund, 1840
2272:Ensenadan
1358:1932-6203
1291:1932-6203
1224:253876769
1144:CiteSeerX
1113:210240458
1048:2079-7737
971:164732480
868:2296-701X
809:1932-6203
744:0022-2844
661:2296-701X
612:1064-7554
434:Venezuela
417:Hippidion
224:Species:
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
35:Ensenadan
2267:Lujanian
1786:Quagga (
1737:Tarpan (
1539:Donkey (
1415:Q5672399
1409:Wikidata
1376:27683248
1328:PLOS ONE
1309:38776357
1300:11111044
1261:PLOS ONE
1174:36156087
1166:15459379
1066:36138737
987:(1960),
827:28817644
779:PLOS ONE
760:19069554
752:18398561
620:22113020
502:prairies
454:Colombia
329:Taxonomy
265:Synonyms
202:Family:
186:Mammalia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
39:Lujanian
2221:Equidae
1954:species
1940:Zebroid
1918:Hybrids
1727:Horse (
1367:5040268
1336:Bibcode
1269:Bibcode
1204:Bibcode
1136:Bibcode
1128:Science
1093:Bibcode
1057:9495906
1026:Biology
999:: 51–78
894:neogeus
852:: 343.
818:5560644
787:Bibcode
724:Bibcode
645:: 235.
542:phalanx
490:grazers
458:Ecuador
448:of the
426:Bolivia
249:†
228:†
212:Genus:
206:Equidae
192:Order:
182:Class:
113:↓
2277:Uquian
1764:Zebras
1706:Horses
1442:918738
1429:475184
1374:
1364:
1356:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1222:
1172:
1164:
1146:
1111:
1064:
1054:
1046:
969:
961:
951:
866:
825:
815:
807:
758:
750:
742:
659:
618:
610:
474:Tarija
444:, the
436:, the
428:, the
343:Pampas
133:Skull
1952:Equus
1930:Kunga
1925:Hinny
1507:Asses
1488:Equus
1240:, in
1220:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1109:S2CID
967:S2CID
886:Equus
756:S2CID
616:S2CID
546:Equus
462:Equus
442:Chile
363:Equus
217:Equus
1935:Mule
1424:NCBI
1372:PMID
1354:ISSN
1305:PMID
1287:ISSN
1162:PMID
1062:PMID
1044:ISSN
959:OCLC
949:ISBN
864:ISSN
823:PMID
805:ISSN
748:PMID
740:ISSN
657:ISSN
608:ISSN
496:and
52:PreꞒ
1362:PMC
1344:doi
1295:PMC
1277:doi
1212:doi
1200:298
1154:doi
1132:306
1101:doi
1089:225
1052:PMC
1034:doi
941:doi
914:hdl
906:doi
902:269
854:doi
813:PMC
795:doi
732:doi
691:doi
647:doi
600:doi
544:of
452:in
440:of
432:in
424:of
345:to
41:) ~
2253::
1439::
1426::
1411::
1370:.
1360:.
1352:.
1342:.
1332:11
1330:.
1326:.
1303:.
1293:.
1285:.
1275:.
1265:19
1263:.
1259:.
1218:.
1210:.
1198:.
1194:.
1182:^
1168:.
1160:.
1152:.
1142:.
1130:.
1107:.
1099:.
1087:.
1083:.
1060:.
1050:.
1042:.
1030:11
1028:.
1024:.
1011:^
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991:,
965:.
957:.
947:.
912:.
900:.
892:)
876:^
862:.
848:.
844:.
821:.
811:.
803:.
793:.
783:12
781:.
777:.
754:.
746:.
738:.
730:.
720:66
718:.
714:.
687:23
685:.
681:.
669:^
655:.
641:.
637:.
614:.
606:.
596:25
594:.
590:.
498:C3
494:C4
460:.
102:Pg
46:Ma
2205:†
2197:†
2188:†
2181:†
2173:†
2165:†
2160:)
2154:†
2147:†
2139:†
2131:†
2123:†
2115:†
2107:†
2099:†
2091:†
2083:†
2075:†
2067:†
2059:†
2051:†
2043:†
2035:†
2027:†
2019:†
2011:†
2003:†
1995:†
1987:†
1982:)
1976:†
1969:†
1961:†
1905:)
1893:)
1879:)
1870:)
1858:)
1844:)
1835:)
1826:)
1817:)
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1750:)
1741:)
1735:†
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1719:)
1692:)
1683:)
1674:)
1665:)
1653:)
1649:(
1637:)
1631:†
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1618:)
1609:)
1600:)
1594:†
1590:)
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1574:(
1562:)
1553:)
1547:†
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1534:)
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1518:(
1499:†
1478:e
1471:t
1464:v
1378:.
1346::
1338::
1311:.
1279::
1271::
1226:.
1214::
1206::
1176:.
1156::
1138::
1115:.
1103::
1095::
1068:.
1036::
997:4
973:.
943::
922:.
916::
908::
888:(
870:.
856::
850:7
829:.
797::
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734::
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693::
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649::
643:7
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602::
382:,
298:†
290:†
282:†
274:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
37:-
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
