77:
58:
146:
The rash has a variable appearance, ranging from a few blotchy red spots to many yellow-white bumps and boils. The classic presentation is 1–3 mm, firm, yellow-white bumps with a surrounding red halo. The rash is often described as "flea-bitten." There may be only a few or many lesions, and they
109:
or pus-filled boils. There may be only a few or many lesions. The lesions can appear almost anywhere on the body, and individual lesions may appear and disappear within hours. There are no other symptoms associated with erythema toxicum neonatorum, and the rash does not have any long-term effects on
147:
may be clustered or widespread. The rash often appears on the cheeks first and may later spread throughout the face, trunk, arms, and legs. Lesions most often appear on the thighs, buttocks, and trunk. The palms and soles are not affected, likely because the skin in these areas does not have
222:
Health professionals can diagnose erythema toxicum neonatorum with a skin exam. Most cases of erythema toxicum neonatorum can be diagnosed without further testing. If more testing is needed to make a diagnosis, the contents of a lesion can be examined under a
292:
The rash of erythema toxicum neonatorum has been described by doctors for centuries. Ancient
Mesopotamians believed that it represented a cleansing mechanism against the mother's blood. Later physicians believed that it was caused by the skin's response to
227:. A health professional may make a small cut into a pus-filled lesion and collect a swab of pus for testing. Lesions caused by erythema toxicum neonatorum contain eosinophils and other immune cells. These cells can be seen under a microscope when a special
259:
may also cause a similar rash in newborns, but it usually causes additional symptoms like thrush. Similarly, fungus can be seen under a microscope or found on a culture. Some viral infections may cause a rash with boils on a reddish base. Rashes caused by
2520:
933:
918:
122:
of erythema toxicum neonatorum is unknown, and studies estimate prevalence as low as 3.7 percent to as high as 72 percent. It is one of the most commonly diagnosed rashes in healthy babies. It is more common among infants born at higher
234:
Since the appearance of erythema toxicum neonatorum varies, it may be confused with other newborn rashes. Some newborn infections cause bumps or boils, which may look like erythema toxicum neonatorum. Bacterial infections, including
1029:
2513:
2506:
1022:
1015:
247:, and they are usually not limited to rash. Bacterial rashes can be diagnosed by testing pus from a lesion along with a blood sample. Bacteria can be seen under a microscope with a special
196:
in erythema toxicum neonatorum lesions. Immune cells tend to cluster around hair follicles in particular. The leading hypothesis about the cause of erythema toxicum neonatorum is that
97:. It appears in 4-70% of newborns within the first week of life, and it typically improves within 1–2 weeks. It only occurs during the newborn period, but may appear slightly later in
718:
200:
activate the immune system when they enter hair follicles for the first time. This is part of a normal process in which bacteria from the environment start to grow on a baby's
284:
Erythema toxicum neonatorum resolves without treatment, typically within one or two weeks. There are no associated systemic symptoms or long-term consequences of the rash.
301:. Although Leiner's hypothesis was incorrect and the rash is not actually caused by toxins, the medical community continues to call the rash erythema toxicum neonatorum.
135:
is an additional risk factor. There may be a slightly increased risk in males, but this association is unclear. There are no known associations with race or ethnicity.
2110:
154:
Individual lesions may grow and shrink over hours or days. They usually fade within a week or two. The rash may recur within the next few weeks, but this is rare.
143:
Erythema toxicum neonatorum usually appears during the first week of life, most often on day two. It may develop several days or weeks later in premature babies.
1522:
2894:
2909:
2899:
204:. It is unknown whether the immune response that causes erythema toxicum neonatorum is helpful to the baby. Recent research indicates an association with
3206:
2401:
2275:
353:
Kutlubay, Zekayi; Tanakol, Ali; Engýn, Burhan; Onel, Cristina; Sýmsek, Ersin; Serdaroglu, Server; Tuzun, Yalçýn; Yilmaz, Erkan; Eren, Bülent (2017).
