Erik Sparre - Knowledge (XXG)

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attained with Russia at all costs and as soon as possible, fearing that the unhappy Poles might ally themselves with Russia if they were badly treated. When the events in Reval turned out to be a disaster, it remained difficult to dissuade John, who had become obsessed with reestablishing a filial relationship with Sigismund. On 5 September, fifty members of the nobility and eight army commanders signed a petition "castigating his failings as a ruler in terms of extraordinary harshness", appealing to him to abandon the plan. When this failed, ten days later the Privy Councilors attempted again to dissuade John, adding in large text in all capital letters to the bottom

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rights of the Crown, arguing that the possessions of which were not to be minimized in any way, irrespective of any circumstance or sovereign. He argued that the Crown and the king had disparate natures; the king, who is mortal, should not be able to infringe upon the rights and duties of the immutable Crown, which is immortal. Thus, royal titles were issued by the eternal political force of the Crown which could not be trod upon by any mortal king; stately institutions and – most importantly – the nobility were therefore an extension of the immortal Crown. However, dukes served simply as a

806: 44: 1269: 742:). Consent of the Estates, particularly the "leading Estates", was the cornerstone of the legal process, which bound "all Swedes, present and absent, those who swear and those who do not swear, those born and unborn" to rights and duties. Under the law, the king, as a mortal Swede, was himself beholden to it; the supremacy of law applied to all kings irrespective of their hereditary or elected claims of absolutism. The work is lauded as an early appeal to 910:. By 1589, Sigismund was looking to abdicate – assuming he could find a suitable candidate to take his place – and John was losing interest in legal power, seeking to reestablish a familial relationship with his son and return him to Sweden. Nevertheless, both agreed that they could use the union to frighten the Russians into accepting a peace deal; the two hoped that a strong show of military numbers at a meeting in Reval (modern-day 1316:. Sparre read out a final defense in the hopes of influencing the verdict. When the judgement condemning Sparre was read, Sparre tore up his speech in protest and attempted to console his fellow condemned with another speech. Professing his innocence from the scaffold, in the market square of Linköping on 20 March 1600, Sparre was executed by beheading. The executions that took place later became known collectively as the 1126:

and country? They too are seen no more: a great part are fallen upon the edge of the sword during so many years against so many and various enemies; some has the aforsaid tyrant persecuted and done to death; and they who survive are much impoverished. For us in particular and in general, we ask for nothing more than what Sweden's described law and the old freedom of the country allow.

873:) – was signed and sealed by John and Sigismund on 5 September. The Statute provided sweeping guarantees to Sweden's independence, secured a prohibition against Polish interference, and unequivocally defined Estonia as "a Swedish province". Sparre contributed to it significantly, though John was responsible for the final draft, as Sparre was not actually present in 4000: 4012: 3988: 961:

Charles from the succession. Sparre in particular was charged with offering Estonia to the Poles. The evidence for this claim was the Statute of Kalmar, which – since it had not been issued to the Riksdag for approval – was considered to be a secret deal to keep Charles from the throne.

2944:, pp. 348–349: "Preoccupied with the desperate struggle for the Charter, the Nobility (and the Clergy too) had neglected to wrest from the king, before his coronation, his assent to the demands of their order. Sigismund did indeed give a general promise, as part of his coronation oath, to confirm all 1125:

Where is the great treasure, which could indeed be reckoned at many millions, which existed when King Gustav died? It is all consumed. Where is now the rich and powerful nobility, the ornament and glory of the kingdom, which aforetime could ride its hundreds to court, to the service and honor of king

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should be handed over to the Commonwealth. Sparre and Brahe were expressly forbidden from accepting any deal that required the surrender of Estonia into Polish hands. A well-regarded orator and rhetorician, Sparre was able to cinch the election of Sigismund without explicitly promising Estonia, but –

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to invervene on behalf of Sigismund. Although he had supported Sparre when Charles attempted to have him extradited, Christian refused to supply armed assistance, at least partially at the behest of his council who believed Sigismund would easily crush Charles's forces. Further, Christian agreed to

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In the pamphlet, Sparre wrote that the duke was beholden to the laws of the nation and had no sovereign authority; wherever the rights and duties of the Crown interfered, ducal rights were to be subordinated. Sparre further sought to distinguish the office and rights of the king from the office and

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The events in Reval turned John away from his support of legislative strength and pushed him away from Sparre and his allies; the king had never theretofore capitulated to the nobility. John began seeking out a closer alliance with Charles and – in a final attempt to curtail such an

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all signed an apology, admitting wrong and promising the king that they would not oppose ceding Estonia if it meant that Sigismund could abdicate the Polish Crown. The attempt, however, was in vain; Charles and John had reached an agreement. In 1590, Sparre, Ture Bielke, Hogenskild Bielke, Gustav

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On 5 August, eight Privy Councilors – including Sparre – accompanied John to Reval with a small entourage of reluctant Polish senators following three weeks later, with no significant armed force. The Privy Councilors agreed that Sigismund could not be allowed to abdicate and that peace should be

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was signed, Sparre made verbal promises "in excess of his instructions". These promises were later rescinded from the official compact after negotiations between John and Sigismund, the latter declaring at his coronation that Sweden would never be forced to cede any territory to the Commonwealth,

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that interpreted the law decisively against Charles, forbidding him from nominating bishops without the king's consent, trying nobles accused of serious crimes, expanding taxes other than agreed upon for the kingdom, restricting the privileges of the nobles, and much more, though its stipulations

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in spite of accusations to the contrary. Still more, Sparre's Scottish baronial title was now the object of suspicion, though Sparre never requested the title nor petitioned the king to recognize it as legitimate under Swedish law and indeed denied wanting it. Regardless, on 6 January 1591, John

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revoked in the presence of the Estates, and imprisoned. John and Charles charged the members of the Privy Council whom they stripped of their rights and privileges with prolonging the war by sabotaging the events in Reval, fomenting disagreement between John and Charles, and attempting to remove

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Sparre is commonly associated with Bielke's political thought. Both held the high nobility as key to the future of Swedish law and sought to use their knowledge of history and law to further that end. The primary difference between them is the source of their jurisprudence; Bielke's sourcing and

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nobility as a means to that end. For John at the time, it appears that the risk of usurpation by Charles was of more concern than a conglomeration of power in the legislature. The work was also influenced significantly by Sparre's father-in-law, Per Brahe the Elder, who himself had quarrels with

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When Sigismund became king, Sparre administered the coronation oath. Sparre was reportedly so tired that his upraised arm became limp during the oath, prompting Charles to forcefully command him to hold it firm until the oath had been fully administered. With Sigismund on the throne, Sparre was

