637:. The overall oxygen delivery system (blood oxygen levels, as well as heart stroke volume, vascularization, and lung function) is one of the major limiting factors to muscles' ability to perform endurance exercise. Therefore, the primary reason athletes may use ESAs is to improve oxygen delivery to muscles, which directly improves their endurance capacity. With the advent of recombinant erythropoietin in the 1990s, the practice of autologous and homologous blood transfusion has been partially replaced by injecting erythropoietin such that the body naturally produces its own red cells. ESAs increase hematocrit (% of blood volume that is red cell mass) and total red cell mass in the body, providing a good advantage in sports where such practice is banned. In addition to ethical considerations in sports, providing an increased red cell mass beyond the natural levels reduces blood flow due to increased viscosity, and increases the likelihood of thrombosis and stroke. Due to dangers associated with using ESAs, their use should be limited to the clinic where anemic patients are boosted back to normal hemoglobin levels (as opposed to going above the normal levels for performance advantage, leading to an increased risk of death).
849:, forced other team members to dope as well. It also went to the root of their doping network, targeting the shadowy doctors and back room enablers who helped cyclists procure and administer drugs as well as highly placed executives who helped to avoid doping controls and hide positive test results. Armstrong was subsequently stripped of all of his victories from 1998 onwardâincluding his Tour wins and his performance in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The UCI concurred with the decision. While several of the doping offenses took place outside the normal eight-year statute of limitations for doping offenses, USADA contended the statute of limitations did not apply due to Armstrong's "fraudulent concealment" of his doping. Longstanding precedent in U.S. law holds that the statute of limitations does not apply in cases of fraudulent conduct by a defendant. In accordance with this decision, Tour organizers removed Armstrong's name and results from the race's history.
38:
2386:
2468:
577:, which early literature during its development often termed as novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP), is a form created by five substitutions (Asn-30, Thr-32, Val-87, Asn-88 and Thr-90) that create two new N-glycosylation sites. This glycoprotein has a longer terminal half-life, meaning it is possible to administer it less frequently.
309:
883:
residues. It was hoped that this would make a longer-acting product than existing brands. There were concerns that such production would also make Dynepo undetectable in the urine tests for EPO used, at that time, to detect doping by athletes. Dynepo was withdrawn from
European markets on 17 February
750:
journalist Jean-Michel Rouet that EPO had no "fundamental" effect on performance and that if his riders used it, it would not "scandalize" himself. After the journalist pointed out several riders were suspected of dying from EPO, Ferrari said EPO was not dangerous, and only abuse of it was dangerous,
640:
Though EPO was believed to be widely used in the 1990s in certain sports, there was no way at the time to directly test for it, until in 2000, when a test developed by scientists at the French national antidoping laboratory (LNDD) and endorsed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was introduced to
778:
that the 50% limit was "an open invitation to dope to that level", pointing out that normally haematocrit levels would start "around 40-42%" and drop during the course of a "grand tour", but after EPO, they were staying at 50% for "weeks at a time". By 1998, EPO use had become widespread, and the
679:
Since 2002, EPO tests performed by US sports authorities have consisted of only a urine or "direct" test. From 2000 to 2006, EPO tests at the
Olympics were conducted on both blood and urine. However, several compounds have been identified that can be taken orally to stimulate endogenous EPO
244:
The 2020 Cochrane
Anaesthesia Review Group review of erythropoietin (EPO) plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults undergoing nonâcardiac surgery demonstrated that patients were much less likely to require red cell transfusion and in those
930:
845:, and others, outlining that they and Armstrong used a cocktail of performance-enhancing substances for the Tour de France, most notably EPO, during Armstrong's seven consecutive Tour wins. It detailed how Armstrong and the Postal manager,
1848:
Kohler M, Ayotte C, Desharnais P, Flenker U, Lßdke S, Thevis M, VÜlker-Schänzer E, Schänzer W (Jan 2008). "Discrimination of recombinant and endogenous urinary erythropoietin by calculating relative mobility values from SDS gels".