2889:
1829:
415:
332:
2792:
2103:
2305:
2797:
1611:
2575:
1512:
3118:
3093:
2884:
2212:
2189:
1621:
297:. The name erythema toxicum neonatorum was first used by Dr. Karl Leiner in 1912 because he believed that the rash was caused by
3185:
3135:
2703:
2096:
2184:
1580:
1206:
2877:
2458:
2419:
2310:
1773:
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1301:
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1316:
3113:
3036:
2854:
2802:
2150:
1940:
1695:
1386:
124:
3103:
2945:
2439:
1221:
1176:
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403:
2950:
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2831:
2384:
2245:
2043:
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1965:
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1808:
1454:
1391:
1286:
442:
Schoch, Jennifer J.; Monir, Reesa L.; Satcher, Kerrie G.; Harris, Jessica; Triplett, Eric; Neu, Josef (2019).
3142:
3108:
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2623:
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2177:
2073:
1768:
1487:
1459:
1089:
252:
3023:
2841:
2750:
2733:
2048:
1960:
1276:
265:
2957:
2665:
2333:
2250:
2194:
1950:
1877:
1565:
1099:
1079:
712:
236:
853:
Douglas, Annyella; Zaenglein, Andrea L. (September 2019). "A case series of demodicosis in children".
127:
and is rare among premature infants. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is more likely to develop in infants
3211:
2995:
2985:
2787:
2743:
2478:
2328:
2285:
2280:
2235:
1296:
1094:
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261:
1007:
76:
3180:
3163:
3013:
2869:
2779:
2424:
2356:
2300:
2255:
2018:
1955:
1930:
1904:
1758:
1736:
1331:
1291:
1211:
1201:
937:
3098:
3054:
3031:
2921:
2698:
2295:
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2240:
2160:
1867:
1731:
1616:
1575:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1266:
878:
479:
175:
887:
Papulopustular lesions predominate, prompting the advice 'pustules on noses, think demodicosis!'
276:
can be seen under a microscope. Some of these tests may be ordered if the diagnosis is unclear.
268:
in particular may be confused with erythema toxicum neonatorum. These viruses are diagnosed by
57:
2931:
2849:
2819:
2760:
2738:
2555:
2411:
2134:
1925:
1631:
1507:
1502:
1381:
1355:
1281:
1271:
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981:
952:
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776:
758:
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682:
638:
630:
590:
582:
531:
471:
463:
411:
402:
James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020).
384:
366:
328:
228:
65:
3173:
3000:
2660:
2601:
2565:
2429:
2395:
2023:
1872:
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1726:
1596:
1371:
1306:
862:
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807:
766:
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690:
672:
455:
374:
256:
128:
3130:
2916:
2808:
2728:
2473:
2217:
2130:
2008:
1935:
1606:
1321:
1166:
1104:
794:
Hänel, Kai H.; Cornelissen, Christian; Lüscher, Bernhard; Baron, Jens Malte (2013-03-26).
617:
Morgan, Aaron J.; Steen, Christopher J.; Schwartz, Robert A.; Janniger, Camila K. (2009).
244:
110:
the skin. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is not harmful and does not require any treatment.
2755:
2613:
2207:
2172:
2068:
2058:
1975:
1517:
1345:
830:
795:
771:
738:
695:
660:
379:
354:
946:
942:
3200:
2694:
2534:
2361:
2053:
2028:
1983:
1945:
1813:
1680:
1540:
1492:
1424:
1396:
882:
483:
240:
179:
163:
148:
98:
2814:
2655:
2468:
2390:
1998:
1570:
1550:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1191:
992:
186:. These molecules cause redness and swelling in the skin and attract immune cells.
132:
754:
3158:
3060:
2926:
2628:
2033:
1858:
1560:
1226:
976:
298:
269:
211:
17:
523:
3168:
3125:
3066:
2904:
2320:
1993:
1834:
1711:
1429:
1401:
1171:
995:
957:
927:
273:
248:
224:
201:
189:
119:
70:
821:
762:
686:
677:
634:
586:
467:
370:
3071:
2530:
2125:
2038:
1988:
1752:
1339:
1311:
1216:
1051:
987:
737:
Reginatto, Flávia
Pereira; Villa, Damie De; Cestari, Tania Ferreira (2016).
193:
874:
839:
780:
704:
642:
618:
594:
570:
535:
475:
443:
388:
243:
infections, almost always cause additional symptoms. These symptoms may be
2864:
2450:
2347:
2088:
2063:
1685:
1665:
1601:
1555:
1497:
1434:
1376:
1196:
1145:
1074:
812:
294:
197:
167:
102:
94:
910:
2587:
1862:
1716:
1626:
1545:
1532:
1482:
1411:
1135:
1130:
1125:
206:
183:
866:
459:
2591:
1474:
1419:
1186:
1181:
1155:
1064:
922:
170:
have been detected in erythema toxicum neonatorum lesions, including
106:
2975:
2722:
1140:
569:
O'Connor, Nina R.; McLaughlin, Maura R.; Ham, Peter (2008-01-01).