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Soon thereafter, Sparre was tried in court. While on the stand, he defended himself with an intensity that caused John to draw his sword in anger, but Charles stopped him. No judgement was passed; Sparre and his associates were neither convicted nor acquitted. In February and March 1592, Sparre

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On 17 November 1592, John III died, forgiving all the men who opposed him in Reval on his deathbed in exchange for their promise to remain faithful to Sigismund. Before the end of the month, Charles reached out to Sparre and his colleagues with an offer of reconciliation, but a riot started by

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in the summer of the same year. Despite these early successes, Sparre was party to several power struggles between the Crown of Sweden, the Duke, and the high nobility, particularly with regards to the distribution of power. In March 1576, Sparre and other members of the nobility submitted new

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following them in May. By the summer, Sparre had convinced Sigismund that war was inevitable to maintain the crown. In December, Sparre was dispatched to visit the Dukes of Mecklenburg and Pomerania to secure their neutrality in the upcoming conflict before heading to Denmark to persuade

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was extremely unpopular; he was perceived to have walked back several promises, such as installing Catholics in the government – which served to further alienate him from an increasingly Protestant nation – and failing to institute the agreements made in the

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attempted to clear him of all charges relating to the abandonment of Estonia. John accused Sparre and his father-in-law Per Brahe the Elder of conspiracy and accused Sparre alone of having rallied the men in Reval to oust him. Despite these intercessions, Sparre was imprisoned in

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tried again, urging him at least to have a little patience until the matter could be arranged with goodwill on both sides, and a successor found who would be a friend to Sweden. At the foot of this document they added, in large and tactless capitals, the seasonable exhortation

1050:, Poland) in August, his tardiness blamed on the political situation in Poland as the Polish nobility believed he would use the opportunity to abandon the Polish throne. Sparre and Klas Bielke arrived from Poland the following month, escorting Sigismund to Sweden aboard 418:'s accession to the Polish throne. During the discussions of Sigismund's election, Polish and Swedish tensions heightened after a misunderstanding about the annexation of Estonia, a fault that was blamed on Sparre. Following the death of John in 1592, Sparre backed 754:. The success of Sparre's rhetoric, which advocated for common welfare and navigated the differing class interests of the era, has led historians to refer to Sparre as "the father of Swedish constitutional law" and "the father of Swedish constitutionalism". 1005:

that Charles was attempting to lead a usurpation of the throne led Charles to accuse Sparre of being behind it. Sparre was able to convince Charles of his innocence in the matter and Leijonhufvud was driven beyond the Danish border.

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shortly before his death, Sparre complained that no one visited him, wrote to him, or gave him advice or comfort. He lamented that his parliamentary colleagues did nothing to help intercede on his behalf and thus failed him.

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with over 150 judges, some of whom were then serving as Privy Councilors. The court was impannelled by Axel Leijonhufvud and Sparre's brother-in-law Erik Brahe, who was a respected Catholic in the country and former

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Sparre is considered one of the most learned men of his time, particularly in Sweden. He kept correspondence with many well-known scientists and historians of the era, such as the Danish astronomer

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Charles and shared the ideas and sympathies of both Sparre and Hogenskild Bielke, especially in being concerned about the loss of privileges by the nobility and holding a sympathetic view of the

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and the Privy Councilors of Sweden were threatening to leave Reval as well. On 30 September, Sigismund relented and started towards Warsaw. Two days later, John began his return to Sweden.

514:. Largely uninvolved in the everyday operations of the office, he was used by the court as a functionary and diplomat. He was effectively utilized as commissioner of negotiations with the 757:

Sparre stated that he wrote the pamphlet at John's request and historians believe this was likely true; John sought to limit Charles's ambition to concentrate power and saw a strong anti-

574:– stayed for four or five days; both the margravine and the duchess were cousins of the king. In August 1580, Sparre served as commissioner for another meeting with the Danes in 4057: 928:('May reason triumph over passion'). Both the Swedish and Polish entourages became enraged as John refused to back out. The Polish entourage exhorted Sigismund to return to 680: 4082: 880:

Despite the preparation, Sigismund's accession was not clearly secure until January 1588. During the course of negotiations with the Commonwealth, the Poles insisted that

461:, serving as his top general. Records of his youth are scarce and often contradictory, but it is likely that he studied abroad between 1569 and 1573; a 1570 record at the 671: 3538: 973:. While in prison, he complained in letters that he had been unable to attend his father-in-law's funeral, that his brother had been imprisoned, and that he was not a 720:

in 1582, though most sources cite its publication in either 1585 or a more vague "the 1580s". Some sources estimate the date of publication as late as 1586 or 1587.

4042: 1054:'s fleet. Sparre and Bielke attempted to convince Sigismund to allow the agreement at the Uppsala Synod to be enforced and to confirm the election of a Protestant, 850:

were dispatched to the Commonwealth to act as Sigismund's agents. The discussion continued through the summer, but the agreement – now known as the

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with the clergy and the king, which affirmed the previous liturgical changes and drew Sparre in the middle of the power struggle between the king and the duke.

1018:. On 8 January 1593, they negotiated an interim government whereby Charles was acknowledged as the "leading personage" in Sweden. The rising prominence of the 1254:

on 25 September 1598, forcing Sigismund to hand over several of his loyalists, including Ture Bielke, Gustav Banér, Sten Banér, Jöran Posse, and Erik Sparre.

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allow Polish troops to pass through if it became necessary and offered to serve as a mediator who would appear impartial, but ultimately side with Sigismund.

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arguments tended to stem from a pragmatic, German-based legal system, while Sparre's tended to appeal to Roman and contemporary Italian law, citing both the

4052: 4047: 422:, but failed to secure significant material gain from potential allies abroad. After Sigismund's defeat, Sparre was convicted of treason during a 3582:"Revolution eller rättskontinuitet? Till belysning av det juridiska utgångsläget för de stora författningsändringarna i Sveriges nyare historia" 1310:. Sparre was charged with treason, attempting to overthrow Protestantism in Sweden, and not recognizing the legitimacy of Charles's position as 918:

to accept a permanent peace. Instead, the forces assembled were underwhelming; the nobility had shirked their usual duty in procuring soldiers.

