1361:
861:
984:. Each adult donkey establishes a home range; breeding over a large area may be dominated by one jack. The loud call or bray of the donkey, which typically lasts for twenty seconds and can be heard for over three kilometres, may help keep in contact with other donkeys over the wide spaces of the desert. Donkeys have large ears, which may pick up more distant sounds, and may help cool the donkey's blood. Donkeys can defend themselves by biting, striking with the front hooves or kicking with the hind legs. Their vocalization, called a bray, is often represented in English as "hee haw".
1119:
1153:
49:
5641:
1416:
needs on 6 to 7 hours of grazing per day on average dryland pasture that is not stressed by drought. If they are worked long hours or do not have access to pasture, they require hay or a similar dried forage, with no more than a 1:4 ratio of legumes to grass. They also require salt and mineral supplements, and access to clean, fresh water. In temperate climates the forage available is often too abundant and too rich; over-feeding may cause weight gain and obesity, and lead to metabolic disorders such as founder (
1331:
529:
1005:
89:
872:
forests to farm and range land, rising prices of motor vehicles and fuel, and the popularity of donkeys as pets. Since then, the world population of donkeys is reported to be rapidly shrinking, falling from 43.7 million to 43.5 million between 1995 and 2000, and to only 41 million in 2006. The fall in population is pronounced in developed countries; in Europe, the total number of donkeys fell from 3 million in 1944 to just over 1 million in 1994.
5726:
5750:
1225:
4091:
4077:
1138:
4606:
1104:
5702:
1392:. While there is no marked structural difference between the gastro-intestinal tract of a donkey and that of a horse, the digestion of the donkey is more efficient. It needs less food than a horse or pony of comparable height and weight, approximately 1.5 percent of body weight per day in dry matter, compared to the 2–2.5 percent consumption rate possible for a horse. Donkeys are also less prone to
5738:
1025:, and some will not come into estrus while they have a foal at side. The time lapse involved in rebreeding, and the length of a jenny's gestation, means that a jenny will have fewer than one foal per year. Because of this and the longer gestation period, donkey breeders do not expect to obtain a foal every year, as horse breeders often do, but may plan for three foals in four years.
1316:
4105:
1444:
1208:. Approximately 3.5 million donkeys and mules are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. In Italy, which has the highest consumption of equine meat in Europe and where donkey meat is the main ingredient of several regional dishes, about 1,000 donkeys were slaughtered in 2010, yielding approximately 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of meat.
5714:
849:
569:) lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus
1497:) and were sold or given as gifts throughout the region, where they became significant status symbols, pulling battle wagons and the chariots of kings, and also being sacrificed to bury with high-status people. They fell out of favor following the introduction of the domestic horse and its donkey hybrid, the
1528:
behavior, jacks are often more willing to cover mares than stallions are to breed jennies. Further, mares are usually larger than jennies and thus have more room for the ensuing foal to grow in the womb, resulting in a larger animal at birth. It is commonly believed that mules are more easily handled
1012:
A jenny is normally pregnant for about 12 months, though the gestation period varies from 11 to 14 months, and usually gives birth to a single foal. Births of twins are rare, though less so than in horses. About 1.7 percent of donkey pregnancies result in twins; both foals survive in about 14 percent
1080:
than exhibited by horses. Likely based on a stronger prey instinct and a weaker connection with humans, it is considerably more difficult to force or frighten a donkey into doing something it perceives to be dangerous for whatever reason. Once a person has earned their confidence they can be willing
752:
and Mexico. As of 2017, however, the
Chinese population was reported to have dropped to 3 million, with African populations under pressure as well, due to increasing trade and demand for donkey products in China. Some researchers believe the actual number may be somewhat higher since many donkeys go
1415:
in the winter, to get all the energy, protein, fat and vitamins it requires; others recommend some grain to be fed, particularly to working animals, and others advise against feeding straw. They do best when allowed to consume small amounts of food over long periods. They can meet their nutritional
1212:
may command good prices: the average price in Italy in 2009 was €15 per litre, and a price of €6 per 100 ml was reported from
Croatia in 2008; it is used for soaps and cosmetics as well as dietary purposes. The niche markets for both milk and meat are expanding. In the past, donkey skin was used in
1177:
countries, where they are used principally as pack animals or for draught work in transport or agriculture. After human labour, the donkey is the cheapest form of agricultural power. They may also be ridden, or used for threshing, raising water, milling and other work. Some cultures that prohibit
871:
In 1997 the number of donkeys in the world was reported to be continuing to grow, as it had steadily done throughout most of history; factors cited as contributing to this were increasing human population, progress in economic development and social stability in some poorer nations, conversion of
1552:
all refer to the cross of a female zebra with a male donkey. Zebrinnies are rarer than zedonkies because female zebras in captivity are most valuable when used to produce full-blooded zebras. There are not enough female zebras breeding in captivity to spare them for hybridizing; there is no such
887:
recorded worldwide was 97, and in 1995 it was 77. The rapid increase is attributed to attention paid to identification and recognition of donkey breeds by the FAO's Animal
Genetic Resources project. The rate of recognition of new breeds has been particularly high in some developed countries. In
1360:
346:
ruled in 2003 that if the domestic and the wild species are considered subspecies of a common species, the scientific name of the wild species has priority, even when that subspecies was described after the domestic subspecies. This means that the proper scientific name for the donkey is
964:
range from less than 90 centimetres (35 in) to approximately 150 cm (59 in). Working donkeys in the poorest countries have a life expectancy of 12 to 15 years; in more prosperous countries, they may have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years.
640:
in Lower Egypt, and it is believed that the domestication of the donkey was accomplished long after the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats in the seventh and eighth millennia BC. Donkeys were probably first domesticated by pastoral people in
558:, described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is approximately 3.5 million years old, and was located in the US state of Idaho. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged
2324:
Birgitta Kimura, Fiona B. Marshall, Shanyuan Chen, SĂłnia
Rosenbom, Patricia D. Moehlman, Noreen Tuross, Richard C. Sabin, Joris Peters, Barbara Barich, Hagos Yohannes, Fanuel Kebede, Redae Teclai, Albano Beja-Pereira, Connie J. Mulligan (2011).
666:(two of the first Egyptian pharaohs) was excavated and the skeletons of ten donkeys were found buried in a manner usually used with high ranking humans. These burials show the importance of donkeys to the early Egyptian state and its ruler.
2622:
Institut
National de la Recherche Agronomique; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement; Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales; Institut Français de la Biodiversité.
906:
In 2017, a drop in the number of
Chinese donkeys, combined with the fact that they are slow to reproduce, meant that Chinese suppliers began to look to Africa. As a result of the increase in demand, and the price that could be charged,
1347:
Donkey hooves are more elastic than those of horses, and do not naturally wear down as fast. Regular clipping may be required; neglect can lead to permanent damage. Working donkeys may need to be shod. Donkey shoes are similar to
1663:
1477:, they are regarded as an invasive pest and have a serious impact on the environment. They may compete with livestock and native animals for resources, spread weeds and diseases, foul or damage watering holes and cause erosion.
2375:
1929:
3083:
3349:
1016:
Although jennies come into heat within 9 or 10 days of giving birth, their fertility remains low, and it is likely the reproductive tract has not returned to normal. Thus it is usual to wait one or two further
281:. While working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence, small numbers of donkeys or asses are kept for breeding, as pets, and for livestock protection in developed countries.