101:
babies. The rash has a variable appearance. It typically includes
323:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1721:
1240:
1059:
171:
90:
2502:
2092:
1011:
162:
Erythema toxicum neonatorum is related to activation of the
522:
Roques, Euripides; Ward, Rebecca; Mendez, Magda D. (2020),
900:
3151:
3086:
3045:
3022:
2994:
2966:
2863:
2840:
2778:
2771:
2712:
2678:
2642:
2610:
2584:
2552:
2541:
2448:
2410:
2355:
2346:
2319:
2268:
2159:
2143:
2124:
2007:
1974:
1918:
1903:
1894:
1851:
1822:
1801:
1792:
1745:
1704:
1673:
1662:
1655:
1644:
1589:
1531:
1473:
1410:
1330:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1154:
1118:
1050:
1043:
967:
904:
408:
64:
37:
32:
739:"Benign skin disease with pustules in the newborn"
1038:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
717:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
530:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
444:"The infantile cutaneous microbiome: A review"
2514:
2104:
1523:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1023:
410:(13th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 140–141.
8:
1177:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
800:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
661:"Neonatal Pustular Dermatosis: An Overview"
2775:
2549:
2521:
2507:
2499:
2402:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
2352:
2165:
2140:
2111:
2097:
2089:
1900:
1798:
1670:
1659:
1652:
1256:
1245:
1047:
1030:
1016:
1008:
901:
318:
316:
314:
105:, often with overlying firm, yellow-white
75:
56:
29:
2276:Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
829:
811:
770:
694:
676:
378:
192:and other immune cells are found in the
619:"Erythema toxicum neonatorum revisited"
310:
166:, but its exact cause is unknown. Many
1830:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
710:
2329:Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia
571:"Newborn skin: Part I. Common rashes"
517:
515:
513:
7:
2793:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
732:
730:
728:
654:
652:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
355:"Newborn Skin: Common Skin Problems"
348:
346:
344:
218:Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
2306:Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
2798:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
1612:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
25:
3207:Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions
2576:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1513:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
743:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
3094:Vertically transmitted infection
2213:Localized heat contact urticaria
2190:Secondary cold contact urticaria
1622:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
796:"Cytokines and the skin barrier"
3186:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3136:Group B streptococcal infection
2704:Intrauterine growth restriction
1632:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
2529:Conditions originating in the
2185:Primary cold contact urticaria
1873:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
1581:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
1207:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1:
2878:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2459:Necrolytic migratory erythema
2420:Erythema annulare centrifugum
2311:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
1465:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1302:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
755:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164285
665:Indian Journal of Dermatology
89:is a common, non-threatening
50:Toxic erythema of the newborn
3037:Periventricular leukomalacia
2855:Persistent fetal circulation
2803:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2151:Urticarial allergic eruption
1941:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1696:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1387:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2946:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2440:Annular erythema of infancy
1222:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
404:"7. Erythema and urticaria"
87:Erythema toxicum neonatorum
33:Erythema toxicum neonatorum
3228:
2951:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
2941:Velamentous cord insertion
2832:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2385:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
2246:Delayed pressure urticaria
2044:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
274:Multinucleated giant cells
231:is applied to the sample.
2981:Necrotizing enterocolitis
2690:Large for gestational age
2686:Small for gestational age
2484:Necrolytic acral erythema
2375:Erythema multiforme major
2370:Erythema multiforme minor
2226:
2203:
2168:
575:American Family Physician
325:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
55:
2380:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
2231:Dermatographic urticaria
1809:Thrombocytopenic purpura
1455:Dermatitis herpetiformis
1440:Acute contact dermatitis
1392:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
1317:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1287:Lichen simplex chronicus
1167:Epidermal inclusion cyst
678:10.4103/0019-5154.152558
255:. Fungal infection with
3143:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2634:Single umbilical artery
2624:Umbilical cord prolapse
2571:Placental insufficiency
2544:complicating pregnancy,
2435:Erythema gyratum repens
2074:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2069:Systemic histoplasmosis
1460:Porphyria cutanea tarda
1090:Squamous-cell carcinoma
681:(inactive 2024-09-12).