751:
saying, "It's also dangerous to drink 10 liters of orange juice." The 'orange juice' comment has been widely misquoted. Ferrari was fired shortly after, but continued to work in the industry with top riders, allegedly including
2240:"Report on proceedings under the world anti-doping code and the usada protocol united states anti-doping agency, claimant, v. lance armstrong, respondent. reasoned decision of the united states anti-doping agency"
864:. The first development steps were performed by HMR and Aventis. Aventis obtained the license in Europe in 2002. The company expected to launch the product in Europe in 2006, although patents held by the American
1983:
Lundby C, Robach P, Boushel R, Thomsen JJ, Rasmussen P, Koskolou M, Calbet JA (Aug 2008). "Does recombinant human Epo increase exercise capacity by means other than augmenting oxygen transport?".
245:
transfused, the volumes were unchanged (mean difference -0.09, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.05). Pre-op hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was increased in those receiving 'high dose' EPO, but not 'low dose'.
1673:
1813:
Lasne F, Martin L, Crepin N, de
Ceaurriz J (Dec 2002). "Detection of isoelectric profiles of erythropoietin in urine: differentiation of natural and administered recombinant hormones".
2513:
656:, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, reported finding darbepoetin alfa, a form of erythropoietin, in a test sample for the first time in sports. At the
2518:
960:
88:
641:
detect pharmaceutical EPO by distinguishing it from the nearly identical natural hormone normally present in an athlete's urine. The first EPO-doping cases were found by the
2177:
2314:
1750:
1171:
2199:
1791:
2488:
2390:
1919:
731:
of their own blood in the 1980s. Donati felt this work "opened the road to EPO . . . because blood doping was a trial to understand the role of EPO".
448:
347:
695:, which leads to increased production of erythropoietin and improved performance. It has been used for this purpose in Russia since at least 2004.
893:
2365:
195:
1264:"Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery"
923:"Information on Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA) Epoetin alfa (marketed as Procrit, Epogen), Darbepoetin alfa (marketed as Aranesp)"
642:
1359:
Burtis, C.A.; Ashwood, E.R. and Bruns, D.E. Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th Edition. Elsevier. pp 1554
2058:
967:
760:
1085:
1132:
Aapro MS, Link H (2008). "September 2007 Update on EORTC Guidelines and Anemia
Management with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".
222:
ESAs are used to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and best meets a person's needs. Medical
2185:
2503:
2325:
2032:
684:
which activate the EPO gene. The compounds include oxo-glutarate competitors, but also simple ions such as cobalt(II) chloride.
1747:
852:
Witnesses testified that code words used for EPO included "Edgar", "Poe", "Edgar Allan Poe", and "Zumo" (Spanish for 'juice').
2445:
1189:
2498:
1185:
1167:
818:
1019:
813:
admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs, including EPO, throughout his career as a professional cyclist. In 2012, the
774:
were not only immediately disqualified, but banned from racing for two weeks. Robert Millar, former racer, later wrote for
767:
2458:
622:
2291:
861:
1215:"Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants"
738:, a former student and protege of Conconi, had a controversial interview mentioning the drug in 1994, just after his
226:
1622:
1593:
1564:
1532:
1503:
1424:
1395:
1101:
681:
529:
211:
137:
73:
2277:
Statement From USADA CEO Travis T. Tygart
Regarding The U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy
2077:
1313:"Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis"
1448:
2508:
1768:
889:
498:
535:
230:
961:
WHO EML 2016-2017 - Application for erythropoietin-stimulating agents (erythropoietin type blood factors)
703:
Recombinant EPO is believed to have come into use in cycling about 1990. In theory, EPO use can increase
452:
440:
1940:
Lodewijkx HF, Brouwer B (Dec 2011). "Some empirical notes on the epo epidemic in professional cycling".
724:
517:
297:
256:
ESAs may fail to achieve an adequate therapeutic response when one or more of the following is present:
184:
172:
743:
2433:
1473:
875:
Dynepo was made in cultured human cells. It was therefore expected to have an authentic human form of
669:
657:
649:
223:
2220:
1799:
799:
784:
476:
459:
2162:
809:
for three days, and came second in the points classification with the assistance of EPO. In 2010,
2098:
1965:
1874:
1730:
1001:
892:
was tested positive for Dynepo on a test taken on
December 24, 2007, while Dekker was riding for
792:
728:
630:
149:
739:
2357:
2351:
2397:
2361:
2010:
1957:
1866:
1830:
1722:
1699:
1655:
1342:
1293:
1244:
1149:
1081:
802:
720:
1617:
1498:
1419:
2239:
2000:
1992:
1949:
1901:
1892:
Jelkmann W (2012). "The disparate roles of cobalt in erythropoiesis, and doping relevance".