657:
era of Egypt, between 2675 and 2565 BC, wealthy members of society were known to own over 1,000 donkeys, employed in agriculture, as dairy and meat animals and as pack animals. In 2003, the tomb of either
1782:"Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)"
436:, which is now considered archaic. The change may have come about through a tendency to avoid pejorative terms in speech and may be comparable to the substitution in North American English of
1193:
for children or tourists, and as pets. Donkeys may be pastured or stabled with horses and ponies, and are thought to have a calming effect on nervous horses. If a donkey is introduced to a
1431:
Throughout the world, working donkeys are associated with the very poor, with those living at or below subsistence level. Few receive adequate food, and in general donkeys throughout the
3173:(Spanish-language version of A. S. de Aluja, G. Tapia PĂ©rez, F. LĂłpez and R. A. Pearson "Live Weight Estimation of Donkeys in Central MĂ©xico from Measurement of Thoracic Circumference",
891:
In developed countries, the welfare of donkeys both at home and abroad has become a concern, and a number of sanctuaries for retired and rescued donkeys have been set up. The largest is
2710:
649:
as the chief pack animal of that culture. The domestication of donkeys served to increase the mobility of pastoral cultures, having the advantage over ruminants of not needing time to
3195:
1894:, cited in: Isabel de la Cruz Cabanillas, Cristina Tejedor MartĂnez (2002). "The horse family: on the evolution of the field and its metaphorization process", in Javier E. DĂaz Vera,
2372:
1493:
and a female domesticated donkey (jenny), they represent the earliest known example of human-directed animal hybridization. They were produced at a breeding center at Nagar (modern
1118:
343:
3166:
3075:
1971:
Isabel de la Cruz
Cabanillas, Cristina Tejedor MartĂnez (2002). "The horse family: on the evolution of the field and its metaphorization process", in Javier E. DĂaz Vera,
3346:
3692:
2743:
3240:
720:
in April 1598. From that time on they spread northward, finding use in missions and mines. Donkeys were documented as present in what today is
Arizona in 1679. By the
3271:
3219:
2178:
Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; Schubert, M.; Cappellini, E.; Petersen, B.; et al. (4 July 2013). "Recalibrating
5988:
3199:
3139:
3867:
3753:
693:. Greeks spread both of these to many of their colonies, including those in what are now Italy, France and Spain; Romans dispersed them throughout their empire.
6066:
1376:
In their native arid and semi-arid climates, donkeys spend more than half of each day foraging and feeding, often on poor quality scrub. The donkey has a tough
3356:(in Italian) Istat — Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Retrieved December 2011. "Table AMR13: Livestock slaughtered for red meat, January–December 2010"
1544:
is an older term, but still used in some regions today. The foregoing terms generally refer to hybrids produced by breeding a male zebra to a female donkey.
3845:
3611:
Hall, Marvin H. and
Patricia M. Comerford. "Pasture and Hay for Horses – Argonomy facts 32", 1992 University of Pennsylvania, Cooperative Extension Service
1152:
1451:
3451:
1489:, which was used as a draft animal in the Syrian and Mesopotamian kingdoms of the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. A cross between a captive male
712:, the first bishop of Mexico, who arrived there on 6 December 1528, while the first donkeys to reach what is now the United States may have crossed the
5434:
5962:
5821:
4137:
3721:
1469:, Italy, both of which have protected status. Feral donkeys can also cause problems, notably in environments that have evolved free of any form of
6014:
5847:
3907:
Bennett, E. Andrew; Weber, Jill; Bendhafer, Wejden; Chaplot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Schwartz, Glenn M.; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria (2022).
888:
France only one breed, the Baudet du Poitou, was recognised until the early 1990s; by 2005, a further six donkey breeds had official recognition.
2958:
1751:
2702:
1294:
3823:
3639:
3572:
3483:
3414:
3265:
3213:
2792:
2580:
2438:
2368:
2050:
1989:
1912:
1836:
1260:
1520:
because of a failure of their developing gametes to complete meiosis. The lower progesterone production of the jenny may also lead to early
942:
In 2019, The Donkey
Sanctuary warned that the global donkey population could be reduced by half over the next half decade as the demand for
6181:
2855:
2546:
2100:
3508:
3370:
3106:
2908:
6166:
3049:
2302:
1658:
Evelyn T. Todd, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Loreleï Chauvey, Stéphanie Schiavinato, Antoine Fages, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Pierre Clavel
2628:
1717:
1614:
911:
opened three donkey abattoirs. Concerns for donkeys' well-being, however, have resulted in a number of African countries (including
1013:
of those. In general jennies have a conception rate that is lower than that of horses (i.e., less than the 60–65% rate for mares).
3150:. Resource book of the Animal Traction Network of Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
478:
had caused them to become homophones in some varieties of English. Other words used for the ass in English from this time include
6027:
5834:
4047:
2392:
1137:
4642:
3738:
217:
2154:
1103:
3653:
3614:
2733:
2679:
2125:
1567:
669:
By the end of the fourth millennium BC, the donkey had spread to Southwest Asia, and the main breeding centre had shifted to
6019:
5852:
3163:
3024:
2618:
Bérard, Laurence; Marie Cegarra; Marcel Djama; Sélim Louafi; Philippe Marchenay; Bernard Roussel; François Verdeaux (2005)
2520:
2426:
1977:
1900:
3881:. Australian Government: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 2011. Archived from
3255:
3203:
2485:
2456:
2074:
1950:
1602:
1060:, and is less common. Like other inter-species hybrids, mules and hinnies are usually sterile. Donkeys can also breed with
860:
6146:
6053:
5427:
3744:
12 (2) 2000. Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture. Web site accessed July 4, 2009.
1793:
1125:
5692:
3136:
5664:
5040:
4130:
3882:
3292:
3002:
2767:
6001:
5949:
5936:
2877:
6123:
1185:
In developed countries where their use as beasts of burden has disappeared, donkeys are used to sire mules, to guard
4025:
3768:"Necropsy survey of gastric ulcers in a population of aged donkeys: prevalence, lesion description and risk factors"
3326:
2645:
2004:
1818:
753:
uncounted. The number of breeds and percentage of world population for each of the FAO's world regions was in 2006:
748:
About 41 million donkeys were reported worldwide in 2006. China had the most with 11 million, followed by Pakistan,
389:
obscure word for which no credible cognate has been identified. Hypotheses on its derivation include the following:
5401:
1630:
1474:
677:
famous, while Syrian breeders developed at least three other breeds, including one preferred by women for its easy
3597:
S Wood, D Smith and C Morris. "Seasonal variation of digestible energy requirements of mature donkeys in the UK".
6156:
6071:
4115:
3974:"The pachytene checkpoint and its relationship to evolutionary patterns of polyploidization and hybrid sterility"
1562:
1264:
1247:, the gelatine produced by boiling donkey skins, can sell for up to $ 388 per kilogram, at October 2017 prices.
3837:
6161:
5420:
3432:
1256:
1076:
Donkeys have a notorious reputation for stubbornness, but this has been attributed to a much stronger sense of
48:
3539:
2619:
4109:
3448:
1092:
are rather limited, donkeys appear to be quite intelligent, cautious, friendly, playful, and eager to learn.
1028:
Donkeys can interbreed with other members of the family Equidae, and are commonly interbred with horses. The
88:
4610:
4123:
3584:
Smith, David; Stephanie Wood (2008) "Donkey Nutrition", in Elisabeth Svendsen; James Duncan; David Hadrill
2235:"Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective"
1814:
1049:
1041:
960:
Donkeys vary considerably in size, depending on both breed and environmental conditions, and heights at the
378:
339:
31:
5766:
5391:
565:
Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus
528:
523:
197:
5306:
3718:
2805:
EA Canacoo; FK Avornyo (1998). "Daytime activities of donkeys at range in the coastal savanna of Ghana".
1221:
estimated that 1.8 million skins were traded every year, but the demand could be as high as 10 million.
6171:
6105:
5954:
5659:
5536:
1381:
955:
884:
5640:
5194:
5162:
5154:
4911:
4269:
1021:
cycles before rebreeding, unlike the practice with mares. Jennies are usually very protective of their
5314:
3654:"A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa"
2969:
2015:, based on Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.) Headword
1235:
In China, donkey meat is considered a delicacy with some restaurants specializing in such dishes, and
5923:
5862:
5526:
5364:
5298:
5266:
5186:
5178:
4572:
3920:
2191:
2042:
2036:
1755:
1218:
892:
709:
701:
697:
5202:
2327:
Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication
2326:
1004:
6176:
5242:
5031:
4996:
4960:
4635:
4462:
2493:. St. Gallen, Switzerland: Monitoring Institute for Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe. Archived from
1330:
1244:
1240:
1229:
943:
503:
66:
6045:
5066:
5054:
4365:
3164:
Estimación del peso corporal en burros del Centro de México a partir de la circunferencia torácica
1626:
Stine Rossel, Fiona Marshall, Joris Peters, Tom Pilgram, Matthew D. Adams, David O'Connor (2008).
