290:
It tells them something about us. It shows that we are ashamed or embarrassed, that we recognise that something is out of place. It shows that we are sorry about this. It shows that we want to put things right. To blush at innuendo is to show awareness of its implications and to display modesty that conveys that you are not brazen or shameless. The blush makes a particularly effective signal because it is involuntary and uncontrollable. Of course, a blush can be unwanted costs to the blusher on specific occasions are outweighed by the long-term benefits of being seen as adhering to the group and by the general advantages the blush provides: indeed the costs may enhance the signal's perceived value." A number of techniques may be used to help prevent or reduce blushing.
265:(with phentolamine) and beta-adrenergic receptors (with propranolol introduced transcutaneously by iontophoresis). Blushing was measured at the forehead using a dual channel laser Doppler flowmeter. Subjects were undergraduate students divided into frequent and infrequent blushers according to self-report. Their mean age was 22.9 years, which is especially favorable for assessing blushing, since young subjects are more likely to blush and blush more intensively. The subjects underwent several procedures, one of which was designed to produce blushing.
40:
131:
269:
is known to be generally low (van der Meer. 1985). Beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol on the other hand decreased blushing in both frequent and infrequent blushers. However, despite complete blockade, blood flow still increased substantially during the embarrassment and blushing inducing procedure. Additional vasodilator mechanisms must therefore be involved.
235:
surface, and visibility is less diminished by tissue fluid. These specific characteristics of the architecture of the facial vessels led Wilkin in an overview of possible causes of facial flushing to the following conclusion: " increased capacity and greater visibility can account for the limited distribution of flushing".
289:
Several different psychological and psycho-physiological mechanisms for blushing have been hypothesized by
Crozier (2010): "An explanation that emphasizes the blush's visibility proposes that when we feel shame we communicate our emotion to others and in doing so we send an important signal to them.
268:
Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine had no influence on the amount of blushing in frequent or in infrequent blushers, indicating that release of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone does not substantially influence blushing. This result was expected since vasoconstrictor tone in the facial area
234:
There is evidence that the blushing region is anatomically different in structure. The facial skin, for example, has more capillary loops per unit area and generally more vessels per unit volume than other skin areas. In addition, blood vessels of the cheek are wider in diameter, are nearer the
250:
contraction to passive stretch and were therefore able to develop an intrinsic basal tone. Additionally
Mellander et al. showed that the veins in this specific area were also supplied with beta-
1211:
352:
286:
to complex emotional states including self-attention, shame, shyness, modesty and blushing. He described blushing as "... the most peculiar and most human of all expressions."
117:
is a medical condition where a person blushes strongly with little or no provocation. People who have social phobia are particularly prone to idiopathic craniofacial erythema.
720:
282:
242:
mechanisms was reported by
Mellander and his colleagues (Mellander, Andersson, Afzelius, & Hellstrand. 1982). They studied buccal segments of the human facial veins
254:
in addition to the common alpha-adrenoceptors. These beta-adrenoceptors could exert a dilator mechanism on the above-described basal tone of the facial cutaneous
592:
1238:
1106:
261:
Drummond has partially confirmed this effect by pharmacological blocking experiments (Drummond. 1997). In a number of trials, he blocked both alpha-
444:
968:
713:
1317:
1332:
1322:
539:
360:
1216:
525:
511:
306:
214:
706:
637:
114:
461:
585:
152:
1069:
195:
1408:
1233:
811:
784:
293:
Salzen (2010) suggested that blushing and flushing were manifestations of the physiological impact of the instinctual
167:
973:
774:
141:
1025:
578:
231:
blood flow in the skin. It can also extend to the ears, neck and upper chest, an area termed the 'blush region'.
148:
174:
1388:
898:
562:- The online community for people suffering from facial blushing, excessive sweating, rosacea and social phobia
294:
1425:
1301:
729:
1116:
855:
677:
181:
555:
407:
1415:
1074:
908:
110:
1383:
918:
883:
860:
818:
742:
687:
652:
163:
1327:
1064:
1015:
963:
262:
1420:
1337:
1206:
1038:
940:
923:
848:
667:
1515:
1196:
1146:
953:
888:
794:
779:
535:
521:
507:
258:. Mellander and his colleagues propose that this mechanism is involved in emotional blushing.
67:
113:, which is more intensive and extends over more of the body, and seldom has a mental source.
1520:
1353:
806:
672:
601:
63:
1477:
1451:
1136:
1033:
1003:
828:
789:
559:
1358:
1054:
277:
94:
188:
1509:
1446:
1398:
1291:
1286:
1265:
1256:
1221:
1151:
1126:
1111:
958:
765:
657:
647:
632:
465:
255:
71:
1296:
1281:
1248:
893:
251:
246:. Unlike veins from other areas of the skin, facial veins responded with an active
239:
31:
109:
Blushing is generally distinguished, despite a close physiological relation, from
39:
1472:
1430:
1260:
1008:
978:
843:
642:
622:
382:
130:
1393:
1363:
1141:
948:
87:
59:
565:
227:
A blush is a reddening of the cheeks and forehead brought about by increased
17:
1403:
1191:
1131:
1059:
928:
865:
838:
823:
228:
698:
326:
1228:
994:
903:
833:
769:
612:
247:
243:
1482:
801:
617:
98:
75:
155: in this needed. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1456:
1201:
1156:
1121:
998:
913:
875:
662:
570:
682:
83:
38:
79:
55:
1173:
1095:
740:
702:
574:
297:
mechanism, when neither confrontation nor retreat is possible.