1858:
1822:
1794:
1714:
1527:
1390:
1332:
1324:
1283:
1275:
1234:
1226:
1141:
1109:
993:
610:
574:
341:
203:
1588:
1559:
885:
2472:
1754:
1180:
880:
842:
834:
822:
752:
735:
712:
590:
187:. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. They work similar to naturally occurring
2421:
2409:
2493:
1337:
1312:
1311:
Chung EY, Palmer SC, Saglimbene VM, Craig JC, Tonelli M, Strippoli GF (February 2023).
1288:
1263:
1239:
1214:
846:
830:
826:
780:
606:
320:
238:
188:
129:
93:
43:
2121:
1826:
763:, presented a report accusing Conconi of being linked to the use of EPO in the sport.
2482:
2040:
922:
865:
806:
756:
716:
661:
408:
360:
1996:
1969:
1878:
1052:
1005:
194:
They were first approved for medical use in the United States in 1989. It is on the
1953:
1734:
1328:
1279:
1230:
1145:
838:
810:
614:
586:
491:
433:
371:
332:
326:
199:
141:
77:
719:
has claimed that the history of doping in cycling can be traced to the
Italian Dr
248:
There is no evidence that one agent is better than another in the setting of CKD.
1718:
152:. The different agents are more or less equivalent. They are given by injection.
1905:
876:
771:
618:
602:
594:
377:
125:
121:
2139:
825:. The report contained affidavits from numerous riders on the team, including
653:
207:
156:
28:
2299:
2353:
Ride a Stage of the Tour De France The
Legendary Climbs and How to Ride Them
665:
634:
469:
37:
2014:
1961:
1870:
1834:
1726:
1659:
1346:
1297:
1248:
1153:
1106:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
2385:
2272:
2122:"Blood testing for professional cyclists: What's a fair hematocrit limit?"
2078:"An Interview With Dr. Michele Ferrari, part two: That l'Equipe Interview"
1862:
984:
Tanne JH (2010). "FDA restricts use of erythropoiesis stimulating drugs".
884:
2009, for commercial reasons. On July 1, 2009, professional cycling team
626:
168:
164:
145:
81:
2120:
Martin DT, Ashenden M, Parisotto R, Pyne D, Hahn AG (MarchâApril 1997).
1114:
561:
EPIAO (rHuEPO), made by Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co.. LTD. China
105:
704:
673:
505:
56:
2005:
1646:
Macdougall IC (Jul 2000). "Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein".
997:
233:(CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have
598:
465:
414:
395:
234:
180:
176:
133:
69:
1080:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 666â671.
308:
61:
Erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs, erythropoietin-type blood factors
2262:"A lifetime ban: Does the time fit the crime?" Velo News, 12/16/13
1452:
869:
817:
released a report on its investigation into massive doping by the
814:
788:
692:
688:
399:
307:
691:/oxygen mixture activates production of the transcription factor
1769:"Catlin has made a career out of busting juicers â USATODAY.com"
160:
2178:"Christophe Bassons Interview: 'People Now See I Wasn't Lying'"
1477:
241:
ESAs may help reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions.
468:
trademark name for an erythropoiesis stimulating protein, by
419:
PDpoetin, made by pooyeshdarou biopharmaceutical company IRAN
363:
patterns giving rise to alpha, beta, delta, and omega forms:
2082:
by Jean-Michel Rouet, from l'Equipe, 1994, reprinted excerpt
966:(Report). WHO. WHO EML 2016â2017, Version 3. Archived from
585:
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have a history of use as
1369:
770:(UCI) instituted a new rule that riders testing above 50%
1935:
1933:
927:
US Food and Drug Administration â Drug Safety Information
860:
Dynepo is the brand name for a form of EPO developed by
2200:"Stuart O'Grady admits to doping at 1998 Tour de France"
2110:
Juliet Macur: Cycle of Lies: The Fall of Lance Armstrong
1118:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
389:
Nanokine (Nanogen Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Vietnam)
196:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
564:
Cinnapoietin, made by CinnaGen biopharmaceutical Iran.