5941:
5754:
5332:
5290:
5282:
5258:
5170:
4751:
4420:
4003:
3954:
3797:
3684:
3234:
2597:
2215:
2097:
1885:
1268:
993:
83:
6110:
4987:
3909:"The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia"
2847:
2487:
Donkey Breeds in Europe: Inventory, Description, Need for Action, Conservation; Report 2007/2008
1826:
1524:. In addition, there are reasons not directly related to reproductive biology. Due to different
1040:, valued as a working and riding animal in many countries. Some large donkey breeds such as the
5993:
5914:
1974:
A changing world of words: Studies in English historical lexicography, lexicology and semantics
1897:
A changing world of words: Studies in English historical lexicography, lexicology and semantics
1529:
and also physically stronger than hinnies, making them more desirable for breeders to produce.
6092:
5372:
4798:
4429:
3995:
3946:
3819:
3789:
3676:
3635:
3568:
3500:
3479:
3410:
3366:
3261:
3209:
3114:
2788:
2738:
2624:
2576:
2434:
2364:
2311:
2268:
2207:
2121:
2046:
1985:
1908:
1877:
1842:
1832:
1713:
1610:
1077:
685:. By the second millennium BC, the donkey was brought to Europe, possibly at the same time as
6097:
6151:
5872:
5348:
5005:
4969:
4779:
4681:
4554:
4510:
4486:
4438:
4300:
4254:
3985:
3936:
3928:
3779:
3668:
3400:
2916:
2814:
2338:
2258:
2248:
2199:
2032:
1869:
1675:
1513:
1397:
1377:
1243:
is produced by soaking and stewing the hide to make a traditional Chinese medicine product.
1089:
1045:
1029:
853:
717:
633:
578:
235:
174:
6118:
3053:
6079:
5725:
5674:
5274:
5226:
5210:
4770:
4761:
4723:
4695:
3725:
3618:
3455:
3436:
3353:
3170:
3143:
2771:
2460:
2430:
2379:
2306:
2299:
2104:
2012:
2008:
1981:
1954:
1904:
1634:
1606:
1490:
1396:. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood; the donkey may have different
1389:
1224:
981:
650:
511:
394:
3924:
2195:
1228:
Lt. Richard Alexander "Dick" Henderson using a donkey to carry a wounded soldier at the
1201:, the foal may turn to the donkey for support after it has been weaned from its mother.
5742:
5730:
5718:
5486:
5469:
5454:
5443:
5356:
5321:
5250:
5218:
5143:
5019:
4978:
4853:
4835:
4788:
4714:
4628:
4563:
4356:
4187:
4147:
3941:
3908:
3473:
2549:". Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa. Archived 15 September 2003.
2363:
Boulder, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart Publishers for Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
2263:
2234:
1521:
1462:
1425:
1209:
1174:
1144:
737:
708:
in 1495. The first to reach North America may have been two animals taken to Mexico by
554:
507:
274:
270:
263:
140:
4090:
4076:
4051:
2937:
2818:
1368:
an artificial lake in Uzbekistan. Donkeys are particularly well suited for grazing in
17:
6140:
5928:
5706:
5625:
5491:
5128:
5095:
4844:
4826:
4652:
4581:
4477:
4230:
3958:
2396:
1889:
1822:
1486:
1421:
1404:
1236:
733:
616:
592:
213:
160:
3801:
3688:
1781:
1596:
Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).
636:. Remains of domestic donkeys dating to the fourth millennium BC have been found in
5593:
5340:
5234:
5136:
4938:
4453:
4393:
4347:
4007:
2671:
2239:
2219:
2139:
2107:
U.S. Department of the Interior: Bureau of Land Management. Accessed February 2012.
1279:
1275:
1194:
1190:
928:
491:
5839:
5701:
3610:
3347:
Tavola AMR13 – Bestiame macellato a carni rosse – (Gennaio – Dicembre) – Anno 2010
899:, England, which also supports donkey welfare projects in Egypt, Ethiopia, India,
5899:
3028:
2512:
2451:
2421:
2253:
1972:
1945:
1895:
1597:
1411:(preferably barley straw), supplemented with controlled grazing in the summer or
6058:
6040:
6032:
5975:
5908:
5679:
5598:
5578:
5573:
5551:
5541:
5516:
5511:
5496:
5459:
4203:
2832:
G Whitehead; J French; P Ikin (1991). "Welfare and veterinary care of donkeys".
2494:
2066:
1754:. Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development. 1990. Archived from
1517:
1432:
1283:
1205:
977:
729:
725:
686:
670:
653:, and were vital in the development of long-distance trade across Egypt. In the
610:
600:
278:
5737:
1639:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5531:
5396:
4880:
4402:
4260:
4081:
3784:
3767:
3672:
3191:
1873:
1365:
1293:
Donkeys have also been used to carry explosives in conflicts that include the
973:
713:
705:
678:
654:
542:
4620:
3405:
3296:
1881:
5808:
5669:
5583:
5521:
5506:
5501:
5474:
2994:
2764:
1846:
1679:
1494:
1417:
1349:
1287:
1214:
721:
605:). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil
548:
457:
397:-like gravity; the donkey was also known as "the King of Spain's trumpeter".
386:
100:
6006:
5789:
3999:
3950:
3932:
3793:
3680:
2885:
2342:
2272:
2211:
637:
5800:
4104:
4095:
3814:
Elisabeth Svendsen (1997) "Donkeys Abroad", in Elisabeth Svendsen (ed.),
2140:"Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill"
1173:
years. Of the more than 40 million donkeys in the world, about 96% are in
6084:
5893:
5783:
5620:
5588:
5546:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4021:
3318:
2001:
1466:
1457:
In some areas domestic donkeys have returned to the wild and established
1369:
1129:
1110:
1085:
1053:
1018:
920:
916:
896:
749:
690:
689:
was introduced, as the donkey is associated with the Syrian god of wine,
674:
606:
474:
402:
317:
120:
57:
3990:
3973:
3257:
Livestock Guardians: Using Dogs, Donkeys and Llamas to Protect Your Herd
2641:
2203:
1627:
1443:
1315:
496:
is documented in the 19th century and may be of Welsh or Romani origin.
5967:
5826:
5386:
5105:
4545:
4501:
4212:
3766:
Burden, F. A.; Gallagher, J.; Thiemann, A. K.; Trawford, A. F. (2008).
1537:
1162:
1158:
1065:
961:
936:
663:
629:
438:
374:
359:
249:
150:
5980:
540:, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from
4951:
4929:
4902:
4737:
4672:
4318:
4294:
4163:
2783:
Jane French (1997) "Social Behaviour", in Elisabeth Svendsen (ed.),
1572:
1525:
1385:
1337:
1322:
969:
912:
876:
682:
659:
582:
572:
465:
448:
130:
110:
5760:
3429:
468:). By the end of the 17th century, changes in pronunciation of both
5813:
3531:
365:
was the more common term for the donkey. The first recorded use of
5713:
5605:
5568:
5563:
5464:
5412:
5090:
4892:
4871:
4812:
4528:
4341:
4327:
4280:
4239:
2703:"World's donkeys being 'decimated' by demand for Chinese medicine"
2562:. Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA)
1831:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 629–630.
1533:
1509:
1470:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1408:
1393:
1359:
1223:
1186:
1061:
1057:
1003:
924:
908:
900:
865:
859:
848:
847:
642:
625:
586:
527:
322:
307:
3162:
Aluja, Aline S. de; Francisco LĂłpez; Graciela Tapia PĂ©rez (2004)
2571:
Paul Starkey (1997) "Donkey Work", in Elisabeth Svendsen (ed.),
2182:
using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".
1828:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5610:
5100:
1505:
1498:
1461:
populations such as those of the burro of North America and the
1267:
used donkeys to rescue wounded soldiers from the battlefield at
1198:
1179:
1037:
1033:
1022:
932:
312:
302:
5764:
5416:
4624:
4119:
3563:
Fiona Taylor (1997) "Nutrition", in Elisabeth Svendsen (ed.),
2774:
The Donkey Society of New South Wales. Retrieved February 2012.
2484:
Waltraud Kugler; Hans-Peter Grunenfelder; Elli Broxham (2008).
2041:(4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p.
269:
There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world, mostly in
5630:
5481:
1628:
Domestication of the Donkey: Timing, Processes, and Indicators
1412:
880:
1473:, such as Hawaii. In Australia, where there may be 5 million
1286:
their gear, and in extreme circumstances the animal could be
883:
listed 189 breeds of ass in June 2011. In 2000 the number of
2594:"DAD-IS — Domestic Animal Diversity Information System"
1780:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003).