3584:[Revolution or legal continuity? Clarifying the legal starting point for the major constitutional changes in Sweden's recent history]. 3780: 3745: 1223:. Sparre initially considered an armed revolt to disrupt Charles's rise to power, but quickly determined that this was an untenable option. 414:

Sparre's diplomatic career was long and varied. He had early successes negotiating with the Danes in border disputes and helped to secure

714:('For the Law, the King, and the People'). The date of its publication is of some debate; it is generally accepted that Sparre wrote the 381:

An esteemed orator and rhetorician, Sparre was considered the spokesman for the well-organized aristocratic opposition who advocated for

1093:), to which Sigismund ultimately relented. Sparre served as the spokesman for the nobility and gave a lengthy speech – now known as the 903: 907: 3835: 3678: 3560: 3396: 3798: 629:. Despite the honor, Sparre claimed never to have requested the title nor petitioned the king to have it recognized as legitimate. 407:, but relations between Sparre and John soured when the nobility was able to overrule the king's prerogative during a stand-off in 965: 591: 3755: 1371:

There was a short break between Sparre's execution and Bielke's accession; Bielke did not take over the chancellery until 1602.

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as well. At some point in 1574, he returned to Sweden. On 30 November of the same year, he proposed to Ebbe Brahe, daughter of

3483:"Inventing the Grand Dutchy of Finland in the 1580s: early modern state formation or medieval patters of expressing the power" 805: 3812: 3364: 1286: 1015: 375: 106: 64: 758: 523: 3978: 4077: 587: 462: 3729: 3434: 1407: 622: 511: 3409:"ORGANIZATION, LEGITIMATION, PARTICIPATION: State formation as a dynamic process – the Swedish example, c. 1523–1680" 847: 1281: 644:'s patrons in Sweden. Sparre's patronage included part of the printing costs of his work, namely his history of the 101: 4072: 4062: 1345: 1226:

On 20 March 1597, Sparre and Erik Stenbock fled for Denmark before making their way to Poland, with Sten Banér and

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and earned him a reputation as the "father of Swedish constitutional law". Sparre's ideas were initially backed by

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A mutual distrust remained between Sparre and Charles, but Sparre was reinstated as Privy Councilor and appointed

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Banér, Sten Banér, and Erik Stenbock were removed from the Privy Council, dismissed from their offices, had their

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and inherited the throne of his father, making him king in both realms. In August, Sparre and his brother-in-law

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held a special place in society as the "keystone" of the legal system. Sparre's best-known work is his pamphlet

3718:(1906). "The Vasa in Sweden and Poland (1560–1630)". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). 2067:

marks an epoch. Its author may fairly be regarded as the first great constitutional lawyer in Swedish history."

1159: 950: 370:; 13 July 1550 – 20 March 1600) was a Swedish noble, statesman, diplomat, and political theorist who served as 306: 295: 273: 1340: 1272:

A commemorative plaque for the Linköping Bloodbath placed in 2000 by some of the descendants of those executed

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Prior to Sigismund's accession, the nobility and Protestant clergy of Sweden made certain demands, called the

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The election of Sigismund was fraught with issues, but Sparre and his allies saw a political union with the

703: 134: 3375: 1326: 3670: 1336: 1317: 1268: 1263: 1251: 1183: 571: 427: 3827: 1280:. While imprisoned, Sparre wrote a defense which was later published in Poland. In an undated letter to 1247: 1173: 1072: 1059: 563: 475:, Italy. During his time abroad, Sparre developed exceptionally strong language skills, particularly in 419: 1220: 1211:. Charles, on the other hand, was becoming increasingly popular and secured guarantees of authority as 851: 444: 326: 3894: 1321: 1232: 894:

though Sparre continued to be blamed for being willing to sacrifice Estonia for the rest of his life.

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For Charles's accusations, Sparre's professions of innocence, and Leijonhufvud's retreat, see:

1277: 828: 3831: 3808: 3776: 3741: 3674: 3586: 3556: 3457:"Sweden, Inc.: Temporal Sovereignty of the Realm and People from the Middle Ages to Modernity" 3392: 3360: 1150: 579: 2848:, p. 345: "Reduced to its essentials, the Oration is really a plea for the rule of law." 539:, which he rejected. On 11 February 1577, Sparre, Brahe the Elder, and two other nobles from 3992: 3930: 3761: 3751: 3715: 3701: 3525: 3494: 3469: 3421: 3384: 1380: 1111:, the Bible, and English history, among others in addressing what he had promulgated in his 1063: 970: 645: 503: 476: 3577: 1031:

Sigismund moved quickly to secure the throne; in February, he dispatched Sparre's brother,

395:('For the Law, the King, and the People') – remains highly-regarded as an early defense of 3581: 3356: 763: 641: 618: 484: 3724:. Vol. IV: The Thirty Years' War. New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 158–189. 3663:

Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

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demanded the baronial certificate and destroyed it, though a copy still survives in the

692:(right) likely supported Sparre's political work to check the ambitions of his brother, 4016: 3509: 1214: 1192: 888: 743: 727: 606: 396: 43: 4026: 4004: 3899: 3647: 1051: 1025: 915: 856: 751: 559: 555: 457:. His father was well-regarded, holding a strong reputation and friendship with King 386: 3345:

Muses and Patrons: Cultures of Natural Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century Scandinavia

3352: 732:, an extension of the rights and privileges of the king without the same claims to 566:, were present as guests for three days, while Catherine Stenbock – along with the 222: 125: 17: 3956: 3926: 3499: 3482: 1300: 211: 3857: 3846: 3770: 3719: 3651: 3629: 1827: 1825: 1024:

became a source of increasing distrust from Charles. When Sparre was late to the

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Sparre was a strong advocate for legislative primacy in Sweden, arguing that the

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Jezierski, Wojtek; Nauman, Sari; Lindkvist, Thomas; Tjällén, Biörn (Fall 2022).

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After the Battle of Stångebro, Sparre was taken into custody and imprisoned at

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Sigismund repeatedly intervened in defense of Sparre and his allies and even

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in the Swedish government and is largely remembered for his contributions to

3608: 1146: 1108: 544: 3706: 3689: 1047: 654:('The Chronical of Saxony and Near the Arctic World'), published in 1590. 575: 746:

and orthodox ideas of constitutional doctrine, comparable to the works of

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Slaktarebenck, or the Bloody Slaughters of Prince Charles of Södermanland

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were invited to develop a plan of governance in the event John's son

454: 450: 335: 3388: 471:('Erik Sparre, noble, Swede'). He likely furthered his education in 3456: 906:

as a way of getting aid to Sweden, which was then drawing close to

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Willem van den Blocke: Netherlandish sculptor in the Baltic Region

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on behalf of the king and the appointment of higher officials to

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Hallenberg, Mats; Holm, Johan; Johansson, Dan (September 2008).

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Slaktarebenck czyli krwawe jatki Księcia Karola Sudermańskiego

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suggests that there was probably some truth to John's claims.

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Weidling, Tor Ragnar; Opsahl, Erik, eds. (21 October 2020).

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Sigismund's attempt to secure the Swedish crown from Charles

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Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720

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For diplomatic mission to Mecklenburg and Pomerania, see:

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Different sources place the number as either 153 or 155.