2456:
1172:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2273:"U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation"
1757:, www.doping.chuv.ch (page visited on 11 June 2014).
727:. Conconi had worked on the idea of giving athletes
1748:
History of the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses
99:
87:
65:
55:
50:
21:
872:may have precluded its sale in the United States.
428:Abseamed (Medice Arzneimittel PĂźtter GmbH Co. KG)
16:Medicine that stimulates red blood cell production
148:. In these situations they decrease the need for
2026:
2024:
680:production. Most of the compounds stabilize the
676:, tested positive for EPO and was disqualified.
229:do not recommend the use of ESAs in people with
1127:
1125:
1053:"Epoetin alfa Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com"
2514:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
1554:
1552:
1047:
1045:
1043:
711:by a significant amount, making it useful for
2519:World Health Organization essential medicines
2052:
2050:
1792:"FDA Reports New Risks Posed by Anemia Drugs"
8:
2315:"Public statement on Dynepo (epoetin delta)"
555:Shanpoietin, made by Shantha Biotechnics Ltd
359:Recombinant erythropoietin has a variety of
1317:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1219:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
552:ReliPoietin, made by Reliance Life Sciences
316:The following types of ESAs are available:
2446:"Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta"
795:if he would use EPO, but Bassons refused.
715:like cycling. Italian antidoping advocate
210:. Use among athletes is prohibited by the
144:, major surgery, or certain treatments in
80:, major surgery, or certain treatments in
36:
2004:
1942:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
1336:
1287:
1238:
1113:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
742:team had a remarkable performance in the
1851:International Journal of Sports Medicine
1451:. Ortho Biotech Products. Archived from
1078:British national formulary : BNF 69
664:, the gold medalist in the 50-kilometer
449:Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
365:
348:Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
260:Occult blood loss and/or iron deficiency
198:. Commercially available agents include
2463:
1268:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1020:"Highlights of Prescribing Information"
959:Banzi R, Gerardi C (23 December 2016).
905:
805:won one stage, held the Tour de France
682:hypoxia-inducible transcription factors
543:Erykine, made by Intas Biopharmaceutica
2039:. chrisharrisonwriting. Archived from
1213:Aher SM, Ohlsson A (28 January 2020).
1179:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
650:Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City
494:(biosimilar forms for epoetin alpha):
18:
1108:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
558:Zyrop, made by Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
7:
2452:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2440:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2428:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2416:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2404:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
643:Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses
522:EPOTrust, made by Panacea Biotec Ltd
2356:. London: A & C Black. p.
2221:"Landis admits to illegal drug use"
933:from the original on 14 April 2022.
171:. Serious side effects may include
2238:United States Anti Doping Agency.
2202:. Theaustralian.com.au. 2013-07-25
1476:. probiomed.com.mx. Archived from
761:Italian National Olympic Committee
549:Espogen, made by LG life sciences.
14:
2489:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
2391:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
1698:Jelkmann W, Lundby C (Sep 2011).
114:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
2466:
2384:
1700:"Blood doping and its detection"
787:. One manager offered a 270,000-
546:Wepox, made by Wockhardt Biotech
530:Serum Institute of India Limited
525:Erypro Safe, made by Biocon Ltd.
155:Common side effects may include
22:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent
2184:. Bicycling.com. Archived from
1997:10.1152/japplphysiol.90484.2008
338:Epoetin zeta (Silapo, Retacrit)
1954:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599811
1329:10.1002/14651858.CD010590.pub3
1280:10.1002/14651858.CD012451.pub2
1231:10.1002/14651858.CD004868.pub6
1186:American Society of Nephrology
1168:American Society of Nephrology
1146:10.1634/theoncologist.13-S3-33
819:US Postal Service cycling team
1:
2298:. BBC Radio 5. Archived from
1985:Journal of Applied Physiology
1827:10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00407-4
1262:Kaufner L, Heymann C (2020).