1664:
The genomic history and global expansion of domestic donkeys
1504:
A male donkey (jack) crossed with a female horse produces a
5615:
3501:"Donkey 'suicide' bombing is latest tactic against patrols"
2596:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2382:
International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved February 2012.
1599:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
673:
by 1800 BC. The breeding of large, white riding asses made
646:
3295:. Young People's Trust for the Environment. Archived from
2734:"Chinese trade in hides has led to global donkey massacre"
1169:
The donkey has been used as a working animal for at least
1052:
are raised only for mule production. The hybrid between a
980:, wild donkeys in dry areas are solitary and do not form
3395:
Köhle, Natalie (2018-04-09). "Feasting on Donkey Skin".
2038:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1699:(computer application) Apple Computer. s.v. "Jennet (1)"
1501:, into the region at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE.
1081:
and companionable partners and very dependable in work.
242:, and may be classified either as a subspecies thereof,
3196:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3181:, Supplement 1: 159–171, DOI 10.1007/s11250-005-9007-0)
3025:"Rachau, Jeanine A. "Gestation and Foaling of Donkeys""
2331:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2011:(MWU). (Online subscription-based reference service of
1932:
OED Online (subscription required). Retrieved May 2008.
996:
which form a distinctive cross pattern on their backs.
696:
The first donkeys came to the Americas on ships of the
2593:
2393:"Egyptian Tomb Holds First Known Domesticated Donkeys"
506:. In the United States, it is commonly applied to the
5690:
2672:"Why are donkeys facing their 'biggest ever crisis'?"
2620:
Biodiversity and Local Ecological Knowledge in France
1860:
Fairman, Tony (1994). "How the ass became a donkey".
1553:
limitation on the number of female donkeys breeding.
1508:, while a male horse crossed with a jenny produces a
1239:
restaurants offer the genitals of donkeys in dishes.
334:
Traditionally, the scientific name for the donkey is
3972:
Li, X. C.; Barringer, B. C.; Barbash, D. A. (2009).
3728:
The Donkey Sanctuary, 2010. Retrieved February 2012.
3137:"The challenges in using donkeys for work in Africa"
1182:
in agriculture do not extend this taboo to donkeys.
736:
boom, many of them escaped or were abandoned, and a
5883:
5773:
5114:
5083:
5053:
5018:
4937:
4928:
4879:
4870:
4811:
4736:
4680:
4671:
4543:
4527:
4499:
4475:
4451:
4418:
4401:
4228:
4211:
2959:"Sewell, Sybil E. "Foaling out the Donkey Jennet",
939:) banning China from buying their donkey products.
344:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
342:used for scientific names of animals. However, the
2395:. Fox News Network. March 11, 2008. Archived from
1407:. Some suggest that a donkey needs to be fed only
875:The Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (
4022:"American Donkey and Mule Society: Zebra Hybrids"
3601:. Hanover, Germany. 1–2 October 2005: page 39-40.
621:which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago.
1380:in which roughage is efficiently broken down by
1263:, and Richard Alexander "Dick" Henderson of the
732:in the western United States. By the end of the
3200:International Fund for Agricultural Development
3135:Pearson, R.A.; E. Nengomasha; R. Krecek (1999)
2547:Regional and world trends in donkey populations
1400:to the horse, or a longer gut retention time.
992:Most donkeys have dorsal and shoulder stripes,
3588:, 4th edition. Yatesbury: Whittet Books. p.10.
1485:The earliest documented donkey hybrid was the
1282:. The Mountain Fusiliers each had a donkey to
1259:, a British stretcher bearer serving with the
532:Donkey in an Egyptian painting c. 1298–1235 BC
406:(dull grayish-brown), a typical donkey colour.
273:countries, where they are used principally as
234:is a domesticated equine. It derives from the
5428:
4636:
4131:
2732:Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (December 12, 2019).
2027:
2025:
1775:
1773:
1364:Local man watching his donkey graze near the
1352:, but usually smaller and without toe-clips.
724:years of the 19th century, the burro was the
589:), followed by the African zebras (subgenera
8:
3239:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
300:, and an immature donkey of either sex is a
3449:Anzac Heirs: A selfless lifetime of service
2560:The History and Spread of Donkeys in Africa
1947:A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
681:. The Muscat or Yemen ass was developed in
624:The ancestors of the modern donkey are the
562:documented from western Europe and Russia.
369:was in either 1784 or 1785. While the word
27:Domesticated animal used for transportation
5761:
5435:
5421:
5413:
4934:
4876:
4677:
4643:
4629:
4621:
4540:
4415:
4387:
4225:
4197:
4138:
4124:
4116:
2541:
2539:
2537:
1746:
1064:, in which case the offspring is called a
47:
38:
3989:
3940:
3783:
3559:
3557:
3404:
3148:Meeting the challenges of animal traction
2287:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals
2262:
2252:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1403:Donkeys obtain most of their energy from
514:; it may also refer to any small donkey.
502:is a word for donkey in both Spanish and
262:years ago, and has been used mainly as a
3742:Livestock Research for Rural Development
3714:
3712:
3652:Smith, DG; Pearson, RA (November 2005).
3208:. World Bank Publications. p. 290.
3158:
3156:
2416:
2414:
1940:
1938:
755:
5697:
3836:Lucas-Zenk, Carolyn (August 21, 2011).
3816:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
3632:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
3599:Proceedings Equine Nutrition Conference
3586:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
3565:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
3538:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
3373:from the original on September 14, 2011
2785:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
2573:The Professional Handbook of the Donkey
2545:Paul Starkey, Malcolm Starkey (1997). "
2120:. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam.
1967:
1965:
1963:
1584:
1143:Donkeys for transport on the island of
1099:
351:when it is considered a subspecies and
3818:, 3rd edition. London: Whittet Books.
3634:, 3rd edition. London: Whittet Books.
3567:, 3rd edition. London: Whittet Books.
3232:
2787:, 3rd edition. London: Whittet Books.
2713:from the original on November 27, 2019
2575:, 3rd edition. London: Whittet Books.
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2300:African Origins of the Domestic Donkey
2093:
2091:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1592:
1590:
1588:
3397:China Story Yearbook 2017: Prosperity
3175:Tropical Animal Health and Production
3005:from the original on January 26, 2015
2915:. Dun Central Station. Archived from
2746:from the original on January 12, 2020
2701:Murray, Jessica (November 20, 2019).
2670:Leithead, Alastair (7 October 2017).
2665:
2663:
2463:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1957:London: For S. Hooper. s.v. "Donkey".
1435:are under-nourished and over-worked.
1261:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
856:is among the largest breeds of donkey
258:. It was domesticated in Africa some
7:
5863:b6a4287c-cfd0-48db-85fe-eea114355cf8
3621:Web site accessed February 14, 2007.
2765:The Donkey - Description and Diagram
2513:"Donkeys face 'biggest ever crisis'"
1609:(sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI.
4028:from the original on April 20, 2010
3719:What should you feed your donkeys?
3630:Elisabeth Svendsen (editor) (1997)
3475:Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa
3107:"About Donkeys | Breeds of Donkeys"
2682:from the original on 7 October 2017
2233:Weinstock, J.; et al. (2005).
2118:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
1710:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
1204:A few donkeys are milked or raised
1109:Classic British seaside donkeys in
2963:. Web page accessed March 4, 2008"
2600:from the original on March 2, 2000
1536:–donkey cross is called a zonkey,
25:
3848:from the original on May 16, 2012
3542:from the original on June 8, 2011
3530:Ganor, Boaz (November 15, 1991).
3511:from the original on May 19, 2009
3499:Evans, Michael (April 30, 2009).
3086:from the original on June 1, 2015
2858:from the original on May 22, 2015
2648:from the original on May 26, 2021
2511:Leithead, Alastair (2017-10-07).
1708:Woolf, Henry (ed.)|title= (1980)
1274:According to British food writer
1084:Although formal studies of their
355:when it is considered a species.
5748:
5736:
5724:
5712:
5700:
5639:
4605:
4604:
4103:
4089:
4075:
3205:Gender in agriculture sourcebook
2807:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1329:
1314:
1217:. In 2017, the UK based charity
1151:
1136:
1117:
1102:
968:Donkeys are adapted to marginal
87:
3756:Web site accessed July 4, 2009.