1339:. His body was later exhumed and moved to the church in 510:) and had a special interest in the organization of the 2147: 1807: 1350:, where his wife Ebba was also buried after her death. 2653:

For the promise to remain faithful to Sigismund, see:

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Sparre married Ebbe Brahe in 1578 at a house owned by

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and a highly influential figure in the Swedish court.

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between Sparre and Charles followed; Sparre stood as

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of Västmanland, Bergslagen, and Dalarna. A period of

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royal elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

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Pryor, C. Scott; Hoshauer, Glenn M. (1 March 2005).

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Krawczuk, Wojciech (2017). Marcinek, Jadwiga (ed.).

1117:. The Oration itself was largely an appeal for the 586:to negotiate a marriage between the king's sister, 522:before later being dispatched to the courts of the 314: 251: 228: 218: 201: 170: 165: 151: 133: 114: 95: 81: 62: 34: 3733: 3455: 3407: 3257: 2810: 2538: 2466: 2419:, p. 317: "Ten days later the members of the 2328: 2289: 2168: 2141: 1780: 1776: 1758: 1738: 1635: 1613: 1581: 1439: 1066:of Sweden. Sigismund, a devout Catholic, refused. 1046:. Sigismund himself arrived in Danzig (modern-day 944:alliance – Sparre, Sten Banér, and 844:elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 816:In April and May 1587, Sparre, Hogenskild Bielke, 3320:For Sparre's ultimate fate in the Bloodbath, see 2642:For forgiveness issued on John's deathbed, see: 403:in order to check the ambitions of his brother, 48:A 1595 painting of Sparre, holding his treatise 3736:The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523–1611 3311: 3253: 3032: 2520: 2377: 2153: 2102: 1918: 1602: 1395:Swedish orthography § 1906 spelling reform 1123: 1463: 1246:After a protracted conflict, now known as the 3897:[Banér's Jewelry and the Bloodbath]. 3690:"Puritan Revolution and the Law of Contracts" 2420: 1813: 1388: 1311: 1305: 1212: 1132: 1098: 868: 862: 737: 598: 8: 1250:, Charles became the decisive winner at the 1769: 1206: 1112: 1078: 1070: 1019: 923: 886: 787: 779: 771: 725: 715: 707: 658: 649: 466: 453:and Britta Turesdotter of the noble family 390: 49: 4058:People executed for treason against Sweden 914:, Estonia) would cause the Russian leader 42: 31: 4083:People executed by Sweden by decapitation 3705: 3514:and Foreign Law in Sweden, ca. 1550–1615" 3498: 3288: 3269: 3191: 2869: 2804: 2048: 1756:For Sparre's patronage of Chytraeus, see: 1168:Preparations for war and defeat in Sweden 651:Chronicon Saxoniae et vicini orbis arctoi 438:Erik Larsson was born on 13 July 1550 to 3383:. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. 3284: 3280: 3261: 3246: 3226: 3206: 3199: 3175: 3160: 3133: 3096: 3084: 3076: 3044: 3038: 3020: 2993: 2957: 2920: 2914: 2899: 2798: 2771: 2732: 2708: 2684: 2677: 2654: 2627: 2615: 2598: 2586: 2526: 2508: 2481: 2346: 2322: 2298: 2283: 2243: 2216: 2192: 2042: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1954: 1945: 1907: 1876: 1858: 1846: 1801: 1762: 1726: 1711: 1692: 1680: 1665: 1653: 1609: 1566: 1554: 1539: 1512: 1475: 1451: 898:Conflict in Reval and charges of treason 882:lands conquered by the Swedes in Estonia 147:1575 or 1576 – 19 February 1590 3983: 3374:Hakanen, Marko; Koskinen, Ulla (2017). 3276: 3242: 3145: 3114: 3092: 3080: 3059: 3026: 3005: 2981: 2969: 2941: 2884: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2783: 2759: 2747: 2720: 2688: 2673: 2643: 2571: 2559: 2514: 2493: 2454: 2442: 2416: 2404: 2389: 2365: 2316: 2268: 2231: 2204: 2180: 2126: 2114: 2079: 2060: 2054: 2015: 1939: 1882: 1619:For Per's influence in the court, see: 1511:For his friendship with Gustav I, see: 1432: 1364: 562:in Stockholm. John and his first wife, 378:from 1593 until his execution in 1600. 27:Swedish noble and statesman (1550–1600) 4043:Members of the Privy Council of Sweden 3807:: Southern Illinois University Press. 3740:. London: Cambridge University Press. 2672:For the offer of reconciliation, see: 498:In 1575 or 1576, Sparre was appointed 3265: 2926: 2148:Hallenberg, Holm & Johansson 2008 2027: 1914: 1808:Hallenberg, Holm & Johansson 2008 1620: 1598: 1560: 1519: 1496: 7: 3772:The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772 3321: 3310:For the name of the executions, see 3292: 2819: 2647: 2532: 4068:People of the War against Sigismund 1153:. A short time later, Sparre named 625:, honored Sparre with the title of 463:University of Frankfurt an der Oder 3822:Skibiński, Franciszek Jan (2013). 3634:(in Swedish). Södertälje bokhandel 3607:Lind, Gunner E. (25 August 2021). 3342:Danneskiold-Samsøe, Jakob (2004). 3241:For professions of innocence, see 25: 4053:16th-century executions by Sweden 3275:For the manner of execution, see 3090:For intervention in Denmark, see: 2430:'. But of this there was no hope. 1608:For Per's relation to John, see: 374:from 1575 or 1576 until 1590 and 4048:16th-century Swedish politicians 4010: 3998: 3986: 1596:For Ebbe's relation to Per, see: 1219:in Sigismund's absence with the 679: 670: 578:and, the following year, he and 3797:Scott, Franklin Daniel (1977). 3487:Scandinavian Journal of History 3414:Scandinavian Journal of History 1121:. During it, Sparre commented: 877:when it was signed and sealed. 592:Duke Christopher of Mecklenburg 241: 3775:. Cambridge University Press. 3433:Janbrink, Bo Eriksson (2006). 3252:For the execution itself, see 1016:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 904:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 739:tillhörigheter och nyttigheter 483:, though he was conversant in 376:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 65:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 1: 3656:. New York: MacMillan and Co. 3500:10.1080/03468755.2023.2200805 3190:For charges of treason, see: 1333:wrapped before being interred 1182:A painting commemorating the 885:according to John – when the 468:Ericus Sparr, nobilis, Suecus 77:1593 – 20 March 1600 3903:(in Swedish). 20 August 2024 3895:"Banérsmycket och blodbadet" 3800:Sweden, The Nation's History 3721:The Cambridge Modern History 3661:Peterson, Gary Dean (2007). 