62:
reasons. It is normally involuntary and triggered by emotional
30:"Erythrophobia" redirects here. For fear of the color red, see
552:
124:
497:
MyBlushingCure.com: Free
Information from a former blusher
1212:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
532:
When
Blushing Hurts: Overcoming Abnormal Facial Blushing
97:
in which the person experiences extreme and persistent
534:(2nd edition, expanded and revised), iUniverse, 2014.
478:
Salzen, E. (2010), "Flushing and blushing" letter in
1465:
1439:
1372:
1346:
1310:
1274:
1247:
1184:
1047:
1024:
987:
939:
874:
753:
504:
Blushing and the Social
Emotions: The Self Unmasked
93:Severe blushing is also common in people who have
283:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
518:Embarrassment: Poise and Peril in Everyday Life
432:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
714:
586:
383:"Meanings & Definitions of English Words"
8:
547:Understanding Uncontrollable Facial Blushing
27:Reddening of a person's face due to emotion
1376:
1181:
1170:
1092:
750:
737:
721:
707:
699:
593:
579:
571:
1239:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
506:, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
1107:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
451:, Vol 23. No 5, May 2010, pp. 390–393.]
318:
43:A woman blushing and covering her face.
462:"How Can People Stop Blushing Forever"
101:in social and performance situations.
969:High-context and low-context cultures
7:
1318:Computer processing of body language
153:adding citations to reliable sources
1333:List of facial expression databases
1323:Emotion recognition in conversation
549:, Neptune, Elizabeth Stewart, 2010.
482:, Vol 23, No 7, July 2010, p. 539.
25:
1217:Childhood disintegrative disorder
307:Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
129:
115:Idiopathic craniofacial erythema
280:devoted Chapter 13 of his 1872
140:needs additional citations for
54:is the reddening of a person's
1:
499:, Australian Publisher, 2012
1234:Nonverbal learning disorder
812:Speech-independent gestures
785:Facial Action Coding System
1537:
974:Interpersonal relationship
775:Body-to-body communication
412:thepsychologist.bps.org.uk
29:
1379:
1180:
1169:
1102:
1091:
749:
736:
608:
1389:Behavioral communication
520:, Guilford Press, 1997.
445:"The Puzzle of Blushing"
408:"The puzzle of blushing"
829:Interpersonal synchrony
730:Nonverbal communication
558:18 January 2019 at the
1426:Monastic sign lexicons
1117:Emotional intelligence
44:
1416:Impression management
238:Evidence for special
42:
1431:Verbal communication
1384:Animal communication
1302:Targeted advertising
819:Haptic communication
688:Psychological stress
443:Crozier, R. (2010),
263:adrenergic receptors
149:improve this article
88:romantic stimulation
1440:Non-verbal language
1328:Gesture recognition
1175:Further information
1065:Emotion recognition
1016:Silent service code
567:- Blushing in Plato
1466:Art and literature
1421:Meta-communication
1409:Passive-aggressive
1338:Sentiment analysis
1039:Non-verbal leakage
638:Cerebral dominance
45:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1197:Asperger syndrome
1165:
1164:
1147:Social competence
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
889:Emotional prosody
795:Subtle expression
780:Facial expression
696:
695:
225:
224:
217:
199:
16:(Redirected from
1528:
1377:
1354:Ray Birdwhistell
1182:
1171:
1097:Broader concepts
1093:
1070:First impression
751:
738:
723:
716:
709:
700:
673:Self stimulation
602:Psychophysiology
595:
588:
581:
572:
502:Crozier, W. R.,
483:
480:The Psychologist
476:
470:
469:
468:on 1 April 2017.