3698:from the original on 2020-07-29
3329:from the original on 2018-10-30
3274:from the original on 2022-03-04
3222:from the original on 2022-03-04
2631:p.109. Retrieved February 2012.
2523:from the original on 2020-02-08
2160:from the original on 2020-03-29
2077:from the original on 2015-09-23
1796:from the original on 2012-06-09
803:Latin America and the Caribbean
740:population established itself.
552:. One of the oldest species is
3367:"Il Prezzo Del Latte Di Asina"
3254:Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2007).
3146:, in P. Starkey; P. Kaumbutho
1568:Cultural references to donkeys
613:forms) belong to the subgenus
510:donkeys that live west of the
316:; the less common hybrid of a
1:
4094:The dictionary definition of
4080:The dictionary definition of
2819:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00167-1
2116:Henry Woolf (editor) (1980).
1336:Farriers shoeing a donkey in
1126:Tayrona National Natural Park
393:perhaps from Spanish for its
306:. Jacks are often mated with
5665:List of domesticated animals
3052:. ABC.net.au. Archived from
2254:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241
1697:Oxford American Dictionaries
1008:A three-week-old donkey foal
546:, via the intermediate form
486:in southwestern England and
416:perhaps of imitative origin.
6182:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5041:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
4726:Equus africanus somaliensis
4663:Extinct species are marked
3472:Fort, Matthew (June 2005).
3111:www.livestockoftheworld.com
2961:Alberta Donkey and Mule.com
2019:. Retrieved September 2007.
1278:, donkeys were used in the
6198:
5402:Domestication of the horse
4801:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
4717:Equus africanus atlanticus
2433:Westport: Greenwood Press
2002:Merriam-Webster Unabridged
1575:, a type of medieval horse
1384:, microbial action in the
953:
645:, and they supplanted the
521:
284:An adult male donkey is a
29:
6167:Mammals described in 1758
5648:
5637:
5450:
5382:
4738:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
4698:Equus africanus africanus
4661:
4602:
4390:
4386:
4200:
4196:
4158:
4048:"All About Zebra Hybrids"
3785:10.1017/S1751731108003480
3673:10.1007/s11250-005-9002-5
3105:World, Livestock Of The.
2450:Brookshier, Frank (1974)
2071:German-English Dictionary
1874:10.1017/S0266078400007860
1563:Animal-borne bomb attacks
1265:New Zealand Medical Corps
864:At a livestock market in
490:in southeastern England;
464:(a variation of the word
203:
196:
84:Scientific classification
82:
73:
64:
55:
46:
41:
3406:10.22459/csy.04.2018.05b
3383:The price of asses' milk
2644:. The Donkey Sanctuary.
2359:Olsen, Sandra L. (1995)
1712:Springfield MA: Merriam
1405:structural carbohydrates
1257:John Simpson Kirkpatrick
1178:women from working with
1161:man on his donkey cart.
825:United States and Canada
400:perhaps a diminutive of
4963:Equus quagga burchellii
4914:Equus ferus przewalskii
4764:Equus hemionus hemippus
4754:Equus hemionus hemionus
3439:Retrieved January 2012.
1684:(subscription required)
1680:10.1126/science.abo3503
1647:(subscription required)
1042:Asino di Martina Franca
792:Europe and the Caucasus
420:From the 18th century,
379:Indo-European languages
292:, an adult female is a
32:Donkey (disambiguation)
5775:Equus africanus asinus
5392:Evolution of the horse
5043:Equus zebra hartmannae
4999:Equus quagga crawshayi
4813:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
4707:Equus africanus asinus
4573:South American tapir (
3933:10.1126/sciadv.abm0218
3536:Survey of Arab Affairs
3460:The New Zealand Herald
3430:Simpson and his donkey
2940:. Donkey Breed Society
2909:"Look-A-Like Collages"
2343:10.1098/rspb.2010.0708
2298:Albano Beja-Pereira, "
1944:Grose, Francis (1785)
1825:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1819:"Order Perissodactyla"
1540:, zebrass, or zedonk;
1454:
1373:
1232:
1009:
868:
857:
533:
524:Evolution of the horse
409:perhaps from the name
349:Equus africanus asinus
338:, on the basis of the
245:Equus africanus asinus
207:Equus africanus asinus
18:Equus africanus asinus
6106:Paleobiology Database
5942:Equus_(Asinus)_asinus
5660:Human uses of animals
5537:Search and rescue dog
5032:Cape mountain zebra (
4990:Equus quagga chapmani
4981:Equus quagga borensis
4847:Equus kiang holdereri
4791:Equus hemionus onager
4651:Species of the genus
4463:Sumatran rhinoceros (
3754:"Feeding Your Donkey"
3737:Aganga, A.A., et al.
3661:Trop Anim Health Prod
3532:"Syria and Terrorism"
3260:. Storey Publishing.
2848:"Adaption of Donkeys"
2138:Azzaroli, A. (1992).
1984:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
1907:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
1446:
1382:hind gut fermentation
1363:
1227:
1068:(among other names).
1032:between a jack and a
1007:
956:List of donkey breeds
863:
851:
704:, and were landed at
531:
456:, which was formerly
340:principle of priority
318:male horse (stallion)
308:female horses (mares)
6147:Domesticated animals
5527:Military working dog
5008:Equus quagga selousi
4912:Przewalski's horse (
4895:Equus ferus caballus
4856:Equus kiang polyodon
4782:Equus hemionus kulan
4752:Mongolian wild ass (
4270:Przewalski's horse (
4150:(Odd-toed ungulates)
4112:at Wikimedia Commons
4024:. Lovelongears.com.
3872:) and feral donkey (
3369:(in Italian). 2009.
2500:on 2 September 2009.
2420:Roots, Clive (2007)
1758:on November 16, 2012
1370:dryland environments
1219:The Donkey Sanctuary
946:increases in China.
893:The Donkey Sanctuary
814:Near and Middle East
702:Christopher Columbus
30:For other uses, see
5307:Equus parastylidens
4972:Equus quagga boehmi
4954:Equus quagga quagga
4799:European wild ass (
4773:Equus hemionus khur
4430:Indian rhinoceros (
4153:species by suborder
3991:10.1038/hdy.2008.84
3925:2022SciA....8..218B
3478:. HarperPerennial.
3117:on February 2, 2017
2995:"Twins and Donkeys"
2919:on October 12, 2008
2361:Horses through time
2204:10.1038/nature12323
2196:2013Natur.499...74O
1786:Bull. Zool. Nomencl
1720:. s.v. "Jennet (2)"
1674:(6611): 1172–1180.
1546:Zebra hinny, zebret
1532:The offspring of a
1321:A donkey shoe with
1255:During World War I
1241:Donkey-hide gelatin
1230:Battle of Gallipoli
744:Conservation status
728:of choice of early
560:Equus livenzovensis
424:gradually replaced
336:Equus asinus asinus
248:, or as a separate
67:Conservation status
5333:Equus semiplicatus
5324:Equus simplicidens
5291:Equus occidentalis
5283:Equus niobrarensis
5259:Equus mauritanicus
5171:Equus conversidens
5144:Giant Cape zebra (
4997:Crawshay's zebra (
4961:Burchell's zebra (
4780:Turkmenian kulan (
4511:Black rhinoceros (
4487:White rhinoceros (
4439:Javan rhinoceros (
4301:African wild ass (
4054:on 27 October 2009
3838:"When Donkeys Fly"
3724:2011-11-18 at the
3617:2017-10-10 at the
3454:2012-11-17 at the
3435:2014-07-24 at the
3352:2012-04-26 at the
3169:2018-11-07 at the
3142:2012-11-23 at the
3080:Harts Horsemanship
3076:"Training Donkeys"
2975:on August 25, 2015
2770:2012-10-25 at the
2459:2014-07-08 at the
2429:2016-11-16 at the
2378:2017-10-11 at the
2305:2012-11-28 at the
2147:Ann. Zool. Finnici
2103:2012-02-04 at the
2007:2013-02-10 at the
1980:2016-12-24 at the
1953:2013-06-04 at the
1903:2016-12-24 at the
1633:2022-01-31 at the
1605:2020-08-06 at the
1516:are almost always
1455:
1374:
1295:war in Afghanistan
1233:
1213:the production of
1010:
994:primitive markings
869:
858:
555:Equus simplicidens
534:
266:since that time.