3205:For all other charges, see: 518:in March 1575 regarding the 3439:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 3254:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 3033:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 2521:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 2378:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 2154:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 2103:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 1919:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 1603:Hakanen & Koskinen 2017 636:, and served as one of the 389:. His major written work – 4099: 3933:. 1889. pp. 1173–1174 3917:"Riksinsignier—Rikslikare" 3518:Association Clio et Themis 1464:Weidling & Opsahl 2020 1261: 1202:Sigismund's rule in Sweden 1171: 1149:to Charles's newborn son, 1010:Accession of Sigismund III 1001:to convince the locals in 491:, who was first cousin to 3769:Roberts, Michael (2003). 3694:Texas Wesleyan Law Review 3667:Jefferson, North Carolina 3631:Södertälje stads historia 3510:"On the Reception of the 3441:(in Swedish). Riksarkivet 3426:10.1080/03468750802150242 1814:Pryor & Hoshauer 2005 1768:For his patronage of the 1761:, p. 84, fn 197 and 1088:petitions of the nobility 597:In 1582, Sparre was made 383:parliamentary sovereignty 345: 161: 140: 70: 58: 41: 3963:. 1917. pp. 571–574 3530:10.35562/cliothemis.1787 3481:Katajala, Kimmo (2023). 3474:10.5406/21638195.94.3.04 1518:For his generalcy, see: 1320:. His body was taken to 980:Palmskiöldska Collection 786:– among others – in the 426:and beheaded during the 219:Cause of death 188:Öja parish, Södermanland 3856:Leffler, L. A. (1854). 3848:Pro lege, rege et grege 3671:McFarland & Company 3628:Nordström, Alf (1968). 3553:Jagiellonian University 3258:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 2169:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 2142:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 2065:Pro Lege, Rege et Grege 1777:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 1759:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 1614:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 1582:Danneskiold-Samsøe 2004 1440:Nordisk familjebok 1889 1114:Pro lege, rege et grege 1095:Oration of the Nobility 710:Pro lege, rege et grege 704:Privy Council of Sweden 660:Pro lege, rege et grege 392:Pro lege, rege et grege 51:Pro rege, lege et grege 3947:"Sparre, Erik Larsson" 3707:10.37419/TWLR.V11.I2.7 3508:Korpiola, Mia (2009). 2421: 1913:For "the 1580s", see: 1770: 1390:Erik Sparre af Rossvik 1389: 1385:Erik Sparre av Rossvik 1384: 1312: 1306: 1299:in the nearby town of 1273: 1213: 1207: 1198: 1133: 1128: 1113: 1099: 1071: 1020: 986:avoided arrest twice. 924: 887: 869: 863: 813: 797:were largely ignored. 788: 780: 772: 738: 726: 716: 708: 659: 650: 599: 572:Duchess of Mecklenburg 507: 467: 391: 368:Erik Sparre of Rossvik 214:, Östergötland, Sweden 50: 3879:Store Norske Leksikon 3875:"Erik Larsson Sparre" 3845:Sparre, Erik (1582). 3828:University of Utrecht 3551:(in Polish). Kraków: 3196:Jezierski et al. 2022 2428:VINCAT AFFECTUM RATIO 1904:Jezierski et al. 2022 1853:Jezierski et al. 2022 1832:Jezierski et al. 2022 1442:, pp. 1173–1174. 1271: 1248:War against Sigismund 1181: 1174:War against Sigismund 1060:Archbishop of Uppsala 925:VINCAT AFFECTUM RATIO 808: 564:Catherine Jagellonica 520:Swedish–Danish border 3961:Linköping University 3805:Carbondale, Illinois 3653:Scandinavian History 3462:Scandinavian Studies 3287:, pp. 173–174; 1816:, p. 303, fn 55 1331:house, where it was 1295:Charles organized a 936:was underway by the 774:Corpus Iuris Civilis 584:Duchy of Mecklenburg 524:Count of East Frisia 449:of the noble family 90:Charles IX of Sweden 4078:Swedish politicians 3866:] (in Swedish). 3268:, p. 145; and 3198:, p. 353; and 3083:, p. 377; and 2117:, pp. 314–315. 1337:Linköping Cathedral 1318:Linköping Bloodbath 1264:Linköping Bloodbath 1258:Trial and execution 1252:Battle of Stångebro 1184:Battle of Stångebro 1056:Abraham Angermannus 568:Margravine of Baden 489:Per Brahe the Elder 465:lists a student as 428:Linköping Bloodbath 352:Erik Larsson Sparre 334:Britta Turesdotter 18:Erik Larsson Sparre 3952:Nordisk familjebok 3922:Nordisk familjebok 3578:Lagerroth, Fredrik 3291:, p. 66; and 3256:, pp. 57–58; 3245:, p. 391 and 3148:, p. 382–383. 3095:, p. 377 and 2972:, p. 348–349. 2812:Nordisk familjebok 2786:, p. 338–340. 2676:, p. 327 and 2646:, p. 325 and 2540:Nordisk familjebok 2468:Nordisk familjebok 2445:, p. 317–318. 2392:, p. 315–316. 2330:Nordisk familjebok 2291:Nordisk familjebok 2207:, p. 301–302. 2183:, p. 304–305. 1987:, p. 285–286. 1917:, p. 148 and 1906:, p. 352 and 1782:Nordisk familjebok 1779:, p. 106 and 1740:Nordisk familjebok 1637:Nordisk familjebok 1601:, p. 148 and 1322:Peder Stiernfelt's 1282:Nils Gyllenstierna 1274: 1199: 1073:Postulata nobilium 932:as an invasion of 840:Sigismund III Vasa 814: 690:John III of Sweden 552:Catherine Stenbock 531:proposals for the 528:Holy Roman Emperor 493:John III of Sweden 416:Sigismund III Vasa 401:John III of Sweden 156:John III of Sweden 102:Nils Gyllenstierna 86:John III of Sweden 4073:Swedish diplomats 4063:Swedish courtiers 3782:978-0-521-52707-1 3747:978-0-521-06930-4 2807:, p. 6, fn 4 2691:, p. 327–328 2650:, p. 260–261 2319:, p. 313–314 1221:Arboga Resolution 1151:Gustavus Adolphus 992:Axel Leijonhufvud 908:a war with Russia 852:Statute of Kalmar 801:Mission to Poland 580:Hogenskild Bielke 512:National Archives 360:Erik Gyllensparre 349: 348: 16:(Redirected from 4090: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3931:Project Runeberg 3912: 3910: 3908: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3867: 3852: 3841: 3818: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3765: 3762:Internet Archive 3739: 3730:Roberts, Michael 3725: 3711: 3709: 3684: 3657: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3613:Den Store Danske 3603: 3601: 3599: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3550: 3533: 3504: 3502: 3477: 3459: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3411: 3402: 3382: 3370: 3350: 3328: 3305: 3299: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2939: 2933: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2695: 2667: 2661: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2311: 