768:Union Cycliste Internationale
2140:"Pantani: Future 'in doubt'"
2033:"The Man Who Knows Too Much"
1719:10.1182/blood-2011-02-303271
540:Epofit, made by Intas pharma
1906:10.13055/ojhmt_3_1_6.121211
1370:"Aranesp(darbepoetin alfa)"
425:Bioyetin, made by Probiomed
2535:
2057:Gifford B (JanâFeb 2006).
1894:Open Journal of Hematology
270:Infection and inflammation
227:professional organizations
2322:European Medicines Agency
2095:10 liters of orange juice
2031:Harrison C (2003-03-01).
1623:European Medicines Agency
1594:European Medicines Agency
1565:European Medicines Agency
1533:European Medicines Agency
1504:European Medicines Agency
1425:European Medicines Agency
1396:European Medicines Agency
1102:World Health Organization
132:. They are used to treat
104:
35:
26:
2290:Chapman M (2012-10-15).
1449:"Procrit (Epoetin alfa)"
821:under the leadership of
508:, Pfizer Europe MA EEIG)
288:Primary disease activity
212:World Anti-Doping Agency
138:end stage kidney disease
74:end stage kidney disease
2504:Antianemic preparations
2450:Drug Information Portal
2438:Drug Information Portal
2426:Drug Information Portal
2414:Drug Information Portal
2402:Drug Information Portal
2292:"Cycling's Dirty Truth"
2176:Startt J (2012-10-15).
2161:Millar R (2003-10-23).
2059:"Paging Doctor Ferrari"
1815:Analytical Biochemistry
1767:Steeg JL (2007-02-28).
1648:Seminars in Nephrology
536:Emcure Pharmaceuticals
386:Epocept (Lupin pharma)
383:Darbecept (Celon labs)
313:
231:chronic kidney disease
2499:Anti-aging substances
2097:: see the article on
1863:10.1055/s-2007-989369
862:Shire Pharmaceuticals
725:University of Ferrara
518:Lupin Pharmaceuticals
499:STADA Arzneimittel AG
439:NeoRecormon, made by
392:Epofit (Intas pharma)
311:
298:Pure red cell aplasia
185:pure red cell aplasia
2393:at Wikimedia Commons
2331:on 24 September 2015
2302:on October 16, 2012.
2279:. USADA. 2012-10-10.
791:-per-month raise to
670:2008 Summer Olympics
658:2012 Summer Olympics
623:cross country skiing
291:Transplant rejection
267:or folate deficiency
130:make red blood cells
124:which stimulate the
1800:The Washington Post
800:1998 Tour de France
785:1998 Tour de France
746:race. Ferrari told
276:Hyperparathyroidism
273:Inadequate dialysis
2434:"Darbepoetin Alfa"
2163:"The Bare Minimum"
2142:. BBC. 5 June 1999
2099:Water intoxication
2076:Maloney T (2003).
1926:. 8 February 2014.
1753:2016-03-29 at the
1537:. 20 December 2019
973:on 31 August 2020.
793:Christophe Bassons
759:, working for the
755:. That same year,
744:La Flèche Wallonne
631:mixed martial arts
528:Repoitin, made by
413:Binocrit, made by
314:
150:blood transfusions
2389:Media related to
2367:978-1-4081-3333-0
1674:"Boxing Scandals"
1627:. 14 January 2020
1429:. 31 October 2019
1400:. 13 January 2020
1195:on April 16, 2012
998:10.1136/bmj.c1050
929:. 31 March 2017.
721:Francesco Conconi
572:
571:
516:Epocept, made by
441:HoffmannâLa Roche
329:(Procrit, Epogen)
282:Patient adherence
279:Aluminum toxicity
111:
110:
51:Class identifiers
2526:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2398:"Erythropoietin"
2388:
2372:
2371:
2350:Bauer K (2011).