6134:
6133:
6093:Open Tree of Life
5767:Taxon identifiers
5688:
5687:
5410:
5409:
5373:Equus yunnanensis
5195:Equus dalianensis
5163:Equus complicatus
5155:Equus cedralensis
5079:
5078:
5034:Equus zebra zebra
4988:Chapman's zebra (
4924:
4923:
4905:Equus ferus ferus
4866:
4865:
4829:Equus kiang kiang
4771:Indian wild ass (
4762:Syrian wild ass (
4724:Somali wild ass (
4696:Nubian wild ass (
4618:
4617:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4537:
4523:
4522:
4412:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4272:E. f. przewalskii
4245:
4222:
4151:
4108:Media related to
3842:West Hawaii Today
3824:978-1-873580-37-0
3739:"Feeding donkeys"
3667:(Suppl 1): 1–19.
3640:978-1-873580-37-0
3573:978-1-873580-37-0
3485:978-0-00-721481-5
3416:978-1-76046-202-4
3267:978-1-58017-695-8
3215:978-0-8213-7587-7
2793:978-1-873580-37-0
2581:978-1-873580-37-0
2558:Blench, R. 2000.
2439:978-0-313-33987-5
2369:978-1-57098-060-2
2285:J. Clutton-Brook
2052:978-0-395-82517-4
1990:978-90-420-1330-8
1913:978-90-420-1330-8
1838:978-0-8018-8221-0
1645:(10): 3715–3720.
1439:Feral populations
1078:self-preservation
1056:and a jenny is a
846:
845:
710:Juan de Zumárraga
358:At one time, the
224:
223:
189:E. a. asinus
175:E. africanus
77:
16:(Redirected from
6189:
6157:African wild ass
6127:
6126:
6114:
6113:
6101:
6100:
6088:
6087:
6075:
6074:
6062:
6061:
6059:NHMSYS0020975282
6049:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6023:
6022:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5996:
5984:
5983:
5971:
5970:
5958:
5957:
5945:
5944:
5932:
5931:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5817:
5816:
5804:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5762:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5729:
5728:
5717:
5716:
5705:
5704:
5696:
5643:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5414:
5349:Equus sivalensis
5322:Hagerman horse (
5315:Equus pectinatus
5020:Mountain zebra (
4979:Maneless zebra (
4935:
4877:
4854:Southern kiang (
4836:Northern kiang (
4789:Persian onager (
4715:Atlas wild ass (
4682:African wild ass
4678:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4622:
4608:
4607:
4564:Mountain tapir (
4541:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4388:
4357:Mountain zebra (
4281:Domestic horse (
4244:
4243:
4235:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4198:
4149:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4117:
4107:
4093:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4050:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3993:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3944:
3913:Science Advances
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3787:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3735:
3729:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:, 22 April 2010.
3446:
3440:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3188:
3182:
3160:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3113:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3027:. Archived from
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2999:Rams Horn Studio
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2968:. Archived from
2967:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2913:Dun Look-A-Likes
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:. Archived from
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2813:(2–3): 229–234.
2802:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2481:
2464:
2448:
2442:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2357:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2033:Houghton Mifflin
2029:
2020:
1999:
1993:
1969:
1958:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1916:
1893:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1594:
1398:intestinal flora
1378:digestive system
1333:
1318:
1172:
1155:
1140:
1124:Pack donkeys in
1121:
1106:
1046:Baudet du Poitou
885:breeds of donkey
854:Baudet du Poitou
842:41 million head
781:Asia and Pacific
765:% of world pop.
756:
634:African wild ass
577:, including the
261:
236:African wild ass
209:
92:
91:
76:
51:
39:
21:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6162:Mammals as pets
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6122:
6117:
6109:
6104:
6096:
6091:
6083:
6080:Observation.org
6078:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6052:
6044:
6039:
6031:
6026:
6018:
6013:
6005:
6000:
5992:
5987:
5979:
5974:
5966:
5961:
5953:
5948:
5940:
5935:
5927:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5879:
5871:
5869:
5861:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5769:
5759:
5749:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5675:Military animal
5644:
5635:
5446:
5444:Working animals
5441:
5411:
5406:
5378:
5365:Equus uralensis
5299:Equus pacificus
5275:Equus namadicus
5267:Equus mexicanus
5227:Equus giganteus
5211:Equus fraternus
5187:Equus cumminsii
5179:Equus crinidens
5116:
5110:
5075:
5067:Grévy's zebra (
5055:Grévy's zebra (
5049:
5014:
5006:Selous' zebra (
4970:Grant's zebra (
4920:
4862:
4845:Eastern kiang (
4838:Equus kiang chu
4827:Western kiang (
4814:
4807:
4739:
4732:
4686:Equus africanus
4683:
4667:
4657:
4649:
4619:
4614:
4590:
4582:Malayan tapir (
4555:Baird's tapir (
4533:
4532:
4519:
4495:
4471:
4447:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4397:
4374:
4366:Grévy's zebra (
4237:
4236:
4234:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4192:
4154:
4148:Perissodactyla
4144:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4015:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3919:(2): eabm0218.
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3888:on June 3, 2011
3885:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3813:
3809:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3726:Wayback Machine
3717:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3629:
3625:
3619:Wayback Machine
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3562:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:Wayback Machine
3447:
3443:
3437:Wayback Machine
3428:
3424:
3417:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3354:Wayback Machine
3345:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3171:Wayback Machine
3161:
3154:
3144:Wayback Machine
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2938:"About Donkeys"
2936:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2888:on May 19, 2015
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2782:
2778:
2772:Wayback Machine
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:Wayback Machine
2449:
2445:
2431:Wayback Machine
2419:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2380:Wayback Machine
2358:
2349:
2323:
2319:
2307:Wayback Machine
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2180:Equus evolution
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2115:
2111:
2105:Wayback Machine
2096:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2013:Merriam-Webster
2009:Wayback Machine
2000:
1996:
1982:Wayback Machine
1970:
1961:
1955:Wayback Machine
1943:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1905:Wayback Machine
1859:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1635:Wayback Machine
1625:
1621:
1607:Wayback Machine
1595:
1586:
1582:
1559:
1512:. Horse–donkey
1491:Syrian wild ass
1483:
1452:Red Rock Canyon
1441:
1390:large intestine
1358:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1303:
1253:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1074:
1002:
990:
958:
952:
950:Characteristics
746:
726:beast of burden
526:
520:
512:Rocky Mountains
332:
320:and jenny is a
259:
240:Equus africanus
220:
211:
205:
192:
178:
86:
78:
69:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6115:
6102:
6089:
6076:
6063:
6050:
6037:
6024:
6011:
5998:
5985:
5972:
5959:
5946:
5933:
5920:
5905:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5857:
5844:
5831:
5818:
5805:
5795:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:Related topics
5649:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5487:Assistance dog
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5470:Bactrian camel
5462:
5457:
5455:Asian elephant
5451:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5357:Equus stenonis
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5251:Equus lenensis
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5219:Equus gallicus
5214:
5206:
5203:Equus excelsus
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5146:Equus capensis
5140:
5132:
5123:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4947:
4945:
4939:Plains zebra (
4932:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4742:Equus hemionus
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4711:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:D. sumatrensis
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4413:
4409:(Rhinoceroses)
4403:Rhinocerotidae
4399:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4348:Plains zebra (
4335:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4248:
4246:
4223:
4219:(Horse family)
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4188:Laurasiatheria
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4087:
4071:
4070:External links
4068:
4066:
4065:
4039:
4013:
3964:
3899:
3870:Equus caballus
3868:"Feral horse (
3859:
3828:
3807:
3778:(2): 287–293.
3758:
3746:
3730:
3708:
3644:
3623:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3553:
3522:
3491:
3484:
3464:
3441:
3422:
3415:
3387:
3358:
3339:
3310:
3284:
3266:
3246:
3214:
3183:
3152:
3128:
3097:
3067:
3041:
3016:
2986:
2950:
2929:
2907:Nancy Castle.
2899:
2882:Mike's Donkeys
2878:"Donkey Facts"
2869:
2839:
2824:
2797:
2776:
2757:
2724:
2693:
2659:
2633:
2611:
2585:
2564:
2551:
2533:
2503:
2465:
2443:
2410:
2384:
2347:
2317:
2291:
2278:
2225:
2190:(7456): 74–8.