2305: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2063:, p. 304: " 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1961: 1931: 1925: 1895: 1889: 1871: 1865: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1796: 1790: 1773: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1715: 1709: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1627: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1526: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1349: 1330: 1315: 1309: 1290: 1236: 1218: 1210: 1196: 1163: 1136: 1116: 1103:) – which cited 1102: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1041: 1023: 1000: 971:Stockholm Castle 954: 927: 892: 872: 866: 860: 837: 826: 791: 785: 777: 741: 731: 719: 713: 683: 674: 662: 653: 646:Nordic countries 604: 582:traveled to the 470: 448: 394: 358:; also known as 330: 310: 299: 288: 277: 266: 245: 243: 208: 196: 184: 182: 166:Personal details 145: 129: 117: 110: 98: 75: 53: 46: 32: 21: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3821: 3815: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3758: 3748: 3728: 3716:Reddaway, W. F. 3714: 3687: 3681: 3660: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3536: 3507: 3480: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3432: 3405: 3399: 3389:10.21435/sfh.23 3380: 3373: 3367: 3357:Lund University 3348: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3313:Nordiska museet 3306: 3302: 3298: 3283:, p. 107; 3279:, p. 426; 3264:, p. 286; 3260:, p. 278; 3237: 3233: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3091: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195:, p. 9–10. 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1775: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1718: 1710: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1645: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1408:Michael Roberts 1405: 1401: 1387:; historically 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1343: 1324: 1313:riksförståndare 1284: 1278:Nyköping Castle 1266: 1260: 1230: 1215:riksförestådare 1190: 1188:Gotthard Werner 1176: 1170: 1164:after Charles. 1157: 1155:his newborn son 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1035: 1012: 994: 948: 900: 864:Kalmare stadgar 854: 831: 820: 803: 764:Catholic Church 700: 699: 698: 697: 686: 685: 684: 676: 675: 664: 642:David Chytraeus 500:Privy Councilor 442: 436: 372:Privy Councilor 341: 324: 304: 300: 293: 289: 282: 278: 271: 267: 260: 256: 247: 244: 1578) 239: 235: 210: 206: 190: 186: 180: 178: 177: 176: 146: 141: 135:Privy Councilor 123: 115: 104: 96: 88: 76: 71: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3974: 3973: 3955:(in Swedish). 3943: 3913: 3891: 3881:(in Norwegian) 3870: 3869: 3868: 3842: 3836: 3826:(PhD thesis). 3819: 3813: 3794: 3781: 3766: 3756: 3746: 3726: 3712: 3700:(2): 291–360. 3685: 3679: 3658: 3644: 3625: 3604: 3590:(in Swedish). 3574: 3561: 3534: 3505: 3493:(3): 273–298. 3478: 3468:(3): 352–381. 3451: 3430: 3420:(3): 247–268. 3403: 3397: 3371: 3365: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295:, p. 268. 3289:Skibiński 2013 3273: 3270:Skibiński 2013 3250: 3238: 3231: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3194:, p. 66; 3192:Skibiński 2013 3187: 3180: 3178:, p. 107. 3165: 3163:, p. 173. 3150: 3138: 3119: 3117:, p. 377. 3104: 3101: 3100: 3088: 3071: 3064: 3062:, p. 375. 3052: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3008:, p. 370. 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 368. 2974: 2962: 2960:, p. 102. 2950: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2889: 2887:, p. 343. 2874: 2870:Lagerroth 1936 2862: 2860:, p. 348. 2850: 2838: 2836:, p. 345. 2826: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2808: 2805:Lagerroth 1936 2802: 2795: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2762:, p. 339. 2752: 2750:, p. 338. 2737: 2725: 2723:, p. 328. 2713: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2639: 2632: 2620: 2603: 2591: 2576: 2574:, p. 324. 2564: 2562:, p. 320. 2549: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2496:, p. 319. 2486: 2474: 2472:, p. 572. 2459: 2457:, p. 318. 2447: 2432: 2409: 2407:, p. 316. 2394: 2382: 2370: 2368:, p. 315. 2351: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2271:, p. 270. 2248: 2236: 2234:, p. 313. 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2171:, p. 119. 2161: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2129:, p. 300. 2119: 2107: 2084: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2049:Nordström 1968 2046: 2039: 2032: 2030:, p. 239. 2020: 2018:, p. 304. 2001: 1999:, p. 286. 1989: 1977: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951:For 1587, see: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1936:For 1586, see: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1901: 1900:For 1585, see: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1834:, p. 352. 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1766: 1753: 1746: 1744:, p. 573. 1731: 1716: 1697: 1685: 1670: 1658: 1643: 1641:, p. 571. 1628: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1606: 1593: 1586: 1584:, p. 106. 1574: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1508: 1501: 1499:, p. 148. 1480: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1399: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1262:Main article: 1259: 1256: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1131:reinstated as 1100:adelns oration 1011: 1008: 966:Anne of Poland 899: 896: 889:pacta conventa 870:Kalmar stadgar 809:An etching of 802: 799: 744:contractualism 728:dominium utile 688: 687: 678: 677: 669: 668: 667: 666: 665: 663: 656: 440:Lars Siggesson 435: 432: 397:contractualism 347: 346: 343: 342: 340: 339: 332: 322:Lars Siggesson 318: 316: 312: 311: 255:12, including: 253: 249: 248: 237: 233: 232: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 209:(aged 49) 203: 199: 198: 174: 172: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 138: 137: 131: 130: 118: 112: 111: 99: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 68: 67: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4095: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3980: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3902: 3901: 3900:Nordic Museum 3896: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851:(in Swedish). 