659:Ghosh, Sangita (2015).
194:upper layer of the skin
3119:ureaplasma urealyticum
2827:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2751:Brachial plexus injury
2119:Urticaria and erythema
2049:Cicatricial pemphigoid
1966:Acne keloidalis nuchae
1961:Folliculitis decalvans
272:the base of a lesion.
266:varicella zoster virus
3067:Congenital hypertonia
2958:Anemia of prematurity
2666:Shoulder presentation
2334:Hereditary angioedema
2251:Cholinergic urticaria
2195:Reflex cold urticaria
1951:Loose anagen syndrome
1878:Necrobiosis lipoidica
1814:Actinic/solar purpura
1488:Insect bite reactions
1277:Seborrheic dermatitis
1100:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1080:Molluscum contagiosum
855:Pediatric Dermatology
448:Pediatric Dermatology
251:or may be found on a
3072:Congenital hypotonia
2986:Meconium peritonitis
2788:Intrauterine hypoxia
2744:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2479:Generalized erythema
2286:Autoimmune urticaria
2281:Adrenergic urticaria
2236:Vibratory angioedema
1774:Annulare centrifugum
1297:Glucagonoma syndrome
1095:Basal-cell carcinoma
1070:Seborrheic keratosis
813:10.3390/ijms14046720
327:. St. Louis: Mosby.
262:herpes simplex virus
168:inflammatory factors
46:Urticaria neonatorum
3181:Neonatal withdrawal
3164:Perinatal mortality
3014:Sclerema neonatorum
2870:hematologic disease
2425:Erythema marginatum
2357:Erythema multiforme
2301:Schnitzler syndrome
2256:Aquagenic urticaria
2019:Aphthous stomatitis
1956:Lichen planopilaris
1931:Androgenic alopecia
1737:Fixed drug eruption
1312:Pemphigus foliaceus
1212:Granular cell tumor
210:mites infestation (
129:delivered vaginally
3114:mycoplasma hominis
3099:Neonatal infection
3055:Gray baby syndrome
3032:Perinatal asphyxia
2922:Hyperbilirubinemia
2699:Postterm pregnancy
2546:labour or delivery
2296:Galvanic urticaria
2291:Exercise urticaria
2241:Pressure urticaria
2161:Physical urticaria
2144:Allergic urticaria
2039:Pemphigus vulgaris
1868:Granuloma annulare
1732:Carcinoid syndrome
1617:Tuberous sclerosis
1576:Coccidioidomycosis
1450:Bullous pemphigoid
1445:Pemphigus vulgaris
1377:Secondary syphilis
1267:Contact dermatitis
968:External resources
524:"Erythema Toxicum"
3194:
3193:
3082:
3081:
2932:Neonatal jaundice
2850:Pneumopericardium
2820:Pneumomediastinum
2761:Klumpke paralysis
2739:Caput succedaneum
2674:
2673:
2542:Maternal factors
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2412:Figurate erythema
2342:
2341:
2264:
2263:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
1926:Telogen effluvium
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1788:
1787:
1640:
1639:
1508:Lichen spinulosus
1503:Keratosis pilaris
1382:Mycosis fungoides
1282:Stasis dermatitis
1272:Atopic dermatitis
1235:
1234:
1110:Trichoepithelioma
1085:Actinic keratosis
1005:
1004:
867:10.1111/pde.13852
460:10.1111/pde.13870
417:978-0-323-54753-6
334:978-1-4160-2999-1
103:blotchy red spots
84:
83:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3219:
3174:Infant mortality
3009:Erythema toxicum
3001:thermoregulation
2968:Gastrointestinal
2776:
2772:Affected systems
2649:
2617:
2602:Chorioamnionitis
2595:
2566:Placenta praevia
2559:
2550:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2464:Erythema toxicum
2430:Erythema migrans
2396:Erythema nodosum
2353:
2166:
2141:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2024:Oral candidiasis
1901:
1799:
1727:Erythema nodosum
1671:
1660:
1653:
1597:Tinea versicolor
1435:Bullous impetigo
1372:Pityriasis rosea
1307:Lichen sclerosus
1292:Darier's disease
1257:
1246:
1202:Kaposi's sarcoma
1048:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1009:
902:
890:
889:
850:
844:
843:
833:
815:
806:(4): 6720–6745.