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2324:. Archived from
2319:
2310:
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2303:
2287:
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2254:
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2092:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2054:
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2028:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:(August 8, 2012)
1795:Associated Press
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1704:
1695:
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1574:
1556:
1547:
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1544:
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1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:. 8 October 2019
1495:
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1470:
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1242:
1210:
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687:Inhalation of a
648:In 2002, at the
611:distance running
591:endurance sports
575:Darbepoetin alfa
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342:Darbepoetin alfa
204:darbepoetin alfa
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2296:Sport, Peddlers
2289:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
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2219:
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2203:
2198:
2197:
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2175:
2174:
2170:
2165:. Cycling News.
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2084:. Cycling News.
2075:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2030:
2029:
2022:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1920:"Breathe it in"
1918:
1917:
1913:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1755:Wayback Machine
1746:
1742:
1713:(9): 2395â404.
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1680:. December 2011
1678:Bleacher Report
1672:
1671:
1667:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1618:"Retacrit EPAR"
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1598:. 10 March 2020
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1569:. 23 April 2009
1558:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:"Abseamed EPAR"
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1420:"Binocrit EPAR"
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
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1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1323:(2): CD010590.
1310:
1309:
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1261:
1260:
1256:
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1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1181:ABIM Foundation
1174:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
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1031:
1029:
1022:
1018:
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1013:
983:
982:
978:
970:
963:
958:
957:
938:
921:
920:
907:
902:
888:announced that
881:oligosaccharide
858:
843:Levi Leipheimer
835:George Hincapie
823:Lance Armstrong
753:Lance Armstrong
736:Michele Ferrari
708:
701:
583:
513:Miscellaneous:
407:Eprex, made by
357:
355:Available forms
306:
266:
254:
220:
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2530:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Drugs in sport
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2422:"Epoetin beta"
2418:
2410:"Epoetin alfa"
2406:
2394:
2380:
2379:External links
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2342:
2305:
2282:
2264:
2255:
2230:
2212:
2191:
2188:on 2012-10-18.
2168:
2153:
2131:
2126:Sports Science
2112:
2103:
2101:, for example.
2087:
2068:
2046:
2043:on 2014-02-26.
2020:
1975:
1929:
1911:
1884:
1840:
1805:
1784:
1759:
1740:
1690:
1665:
1638:
1609:
1580:
1548:
1528:"Mircera EPAR"
1519:
1490:
1465:
1440:
1411:
1391:"Aranesp EPAR"
1382:
1361:
1352:
1303:
1254:
1205:
1159:
1134:The Oncologist
1121:
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1086:
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1039:
1011:
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936:
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903:
901:
898:
857:
854:
847:Johan Bruyneel
831:Tyler Hamilton
827:Frankie Andreu
803:Stuart O'Grady
783:tarnished the
781:Festina affair
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321:Erythropoietin
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239:preterm babies
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189:erythropoietin
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2227:. 2010-05-20.
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2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:Sport Monthly
2034:
2027:
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2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:(4): 740â54.
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:The Economist
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
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1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:(2): 119â26.
1820:
1816:
1809:
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1793:
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1661:
1657:
1654:(4): 375â81.
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:"Silapo EPAR"
1584:
1581:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:"Dynepo EPAR"
1555:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1480:on 2018-03-26
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1455:on 2009-10-26
1454:
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890:Thomas Dekker
887:
886:SilenceâLotto
882:
878:
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867:
866:biotechnology
863:
855:
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807:yellow jersey
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757:Sandro Donati
754:
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662:Alex Schwazer
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477:epoetin omega
475:
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464:
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461:
460:epoetin delta
458:
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451:(Mircera) by
450:
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424:
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409:Janssen-Cilag
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391:
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368:
367:
364:
362:
361:glycosylation
354:
349:
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343:
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335:(NeoRecormon)
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237:symptoms. In
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173:heart attacks
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39:
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2333:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2321:
2308:
2300:the original
2295:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2194:
2186:the original
2182:This Just In
2181:
2171:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2115:
2106:
2094:
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2081:
2071:
2062:
2041:the original
2036:
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1772:
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1563:
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1531:
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1510:. Retrieved
1502:
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1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1468:
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1453:the original
1443:
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1115:10665/325771
1105:
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1072:
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1056:
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985:
979:
968:the original
926:
874:
859:
851:
839:Floyd Landis
811:Floyd Landis
797:
776:Cycling News
775:
765:
747:
733:
729:transfusions
702:
686:
678:
647:
639:
615:race walking
587:blood doping
584:
573:
492:epoetin zeta
434:epoetin beta
372:epoetin alfa
358:
333:Epoetin beta
327:Epoetin alfa
315:
255:
247:
243:
221:
218:Medical uses
200:epoetin alfa
193:
179:, increased
154:
142:chemotherapy
117:
113:
112:
100:Legal status
78:chemotherapy
27:
2313:Wathion N.