3850: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3837:9782503584898 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3680:9780786428731 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3614: 3610: 3609:"Erik Sparre" 3605: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3562:9788365080622 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3440: 3436: 3435:"Erik Sparre" 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3398:9789522228826 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Reddaway 1906 3282: 3281:Peterson 2007 3278: 3274: 3272:, p. 66. 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262:Katajala 2023 3259: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247:Krawczuk 2017 3244: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3227:Janbrink 2006 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209:, p. 107 3208: 3207:Peterson 2007 3204: 3201: 3200:Janbrink 2006 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176:Peterson 2007 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161:Reddaway 1906 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3134:Janbrink 2006 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3099:, p. 105 3098: 3097:Peterson 2007 3094: 3089: 3087:, p. 105 3086: 3085:Peterson 2007 3082: 3078: 3077:Janbrink 2006 3073: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3047:, p. 104 3046: 3045:Peterson 2007 3043: 3040: 3039:Krawczuk 2017 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029:, p. 370 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021:Janbrink 2006 3019: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994:Janbrink 2006 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958:Peterson 2007 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2929:, p. 148 2928: 2925: 2923:, p. 117 2922: 2921:Peterson 2007 2919: 2916: 2915:Janbrink 2006 2913: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900:Janbrink 2006 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2816:, p. 573 2815: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2799:Janbrink 2006 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772:Janbrink 2006 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735:, p. 99. 2734: 2733:Peterson 2007 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709:Janbrink 2006 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2685:Janbrink 2006 2682: 2679: 2678:Peterson 2007 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2656: 2655:Janbrink 2006 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628:Janbrink 2006 2624: 2621: 2617: 2616:Janbrink 2006 2612: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Janbrink 2006 2595: 2592: 2588: 2587:Janbrink 2006 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2544:, p. 572 2543: 2541: 2537: 2535:, p. 260 2534: 2531: 2529:, p. 169 2528: 2527:Reddaway 1906 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517:, p. 319 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509:Janbrink 2006 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482:Janbrink 2006 2478: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2380:, p. 56. 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Janbrink 2006 2343: 2340: 2334:, p. 572 2333: 2331: 2327: 2325:, p. 168 2324: 2323:Reddaway 1906 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2301:, p. 168 2300: 2299:Reddaway 1906 2297: 2295:, p. 572 2294: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284:Janbrink 2006 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:Janbrink 2006 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Janbrink 2006 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193:Korpiola 2009 2189: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2150:, p. 254 2149: 2146: 2144:, p. 153 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2105:, p. 57. 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051:, p. 328 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043:Peterson 2007 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Katajala 2023 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985:Katajala 2023 1981: 1978: 1975:, p. 85. 1974: 1973:Peterson 2007 1969: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1955:Korpiola 2009 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946:Peterson 2007 1944: 1942:, p. 304 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910:, p. 286 1909: 1908:Katajala 2023 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1885:, p. 304 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877:Janbrink 2006 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1859:Peterson 2007 1857: 1855:, p. 352 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847:Janbrink 2006 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1810:, p. 254 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802:Janbrink 2006 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1786:, p. 573 1785: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1763:Janbrink 2006 1760: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727:Janbrink 2006 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:Janbrink 2006 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:Janbrink 2006 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681:Janbrink 2006 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Janbrink 2006 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654:Janbrink 2006 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623:, p. 148 1622: 1618: 1616:, p. 106 1615: 1611: 1610:Janbrink 2006 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1568: 1567:Korpiola 2009 1565: 1563:, p. 148 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555:Janbrink 2006 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540:Janbrink 2006 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1522:, p. 148 1521: 1517: 1514: 1513:Janbrink 2006 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:Janbrink 2006 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452:Janbrink 2006 1448: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1293: 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Retrieved 3438: 3417: 3413: 3376: 3353:Lund, Sweden 3344: 3312: 3303: 3277:Roberts 1968 3249:, p. 41 3243:Roberts 1968 3234: 3183: 3146:Roberts 1968 3141: 3115:Roberts 1968 3093:Roberts 1968 3081:Roberts 1968 3067: 3060:Roberts 1968 3055: 3041:, p. 31 3035:, p. 57 3027:Roberts 1968 3013: 3006:Roberts 1968 3001: 2989: 2982:Roberts 1968 2977: 2970:Roberts 1968 2965: 2953: 2948:privileges " 2945: 2942:Roberts 1968 2937: 2907: 2885:Roberts 1968 2872:, p. 6. 