791:
785:
784:
774:
734:
723:
722:
716:
708:
698:
680:
656:
647:
646:
614:
599:
598:
566:
545:
544:
543:
542:
519:
488:
487:
439:
422:
421:
399:
393:
392:
382:
350:
339:
338:
320:
80:
79:
60:
42:Erythema toxicum
30:
21:
18:Erythema toxicum
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3147:
3131:Neonatal sepsis
3078:
3047:Musculoskeletal
3041:
3018:
2999:
2990:
2962:
2917:Hydrops fetalis
2868:
2859:
2836:
2809:Pleural disease
2767:
2729:Cephalohematoma
2708:
2670:
2643:
2638:
2611:
2606:
2585:
2580:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2497:
2488:
2474:Palmar erythema
2444:
2406:
2360:
2338:
2315:
2269:Other urticaria
2260:
2222:
2218:Solar urticaria
2199:
2155:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2087:
2078:
2010:
2003:
1970:
1936:Alopecia areata
1914:
1896:
1882:
1839:
1818:
1794:
1784:
1741:
1700:
1686:Viral exanthems
1664:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1607:Pityriasis alba
1585:
1527:
1469:
1406:
1326:
1322:Zinc deficiency
1252:
1250:
1231:
1159:
1150:
1114:
1105:Nevus sebaceous
1039:
1036:
1006:
1001:
1000:
963:
962:
913:
899:
894:
893:
852:
851:
847:
793:
792:
788:
736:
735:
726:
709:
658:
657:
650:
616:
615:
602:
568:
567:
548:
540:
538:
521:
520:
491:
441:
440:
425:
418:
401:
400:
396:
352:
351:
342:
335:
322:
321:
312:
307:
290:
282:
220:
160:
141:
125:gestational age
116:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:herpes simplex
3106:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:Nervous system
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2842:Cardiovascular
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:umbilical cord
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Heat urticaria
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:Cold urticaria
2169:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Coxsackievirus
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1769:Gyratum repens
1766:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1691:Toxic erythema
1688:
1683:
1681:Drug eruptions
1677:
1675:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:Lichen nitidus
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Herpes simplex
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
984:
972:
971:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
949:
930:
914:
909:
908:
906:
905:Classification
898:
897:External links
895:
892:
891:
861:(5): 651–654.
845:
786:
749:(2): 124–134.
724:
648:
600:
546:
489:
454:(5): 574–580.
423:
416:
394:
340:
333:
309:
308:
306:
303:
289:
286:
281:
278:
237:Staphylococcus
219:
216:
159:
156:
149:hair follicles
140:
137:
115:
112:
82:
81:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:Preterm birth
2693:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2535:fetal disease
2532:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:drug eruption
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Lichen planus
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Onychomycosis
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Tinea capitis
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:Miscellaneous
1893:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:Nonblanchable
1791:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:Hypopigmented
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Acne vulgaris
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Lichen planus
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Herpes zoster
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Parapsoriasis
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1010:
997:
994:
990:
989:
985:
983:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
966:
959:
955:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
924:
920:
916:
915:
912:
907:
903:
896:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
733:
731:
729:
725:
720:
714:
706:
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
547:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
424:
419:
413:
409:
405:
398:
395:
390:
386:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
349:
347:
345:
341:
336:
330:
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
287:
285:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Streptococcus
238:
232:
230:
226:
217:
215:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:immune system
157:
155:
152:
150:
144:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
121:
113:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3059:
3008:
2815:Pneumothorax
2807:
2721:
2714:Birth trauma
2656:Breech birth
2646:presentation
2644:
2612:
2586:
2554:
2469:Erythroderma
2463:
2391:panniculitis
2389:
1999:Ingrown nail
1690:
1571:Dermatophyte
1566:Gonococcemia
1551:Folliculitis
1192:Neurofibroma
1160:subcutaneous
986:
975:
951:
932:
917:
886:
858:
854:
848:
803:
799:
789:
746:
742:
713:cite journal
668:
664:
629:(1): 13–16.
626:
622:
581:(1): 47–52.
578:
574:
539:, retrieved
527:
451:
447:
407:
397:
365:(1): 42–47.