2170:
2130:
2109:
2087:
2058:
2051:
2021:
1994:
1959:
1934:
1917:
1852:
1837:
1806:
1769:
1722:
1701:
1688:
1651:
1619:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1522:embryonic loss
1482:
1481:Donkey hybrids
1479:
1463:Asinara donkey
1440:
1437:
1426:gastric ulcers
1357:
1354:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1252:
1249:
1175:underdeveloped
1167:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1073:
1070:
1001:
998:
989:
986:
972:lands. Unlike
951:
948:
903:, and Mexico.
844:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
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793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
745:
742:
651:chew their cud
632:subspecies of
519:
516:
418:
417:
414:
407:
398:
387:etymologically
377:in most other
331:
328:
271:underdeveloped
264:working animal
222:
221:
212:
201:
200:
198:Trinomial name
194:
193:
186:
184:
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172:
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141:Perissodactyla
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118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
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93:
80:
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70:
65:
62:
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60:, North Devon
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6194:
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5650:
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5626:Water buffalo
5624:
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5612:
5609:
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5600:
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5508:
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5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Detection dog
5490:
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5484:
5483:
5480:
5476:
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5468:
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5463:
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5269:
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5260:
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5243:Equus latipes
5239:
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5228:
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5220:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
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5141:
5139:
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5133:
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5129:Equus alaskae
5125:
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5119:
5113:
5107:
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4627:
4626:
4623:
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4587:
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4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:T. terrestris
4571:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4553:
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4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
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4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4478:Ceratotherium
4474:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4444:
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4437:
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4141:
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4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4100:at Wiktionary
4099:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4086:at Wiktionary
4085:
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4074:
4073:
4069:
4053:
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4023:
4017:
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3884:
3877:
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3871:
3863:
3860:
3847:
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3839:
3832:
3829:
3826:. pp.166–182.
3825:
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3399:. ANU Press.
3398:
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3320:
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3311:
3299:on 2011-07-26
3298:
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3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3056:on 2010-08-12
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3031:on 2009-04-12
3030:
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2843:
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2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
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2801:
2798:
2795:. pp.127–165.
2794:
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2629:2-915819-06-8
2626:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2583:. pp.183–206.
2582:
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2423:Domestication
2417:
2415:
2411:
2399:on 2011-02-07
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1862:English Today
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1475:feral donkeys
1472:
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1464:
1460:
1453:
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1422:hyperlipaemia
1419:
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1366:Aidarkul Lake
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988:Cross on back
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797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
762:No. of breeds
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
743:
741:
739:
735:
734:placer mining
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Juan de Oñate
715:
711:
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698:Second Voyage
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639:
635:
631:
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593:Dolichohippus
588:
584:
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539:
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482:in Scotland,
481:
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445:
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112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:Domesticated
72:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6172:Pack animals
5929:Equus_asinus
5915:Equus asinus
5885:Equus asinus
5884:
5774:
5594:Riding horse
5558:
5370:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5341:Equus scotti
5338:
5330:
5323:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5235:Equus lambei
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5145:
5137:Equus andium
5134:
5126:
5117:
5068:
5056:
5042:
5033:
5021:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4941:Equus quagga
4940:
4913:
4904:
4894:
4882:
4881:Wild horse (
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4816:
4800:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4753:
4741:
4725:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4697:
4685:
4664:
4653:
4609:
4583:
4574:
4566:T. pinchaque
4565:
4556:
4544:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4454:Dicerorhinus
4452:
4441:R. sondaicus
4440:
4432:R. unicornis
4431:
4419:
4394:Ceratomorpha
4392:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4303:E. africanus
4302:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4271:
4262:
4261:Wild horse (
4253:
4251:
4229:
4202:
4110:Equus asinus
4096:
4082:
4058:September 1,
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4042:
4032:September 1,
4030:. Retrieved
4016:
3984:(1): 24–30.
3981:
3977:
3967:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3883:the original
3874:Equus asinus
3873:
3869:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3841:
3831:
3815:
3810:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3700:. Retrieved
3664:
3660:
3647:
3631:
3626:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3575:. pp.93–105.
3564:
3544:. Retrieved
3535:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3504:
3494:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3444:
3425:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3375:. Retrieved
3361:
3342:
3331:. Retrieved
3322:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:the original
3287:
3276:. Retrieved
3256:
3249:
3224:. Retrieved
3204:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3147:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:the original
3110:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3079:
3070:
3060:September 1,
3058:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3050:"ABC.net.au"
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2998:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2960:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:the original
2912:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2881:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2784:
2779:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2717:November 28,
2715:. Retrieved
2707:The Guardian
2706:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2675:
2650:. Retrieved
2636:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2588:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2525:. Retrieved
2516:
2506:
2495:the original
2486:
2452:
2446:
2422:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2387:
2360:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2244:
2240:PLOS Biology
2238:
2228:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2150:
2146:
2133:
2117:
2112:
2079:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2037:
2016:
1997:
1973:
1946:
1896:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1827:
1823:Wilson, D.E.
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1792:(1): 81–84.
1789:
1785:
1762:September 1,
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1752:"The Donkey"
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1598:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1503:
1484:
1456:
1430:
1402:
1375:
1346:
1297:and others.
1292:
1280:Italian Army
1276:Matthew Fort
1273:
1254:
1234:
1203:
1191:donkey rides
1184:
1168:
1128:in northern
1083:
1075:
1050:Mammoth Jack
1027:
1015:
1011:
991:
978:feral horses
967:
959:
941:
929:Burkina Faso
905:
890:
874:
870:
747:
695:
668:
664:King Hor-Aha
623:
614:
598:
590:
570:
566:
564:
559:
553:
547:
541:
537:
535:
499:
498:
492:
487:
483:
479:
473:
469:
461:
453:
447:
443:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
410:
401:
382:
370:
366:
362:
357:
353:Equus asinus
352:
348:
335:
333:
330:Nomenclature
321:
311:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:pack animals
268:
255:Equus asinus
254:
253:
244:
243:
239:
231:
227:
225:
206:
204:
188:
187:
183:Subspecies:
173:
161:
36:
6041:NatureServe
5976:iNaturalist
5909:Wikispecies
5755:Agriculture
5680:Pack animal
5599:Stock horse
5579:Guide horse
5574:Draft horse
5552:Therapy dog
5542:Service dog
5517:Hunting dog
5512:Herding dog
5497:Draught dog
5460:Bali cattle
5115:Prehistoric
5069:Equus grevy
5057:Equus grevy
5022:Equus zebra
4883:Equus ferus
4817:Equus kiang
4513:D. bicornis
4342:Hippotigris
4321:E. hemionus
4283:E. caballus
4238:(including
4204:Hippomorpha
4186:Superorder
4180:Infraclass
3323:www.fao.org
3121:January 23,
2834:In Practice
2750:January 24,
2403:November 1,
2371:. Cited at
2247:(8): e241.
2153:: 151–163.
1433:Third World
1210:Asses' milk
730:prospectors
687:viticulture
671:Mesopotamia
660:King Narmer
611:Pleistocene
601:Hippotigris
310:to produce
6177:Subspecies
6141:Categories
5584:Pack horse
5532:Police dog
5397:Wild horse
4584:T. indicus
4557:T. bairdii
4421:Rhinoceros
3852:August 21,
3702:2019-08-29
3333:2019-10-25
3278:2020-10-09
3226:2020-10-09
3192:World Bank
3035:2015-08-25
2979:August 25,
2944:2022-10-13
2923:2008-06-26
2527:2017-10-07
2164:2018-08-29
2126:0877793980
2098:Burro care
2081:2015-08-25
1800:2018-01-13
1662:. (2022).
1580:References
1542:zebra mule
1450:burros in
1350:horseshoes
1251:In warfare
954:See also:
714:Rio Grande
706:Hispaniola
655:Dynasty IV
543:Dinohippus
536:The genus
522:See also:
504:Portuguese
458:homophonic
5900:Q19829417
5670:Livestock
5522:Mercy dog
5507:Guide dog
5502:Guard dog
5475:Dromedary
4529:Tapiridae
4368:E. grevyi
4350:E. quagga
4339:Subgenus
4312:E. asinus
4292:Subgenus
4252:Subgenus
3959:245963400
3505:The Times
3319:"FAOSTAT"
3293:"Donkeys"
3235:cite book
2686:7 October
2453:The Burro
1890:144914684
1882:0266-0784
1868:(4): 32.