2865: 2858:Roberts 1968 2853: 2846:Roberts 1968 2841: 2834:Roberts 1968 2829: 2811: 2791: 2784:Roberts 1968 2779: 2767: 2760:Roberts 1968 2755: 2748:Roberts 1968 2728: 2721:Roberts 1968 2716: 2689:Roberts 1968 2680:, p. 99 2674:Roberts 1968 2665: 2644:Roberts 1968 2635: 2623: 2594: 2572:Roberts 1968 2567: 2560:Roberts 1968 2539: 2523:, p. 56 2515:Roberts 1968 2501: 2494:Roberts 1968 2489: 2477: 2467: 2462: 2455:Roberts 1968 2450: 2443:Roberts 1968 2417:Roberts 1968 2412: 2405:Roberts 1968 2390:Roberts 1968 2385: 2373: 2366:Roberts 1968 2342: 2329: 2317:Roberts 1968 2309: 2290: 2276: 2269:Roberts 1968 2239: 2232:Roberts 1968 2212: 2205:Roberts 1968 2200: 2188: 2181:Roberts 1968 2176: 2164: 2156:, p. 55 2134: 2127:Roberts 1968 2122: 2115:Roberts 1968 2110: 2082:, p. i. 2080:Leffler 1854 2075: 2064: 2061:Roberts 1968 2057:, p. 64 2055:Roberts 2003 2045:, p. 85 2035: 2023: 2016:Roberts 1968 1992: 1980: 1948:, p. 85 1940:Roberts 1968 1929: 1921:, p. 55 1893: 1883:Roberts 1968 1869: 1861:, p. 85 1839: 1794: 1781: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1688: 1661: 1636: 1631: 1605:, p. 55 1589: 1577: 1547: 1504: 1471: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1415: 1402: 1376: 1367: 1294: 1275: 1245: 1240:Christian IV 1225: 1200: 1129: 1124: 1068: 1052:Klas Fleming 1030: 1013: 988: 984: 963: 942: 920: 901: 879: 815: 768: 756: 722: 701: 631: 623:Andrew Keith 596: 549: 537:Duke Charles 497: 437: 413: 405:Duke Charles 380: 367: 363: 359: 356:Erik Larsson 355: 351: 350: 207:(1600-03-20) 185:13 July 1550 175:Erik Larsson 142: 116:Succeeded by 72: 29: 4038:1600 deaths 4033:1550 births 3648:Otté, E. C. 3512:Jus Commune 1957:, p. 9 1569:, p. 9 1454:, §Meriter. 1344: [ 1325: [ 1307:ståthallåre 1285: [ 1231: [ 1228:Jöran Posse 1191: [ 1158: [ 1134:ståthållare 1119:rule of law 1036: [ 995: [ 949: [ 946:Ture Bielke 855: [ 832: [ 821: [ 782:Liber Extra 734:sovereignty 634:Tycho Brahe 607:Västmanland 601:ståthållare 443: [ 387:Swedish law 364:Eric Sparre 325: [ 305: [ 294: [ 283: [ 272: [ 261: [ 191: [ 124: [ 105: [ 97:Preceded by 36:Erik Sparre 4027:Categories 3959:, Sweden: 3929:, Sweden: 3814:0809315130 3366:9197415391 3266:Scott 1977 2927:Scott 1977 2687:, ¶26 and 2028:Scott 1977 1915:Scott 1977 1621:Scott 1977 1599:Scott 1977 1561:Scott 1977 1520:Scott 1977 1497:Scott 1977 1406:Historian 1354:References 1297:show trial 1139:lawspeaker 848:Erik Brahe 829:Sten Banér 759:absolutist 748:Jean Bodin 640:historian 611:Bergslagen 434:Early life 424:show trial 234:Ebbe Brahe 181:1550-07-13 3993:Biography 3957:Linköping 3927:Linköping 3757:521069300 3594:(1): 1–63 3322:Lind 2021 3293:Otté 1894 2820:Lind 2021 2648:Otté 1894 2533:Otté 1894 1771:Chronicon 1612:, ¶3 and 1427:Citations 1301:Linköping 1208:Postulata 1147:godfather 1109:Salic law 588:Elizabeth 545:Stockholm 223:Beheading 212:Linköping 143:In office 73:In office 3967:16 April 3864:Foreword 3732:(1968). 3650:(1894). 3619:14 April 3615:. lex.dk 3598:14 April 3580:(1936). 3568:19 April 1021:Pro lege 789:Pro lege 778:and the 717:Pro lege 619:Scotsman 570:and the 526:and the 459:Gustav I 338:(mother) 331:(father) 252:Children 197:, Sweden 82:Monarchs 63:3rd 4017:History 3979:Portals 3937:4 April 3885:4 April 3587:Scandia 3445:1 April 3335:Sources 3079:, ¶33; 1381:Swedish 1335:at the 1143:détente 1082: 1064:Primate 1044:Finland 975:heretic 938:Tartars 934:Podolia 912:Tallinn 794:Riksdag 696:(left). 694:Charles 638:Rostock 615:Dalarna 543:met in 541:Uppland 533:liturgy 508:Riksråd 504:Swedish 477:Italian 315:Parents 246: 238: 152:Monarch 4005:Sweden 3859:Förord 3834: 3811: 3788:13 May 3779: 3754: 3744: 3677: 3638:13 May 3559: 3547:] 3395: 3363: 3229:, ¶36. 3136:, ¶35. 2996:, ¶32. 2946:former 2902:, ¶29. 2774:, ¶28. 2711:, ¶27. 2630:, ¶25. 2618:, ¶24. 2601:, ¶23. 2589:, ¶22. 2484:, ¶21. 2349:, ¶15. 2246:, ¶14. 2219:, ¶13. 1774:, see: 1729:, ¶37. 1197:, 1889 1105:Hesiod 1048:Gdańsk 930:Warsaw 875:Kalmar 827:, and 621:named 613:, and 590:, and 576:Knäred 554:, the 485:French 455:Trolle 451:Sparre 354:(born 336:Trolle 229:Spouse 3862:[ 3549:(PDF) 3543:[ 3524:(2). 3381:(PDF) 3349:(PDF) 3202:, ¶36 3023:, ¶32 2917:, ¶29 2801:, ¶28 2657:, ¶26 2511:, ¶22 2286:, ¶13 1879:, ¶11 1849:, ¶11 1804:, ¶11 1765:, ¶37 1714:, ¶8. 1695:, ¶6. 1683:, ¶5. 1668:, ¶4. 1656:, ¶3. 1542:, ¶2. 1478:, ¶1. 1393:(see 1359:Notes 1348:] 1329:] 1289:] 1235:] 1195:] 1162:] 1058:, as 1040:] 1033:Johan 999:] 958:fiefs 953:] 859:] 842:were 836:] 825:] 627:baron 558:, on 516:Danes 481:Latin 473:Padua 447:] 409:Reval 366:, or 329:] 309:] 298:] 287:] 280:Peder 276:] 265:] 258:Johan 240:( 236: 195:] 128:] 109:] 3969:2024 3939:2024 3909:2024 3887:2024 3832:ISBN 3809:ISBN 3790:2024 3777:ISBN 3742:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3640:2024 3621:2024 3600:2024 3570:2024 3557:ISBN 3447:2024 3393:ISBN 3361:ISBN 3315:2024 2814:1917 2542:1917 2470:1917 2332:1917 2293:1917 1784:1917 1742:1917 1639:1917 1557:, ¶2 1515:, ¶1 1137:and 1079:lit. 750:and 479:and 302:Carl 291:Ture 269:Lars 202:Died 171:Born 3752:SBN 3702:doi 3526:doi 3495:doi 3470:doi 3422:doi 3385:doi 2422:råd 1341:Öja 1186:by 867:or 605:of 4029:: 3949:. 3925:. 3919:. 3877:. 3830:. 3803:. 3750:. 3698:11 3696:. 3692:. 3673:. 3669:: 3665:. 3611:. 3555:. 3520:. 3516:. 3491:48 3489:. 3485:. 3466:94 3464:. 3460:. 3437:. 3418:33 3416:. 3412:. 3391:. 3359:. 3355:: 3351:. 3217:^ 3168:^ 3153:^ 3122:^ 3107:^ 2892:^ 2877:^ 2740:^ 2699:^ 2606:^ 2579:^ 2552:^ 2435:^ 2397:^ 2354:^ 2251:^ 2224:^ 2087:^ 2004:^ 1965:^ 1824:^ 1719:^ 1700:^ 1673:^ 1646:^ 1530:^ 1483:^ 1383:: 1346:sv 1327:sv 1287:sv 1233:sv 1193:sv 1160:sv 1107:, 1038:sv 997:sv 982:. 951:sv 857:sv 834:sv 823:sv 766:. 648:, 609:, 594:. 506:: 445:sv 430:. 411:. 362:, 327:sv 307:sv 296:sv 285:sv 274:sv 263:sv 242:m. 193:sv 126:sv 107:sv 3981:: 3971:. 3941:. 3911:. 3889:. 3840:. 3817:. 3792:. 3764:. 3710:. 3704:: 3683:. 3642:. 3623:. 3602:. 3592:9 3572:. 3532:. 3528:: 3522:2 3503:. 3497:: 3476:. 3472:: 3449:. 3428:. 3424:: 3401:. 3387:: 3369:. 3324:. 3317:. 2426:' 1466:. 1397:) 1097:( 1091:' 1085:' 1077:( 861:( 502:( 183:) 179:( 20:)

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