464:. Archived from
458:
452:
449:The Psychologist
441:
435:
429:
423:
422:
420:
418:
404:
398:
397:
395:
393:
379:
373:
372:
370:
368:
359:. Archived from
357:Inspire Students
349:
343:
342:
340:
338:
333:. 3 October 2018
323:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
157:
133:
125:
66:associated with
21:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1487:
1478:Mimoplastic art
1461:
1452:Tactile signing
1435:
1368:
1342:
1306:
1270:
1243:
1176:
1161:
1137:Social behavior
1098:
1079:
1043:
1034:Microexpression
1020:
1004:One-bit message
983:
935:
870:
790:Microexpression
745:
732:
727:
697:
692:
604:
599:
560:Wayback Machine
516:Miller, R. S.,
492:
490:Further reading
487:
486:
477:
473:
460:
459:
455:
442:
438:
430:
426:
416:
414:
406:
405:
401:
391:
389:
381:
380:
376:
366:
364:
351:
350:
346:
336:
334:
325:
324:
320:
315:
303:
275:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
123:
107:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:Charles Darwin
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Affect display
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
943:
941:Social context
937:
936:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
891:
886:
880:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
852:
851:
849:Pupil dilation
846:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
814:
809:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
777:
772:
763:
757:
755:
747:
746:
741:
734:
733:
728:
726:
725:
718:
711:
703:
694:
693:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
606:
605:
600:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
569:
568:
563:
550:
543:
540:978-1491750285
530:Jadresic, E.,
528:
514:
500:
491:
488:
485:
484:
471:
453:
436:
434:, Wilkin. 1988
424:
399:
387:Dictionary.com
374:
363:on 2 June 2021
344:
317:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
302:
299:
278:Charles Darwin
274:
271:
223:
222:
137:
135:
128:
122:
119:
106:
103:
95:social anxiety
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Sign language
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Freudian slip
1290:
1288:
1287:Lie detection
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:Mirror neuron
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:Limbic system
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:Rett syndrome
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Social skills
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:People skills
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Communication
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:Multi-faceted
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Display rules
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
942:
938:
930:
929:Voice quality
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
877:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
767:
766:Body language
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
701:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Reaction time
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Lie detection
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Consciousness
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
603:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
573:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:Daniels B. W
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
526:1-57230-247-X
523:
519:
515:
513:
512:1-4039-4675-2
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:Vickers, S.,
494:
493:
489:
481:
475:
472:
467:
463:
457:
454:
450:
446:
440:
437:
433:
428:
425:
413:
409:
403:
400:
388:
384:
378:
375:
362:
358:
354:
348:
345:
332:
328:
322:
319:
312:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:
296:
291:
287:
285:
284:
279:
272:
270:
266:
264:
259:
257:
256:venous plexus
253:
252:adrenoceptors
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
230:
219:
216:
208:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
136:
132:
127:
126:
120:
118:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:embarrassment
69:
65:
61:
60:psychological
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Erythrophobia
1282:Cold reading
1275:Applications
1249:Neuroanatomy
894:Paralanguage
760:
627:
623:Biofeedback
553:ESFB Channel
546:
531:
517:
503:
496:
479:
474:
466:the original
456:
448:
439:
431:
427:
415:. Retrieved
411:
402:
390:. Retrieved
386:
377:
365:. Retrieved
361:the original
356:
347:
335:. Retrieved
330:
321:
295:fight/flight
292:
288:
281:
276:
267:
260:
240:vasodilation
237:
233:
226:
211:
202:
192:
185:
178:
171:
159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
138:This needed
108:
92:
51:
47:
46:
36:
32:Chromophobia
1261:Limbic lobe
1026:Unconscious
1009:Missed call
979:Social norm
954:Conventions
844:Eye contact
653:Orientation
643:Habituation
392:23 December
105:Description
52:erubescence
1510:Categories
1394:Aggressive
1364:Paul Ekman
1347:Key people
1311:Technology
1297:Poker tell
1142:Social cue
949:Chronemics
899:Intonation
743:Modalities
353:"Blushing"
327:"Blushing"
313:References
273:Psychology
175:newspapers
164:"Blushing"
121:Physiology
1399:Assertive
1207:Fragile X
1192:Aprosodia
1185:Disorders
1132:Semiotics
1060:Deception
866:Proxemics
856:Olfaction
839:Oculesics
824:Imitation
678:Sensation
668:Satiation
229:capillary
1516:Reflexes
1229:Dyssemia
1075:Intimacy
995:Emoticon
904:Loudness
834:Laughter
770:Kinesics
761:Blushing
754:Physical
628:Blushing
613:Appetite
556:Archived
301:See also
248:myogenic
244:in vitro
205:May 2024
111:flushing
48:Blushing
1521:Emotion
1483:Subtext
1404:Passive
1373:Related
964:Habitus
909:Prosody
861:Posture
802:Gesture
618:Arousal
189:scholar
99:anxiety
76:shyness
68:passion
58:due to
1457:Tadoma
1202:Autism
1157:Unsaid
1122:Nunchi
999:Smiley
919:Stress
914:Rhythm
884:Affect
876:Speech
663:Reflex
538:
524:
510:
417:25 May
367:2 June
337:2 June
331:nhs.uk
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
64:stress
988:Other
683:Sleep
196:JSTOR
182:books
86:, or
84:anger
1473:Mime
924:Tone
807:List
536:ISBN
522:ISBN
508:ISBN
419:2019
394:2023
369:2021
339:2021
168:news
80:fear
56:face
151:by
50:or
1512::
1259:/
997:/
768:/
447:,
410:.
385:.
355:.
329:.
90:.
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
722:e
715:t
708:v
594:e
587:t
580:v
542:.
421:.
396:.
371:.
341:.
218:)
212:(
207:)
203:(
193:·
186:·
179:·
172:·
145:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