362:
358:
324:
299:enterotoxins
291:
283:
233:
221:
205:
188:
161:
153:
145:
142:
139:Presentation
133:birth weight
117:
114:Epidemiology
86:
85:
49:
45:
41:
3212:Neonatology
3159:Miscarriage
3061:muscle tone
2927:Kernicterus
2780:Respiratory
2756:Erb's palsy
2661:Asynclitism
2629:Nuchal cord
2054:Herpesvirus
2034:Leukoplakia
1859:Scleroderma
1746:Specialized
1674:Generalized
1649:involvement
1561:Candidiasis
1253:involvement
1227:Myxoid cyst
1075:Acrochordon
977:MedlinePlus
212:demodicosis
190:Eosinophils
38:Other names
3201:Categories
3169:Stillbirth
3126:Omphalitis
3087:Infections
2996:Integument
2321:Angioedema
1994:Paronychia
1835:Vasculitis
1759:Multiforme
1757:Erythema (
1712:Cellulitis
1663:Blanchable
1412:Blistering
1402:Ichthyosis
1260:Eczematous
1172:Hemangioma
953:DiseasesDB
671:(2): 211.
541:2020-11-03
528:StatPearls
305:References
225:microscope
120:prevalence
118:The exact
71:Pediatrics
2895:Anti-Kell
2533:period /
2531:perinatal
2126:Urticaria
1989:Psoriasis
1897:disorders
1852:Indurated
1753:Urticaria
1705:Localized
1647:epidermal
1430:Varicella
1340:Psoriasis
1251:epidermal
1217:Leiomyoma
1119:Pigmented
1052:Epidermal
988:eMedicine
883:189817759
822:1422-0067
763:0365-0596
687:0019-5154
635:0011-4162
587:0002-838X
484:198172213
468:1525-1470
371:1841-9038
280:Treatment
172:IL-1alpha
131:. Higher
99:premature
66:Specialty
2865:Bleeding
2556:placenta
2451:erythema
2348:Erythema
2178:Familial
2064:Syphilis
2011:membrane
1666:Erythema
1602:Vitiligo
1556:Impetigo
1533:Pustular
1498:Miliaria
1346:Corporis
1197:Xanthoma
1146:Melanoma
1126:Freckles
993:derm/139
875:31197860
840:23531535
781:27192509
705:25814724
643:19271565
595:18236822
536:29261957
476:31332846
389:28878836
295:meconium
270:scraping
198:bacteria
176:IL-1beta
95:newborns
3104:rubella
2734:Chignon
2588:chorion
2135:chronic
1863:morphea
1823:Papular
1802:Macular
1795:Purpura
1779:Ab igne
1764:Migrans
1717:Abscess
1645:Without
1627:Leprosy
1546:Rosacea
1483:Scabies
1475:Papular
1344:Tinea (
1332:Scaling
1136:Melasma
1131:Lentigo
1044:Growths
996:ped/697
831:3645662
772:4861557
696:4372928
380:5574071
359:Maedica
288:History
257:Candida
253:culture
207:Demodex
184:eotaxin
2679:Growth
2592:amnion
2449:Other
2009:Mucous
1905:Ulcers
1366:Faciei
1361:Manuum
1351:Cruris
1241:Rashes
1187:Lipoma
1182:Keloid
1156:Dermal
1065:Callus
982:001458
881:
873:
838:
828:
820:
779:
769:
761:
703:
693:
685:
641:
633:
593:
585:
534:
482:
474:
466:
414:
387:
377:
369:
331:
245:severe
182:, and
73:
3152:Other
2976:Ileus
2723:scalp
2131:acute
1356:Pedis
1141:Nevus
947:778.8
943:695.0
928:P83.1
879:S2CID
623:Cutis
480:S2CID
249:stain
229:stain
158:Cause
107:bumps
2910:Rh E
2905:Rh D
2900:Rh c
1976:Nail
1919:Hair
1722:Boil
1249:With
1060:Wart
958:4458
938:9-CM
871:PMID
836:PMID
818:ISSN
777:PMID
759:ISSN
719:link
701:PMID
683:ISSN
639:PMID
631:ISSN
591:PMID
583:ISSN
532:PMID
472:PMID
464:ISSN
412:ISBN
385:PMID
367:ISSN
329:ISBN
264:and
239:and
202:skin
180:IL-8
91:rash
48:and
2998:and
2890:ABO
2885:HDN
2867:and
1656:Red
1158:and
934:ICD
919:ICD
863:doi
826:PMC
808:doi
767:PMC
751:doi
691:PMC
673:doi
456:doi
375:PMC
214:).
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