1474:"Probiomed"
1372:. Amgen.com
1062:13 December
1032:13 December
877:sialic acid
870:Amgen, Inc.
772:haematocrit
693:HIF-1-alpha
660:in London,
619:snowshoeing
595:horseracing
378:Darbepoetin
208:biosimilars
183:growth, or
126:bone marrow
122:medications
106:In Wikidata
2483:Categories
2249:2012-10-28
2206:2013-07-25
2006:10553/6534
1857:(1): 1â6.
1778:2009-03-31
1684:2011-12-22
1484:2018-03-21
1459:2009-04-29
1376:2009-04-29
1199:August 17,
900:References
879:and other
654:Don Catlin
593:, such as
589:agents in
504:Retacrit (
398:, made by
294:Malignancy
224:speciality
157:joint pain
29:Drug class
2335:31 August
2063:Bicycling
1797:story in
1773:USA Today
1140:: 33â36.
1057:Drugs.com
992:: c1050.
666:race walk
635:triathlon
470:Shire plc
380:(Aranesp)
350:(Mircera)
344:(Aranesp)
263:Vitamin B
2473:Medicine
2225:BBC News
2065:: 50â59.
2015:18535134
1970:34350476
1962:22276416
1879:11677786
1871:18050057
1835:12470670
1751:Archived
1727:21652677
1660:10928340
1631:10 March
1602:10 March
1573:10 March
1541:10 March
1512:10 March
1433:10 March
1404:10 March
1347:36791280
1298:32790892
1249:31990982
1154:18458123
1104:(2019).
1006:72017313
931:Archived
894:Rabobank
868:company
748:l'Equipe
627:biathlon
497:Silapo (
445:Recormon
169:headache
165:vomiting
146:HIV/AIDS
89:ATC code
82:HIV/AIDS
57:Synonyms
2245:. USADA
2146:30 June
1900:: 3â6.
1735:2685044
1338:9924302
1289:8095002
1240:6986694
798:In the
723:at the
699:Cycling
674:Beijing
668:in the
603:cycling
506:Hospira
422:Procrit
312:Mircera
252:Failure
136:due to
72:due to
2459:Portal
2364:
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856:Dynepo
652:, Dr.
633:, and
607:rowing
599:boxing
581:Misuse
482:Epomax
466:Dynepo
415:Sandoz
404:Epogin
396:Epogen
235:anemia
206:, and
181:cancer
177:stroke
167:, and
134:anemia
120:) are
70:Anemia
2494:Amgen
2329:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
1966:S2CID
1875:S2CID
1731:S2CID
1707:Blood
1703:(PDF)
1625:(EMA)
1596:(EMA)
1567:(EMA)
1535:(EMA)
1506:(EMA)
1427:(EMA)
1398:(EMA)
1193:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
1002:S2CID
971:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
815:USADA
789:franc
689:xenon
453:Roche
400:Amgen
323:(Epo)
304:Types
94:B03XA
2362:ISBN
2337:2015
2148:2011
2011:PMID
1958:PMID
1867:PMID
1831:PMID
1723:PMID
1656:PMID
1633:2020
1604:2020
1575:2020
1543:2020
1514:2020
1435:2020
1406:2020
1343:PMID
1321:2023
1294:PMID
1272:2020
1245:PMID
1201:2012
1150:PMID
1082:ISBN
1064:2017
1034:2017
734:Dr.
202:and
161:rash
2001:hdl
1993:doi
1989:105
1950:doi
1902:doi
1859:doi
1823:doi
1819:311
1715:doi
1711:118
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