1815:Grubb, P.
1495:Tell Brak
1418:laminitis
1356:Nutrition
1269:Gallipoli
1215:parchment
1090:cognition
1086:behaviour
1072:Behaviour
879:) of the
722:Gold Rush
549:Plesippus
432:replaced
260:5000–7000
169:Species:
107:Kingdom:
101:Eukaryota
6046:2.105962
5994:10199008
5894:Wikidata
5798:BioLib:
5784:Wikidata
5621:Reindeer
5589:Pit pony
5547:Sled dog
4952:Quagga (
4903:Tarpan (
4705:Donkey (
4611:Category
4534:(Tapirs)
4489:C. simum
4359:E. zebra
4330:E. kiang
4319:Onager (
4310:Donkey (
4263:E. ferus
4182:Eutheria
4176:Mammalia
4170:Chordata
4164:Animalia
4162:Kingdom
4026:Archived
4000:18766201
3978:Heredity
3951:35030024
3846:Archived
3802:13800072
3794:22444232
3722:Archived
3693:Archived
3689:20777559
3681:16335068
3642:. p.208.
3615:Archived
3540:Archived
3509:Archived
3452:Archived
3433:Archived
3371:Archived
3350:Archived
3327:Archived
3272:Archived
3220:Archived
3202:(2009).
3167:Archived
3140:Archived
3084:Archived
3003:Archived
2856:Archived
2768:Archived
2744:Archived
2711:Archived
2680:Archived
2676:BBC News
2646:Archived
2598:Archived
2521:Archived
2517:BBC News
2457:Archived
2427:Archived
2376:Archived
2337:(1702).
2303:Archived
2273:15974804
2212:23803765
2155:Archived
2101:Archived
2075:Archived
2067:"Eselin"
2035:(2000).
2005:Archived
1978:Archived
1951:Archived
1930:"Donkey"
1901:Archived
1847:62265494
1817:(2005).
1794:Archived
1695:(2005)
1631:Archived
1603:Archived
1557:See also
1550:zebrinny
1467:Sardinia
1424:, or to
1206:for meat
1130:Colombia
1111:Skegness
1054:stallion
1048:and the
1019:oestrous
1000:Breeding
921:Botswana
917:Tanzania
897:Sidmouth
750:Ethiopia
691:Dionysus
675:Damascus
630:Somalian
607:Pliocene
375:cognates
214:Linnaeus
147:Family:
131:Mammalia
121:Chordata
117:Phylum:
111:Animalia
97:Domain:
58:Clovelly
6152:Donkeys
6098:1068202
6033:1006121
5968:2440891
5827:9103830
5743:Biology
5731:Animals
5719:Mammals
5693:Portals
5387:Equidae
5120:species
5106:Zebroid
5084:Hybrids
4893:Horse (
4546:Tapirus
4502:Diceros
4328:Kiang (
4213:Equidae
4168:Phylum
4146:Extant
4008:2176510
3942:8759742
3921:Bibcode
3892:June 1,
3546:July 1,
3515:July 1,
3377:June 1,
3303:June 1,
2739:Science
2652:June 1,
2604:June 1,
2312:Science
2264:1159165
2220:4318227
2192:Bibcode
1668:Science
1538:zebroid
1518:sterile
1514:hybrids
1340:in 1900
1323:calkins
1306:Shoeing
1163:Kashgar
962:withers
937:Senegal
518:History
439:rooster
434:she-ass
360:synonym
290:jackass
275:draught
250:species
157:Genus:
151:Equidae
137:Order:
127:Class:
42:Donkey
6111:104269
6020:180690
5981:148030
5873:105962
5870:uBio:
5860:NZOR:
5853:926235
5814:EQUUAA
5801:503178
5790:Q19707
5707:Horses
5559:Donkey
4930:Zebras
4872:Horses
4295:Asinus
4240:Zebras
4174:Class
4083:donkey
4006:
3998:
3957:
3949:
3939:
3822:
3800:
3792:
3772:Animal
3687:
3679:
3638:
3571:
3482:
3413:
3264:
3212:
3090:May 4,
3009:May 4,
2892:May 4,
2862:May 4,
2852:BioWeb
2791:
2642:"Home"
2627:
2579:
2437:
2373:Donkey
2367:
2315:, 2004
2309:", in
2271:
2261:
2218:
2210:
2184:Nature
2124:
2049:
2017:donkey
1988:
1911:
1888:
1880:
1845:
1835:
1716:
1613:
1573:Jennet
1526:mating
1420:) and
1386:caecum
1338:Cyprus
1189:, for
1159:Uyghur
1066:zonkey
1062:zebras
1044:, the
1030:hybrid
982:harems
970:desert
935:, and
913:Uganda
877:DAD-IS
770:Africa
759:Region
683:Arabia
638:Ma'adi
626:Nubian
597:, and
585:, and
583:onager
573:Asinus
449:rabbit
422:donkey
411:Duncan
385:is an
383:donkey
367:donkey
298:jennet
228:donkey
6085:83392
6007:84021
5989:IRMNG
5955:27255
5606:Llama
5569:Horse
5564:Gayal
5465:Camel
5118:Equus
5096:Kunga
5091:Hinny
4673:Asses
4654:Equus
4255:Equus
4231:Equus
4004:S2CID
3955:S2CID
3886:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3798:S2CID
3696:(PDF)
3685:S2CID
3657:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2966:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2441:p.179
2289:1999.
2216:S2CID
2158:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
1992:p.239
1915:p.239
1886:S2CID
1821:. In
1660:et al
1534:zebra
1510:hinny
1487:kunga
1471:equid
1459:feral
1448:Feral
1409:straw
1394:colic
1288:eaten
1284:carry
1245:Ejiao
1187:sheep
1145:Hydra
1058:hinny
1036:is a
1023:foals
944:ejiao
925:Niger
909:Kenya
901:Kenya
895:near
866:Niger
836:World
820:11.8
809:19.9
787:37.6
776:26.9
738:feral
716:with
643:Nubia
617:Equus
587:kiang
579:kulan
567:Equus
538:Equus
508:feral
500:Burro
488:dicky
484:neddy
480:cuddy
462:cunny
460:with
454:coney
430:jenny
323:hinny
313:mules
294:jenny
162:Equus
6124:6611
6072:9793
6067:NCBI
6015:ITIS
5963:GBIF
5950:BOLD
5848:ITIS
5835:GISD
5822:GBIF
5809:EPPO
5611:Mule
5101:Mule
4097:bray
4060:2010
4034:2010
3996:PMID
3947:PMID
3894:2011
3854:2011
3820:ISBN
3790:PMID
3677:PMID
3636:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3548:2011
3517:2011
3480:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3379:2011
3305:2011
3262:ISBN
3241:link
3210:ISBN
3123:2017
3092:2015
3062:2010
3011:2015
2981:2015
2894:2015
2864:2015
2789:ISBN
2752:2020
2719:2019
2688:2017
2654:2011
2625:ISBN
2606:2011
2577:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2405:2011
2365:ISBN
2269:PMID
2208:PMID
2122:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1878:ISSN
1843:OCLC
1833:ISBN
1764:2010
1714:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1548:and
1506:mule
1499:mule
1388:and
1301:Care
1199:foal
1197:and
1195:mare
1180:oxen
1171:5000
1088:and
1038:mule
1034:mare
976:and
974:wild
933:Mali
852:The
831:0.1
798:3.7
679:gait
628:and
615:E. (
609:and
599:E. (
591:E. (
571:E. (
493:moke
475:arse
472:and
466:cunt
452:for
444:cock
442:for
428:and
373:has
303:foal
286:jack
226:The
218:1758
6119:TSA
6054:NBN
6028:MDD
6002:ISC
5937:AFD
5924:ADW
5840:639
5631:Yak
5482:Dog
3986:doi
3982:102
3937:PMC
3929:doi
3780:doi
3669:doi
3401:doi
2815:doi
2339:doi
2335:278
2259:PMC
2249:doi
2200:doi
2188:499
2043:535
1870:doi
1676:doi
1672:377
1643:105
1465:of
1413:hay
1096:Use
881:FAO
839:185
700:of
662:or
470:ass
426:ass
403:dun
395:don
371:ass
363:ass
296:or
288:or
277:or
232:ass
230:or
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